Applied Reservoir Engineering

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Reservoir Definition
Cap rock
Res. Fluid
Reservoir rock

R
Reservoir
i

Shallow

offshare

Deep

onshare

offshare

onshare

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Reservoir
rocks

Sedimentry

Sandstone

Chemical

Sand

L.s

Dolomit

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Rock Properties

Saturation

Porosity

Absolute

Effective

So

Absolute
Sw

Capillary

Permeability

Relative

Sg
Eff ti
Effective

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Seccondary

Ratio

Wettability

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Reservoir fluids

Water

Salt

Oil

Fresh

Black

Gas

Volatile

Drey

Wet

Low volatile
High volatile

Ideal

Real
(non ideal)

Condensate

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Fluid properties

Oil

Gas

g AMw g Tc PC Z

TR P R

Cg g g

o o APT rs

Water

w rs w Cw Salinity

o t o Co

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Applied reservoir Engineering Contents

1. Calculation of original hydrocarbon in place
i. Volumetric method
ii. Material balance equation (MBE)
2 Determination of the reservoir drive mechanism
2.
Undersaturated
Depletion
Gas cap
Water drive
Combination
3. Prediction of future reservoir performance
Primary recovery
Secoundry recovery by : Gas injection
Water injection

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original hydrocarbon in place by

volumetric method

Structural contour map

Well

Depth

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

7
4

3
1

Scale:1:50000

Location map

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original hydrocarbon in place by

volumetric method

30
10
0

Isopach map

Well

Depth

h1

h2

h3

h4

h5

h6

h7

h8

h9

G
Gas
Goc

Oil
Woc

Water

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original hydrocarbon in place by

volumetric method

N = BV . (1 S wi )
= ( Ah) (1 S wi )
43560 Ah (1 S wi )
=
5.615 oi

g Bbl SCF

o bbl STB

N=

7758 Ah (1 S wi )

STB

G=

7758 Ah (1 S wii )

SCF

oi

gi

A : acres
h : ft

, S wi : ffractions

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of ((BV)) using

g isopach
p
map
p
1. Trapozoidal method:

An An 1 > 0.5
BV =

h
[A0 + 2 A1 + 2 A2 + ...... + 2 An1 + 2 An ]
2

h
+ [An + A]
2

C.L

Area inch2

Ao WOC

10

A1

20

A2

30

A3

40
50

A4
GOC
A5

60

A6

70

A7

76

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of ((BV)) using

g isopach
p
map
p
C.L

2. Pyramid or cone method

An An 1 0.5
h
BV = A0 + A1 + A0 . A1
3
h
+ A1 + A2 + A1 . A2
3
h
h
+ An 1 + An + An 1 . An + [ An ]
3
3

Area inch2

Ao WOC

10

A1

20

A2

30

A3

40
50

A4
GOC
A5

60

A6

70

A7

76

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of ((BV)) using

g isopach
p
map
p
3. Simpson method
Odd number of contour lines

h
BV = [A0 + 4 A1 + 2 A2 + 4 A3 + ...... + 4 An 1 + 2 An ]
3
h
+ [An ]
3

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

Say : Scale 1 : 50000

1 inch = 50,000 inch

2
(
(50,000)
)
1 inch 2 =
= 398.56acres
144 43560

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

Example 1 :

Given the
Gi
th following
f ll i
planimetred
l i t d areas of
f an oit
it of
f
reservoir. Calculate the original oil place (N) if =25%,
Swi=30%, oi=1.4 bbl/STB and map scale=1:15000
C.L

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

86

Area inch2 : 250 200 140 98

76

40

26

12

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

Solution :

10
[250 + 2 200 + 2 140 + 2 98 + 2 76 + 2 40 + 26 ]
2
10
10
6
+
26 + 12 + 26 12 +
12 + 5 + 12 5 + 50 + 0 + 50 0
2
3
3

VB =

] [

= 7198inch 2 : ft
2
(15,000)
1 inch 2 =
= 35.87 acres
144 43560

BV = 7198 35.87 = 258193.39acres

N =

7758 258193.39 0.25 (1 0.3)

= 250.38MMSTB
1.4

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

By using Simpson method

BV =
+

10
[250 + 4 200 + 2 140 + 4 98 + 2 76 + 4 40 + 2 26 + 4 12 + 2 5]
3

6
5+ 0+ 5 0
3

= 7156.6inch 2 . fft
= 7156.6 35.87 = 256709.6acro. ft

7758 256709.6 0.25 (1 0.3)

