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Nebula Solar System

The document summarizes several theories for the formation of the solar system and Earth: 1. The nebular hypothesis proposes that the solar system formed from a large cloud of gas and dust (nebula) that collapsed and rotated faster, throwing off rings that condensed into planets. However, it does not explain the sun's slow rotation. 2. The planetesimal hypothesis suggests planets formed from material drawn from the sun, but it could not account for the solar system's angular momentum. 3. Later theories revived aspects of the nebular hypothesis, suggesting protoplanets or planetesimals in a solar nebula accreted through collisions to form planets like Earth. The Moon likely formed from debris

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62 views4 pages

Nebula Solar System

The document summarizes several theories for the formation of the solar system and Earth: 1. The nebular hypothesis proposes that the solar system formed from a large cloud of gas and dust (nebula) that collapsed and rotated faster, throwing off rings that condensed into planets. However, it does not explain the sun's slow rotation. 2. The planetesimal hypothesis suggests planets formed from material drawn from the sun, but it could not account for the solar system's angular momentum. 3. Later theories revived aspects of the nebular hypothesis, suggesting protoplanets or planetesimals in a solar nebula accreted through collisions to form planets like Earth. The Moon likely formed from debris

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JoyBuemia
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Nebula Solar System

Nebular Hypothesis, an explanation of how the solar system was formed, proposed
by Pierre Simon de Laplace in 1796. Laplace said that the material from which the
solar system was formed was once a slowly rotating cloud, or nebula, of extremely
hot gas. The gas cooled and the nebula began to shrink. As the nebula became
smaller, it rotated more rapidly, becoming somewhat flattened at the poles.
A combination of centrifugal force, produced by the nebula's rotation, and
gravitational force, from the mass of the nebula, caused rings of gas to be left
behind as the nebula shrank. These rings condensed into planets and their
satellites, while the remaining part of the nebula formed the sun.
The nebular hypothesis, widely accepted for about a hundred years, has several
serious flaws. The most serious concerns the speed of rotation of the sun. When the
nebular hypothesis is worked out mathematically on the basis of the known orbital
momentum of the planets, it predicts that the sun must rotate about 50 times more
rapidly than it actually does. There is also some doubt that the rings pictured by
Laplace would ever condense into planets.

In the early 20th century, the nebular hypothesis was rejected and the planetesimal
hypothesis, that the planets were formed from material drawn out of the sun,
became popular. This theory, too, proved unsatisfactory. Later theories have revived
the concept of a nebular origin for the planets, but not in the same form in which it
was proposed by Laplace.

Origin of Earth - Theories and Hypothesis


Interior of the Earth
There are various scientific theories of origin and evolution of the earth
1. Nebular Hypothesis
2. Planetesimal Hypothesis
3. Gaseous Tidal Hypothesis
4. Binary Star Hypothesis
5. Gas Dust Cloud Hypothesis

Nabular Hypothesis
1. German philosopher, Kant and French mathematician, Laplace
2. Earth, planets and sun originated from Nebula.
3. Nebula was large cloud of gas and dust. It rotates slowly.
4. Gradually it cooled and contracted and its speed increased.
5. A gaseous ring was separated from nebula
6. Later the ring cooled and took form of a planet
7. On repetition of the process all other planets came into being
8. The central region, nebula became sun.

Objections:

Sun should have the


greatest angular
momentum because
of its mass and
situated in the
center, however, it
has only two percent
of momentum of the
solar system

How the hot


gaseous material
condensed in to
rings

Planetesimal
Hypothesis
1. Chamberlin and Moulton proposed the theory in 1904
2. The sun existed before the formation of planets
3. A star came close to the sun.
4. Because of the gravitation pull of the star, small gaseous bodies were separated from the
sun
5. These bodies on cooing became small planet's
6. During rotation the small planets collided and form planets

Objections:

The angular momentum could not be produced by the passing star.

The theory failed to explain how the planetesimals had become one planet

Gaseous Tidal Theory


1. Jeans and Jeffrey proposed the theory in 1925
2. Large star came near the sun. Due to gravitational pull a gaseous tide was raised on the
surface of the sun.
3. As the star came nearer, the tide increased in size.

4. Gaseous tide detached when star move away.


5. The shape of the tide was like spindle.
6. It broke into pieces-forming nine planets of the solar system

Protoplanets Theory

Protoplanet, in astronomical theory, a hypothetical eddy in a whirling cloud of gas or dust that
becomes a planet by condensation during formation of a solar system. As the central body, or
protostar, of the system contracts and heats up, the increasing pressure of its radiation is
believed to drive off much of the thinner material of the protoplanets, particularly those closer to
the nascent star.
The various planets are thought to have formed from the solar nebula, the disc-shaped cloud
of gas and dust left over from the Sun's formation. The currently accepted method by which
the planets formed is accretion, in which the planetsbegan as dust grains in orbit around the
central protostar.
Protoplanets are small celestial objects that are the size of a moon or a bit bigger. They are
small planets, like an even smaller version of a dwarf planet. Astronomers believe that these
objects form during the creation of a solar system.
A giant impact between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized impactor named Theia is the best
current theory for the formation of the Moon. Scientists believe that Theia collided with the
early Earth and that the Moon was created from the rubble left over from the collision.

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