2016

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of

Try Yourself Questions

Electronics Engineering
Communication System

Amplitude Modulation

T1 : Solution
Hilbert transformer is used for SSB generation.
Sum of quadrature components gives LSB.
m(t)

The above scheme is of SSB-SC with upper-sideband.

T2 : Solution
The signal

s(t) = AC [1 + cos (mt)] cos (ct)

The signal can be represented as

AC j ( + )t

j t
(e c m + e j (c m )t )
s(t) = Re ACe c +

j t
s(t ) complex = ACe c + C (e j (c +m )t + e j (c m )t )
2

s(t ) c = s(t )ce e j ct

(where, s(t ) c = the complex signal s(t) and s(t ) ce = the complex low pass equal of the signal s(t))

s(t ) ce = AC +

AC
A
cos m + j sin mt ] + C [ cos m j sin mt ]
[
2
2

Putting the conditions given in the questions we get:

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s(t ) ce = 1 +

1
1
[cos m + j sin mt ] + 4 [cos m j sin mt ]
8
3
8

1
8

s(t ) ce = 1 + cos mt j sin(mt )

2
2
3

1

A envelop = 1 + cos(mt ) + sin(mt )

8

8

1
2

T3 : Solution
Expression for AM signal

VAM (t) = AC cos ct + AC ma cos(c + m )t + AC ma cos(c m )t

AC2
2

PC = 100 =

AC = 14.14 V

or

ma 2

Also

2 + ma 2

= 40%

0.8 + 0.4 ma2 = ma2

ma = 1.154
B = AC ma /2
= 8.16

T4 : Solution

25 k

RC

1
n

1 2

1
R n

1 2

104 2 25 10

3.

1 (0.5)2
0.5

C 1.1 nF
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Electronics Engineering Communication System

T5 : Solution
We have

sDSB(t) = m(t) cos ct

= (a cos (1t) + b cos (2t) cos (ct))
or

sDSB =

1
1
a cos( 1)t + a cos(c + 1)t
2
2
1
1
b cos( 2 )t + b cos(c + 2 )t
2
2

These sinusoidal are transmitted through H() which has a gain of 0, , 1 and 1 at frequency (c 2),
(c 1), (c + 1) and (c + 2) respectively. Thus VSB filter output sVSB(t) is

sVSB(t) =

1
1
1
a cos(c 1)t + a (1 )cos(c + 1)t + b cos(c 2 )t
2
2
2

At demodulator

sdem(t) = sVSB(t) cos ct

=

1
1
(a cos(1t ) + b cos( 2t )) + [a cos(2c 1)t + a (1 )cos(2c + 1)t
4
4
+b cos(2c + 2 )t ]

Using low pass filter to eliminate the double frequency term

y(t) =

1
(a cos(1t ) + b cos( 2t ))
4
1
m(t )
4

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Angle Modulation

T1 : Solution
Maximum instantenious frequency
m(t)
2 104

f i = fc +

115.95 103 =

Kp
2

& (t )
m

105 K p
+
104
2 2

Kp
4
105 = 10
2
Kp
10 =
2

Kp = 2 10 Hrtz/Volt
Kp = 10 rad/volt

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Electronics Engineering Communication System

T2 : Solution
Kf m(t )

40
2
0

20

s(t) = 10 cos [2 106t + 20[4r ( t) 6r(t 1) + 2r (t 2)]]

Standard FM expression is given by:
s(t) = Ac cos 2 fct + 2 kf m (t )dt

2kf m(t )dt = 20 (4r(t) 6r ( t 1) + 2r(t 2))

kf m ( t) = 10[4 u(t) 6u (t 1) + 2r (t 2)]
f = maxk f m (t) = 40 Hz
T3 : Solution
Maximum frequency deviation
fmax =

Kp d
m(t)
2 dt
max
Kp
2

2t e t

8000
1
.2. .e 1/2
2
2
1

t 2
Q max 2 + e is at t =

= 3.43 kHz
T4 : Solution
Compairing the equation with the standard equation.
s(t) = A cos[ct + kp m(t)]
kp m(t) = 0.1 sin(103t)

m(t) =

0.1
sin(103 t )
kp

= 0.01 sin (103 t)