N =
= 248.94 MMSTB
1 .4

N av = (250.38 + 248.94) 2 = 249.66 MMSTB

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

Example 2 :

If the
th reservoir
i of
f example
l 1 is
i a gas reservoir
i and
d
g=0.001 bbl/SCF. Calculate the original gas in place
S l ti :
Solution

G=

7758 258193.39 0.25 (1 0.3)

= 350.53MMSCF
0.001

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

Example 3 :

A gas cap has the following data : =25%, Swi=30%, oi=1.3

bbl/STB, gi=0.001 bbl/SCF and map scale=1:20000
C.L

Area inch2 :

0(WOC) 10
350

20

30

310 270 220

33(GOC) 40
200

190

50

60

70

76

130 55

25

Calculate the original oil in place (N) and the original gas in
place (G)

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Converting map areas (inch2) to acres

Solution :

BVoil =

10
[350 + 2 310 + 2 270 + 220] + 3 [220 + 200] = 9280inch 2 . ft
2
2

7
10
10
BVgas = [200 + 190] + [190 + 130] + 130 + 55 + 130 55
2
2
2
10
6
+
55 + 25 + 55 25 + [25] = 4303.79inch 2 . ft
3
3

(20,000) 2
= 63.77acres
1 inch =
144 43560
2

7758 9280 63.77 0.25 (1 0.3)

= 618MMSTB
1.3
7758 4303.79 63.77 0.25 (1 0.3)
G=
= 372.6MMSCF
0.001
N=

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Reservoir drive mechanism

Water reservoir

Gas reservoir

Bg

Gas

Gas
Water

without bottom
water drive

with bottom
water drive
Oil reservoir

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Oil reservoir
Undersaturated

P>Pb

Oil

Oil

Water

without bottom
water drive

Oil

Depletion
drive

with bottom
water drive

Gas
Oil

Gas cap
drive

Saturated

PPb

Oil

Gas

Gas

Oil
W
Water

Bottom water
drive

Combination
drive

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

PVT data for gas and oil reservoirs

Gas reservoirs
Bg

ZT
Bg = 0.00504
P

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

PVT data for gas and oil reservoirs

Saturated oil reservoirs

Boi=Bti
Bt = Bo+(rsi-rs)Bg

ZT
Bg = 0.00504
P

rsi
Bo

Boi= Bti

rs
1
0

Bg

Pi

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

PVT data for gas and oil reservoirs

Undersaturated oil reservoirs
P1 > Pb
undersat.

saturated

Bt

rsi=c

o
Bo
rs

1
0

Bg

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Laboratory measurment of PVT data

Gas
SCF

Oil

Gas
Oil

STB
P = 14.7 psi
T = 60o F

Oil

Pb
saturated

Oil
P > Pb
undersaturated

Oil
Pi

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

1. Gas reservoir without bottom water drive
Gp

GBgi

(G G )B

ppi

pi
GBgi = (G G p )Bg
G =

G p Bg
Bg Bgi

gi

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

1. Gas reservoir without bottom water drive
Example 4 :

Pppsi

G p SCF

Bg bbl SCF

4000

0x10-6

0.00077

0.83

0x106

3900

12

0.00084

0.81

201.6

3800

27

0.00089

0.79

200.2

3700

37

0.00095

0.77

195.2

3600

58

0.00107

0.75

199.7

Solution :
Using eq. (1)

G const.

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

MBE as an equation of a straight line

GBgi = (G G p )Bg

G p Bg = G (Bg Bgi )

G p Bg

y1
G

2
x1

Another form:

Bg Bgi

ZT Z iT

ZT

= G (0.00504 )

G p 0.00504
p
pi

Z Zi
Z
G p = G
p
p pi

Gp

Z
p

y2
G

x2
Z pZi Pi

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

Another form:

GBgi = (G G p )Bg

Z
Z
0 . 00504 i G = (G G p ) 0 . 00504
pi
p

p
Z

y3

G p pi
P

= 1
Z
G Z i

p
p
pi

= i
Gp
Z
Z i GZ i
at

p
=0
Z

G = Gp

pi
Zi

pi
GZ i

G
0

x3

Gp

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

Example 5 :

Solution :

