Advanced Energy Sensing Techniques

Implemented Through Source Number

Detection for Spectrum Sensing
in Cognitive Radio
Sagarika Sahoo, Tapaswini Samant, Amrit Mukherjee and Amlan Datta

Abstract The world of wireless technology is been one of the most progressive
and challenging aspects for the users and providers. It deals with the wireless
spectrum whose efficient use is of foremost concern. These are improved by the
cognitive radio users for their noninterference communication with the licensed
users. Spectrum holes detection and sensing is a dynamic time variant function
which is been modified using the proposed source number detection and energy
detection. Energy detection technique is implemented so as to compare the thresholds of the channels dynamically, and source detection method is used for predicting the number of channels where the energy detection is to be performed. The
simulation results show the optimization and reduced probability of miss detection
considering the change in threshold.
KeywordsCognitive radioSource number detectionEnergy detection
Spectrum sensing

1Introduction
Spectrum sensing has so far been identified as the step of crucial importance in
the process of the cognition cycle and the most important function for the establishment of cognitive radio network that principally emphasizes on sensing the
spectrum environment accurately and determines whether the primary user is

S. Sahoo(*) T. Samant A. Mukherjee A. Datta

School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
e-mail: [email protected]
T. Samant
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Mukherjee
e-mail: [email protected]
Springer India 2015
I.K. Sethi (ed.), Computational Vision and Robotics, Advances in Intelligent
Systems and Computing 332, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2196-8_21

179

S. Sahoo et al.

180
Fig.1Frame of sensing
structure for cognitive radio

active or not over a specific band reliably [1]. Therefore, in order to guarantee
noninterference with the primary user, cognitive radio must detect very weak signals [2].
In this paper, the bootstrap-based source number detection (SND) technique
is applied for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks (CRN). A novel test
source number estimation method based on bootstrap is proposed. From the simulation results, it is seen that the proposed bootstrap-based source detection procedure can provide satisfied detection performance while only requires the optimal
likelihood ratio and threshold compared with the existing methods.
Using simulations, we show that when the observations of number of sources
at the sensors are added on the threshold dramatically falls yielding to control in
likelihood ratio to improve condition of missed detection (Pm).
It is clear from Fig.1 that the predictor unit initially observes n1 previous
sensing frames that can be used to predict the succeeding nth sensing frames.

2Energy-based Detection
Energy detection is one of the sub-optional signal sensing techniques which has
been hugely used in radio communications [3, 4]. The detection process can be
performed in time domain as well as in frequency domain. Figurel shows the
energy detection process with the hypotheses as follow:

H0 : Y [n] = W [n] presence of signal

(1)

Ht : Y [n] = X[n] + W [n] absence of signal

(2)

here, n=1,M; where M is the window under observation

Here, X[n] denotes the sample of the target signal having certain power u and
W[n] is noise sample that is assumed to be additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
having zero mean and variance same as the signal power u (Fig.2).

Advanced Energy Sensing Techniques Implemented

181

Fig.2The process of energy detection. a Spectrum sensing through energy detection. b

Implementation in time domain. c Implementation in frequency domain

The sensing is performed to make certain if any activity of the primary user for
a particular band of frequency occurs, as suggested by binary hypothesis testing,
and that can be mapped as [5-7]:

N0 : The idle primary user

N1 : The working primary user

The presence or absence of primary signal has been given by N1PN where i=0 is
the absence and i =1 shows the presence. Given CN i N, which is sensing and
making the decision on the basis of that hypothesis modeled structures are used
which is the below conditional probabilities:



Pm = p N0CN N1PN
(3)



Pfa = P N1CN |N0PN

(4)

yj = hj;1 aPN + hj;2 aCN + nj

(5)

where Pm denotes probability of missed detection and Pfa as probability of false

alarm. The signal which is consequently received at any particular instance say jth
is given by:

and where the channel between the primary user is denoted by hj;1 and the jth
secondary user, and hj;2 is the channel between jth secondary user and any other
secondary user with setting channel property as Rayleigh distribution. aPN is a

S. Sahoo et al.

182

primary network signal, including the primary user symbol transmission and aCN
includes the transmitted symbols from any active secondary user. The cognitive
user sensed signals are obtained when the cognitive system is performing spectrum sensing (HCN0), demonstrated with the following condition:

yj =

hj,2 aCN + nj
N0PN
,
hj,1 aPN + hj,2 aCN + nj N1PN

(6)