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Similarly

s(t) = A cos ct + Kf m(t )dt

Kf m(t ) dt = 0.1 sin (103 t)

m(t )dt

0.1
sin(103 t )
10

0.1 103
cos(103 t )
10

= 50 cos (103 t)

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Sampling and Pulse

Code Modulation

T1 : Solution

Eb
1
Pe = 2 erfc N

Eb = (10)2 100 106 = 102

N0 = 2 104

Pe =

1
10 2
erfc

2 10 4
2
1
erfc
2

50

T2 : Solution
Total samples

= 8 4000 1.25
= 40,000 sample/sec

Now, given error

MP
<
2 100

L 100
( = 2MP/L)

Band width
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L = 125 levels
= 7 bits.
Bit rate = 7 40000 1.2 = 336000
=

Rb
= 168 kHz
2
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T3 : Solution
Step side =

signal power =

(SNR)0 =

2A
(where R = number of bits)
2

A2
2
A2 2R .12 3 2
.
= (2 R )
2 4A 2
2

(SNR)0 = 10log 3 .22 R = 1.8 + 6.02 R

2

T4 : Solution
(i) Given that total number of channel
M = 256
we know that
M 2n
256 = 2n
[n = Number of bits]
n = 8 bits
Maximum frequency of signal

m1 = fm1 = 5 kHz

Maximum frequency of signal

m2 = fm2 = 10 kHz

Maximum frequency of signal

m3 = fm3 = 5 kHz

Sampling frequency

fs1 = 10 kHz

Sampling frequency

fs2 = 20 kHz

Sampling frequency

fs3 = 10 kHz

So total sampling frequency

Now bit rate
[N = number of signal]

Nfs =
=
Rb =
Rb =

Bit duration

10 + 20 + 10 = 40 kHz
Nnfs
8 40 kbps
320 kbps

1
Tb = R
b

Tb =

103
320

Tb = 3.125 sec
(ii) BW required

BW =

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Nnfs
2

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Electronics Engineering Communication System

10

BW =

Rb
2

BW =

320 103
2

BW = 160 kHz
(iii)
M1

Commutator

M2

Channel

M3
M4

Number of samples per second

= 40 103 samples
Number of samples in 1 min
= 24 105 samples
Commutator takes 4 samples in 1 rotation

24 105
4

so 24 105 samples

Speed of commutator
(iv)

= 6 105 RPM

M
M
2n
n

=
=
=
=

512
2n
512
9

BW =

nNfs
2

BW =

9 40
2

BW = 180 kHz
So the increase in the channel bandwidth
= 180 160
= 20 kHz

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Digital Data Transmission

T1 : Solution

Average energy

1
4( 2a)2 + 8( 10a)2 + 4( 18a)2
16

1
[2a 2 + 20a 2 + 18a 2 ]
4

= 10 a2.
T2 : Solution
Let signal I be represented as
t

A sin ; 0 t T
S1(t) = 1
T

0
; 0 t T
and signal II be represented as
t

A2 sin T ; 0 t T
S2(t) =
A sin t ; 0 t T
2
T
The average energy of signal will be

Pavg =

A2
1 A12 1
+ (0) = 1

2 2 2
4

Pavg =

1 A22 1 A22 A22

+
=
2 2 2 2
2

Average energy of signal (ii)

2

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Electronics Engineering Communication System

12

A12
A2
= 2
4
2
A1
= A2
2

T3 : Solution

L = 16;
n = log2 L = 4
Rb = nfs = 4 40 K = 160 kbps
For M-level PSK;

B =

110 K =

Rb
(1+ )
N
160 K
(1 + 0.3)
N

N = 1.89 2
M = 2n = 4

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Basic Information Theory

T1 : Solution
0.8 0.2 0
P(y) = [0.5 0.5]

0 0.2 0.8

= [0.4 0.2 0.4]