Solve the previous example using MBE as a straigh line

Bg Bgi

G pBg

Z P

Z p Zi Pi

P Z

Gp

4000

x104

2.075x10-4

x10-5

4819

0x10-6

3900

0.00005

1.068

2.25

1.75

4441

12

3800

0.00012

2.403

2.39

3.15

4177

27

3700

0.00018

3.515

2.66

5.91

3896

37

3600

0.00030

5.990

2.88

8.09

3421

56

x1

y1

y2

x2

y3

x3

From Figgers

G = 200106 STB

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

2.Gas reservoir with bottom water drive

Gp

Wp

Assuming

=0 causes an increase in G continuously

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

MBE as a straight line
F/
45o

/
Assuming

is known

33

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

Example 6 :
A gas reservoir
i with
i h a kknown b
bottom water d
drive
i h
has the
h ffollowing
ll i
data:
=0 and

Ppsi

G p SCF

Bg bbl SCF

We bbl

4000

0x109

0.00093

0x10-6

3900

27.85

0.00098

2.297

3800

72.33

0.00107

7.490

3700

113.85

0.00117

13.308

3600

151.48

0.00125

18.486

T years

Calculate the original gas in place

34

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

Solution
Tyear

Eg

F/Eg x109

We/Eg x109

27.2x106

0.00005

546

45.93

77.39

0.00014

553

53.04

133.20

0.00024

555

55.44

189.35

0.00032

554

54.25

F/E
g

45

From Fig:

G=500x109

SCF

G=500x109
We/Eg

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

Gas Cap Expansion an Shrinkage
G c
Gp

Gpc
gas

expansion
GOC

GOC

GOC
shrinkage

Oil

Shrinkage
g due to: poor
p
planning
p
g or accident and corrosion
- Assume gas cap expansion = (G-Gpc).Bg-GBgi
- Assume gas cap shrinkage = GBgi - (G-Gp
(G Gpc)Bg
Gpc: gas produced from the gas cap and my be = zero

Oil

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

Example: 7
Calculate the gas cap volume change if G=40x109 SCF

Gpc x109

Bg

4000

0.0020

3900

0 0022
0.0022

3800

0.0025

3700

10

0.0028

3600

13

0.0031

3500

17

0.0035

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original gas in place by MBE

Solution
Assuming gas cap expansion = (G-Gpc).Bg-Ggi

Pressure

Gas cap change x103

type

4000

3900

-800

shrinkage

3800

+2500

expansion

3700

+4000

expansion

3600

+3700

shrinkage

3500

+5000

expansion

Shrinkage at P=3600 may be due PVT or Gpc data

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
a) Under-saturated oil reservoirs
Characteristics
- P>Pb
- No free gas, no Wp
- Large volume
- Limited K
- Low flow rate
- Produce by Cw and Cf

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
1- Under-saturated oil reservoirs without bottom water
Np
(N-Ni)Bo

NBoi

P>Pb

Pi>P
Pb
neglecing Cw and Cf
NBoi=(N-Np)Bo

N =

N p Bo
Bo Boi

(1)

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
Example: 8
Calculate
C
l l t the
th original
i i l oil
il in
i place
l
assuming
i no water
t drive
d i and
d neglecting
l ti Cw
and Cf using the following data

Np x106

Bo

4000

1.40

3800

1 535
1.535

1 42
1.42

3600

3.696

1.45

3400

7.644

1.49

3200

9.545

1.54

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Solution

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE

Pressure

NpBo x106

Bo-Boi

N x106

4000

3800

2.179

0.02

108.95

3600

5 539
5.539

0 05
0.05

110 78
110.78

3400

11.389

0.09

126.64

3200

14.699

0.14

104.99

rearrange MBE as a straight line

NBoi = (N-Np)Bo

N const

F = NEo

From Fig:
N 110 x10 STB
6

N
Eo

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
Considering Cw and Cf

o.b.p=1 psi/ftD

- overburden pressure = 1 psi/ftD

- rock strength = 0.5 psi/ftD
- reservoir
r s rv ir pressure
pr ssur = 0.5
0 5 psi/ftD

o.b.p

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
Considering Cw and Cf

NB oi = ( N N p ) Bo + Vp w , f
Vp w , f = Vp w + Vp f
1 dVp f
Cf=
.
dVp f = C f V p dp
V p dp
1 dVp w
C w=
.
dVp w = C wVw dp
V w dp
Vw
Sw =
Vw = S wV p dVp w = C w S wV p dp
Vp

NBoi
Pi>Pb

(N-Np)Bo
Vp,,w
P>Pb

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
Considering Cw and Cf

dVp f , w = (Cw S w +C f )V p dp
NBoi
NBoi = Vp (1 S w ) Vp =
(1 S w )
dVp f , w = (