And at the time when spectrum sensing operation being idle, the initial model
leads to:

nj
N0PN
yj =
,
(7)
hj,1aPN + nj N1PN
Now, the false alarm probability and detection probability can be expressed as
follow:


Qd,SLC = QmK
2slc , 


(8)
mK, 2
Qd,SLC =
(mK)
K
where slc = k=1 k, yk is the SNR received at kth cognitive user. To converse to
a selection like correlation metric and/or negentropy metric, diverse measurements
are utilized [8]. These are further adapted to measure the inverse gaussianity of the
identified signal [9, 10]. The inverse gaussianity measured is compared with the
threshold that has been presumed, as a result, the decision regarding the primary
signal in the frame is within the sensing period (Fig.3).

Fig.3Probability of
detection (theoretical) versus
probability of false alarm

Advanced Energy Sensing Techniques Implemented

183

The choice made is executed to rest of frames that are sensed. The graph shows
probability of detection (theoretical) versus probability of false alarm for 1,000
simulations using the standard formula of error function.

3Bootstrap-based Detection (Parametric

and Nonparametric Resampling Method)
The common assumption of Gaussian data seems to lead to some variant of the
statistic, as shown, irrespective of the source detection scheme is based on hypothesis tests or information theoretic criteria,



P
j=k li

1
p

(1/(pk+1))

k+1

p

i=1 li

k = 1, . . . , p 1

(9)

which is the ratio of the geometric mean to the arithmetic mean of the smallest
sample eigenvalues [11, 12]. This can be accomplished by considering the following set of hypothesis tests for determining the number of sources:

H0 :1 = = p
..
.
Hk :k+1 = = p
..
.

(10)

Hp1 :p1 = p

with corresponding alternatives Kk, not Hk, k =0,,p 2. Acceptance of Hk

leads to the estimate q = k. A practical procedure to estimate starts with testing
and proceeds to the next hypothesis test only on rejection of the hypothesis currently being tested. Upon acceptance, the procedure stops, implying all remaining
hypotheses are true. The procedure is outlined in Table1.

Table1Hypothesis
test procedure used for
determining the number of
sources

Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4

Set k = 0
Test Hk
If Hk is accepted then set q = k and stop
If Hk is rejected and k < p 1 then set k k + 1
and return to step 2. Otherwise set q = p 1 and
stop

S. Sahoo et al.

184

4Proposed Method
In the proposed method, the primary sources are been estimated through bootstrap-based SND in the initial stage and the optimization is been performed on the
basis of number of sources in the later.
Figure4 shows the detection of number of sources through an additional feedback to the traditional energy detection scheme which includes threshold V(t) and
the output of energy detector.
The shortcomings of the traditional spectrum sensing along with its optimization have been modified [13] which includes improper access of the spectrum
efficiently and not being able to identify the presence or absence of PU [14]. To
alleviate this problem, the primary sources are efficiently detected using SND
technique and spectrum sensing is performed with the proposed energy-based
scheme [15]. The overall model has been modified with detection of spectrum
while the primary user and CR user work simultaneously.

Ti,j = li lj ,
where i = k + 1 . . . p 1 and j = i + 1, . . . , p

(11)

Hij: i = j

(12)

Kij: i = j,
where i = k + 1, . . . , p 1 and j = i + 1, . . . , p

(13)

These differences will be small when both li and lj are considered to be noise
eigenvalues but relatively large if any one or both of li and lj are source eigenvalues. The pair wise comparisons represented in a hypothesis testing framework
gives

The hypotheses Hk can be reformulated as intersections between the pairwise

comparisons

Hk =

j


Hij

and

Fig.4Energy sensing through source number detection

(14)

Advanced Energy Sensing Techniques Implemented

Kk =

j


Kij

185

(15)

where i = k + 1, . . . . p 1 and j = i + 1, . . . , p

One of the most popular approaches for composite hypotheses testing stands to be
the generalized likelihood ratio test. By their maximum likelihood estimates, the
GLRT replaces any unknown parameters. The GLRT can generally have the form


f1 XN ; 1
> , accept H1

T (XN ) = 
,
(16)
< , accept H0
f0 XN ; 0

where 1 is the MLE of . 1 assuming H1 is true, and 0 is the MLE of 0 assuming

H0 is true.
As in the simple hypotheses, the threshold is found from the nominal value of
the probability of false alarm Pfa.

