Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition: Assimilação Natural - o Construtivismo No Ensino de Línguas
Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition: Assimilação Natural - o Construtivismo No Ensino de Línguas
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Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language
Acquisition
Assimilação Natural -- o Construtivismo no Ensino de Línguas
Ricardo Schütz
Last revision: August 20, 2005
"In the real world, conversations with sympathetic native speakers who are willing to
help the acquirer understand are very helpful." Stephen Krashen
Introduction
This is a brief description of Krashen's widely known and well accepted theory of
second language acquisition, which has had a large impact in all areas of second
language research and teaching since the 1980s.
Description of Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition
According to Krashen there are two De acordo com sua teoria, acquisition é
independent systems of second responsável pelo entendimento e pela
capacidade de comunicação criativa:
language performance: 'the acquired habilidades desenvolvidas
system' and 'the learned system'. subconscientemente. Isto ocorre através da
The 'acquired system' or familiarização com com a característica
'acquisition' is the product of a fonética da língua, sua estruturação de frases,
subconscious process very similar to seu vocabulário, tudo decorrente de situações
reais, bem como pela assimilação das
the process children undergo when diferenças culturais e adaptação à nova cultura.
they acquire their first language. It
requires meaningful interaction in Learning depende de esforço intelectual e
the target language - natural procura produzir conhecimento consciente a
communication - in which speakers respeito da estrutura da língua e de suas
are concentrated not in the form of irregularidades, e preconiza a memorização de
vocabulário fora de situações reais. Este
their utterances, but in the conhecimento atua na função de
communicative act. monitoramento da fala. Entretanto, o efeito
deste monitoramento sobre a performance da
The 'learned system' or 'learning' is pessoa, depende muito de cada um.
the product of formal instruction
and it comprises a conscious Veja aqui mais sobre os conceitos de
acquisition e learning.
process which results in conscious
knowledge 'about' the language, for A hipótese monitor explica a relação entre
example knowledge of grammar acquisition e learning ao definir a influência
rules. According to Krashen deste último sobre o primeiro. Os esforços
'learning' is less important than expontâneos e criativos de comunicação,
'acquisition'. (Veja o texto ao lado e decorrentes de nossa capacidade natural de
assimilar línguas quando em contato com elas,
também outra página em português são policiados e disciplinados pelo
sobre Acquisition/Learning). conhecimento consciente das regras
gramaticais da língua e de suas exceções.
The Monitor hypothesis explains
the relationship between acquisition Os efeitos deste monitoramento sobre pessoas
and learning and defines the com diferentes características de personalidade
serão vários. Pessoas que tendem à
influence of the latter on the former. introversão, à falta de autoconfiança, ou ao
The monitoring function is the
practical result of the learned
grammar. According to Krashen, the
acquisition system is the utterance
initiator, while the learning system
performs the role of the 'monitor' or
the 'editor'. The 'monitor' acts in a
planning, editing and correcting
function when three specific
conditions are met: that is, the perfeccionismo, pouco se beneficiarão de um
second language learner has conhecimento da estrutura da língua e de suas
sufficient time at his/her disposal, irregularidades. Pelo contrário, no caso de
he/she focuses on form or thinks línguas com alto grau de irregularidade (como o
about correctness, and he/she knows inglês), poderão desenvolver um bloqueio que
compromete a expontaneidade devido à
the rule. consciência da alta probabilidade de
cometerem erros.
It appears that the role of conscious
learning is somewhat limited in Pessoas que tendem à extroversão, a falar
second language performance. muito, de forma expontânea e impensada,
According to Krashen, the role of também pouco se beneficiarão de learning,
uma vez que a função de monitoramento é
the monitor is - or should be - quase inoperante, está submetida a uma
minor, being used only to correct personalidade intempestiva que se manifesta
deviations from 'normal' speech and sem maior cautela. Os únicos que se
to give speech a more 'polished' beneficiam de learning, são as pessoas mais
appearance. normais e equilibradas, que sabem aplicar a
função de monitoramento de forma moderada.
Mesmo assim, numa situação real de
Krashen also suggests that there is comunicação, o monitoramento só funcionará
individual variation among se ocorrerem 3 condições simultaneamente:
language learners with regard to
'monitor' use. He distinguishes those - Tempo suficiente: que a pessoa disponha de
learners that use the 'monitor' all the tempo suficiente para avaliar as alternativas
com base nas regras incidentes.
time (over-users); those learners - Preocupação com a forma: que a pessoa
who have not learned or who prefer concentre atenção não apenas no ato da
not to use their conscious comunicação, no conteúdo da mensagem, mas
knowledge (under-users); and those também e principalmente na forma.
learners that use the 'monitor' - Conhecimento da regra: que a pessoa tenha
conhecimento da regra que se aplica ao caso.
appropriately (optimal users). An
evaluation of the person's
psychological profile can help to
determine to what group they
belong. Usually extroverts are
under-users, while introverts and
perfectionists are over-users. Lack
of self-confidence is frequently
related to the over-use of the
'monitor'.
The Natural Order hypothesis is based on research findings (Dulay & Burt, 1974;
Fathman, 1975; Makino, 1980 cited in Krashen, 1987) which suggested that the
acquisition of grammatical structures follows a 'natural order' which is predictable.
For a given language, some grammatical structures tend to be acquired early while
others late. This order seemed to be independent of the learners' age, L1 background,
conditions of exposure, and although the agreement between individual acquirers was
not always 100% in the studies, there were statistically significant similarities that
reinforced the existence of a Natural Order of language acquisition. Krashen however
points out that the implication of the natural order hypothesis is not that a language
program syllabus should be based on the order found in the studies. In fact, he rejects
grammatical sequencing when the goal is language acquisition.
The Input hypothesis is Krashen's attempt to explain how the learner acquires a
second language. In other words, this hypothesis is Krashen's explanation of how
second language acquisition takes place. So, the Input hypothesis is only concerned
with 'acquisition', not 'learning'. According to this hypothesis, the learner improves
and progresses along the 'natural order' when he/she receives second language 'input'
that is one step beyond his/her current stage of linguistic competence. For example, if
a learner is at a stage 'i', then acquisition takes place when he/she is exposed to
'Comprehensible Input' that belongs to level 'i + 1'. Since not all of the learners can be
at the same level of linguistic competence at the same time, Krashen suggests that
natural communicative input is the key to designing a syllabus, ensuring in this way
that each learner will receive some 'i + 1' input that is appropriate for his/her current
stage of linguistic competence.
Finally, the fifth hypothesis, the Affective Filter hypothesis, embodies Krashen's
view that a number of 'affective variables' play a facilitative, but non-causal, role in
second language acquisition. These variables include: motivation, self-confidence and
anxiety. Krashen claims that learners with high motivation, self-confidence, a good
self-image, and a low level of anxiety are better equipped for success in second
language acquisition. Low motivation, low self-esteem, and debilitating anxiety can
combine to 'raise' the affective filter and form a 'mental block' that prevents
comprehensible input from being used for acquisition. In other words, when the filter
is 'up' it impedes language acquisition. On the other hand, positive affect is necessary,
but not sufficient on its own, for acquisition to take place.
REFERENCES
Crystal, David The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Krashen, Stephen D. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall
International, 1987.
Krashen, Stephen D. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Prentice-Hall
International, 1988.
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