C w S w +C f
1 Sw

) NBoi dp

NBoi = ( N N p ) Bo + (

C w S w +C f
1 Sw

) NBoi p

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
Considering Cw and Cf

N =
B o B oi + (
Q Co =

1 Sw

) B oi p

B o B oi
B o B oi = C o B oi p
B oi p

N =
[C o +
where

N p Bo
CwSw + C

N p Bo
CwSw + C
1 Sw

=
f

] B oi p

So = 1 Sw

N p Bo
N =
C S + CwSw + C f
[ o o
] B oi p
1 Sw
N =

N p Bo
B oi C e p

(2)

CoSo
+
1 Sw

N p Bo
CwSw + C
1 Sw

] B oi p

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
Considering Cw and Cf

P = Pi P
B Boi
Co = o
Boi P

Pi

Voi

Co =

Pi

Vo

= f ( )

C w = f ( P , T , r s and salinity
From the following charts

1 dV
.
V oi dP

1 V Vi
.
V oi P Pi

1 ( B o B oi )
.
B oi
P

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
Example: 9
Solution
P

Solve
l example
l (8)
( ) considering
d
the
h effect
ff
of
f Cw and
d Cf

P=(Pi-P)
P=(Pi
P) C o =

B o B oi
B oi p

Cwp(Fig.4)
(Fig 4)

rsf(Fig.1)
(Fig 1)

4000

2.9x10-6

18

3800

200

7.143x10-5

2.93

17.2

3600

400

8.928

2.95

16.8

3400

600

10.714

2.98

16

3200

800

12.500

3.00

15.2

R1(Fig 2)
R1(Fig.2)

0.85

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
Continue

rs= rsf x R1

R2 (Fig.3)

Cw=CwpxR2

Co So + Cw S w + C f
1 Sw

4000

15.3

1.4

3.30x10-6

3800

14.62

1.13

3.311

7.725x10-5

3600

14.28

1.11

3.247

9.570

2400

13.60

1.104

3.289

13.569

3200

12.92

1.09

3.17

13.143

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
Continue

N=

N p Bo
BoiCe p

NpBo

NBoiCeP

4000

3800

2.179x016

0.0218

108.2x106

3600

5.359

0.0536

107.9

3400

11.389

0.1131

106.5

3200

14 699
14.699

0 1470
0.1470

105 1
105.1

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation
C l l ti of
f original
i i l oil
il iin place
l
b
by MBE
Use MBE as a straight line as follows:

N p Bo = NBoi Ce P

F = NEo
Plot the fig.
fig

F = N p Bo
N = 100 10 6

N = 100 106 STB

Eo = Boi Ce
P
P

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

U d
Undersaturated
t
t d oil
il reservoir
i with
ith b
bottom
tt
water
t
Np

Wp
NBoi

Pi>Pb
Assuming (We) is known and neglect Cw+Cf

NBoi = (N N p )Bo + (We w p Bw )

N =

N p Bo (We w p Bw )
Bo Boii

Assuming We=0 will cuse an increase in (N)

(N-Np)Bo

P>Pb

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

U d
Undersaturated
t
t d oil
il reservoir
i with
ith b
bottom
tt
water
t
Example 11 :
Using the following data in the undersaturated oil reservoir with a
known (We), neglecting Cw & Cf calculate (N): wp= 0

Np

Bo

We

4000

x106

1.40

x106

3800

2.334

1.45

1.135

3600

5 362
5.362

1 42
1.42

2 416
2.416

3400

10.033

1.49

3.561

3200

12 682
12.682

1 54
1.54

4 832
4.832

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

U d
Undersaturated
t
t d oil
il reservoir
i with
ith b
bottom
tt
water
t
Solution :

N=

N p Bo (We w p Bw )
Bo Boi

NpBo

Bo-Boi

4000

x10
106

x10
106

3800

3.314

0.02

108.5

3600

7 775
7.775

0 05
0.05

107 1
107.1

3400

14.950

0.09

126.5

3200

19 531
19.531

0 14
0.14

105 0
105.0

NC

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

U d
Undersaturated
t
t d oil
il reservoir
i with
ith b
bottom
tt
water
t
Rearrange MBE as a straight line

N p Bo + W p Bw = N [Bo B0i ] + We
F = N Eo

Eo
45 o

+ We

F Eo = N + We Eo

N = 110

We Eo

E o = [B o B 0 i ]