5Simulation and Discussion

The simulated results as performed is shown to using information theoretic criteria which can detect the primary users or source transmitters signal and then
the spectrum sensing is carried out using bootstrap-based energy detection and

Fig.5Source detection for primary transmitting signals

186

S. Sahoo et al.

optimization is performed as shown in Fig.5. As shown in Fig.5, the graph shows

the number of sources versus their corresponding likelihood and threshold.
As shown in Fig.5, the increase in number of primary sources corresponds to
decrease in likelihood ratio of miss detection and also the decrease in threshold.
Here, the threshold is getting reduced because of increasing number of primary
sources, i.e., increase in number of primary channels implies decrease in overall selection of threshold for cognitive receiver in the time domain. There will be
change in power levels for different channels as per the application and cognitive receiver is selecting the optimum threshold among all the channels. Here, the
numbers of sources are calculated by comparing the likelihood and threshold of
the generating signal which is 10.

6Conclusion
In the proposed method, the likelihood of probability of miss detection is been
improved with varying threshold. Here, the number of channels is considered
with respect to the SND and accordingly the energy detection of individual channels is being considered. The output of the simulated graphs shows the optimum
number of sources by changing the number of primary sources and the number of
cognitive receivers. In practical cases, we can select the number of primary users
and energy detection statistics according to the applications of different spectrum
channels by cognitive users.

References
1. Ycek, T., Arslan, H.: A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 11(1), 116130 (2009)
2. Broderson, R.W., Wolisz, A., Cabric, D., Mishra, S.M., Willkomm, D.: Corvus: a cognitive
radio approach for usage of virtual unlicensed spectrum. White paper (2004)
3. Mitola III, J.: An integrated agent architecture for software defined radio. Dissertation
(2000). ISSN 1403-5286 ISRN KTH/IT/AVH00/01SE
4. Chunli, D., Yuning, D., Li, W.: Autoregressive channel prediction model for cognitive radio.
In: 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile
Computing, WiCom 09, pp. 14. Beijing, China (2009)
5. Khajavi, N.T., Ivrigh, S.S., Sadough, S.M.S.: A novel framework for spectrum sensing in
cognitive radio networks. IEICE Trans. Commun. E9-B(9), 26002609 (2011)
6. Ma, J., Li, Y.: Soft combination and detection for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive
radio networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE Global Telecommunication Conference, pp. 3139
3143 (2007)
7. Quan, Z., Cui, S., Poor, H.V., Sayed, A.H.: Collaborative wideband sensing for cognitive
radios. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 25(6), 6370 (2008)
8. Arslan, H., Yarkan, S.: Binary time series approach to spectrum prediction for cognitive
radio. In: IEEE 66th Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 15631567. Baltimore, USA
(2007)

Advanced Energy Sensing Techniques Implemented

187

9. Qiu, R.C., Chen, Z.: Prediction of channel state for cognitive radio using higher-order hidden Markov model. In: Proceedings of the IEEE SoutheastCon, pp. 276282. Concord, USA
(2010)
10. Hyvarinen, A.: Fast and robust fixed-point algorithms for independent component analysis.
IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 10(3), 626634 (1999)
11. Li, Y., Dong, Y.N., Zhang, H., Zhao, H.T., Shi, H.X., Zhao, X.X.: Spectrum usage prediction
based on high-order markov model for cognitive radio networks. In: IEEE 10th International
Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT), pp. 27842788. Bradford, UK
(2010)
12. Li, Z., Shi, P., Chen, W., Yan, Y.: Square law combining double threshold energy detection in
Nakagami channel. Int. J. Digit. Content Technol. Appl. 5(12), (2011)

13. Mukherjee, A., Datta, A.: Spectrum sensing for cognitive radio using quantized data
fusion and hidden Markov model. In: Proceedings of IEEE, pp. 133137 (ISBN:
978-1-4799-2981-8/14)
14. Akbar, I., Tranter, W.: Dynamic spectrum allocation in cognitive radio using hidden Markov
models: Poisson distributed case. In: Proceedings of IEEE SoutheastCon, pp. 19620 (2007)
15. Teguig, D., Scheers, B., Le Nir, V.: Data fusion schemes for cooperative spectrum sensing in
cognitive radio networks. In: Communications and Information Systems Conference, pp. 17
(2012). ISBN: 978-1-4673-1422-0