= [y 1 y 2

y3 ]

y
Q P (y ) = P ( x).P x

T2 : Solution
(i)

We know that
r
r
r
P 0 P (m0 ) > P 0 P (m1) > P 0 P (m2 )
m
m
0
1
m2

(0.6) (0.3) > (0.1) (0.5) > (0.1) (0.2)

Hence, we select m0 wherever r0 is received.
r
r
r
We also find that P 1 P (m1 ) > P 1 P (m 0 ) > P 1 P (m 2 )
m1
m0
m2

(0.5) (0.5) > (0.3) (0.3) > (0.1) (0.2)

Hence, we select m1 wherever r1 is received.
We also find that
r
r
r
P 2 P ( m1 ) > P 2 P ( m 2 ) > P 2 P ( m 0 )
m1
m2
m0
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Electronics Engineering Communication System

14

(0.4) (0.5) > (0.8) (0.2) > (0.1) (0.3)

Hence, we select m1 whenever r2 is received.

(ii)

The probability of being correct is

r
r
r
P (c) = P (m 0 ) P 0 + P ( m1 ) P 1 P (m1 ) P 2
m
m

m1
0
1
= (0.6) (0.3) + (0.5) (0.5) + (0.5) (0.4) = 0.63
Hence probability of error,

P (e) = 1 P (c)
P (e) = 0.37

T3 : Solution
For a binary symmantric channel for wrong transmission let the probability be p
Thus
mutual information
= I( X; Y) = H(Y) H(Y/X)
H(Y/X) = p log2p (1 p) log2 (1 p)
and

I( X; Y) = H(Y) + p log2p + (1p) log2 (1 p)

Cmax = I ( X; Y)max
= 1 + p log2p + (1 p) log2 (1 p)
T4 : Solution

Pe = 3C1 Pe3 + 3C2 Pe2 (1 Pe)

= Pe3 + 3Pe2 (1 Pe)
= 3Pe2 2Pe3.

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Radio Receivers

T1 : Solution
Given 88.5 MHz < fc < 108 MHz
Also,
or,

fLO fc = 10.8 MHz

fLO = 10.8 MHz + fc

fLO1 = 10.8 + 88.5 = 99.3 MHz

fLO2 = 10.8 + 108 = 118.8 MHz

range = 99.3 MHz 118.8 MHz

T2 : Solution
2

Cmax fmax
=
= 1.45
C =
Cmin fmin

Where

or
Also

fmax = fm2 + I F &

110.5 + I F
90 + I F
110.5 + IF
2.126
IF
Image frequency

fmin = fm2 + I F

1.45 = 1.204

= 90 1.204 + IF 1.204
= 0.204 IF
= 10.42 MHz

= fs + 2 IF
125 = fs + 2 10.42
f s = 104.16 MHz

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Random Variables

T1 : Solution
The A.C power of the signal is given as sx2
where x2 is the standard deviation
x2 = E[X 2] (E[X ])2
where
E [ X 2] = second moment
[E ( X )]2 = (mean)2
now,
and

(E[X ])2 = lim R xx () = 6

lim R xx () = 10
E[X 2] =
0
x2 = 10 6
= 4 W.

T2 : Solution

E[Y] =

fx ( x)Y d x

x
x
= e dx = e dx

= (1 e) = (e 1)

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17

T3 : Solution

y = x2
Now, y < 0 has no soluction

fy(y) = 0 for y < 0

x = y

If y > 0

2
fx(y) = 2 y fx

( y )+f (
x

y , y 0

T4 : Solution

Ry(t ) = 52 + 5 = 30.
T5 : Solution

fX ( x)d x

(i)

= 1

2 a e b xd x = 1
0
0

2a b x
e
= 1
b

2a = b

(ii)

e.d.f =
=
for x 0 and

f0 ( x)d x

0 fx (d )d x
x

0 a e

1
2

b x

d x = 1 e b x

for x < 0

fx(x) =

1 b x
e
2

x < 0
(iii)

P (1 X 2) =

1 fX ( x)d x

1 1 2 e

1 b
2 b
d x = 2 e e

b x

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