F = N p Bo

F Eo

4000
3800
3600
3400
3200

0.02
0 05
0.05
0.09
0.14

x10-6
3.314
7 775
7.775
14.980
19.531

165.7
155 5
155.5
166.4
139.5

We Eo

x10-6
56.75
48 32
48.32
39.56
34.51

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Undersaturated oil reservoir with bottom water

Example 11 :
Solution
So
ut on :

Solve examole (10) considering Cw and Cf effect

Cw, Co, Cf and Ce are the same as example (9)

Ce

Boi C e P

F
N P Bo
=
Eo
B oi C e P

We
We
=
Eo
B oi C e P

4000

x10-5

3800

7.785

200

0.0218

152.01 x106

52.06 x106

3600

9.570

400

0.0536

145.06

45.07

3400

13.568

600

0.1139

131.25

31.26

3200

13.143

800

0.1470

132.86

32.87
F

Plot

N P Bo
F
=
E o Boii C eP

As in Fig.

vs

N = 100106

We
We
=
E o Boii C eP

Eo

45 o

N = 100 10 6

We E o

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

B S
B.
Saturated
t
t d oil
il reservoirs
i
1 Depletion
1.
D l ti d
drive
i reservoirs
i
Characteristics

P Pb
Wp = 0
R p increases rapidly

low R.F

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original oil in place by MBE

Np

Gp

NBoi

(N N )B
p

Free gas
p

P
i P
b

NBoi = (N N p )Bo + free gas

free gas = Nr si (N N

)r

N pRp

SCF

NBoi = (N N p )Bo + Nrsi (N N p )rs N p R p Bg

N =

N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg

Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original oil in place by MBE

Example 12 :
Calucaltion (N) for a depletion drive reservoir has the following data : Swi=30%

NP

RP

Bo

Bg

rs

4000

x106

718

1.492

0.001041

718

x106

3800

3 87
3.87

674

1 423
1.423

0 001273
0.001273

614

3600

5.26

1937

1.355

0.001627

510

3400

6.44

3077

1.286

0.002200

400

Solution

91 50
91.50
96.02
96.01

As shown N const., so rearrange MBE as a straight line

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original oil in place by MBE

N p B o + (R p rs )B g = N B o B oi + (rsi rs )B g
F

=N

Eo

Solution :
P

Eo

4000

00x10
106

3800

5.802

0.0634

3600

19 339
19.339

0 2014
0.2014

3400

46.124

0.4804

From Fig : N = 96 10 STB

6

F
N = 96 10 6

Eo

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original oil in place by MBE

R .F =

B o B oi + (r si r s )B g

R . F = f (P & R P

B o + (R

r s )B g

R.F 1 RP
To increase R.F:

Working over high producing GOR wells

Shut-in
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
Reduce (q) of
,,
,,
,,
,,
R i j t some of
Reinject
f gas produced
d
d

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original oil in place by MBE

Example 13 :
For example 12,
12 at P
P=3400
3400 psi calculate: Sg and R.F
R F without Gi and
with Gi=60 Gp

Solution :

Sg

free gas
=
pore volume

free gas = Nrsii (N N p )rs N p R p B g

96 10 6 718 (96 6.44 ) 10 6 406
6
=

0
.
0022
28
.
05
10
bbls

6
6.44 10 3077

NB oi
96 10 6 1.492
pore volume =
=
= 204 .62 10 6 bbls
(1 0.3)
(1 S w )
Sg

28 . 05 10 6
=
= 0 . 137 = 13 . 7 %
204 . 62 10 6

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of original oil in place by MBE

R . F without

Gi

B o B oi + (rsi rs )B g

B o + (R p rs )B g

1 . 286 1 . 492 + (718 406 ) 0 . 0022

1 . 286 + (3077 406 ) 0 . 0022
= 0 . 067 = 6 . 7 %
=

R.Fwith 60% Gi =

Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg

Bo + (R p rs )Bg

1.286 1.492 + (718 406 ) 0.0022

=
1.286 + (0.4 3077 406 ) 0.0022
= 0.1549 = 15.49%

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

2 Gas Cap reservoir

2.
Characteristics

P falls slowly
No Wp
High GOR for high structure wells
R.F > R.Fdepletion
Ultimate R.F Kv, gas cap size, 1/o, 1/qo

