AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 4 NOTES

SECTION (4.1):
INTRODUCTION / ANTIDERIVATIVES

Definition of Antiderivative

A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if

IN OTHER WORDS:

Another name for antiderivative is indefinite integral.

for all x in I.

The antiderivative (indefinite integral) of f is a function F whose derivative is equal to f.

Constant of Integration

Every function has a family of antiderivatives.

Also, dx means with respect to x. It tells you the variable in the function.

This family is represented by the constant of integration, c.

Basic Integration Rules and Properties

=
=

=
sin

+1

+
=

cos

= cos +

sec tan

= sec +

csc cot

= csc +

= sin +

sec

= tan +

csc

= cot +

Antidifferentiation Shortcut

To find the antiderivative of a term in a function,

add one to the exponent.

divide by the new exponent.

Initial Condition

In some instances, c (constant of integration) can be determined if an initial condition is given.

EXAMPLE:

In other words, you can use an initial condition to find a particular solution to a problem.

Solve the differential equation

Since you know

=3

subject to the initial condition

2 = 20, you can figure out what c is in the solution

2 = 20.
=

+ .

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 4 NOTES

SECTIONS (4.2 4.3):

Rectangular Approximation

You can estimate the area under a curve using rectangular approximation.

Subintervals tell you how many rectangles to use. For example, if you are asked to partition the area into
five subintervals, you need to use five rectangles.

Each approximation can be an overestimate or underestimate.

LRAM: Left side of the rectangle touches the curve.

MRAM: Rectangle touches the curve at the midpoint of each subinterval.

RRAM: Right side of the rectangle touches the curve.

Definition of Area of a Region in a Plane

This definition applies when f is continuous and nonnegative on [a, b].

The area of the region bounded by the graph of f, the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b is
Area = lim

=1

where

Riemann Sums

When you hear the term Riemann Sum, it is safe to assume we are talking about rectangular
approximation.
The sums of RRAM, LRAM, and MRAM are all Riemann Sums.

The Definite Integral as the Area of a Region

Rectangular approximation gives you an estimate of area. Definite integrals give you exact area.

If a function is continuous and nonnegative on [a, b], then the area of the region bounded by f, the x-axis,
and the vertical lines x = a and x = b is given by
Area =
Page 2

Continuity Implies Integration

If f is continuous on [a, b],

If f is continuous and nonnegative on [a, b],

then f is integratable on [a, b].

then f is integratable on [a, b], and the definite integral can be used to find area.

Properties of Definite Integrals

where c is between a and b

Area: Displacement vs. Distance

Definite integrals can be negative.

There is a difference between distance and displacement, as shown below.

Area cannot be negative.

Displacement on [a, b]:

Distance on [a, b]:

EXAMPLE:

Refer to the graph of

|
A1

Displacement = A1 + A2 + A3

Distance = |A1 | + |A2 | + |A3 |

Page 3

A3
A2

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 4 NOTES

SECTION (4.4):
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If a function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and F is the antiderivative of f on the interval
[a, b], then

EXAMPLE:

Find the are under the graph of

+2

1
2

+2

+ 2 from x = 0 to x = 3.

| =

1
3
2

+2 3

1
0
2

+2 0

= 4.5 + 6 0 = 10.5

Mean Value Theorem for Integrals

If a function is continuous on [a, b], then there is a number c on [a, b] such that

where f(c) is called the average value of f on [a, b] and can also be written as

IN OTHER WORDS:

The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If a function f is continuous on an open interval containing a, then for every x on the interval

EXAMPLES:
+3

+5

+3
+5

=
Page 4

+5

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 4 NOTES

SECTION (4.5):
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Antidifferentiation of a Composite Function

The role of u-substitution in integration is comparable to the role of the Chain Rule in differentiation.
Let g be a function whose range is an interval I, and let f be a function that is continuous on I. If g is
differentiable on its domain and F is an antiderivative of f on I, and if =
, then

and

IN OTHER WORDS:

1) Set u equal to the inside function.

2) Set du equal to the derivative of u, adding dx.

5) Replace u with the inside function from part 1).

EXAMPLE:

Evaluate the definite integral

=2

1
2

+1

(Set du equal to the derivative of u, adding dx.)

+1

(Because there is a 2 in du, you have to multiply x by 2 inside the integral.

1 1

2 3

1
6

(Set u equal to the inside function.)

1
2

1
6

+1

(Find the resulting integral in terms of u.)

+
+1

(Simplify)

(Replace u with the inside function.)

Page 5

Definite Integrals

When u-substituting with definite integrals, it is often convenient to determine the limits of integration for
the variable u rather than to convert the antiderivative back to the variable x and evaluate the original
limits.

EXAMPLE:

Evaluate the definite integral

=2 1

Write the limits of integration in terms of u instead of x.

12 1 1=1

2 1

1
2
1
4
1
4

1 2
4 3

1 64
4 3
16
3

+1
2

(Solve for x so that you can take care of the leftover x in the
previous step.)

+1
2

+1

(Substitute).
(Factor out a 1/2. This makes arithmetic easier.)
(Simplify.)

+
+2

(Because there is a 2 in du, you have to multiply by 2 inside the

(Set du equal to the derivative of u, adding dx.)

52 5 1=9

1
2

(Set u equal to the inside function.)

=2

1
2

2 1

9
|
1

(Find the resulting integral in terms of u.)

Page 6

AP CALCULUS AB

CHAPTER 4 NOTES

SECTION (4.6):
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION / TRAPEZOIDAL RULE

The Trapezoidal Rule

sin

When u-substitution doesnt work (ex:

Let f be continuous on [a, b]. The Trapezoidal Rule for n subintervals is given by

), the best we can do it find a close approximation.

This is the justification for the Trapezoidal Rule.

+2

+2

+ + 2

Overall, the coefficients in the Trapezoidal Rule have the following pattern.
1

Page 7