Refrigeration in Automobiles
Refrigeration in Automobiles
TERM
PAPER
REPORT
Refrigeration in
Automobiles
NITIN JOSHI
BTECH MECHANICAL
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Nitin Joshi B Tech Mechanical
CONTENTS:-
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Vapor-compression refrigeration
Refrigeration of transportation systems
Refrigeration & air conditioning in automobiles
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Nitin Joshi B Tech Mechanical
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
Firstly I would like to thank my teacher for giving me such a good topic for
my term paper and give me the chance to express my views on this topic.
This topic will help me to increase my knowledge about the particular topic. I
also want to thank my teacher for his suggestion and guidance during the
each stage. I would also like to thanks my friends for their kind support and
suggestions which helps me to make this report properly.
INTRODUCTION:-
My topic of term paper is to tell about the refrigeration in automobiles. Firstly
I would explain that what is the refrigeration & air conditioning. After this I
will discuss the type of refrigeration system & vapor compression system.
After this I will tell about the refrigeration in transport. After this we will
discuss about the use of carbon dioxide as a refrigerant & the new trends in
automobile air conditioning. Air conditioning is the method to cool the indoor
air for the thermal comfort, it is also refer as the cooling, heating, ventilation
that modify the condition of air. Refrigeration is defined as the cooling of a
particular space by means of heat rejection & the device which performs this
is known as heat pump. As we all know refrigeration is the essential part of
an automobile because it gives the thermal comfort during the summer
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VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION:-
Vapor-compression refrigeration is one out of the refrigeration cycles which
are available for use. It is the widely used method for air conditioning of
large public buildings, hotels, automobiles etc. it uses a circulating liquid
refrigerant for the purpose of removal & absorbsion of heat from a place
which has to be cooled. Figure beside shows the single stage vapor
compression system. The main components of this system are compressor,
condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. First of all the circulating
refrigerant in the saturated vapor state enters into the compressor and
compressed to a high pressure & temperature. Then this compressed vapor
in the super heated vapor state at same temperature & pressure is
condensed with available amount of cooling water or cooling air. That hot
vapor passes through the condenser where it is cooled and condensed into
liquid by flowing through a coil or tube with cool water or cool air flowing
across the tubes or coil. At this place circulating refrigerant rejects the heat
from the system & this rejected heat is carried away by the water or air. This
condensed vapor in saturated liquid state then passes through the expansion
valve where its pressure gets reduced. This reduction in pressure results in
the flash evaporation of a part of the refrigerant. It causes the auto
refrigeration which reduced the temperature of the mixture of the liquid &
vapor refrigerant. Then this cold mixture passes through the coil or tubes in
the evaporator. A fan circulating the warm air in the enclosed space across
the coil or tube carrying the mixture of vapor & cold refrigerant. That air
evaporates the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture. At the same time
the circulating air is cooled and lowers the temperature of the enclosed
space to the desired temperature. To complete the refrigeration cycle the
refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is again routed into the compressor.
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Product Subcooling:-
With the use of improved insulating materials, it is possible to drastically cut
the transmission load of vehicles. In that case, use may be made of the
storage capacity of the product itself for cold by subcooling it to as low a
temperature as possible before transporting for shorter distances. Thus even
after reaching the destination, the temperature of the product is below the
temperature of the storage requirement. Examples are tankers for milk,
orange juice, etc.
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It is mainly used in small retail trucks for the delivery of frozen food, such as
ice cream. The blocks of the dry ice is usually put in the ceiling. The cooling
is done by natural convection. In case of forced convection the dry ice act as
the water ice. The temperature of refrigeration is about -78.5°C. The
refrigerating effect produced by the sublimation of dry ice is 605.5kj/kg.
While using dry ice care must be taken to avoid burns due to low
temperatures, and suffocation due to lack of oxygen.
Marine Refrigeration:-
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A special feature of marine transport is the varying climate. The insulation &
fittings should be suitable both for warm & coldwater routes. Thus a vapor
barrier for moisture should be provided on both sides of the insulation.
Refrigeration is used in ships for cargo & stores of passenger ships. It is also
use for transportation of fishes. In case of cargo, the refrigeration system
should be capable of providing temperature between -23.5-12.5°C. R 12 with
reciprocating compressor is presently used as a refrigerant. R 22 is not used
because of its critical oil miscibility. On other hand ships must have their own
stores. These stores have to be much bigger for passenger vessel. They also
have the ventilated area for some of the items. Fishing vessels use ice, but
deep sea fishing use mechanical refrigeration because they have to stay
away for months.
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duct valve at 9, leg outlet valve at 10, anterior outlet valve at 11 and side
outlet valve at 12. The fresh air valve controls the regulation of air intake in
the open circuit. Then this air flows through the air filter into evaporator, at
this position it cools and the moisture contents is condensed out. Then this
air warmed in heat exchanger to the desired temperature.
CARBON DIOXIDE AS A
REFRIGERANT IN AUTOMOBILES:-
Test conducted on CO2 gas shows it can be used as a refrigerant in the
automobiles. These tests compared the thermal efficiency of CO2 system
with the one commonly used in automobiles. The CO2 system performed well
than the conventional systems under most of operating conditions. Current
systems are using R134a as a refrigerant. To reduce global warming & to
obtain better fuel economy, the more efficient air conditioning system is
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necessary. Energy efficient engine may not generate enough waste heat to
warm during the winter. In this case heat pump is required. R134a works
poorly as a heating fluid where as CO2 is suited for heat pump application.
To compare the systems researcher constructed identical test chambers. A
variable wind tunnel simulated. The two heat exchanger of equal volume &
same pressure drop on the air side. Compressors are of also same size. By
taking lot of information from these experiments we can reduce some of the
technical problems surrounding the ultimate limits on CO2 performance.
REFERENCES:-
I have taken the references from the following websites & books to make my term
paper report.
1. www.google.co.in
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. www.howstuffworks.com
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Nitin Joshi B Tech Mechanical