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Np

Gp

m=

GB gi

Bgi
NBoi

free gas
(N-Np)Bo

NBoi
Pi

P>Pb

GBgi + NBoi = (N N p ) Bo + free gas

free gas = [Nr

si

+ G ] (N N

)r

N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg
N =
B
Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg + m oi (Bg Bgi )
Bgi

mNBoi
mNB
NBoi + NBoi = (N N p ) Bo + p Nr
N si +
(N N p )rs N p R p Bg
Bgi

This equation contains two unknown (m and N)

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Rearrange MBE to give a straight line equation

N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg = N Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg +

F

F = NEo + GE g

mNBoi
(Bg Bggi )
Bgi
Eo

Eg
F

= N +G
Eo
Eo

Eg Eo

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Example 14 :
Calculate (N) and (m) for the following gas cap reservoir

Np

Rp

Bo

rs

Bg

4000

x106

510

1.2511

510

0.00087

3900

3.295

1050

1.2353

477

0.00092

3800

5 905
5.905

1060

1 2222
1.2222

450

0 00096
0.00096

3700

8.852

1160

1.2122

425

0.00101

3600

11.503

1235

1.2022

401

0.00107

3500

14.513

1265

1.1922

375

0.00113

3400

17.730

1300

1.1822

352

0.00120

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Solution :

= N + G g
Eo
Eo

Eo

Eg

F/Eo

Eg/Eo

4000

x106

x106

3900

5.807

0.0145

0.00005

398.8

0.0034

3800

10.671

0.0287

0.00009

371.8

0.0031

3700

17.302

0.0469

0.00014

368.5

0.0029

3600

24.094

0.0677

0.00020

355.7

0.0028

3500

31.898

0.09268

0.00026

340.6

0.0027

3400

41 130
41.130

0 1207
0.1207

0 00033
0.00033

340 7
340.7

0 0027
0.0027

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
F

From Fig.
N = 115 x

106

Eo

G = 826 10 9

STB

N = 115 10 6

6
mNB
m

115

10
1.2511
9
oi
G = 826 10 =
=
Bgi
0.00087

= 0.5
m

E g Eo

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Another solution
Assume several values of (m) until the straight line going
through the origin as follows:

F = NEo + GE g

mNBoi
= NEo +
Eg
Bgi

mBoi
F = N Eo +
Eg
Bgi

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE

Eo +

mB oi
Eg
B gi

m = 0.4

m = 0.5

m = 0.6

4000

0x106

3900

5.807

0.043

0.051

0.057

3800

10 671
10.671

0 081
0.081

0 093
0.093

0 106
0.106

3700

17.302

0.127

0.147

0.167

3600

24 094
24.094

0 183
0.183

0 211
0.211

0 240
0.240

3500

31.898

0.243

0.244

0.318

3400

41.130

0.311

0.358

0.405

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
F
From Fig.
m = 0.5
05

N = 115 x 106 STB

Eo +

mB oi
Eg
B gi

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

3. Water drive reservoirs

Edge water

Finite

Bottom water

Infinite

Oil

Finite

Infinite

Oil

Water

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

3. Water drive reservoirs

Characteristics
-P decline very gradually
-Wp high for lower structure wells
-Low GOR
-R.F > R.Fgac cap > R.Fdepletion

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
(N-Np)Bo
NBoi

free gas

NBoi = (N N p )Bo + (We w p Bw ) + free gas

free gas = Nrsi (N N p )rs N p R p

NBoi = (N N p )Bo + (We w p Bw ) + Nrsi (N N p )rs N p R p Bg

N =

N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg (We w p Bw )
Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Rearrange MBE as an equation of a straight line:

N p Bo + (R p rs )B g + w p Bw = N Bo Boi + (rsi rs )B g + We
F = N

We
F
=N+

Eo
Eo

Eo

+We

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Example 15 :
Calculate (N) for the following bpttom water drive reservoir of
known (We) value:

Np

Bo

Rs

Rp

Bg

We

4000

0x106

1.40

700

700

0.0010

0x106

3900

3.385

1.38

680

780

0.0013

3.912

3800

10.660

1.36

660

890

0.0016

13.635

3700

19.580

1.34

630

1050

0.0019

23.265

3600

27.518

1.32

600

1190

0.0022

44.044

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Solution :

Eo

=N+

We

Eo

Eo

F/Eo

We/Eo

4000

x106

x106

x106

3900

5.111

0.006

851.89

652

3800

18.420

0.024

767.52

568

3700

41.862

0.073

573.45

373.5

3600

72.042

0.140

514.38

314.6

From Fig.

Eo

45 o

N = 200 x 106
N = 200 10 6

We E o

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

4. Combination drive reservoir

Characteristics:
-Increase
I
Wp from
f
llow structure
t
t
wells
ll
-Increase GOR from high structure wells
y rapid
p decline of
fP
-Relativity
-R.F > R.Fwater influx

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE

m=

GBgii

GBgi

NBoi

NBoi

free gas
(N-Np)Bo

Pi

P<Pi

NBoi + GBgi = (N N p )Bo + (We w p Bw ) + free gas

f gas = G + Nr
free
N si (N N p )rs N p R p

NBoi + mNBoi = (N N p )Bo + (We w p Bw )

+ Nrsi (N N p )rs N p R p Bg

N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg (We w p Bw )
N =
mBoi
(
Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg +
Bg Bgi )
Bgi

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
This equation includes 3 unknown (We, m & N)
Rearange
g this equation
q
as a straight
g line equation
q

mBoi

(Bg Bggi ) + We
N p Bo + (R p rs )Bg + w p Bw = N Bo Boi + (rsi rs )Bg + N
Bgi

mBoi
E g + We
F = N Eo +
Bgi

We
F

=N+
mBoi
mBoi
Eo +
Eg
Eo +
Eg
Bgi
Bgi

F
mBoi
Eg
Eo +
Bgi

If We is assumed to be known and m is calculated

by geological dat. N can be obtained

45 o

We
mB oi
Eo +
Eg
B gi

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Example 16 :
Calculate the original oil in place (N)for the following combination drive
reservoir assuming that m=0.5 and values of (We) are given:

Np

Bo

rs

Rp

Bg

We

4000

0x106

1 351
1.351

600

600

0 00100
0.00100

0x106

3800

4.942

1.336

567

1140

0.00105

0.515

3600

8.869

1.322

540

1150

0.00109

1.097

3400

17.154

1.301

491

1325

0.00120

3.011

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Calculation of OOIP by
y MBE
Solution :

Eo

4000
3800
3600
3400

0x106
9.576
17.622
39 715
39.715

0.0196
0.0364
0 0808
0.0808

0.0533
0.0972
0 2159
0.2159

We
F
mB oi
mB oi
Eg
+
Eg Eo +
B gi
B gi

179.66x106
181.29
183 95
183.95

9.66x106
11.29
13 95
13.95

F
mBoi
Eg
Eo +
Bgii

F
From
Fig.
F

N = 170106

mB oi
Eo +
Eg E
o
B gi

45

STB
N = 170 10 6

We
mB oi
Eo +
Eg
B gi

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Uses of MBE
Calculation of (N), (G) and (We)
Prediction of future performance
Difficulties of its application
Lackof PVT data
Assume constant gas composition
Production data (NP, GP and WP)
Pi and We calculations
Limitation of MBE application
Thick formation
High permeability
Homogeneous formation
Low oil viscosity
N active
No
ti water
t d
drive
i
No large gas cap

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

S l ti of
Selection
f PVT d
data
t f
for MBE applications
ppli ti s

Depletion drive

flash

Gas cap drive

differential

C bi ti
Combination

(fl
(flash
h + diff.)
diff )

Water drive

flash

Low volatile oil

differential

High volatile oil

flash

Moderate volatile

(flash + diff.)

rs

flash
f

dif
f

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Water in flux
Due to: Cw, Cf and artesian flow
We
Bottom water

Oil

Oil
water

Linear flux

Edge water

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Flow regimes

Steady state

semi-steady state

Unsteady state

Outer boundary condition

Infinite

Limited

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Steady state water influx

- Open external boundary
- P/r = C with time
- qe=qw=C with time
- Strong We
- Steady
y state equation
q
(Darcy
(
y law))
pe

qw

qe

pw
rw

re

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Hydraulic analog

q P

Pi

dWe dt (Pi P )

Pw

dWe dt = k (Pi P )

We = k (Pi P )t
k : water influx constant

screen

sand

(P P )t : area under (Pust) curve

i

Calculation
C
l l
of
f K:
K
Water influx rate = oil rate + gas rate + water prod. rate

dWe dN P
dN P
dWP
=
Bo +
( R p rs ) Bg +
Bw = k ( Pi P )
dt
dt
dt
dt

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Example :
Calculate
C
l l t K using
i the
th f
following
ll i d
data:
t Pi=3500
3500 psi,
i P
P=3340
3340
(Bo=0.00082 bbl/SCF), Qw=0, Bw=1.1 bbl/STB and Qo=13300 STB/day

Solution :
dWe dt = 13300 1.4 + 13300 (900 700) 0.00082 + 0 = 20800 bbl / day
20800
= 130 bbl / day / psi
k =
(3500 3340)
Calculation of

(P P )t
i

(P P )t = A
i

Pi

2
(P P1 ) + (Pi P2 ) t
+ i
2
2
(P P2 ) + (Pi P3 ) t
+ i
3
2
(P P3 ) + (Pi P4 ) t
+ i
4
2

t1

A1

+ A2 + A3 + A4

(Pi P1 ) t

t1

P1
P2
P3
P4

t2

A2

t2

t3

A3

t3

t4

A4

t4

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Example :
The pressure history of a steady-state water drive reservoir is
given as follows:
Tdays :
Ppsi :

100

200

300

400

3500

3450

3410

3380

3340

If k=130 bbl/day/psi,
calculate We at 100,, 200,300
,
& 400 days
y

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

100

100

100

50

Solution :
P

3500 3450

(
)
Wee100
130
100

0
325,000 bbls
=
100

50 + 90
50

We 200 = 130 100 +

100 = 1235000
2
2

100

90
120
160

50 + 90
90 + 120

50
We 200 = 130 100 +
100 +
100 = 2606 10 3
2
2
2

50 + 90
90 + 120
120 + 160
50

We 200 = 130 100 +

100 +
100 +
100 = 4420 10 3 bbls
2
2
2
2

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Semi--steady
Semi
steady--state water influx
As the water drains from the aquifer, the aquifer radius (re)
increases with time, there for (re/rw) is replaced by a time
dependent function (re/rw)at
3

dWe 7.0810 kh(Pe Pw ) C(Pe Pw ) C(Pi P)

=
=

dt
ln(re rw )
ln(re rw )
ln(at)
dWe C(Pi P)

=
dt
ln(at)
(Pi P)
We = C
t
ln(at)

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

The two unknown constants (a and C) are determined as:

( Pi P )
1
= ln (at)
(dWe dt ) C

( Pi P)
1
1
= ln a + ln t

C
(dWe dt ) C

(Pi P)
(dW
We dt)

1
C

Plott this equation as a straight line:

1
1
Gives slop =
and intercept = ln a
C
C

ln t

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Example 18:

Using the following data calculate (a) and (c)

P

We MBE

We (Wen+1-Wen-1)

We/ t

(Pi-P)

3793

0x103

3788

4.0

12.4

136

3774

24.8

35.5

389

19

3748

75.5

73.6

806

45

12

3709

172

116.8

1279

84

15

3680

309

154

1687

113

18

3643

480

197

2158

150

21

3595

703

249

2727

198

24

3547

978

291

3187

246

27

3518

1286

319

3494

275

30

3485

1616

351

3844

308

33

3437

1987

386

4228

356

36

3416

2388

407

4458

377

Soluttion

Tmonth

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

tmonth

tdays

We/ t

(Pi-P)

Ln t

(Pi-P)/ dWe/ dt

182.5

389

19

5.207

0.049

12

365

1279

84

5.900

0.066

18

547.5

2158

150

6.305

0.070

24

780

3187

246

6.593

0.077

30

912 5
912.5

3844

308

6 816
6.816

0 081
0.081

From Fig.

1
= 0 . 002
C
C = 50

Using any point in the straight line

a = 0.064

We = 50

(Pi P)
(dWe dt)

1
C

= 0 . 002

Pi P
ln(0.064t)
ln t

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Example 18:
Using data of example (18) calculate the cumulative water influx (We)
after 39 months (1186.25 days) where the pressure equals 3379 psi

Solution :
P P

P P
We39 = We36 + 50 i 36 + i 39 2 dt
ln a t 2
ln a t1

3793 3379

3793 3416
= 2388 103 + 50
+
2 [1186.25 1095]
ln (0.064 1186.25) ln (0.064 1095)

= 2388 103 + 420.508 103

= 2809103 bbls

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Unsteady--state water influx

Unsteady
- P and q = C with time
- q = 0 at re, q=qmax at rw
- Closed extended boundry
- We due to Cw and Cf

rw

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Hydraulic analog

Pi
P2
P1
Pw
x

screen

sand

sand

sand

Applied Reservoir Engineering : Dr. Hamid Khattab

Physical analog