United States v. Seals, 10th Cir. (2011)
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United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
December 14, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 10-4192
(D.C. No. 2:09-CR-00232-TS-1)
(D. Utah)
v.
AUTUMN LEAVES SEALS,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before LUCERO, ANDERSON, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.
Autumn Seals seeks reversal of his conviction because, he says, the
proceedings against him ran afoul the Speedy Trial Act. The difficulty is that
Mr. Seals failed to preserve the particular argument he seeks to raise on appeal.
Under these circumstances, the Act and our precedent require us to affirm.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
The Speedy Trial Act requires a criminal trial to commence within seventy
days of (the later of) indictment or arraignment. 18 U.S.C. 3161(c)(1). But the
Act also contains a long and detailed list of periods of delay that are excluded in
computing the time within which the trial must start. Zedner v. United States,
547 U.S. 489, 497 (2006). After factoring in these exclusions, both Mr. Seals and
the government agree that, from the moment Mr. Seals was first arraigned until
February 10, 2010, sixty-three speedy trial days had passed and all was fine for
speedy trial purposes.
The trouble began on February 9, nine days before the scheduled trial,
when Mr. Seals filed a notice of intent to present an alibi witness. Then, the next
day a grand jury returned a superseding indictment against Mr. Seals, adding a
new count against him (of being a felon in possession of a destructive device, on
top of the original charge of possession of an unregistered destructive device).
These two events persuaded the district court to continue the trial until June 14,
2010. The court excluded the interim time from the speedy trial clock on the
grounds that the exclusion was necessary to serve the ends of justice.
18 U.S.C. 3161(h)(7)(A). In support of its decision, the court explained that the
government would need more time to prepare a response to the alibi defense, and
that the new charge in the superseding indictment would necessitate the provision
of additional discovery materials to Mr. Seals.
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In this appeal, Mr. Seals argues that the district court abused its discretion
in granting the continuance without counting the elapsed time against the Speedy
Trial Act clock. He argues that the new charge against him and the introduction
of an alibi witness didnt materially change the complexion of the case and didnt
justify so long a delay. The district courts findings otherwise were, he says,
inadequate under United States v. Toombs, 574 F.3d 1262 (10th Cir. 2009). And
because the district courts findings were insufficient to trigger an ends-of-justice
delay, the Speedy Trial clock continued to run and expired long before his trial in
June.
The problem for Mr. Seals is that he never adequately presented this
argument to the district court. True, Mr. Seals did file a pre-trial motion to
dismiss the indictment for non-compliance with the Speedy Trial Act. But this
motion raised only a separate and discrete issue: he argued that his arraignment
on February 23 under the superseding indictment started a new speedy trial clock
running, and for this reason the February 10 continuance did not exclude the time
after that date. Mr. Sealss counsel made clear that his motion was limited to this
quite narrow issue, and at a hearing he even conceded to the district court that
the district courts ends-of-justice factual findings according to the Tooms [sic]
case would be sufficient. Although Mr. Seals later filed a memorandum that
arguably sought to raise a Toombs argument as a second and separate question for
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the court to resolve, by then it was too little, too late. The entirety of his Toombs
argument was this:
Second, is the 111 day continuance justified when the new charge
requires very minimal addition [sic] proof. The only difference
between the second charge is the felony conviction. Even the Alibi
witness information does not require a lot of investigation by the
government. The 111 days seems to be a long time when a defendant
has been in custody since.
An argument so fleeting, made so late in the proceedings, and so bereft of legal
citation or factual development is insufficient to present it for a courts decision,
especially when counsel has already expressly disclaimed the very same point in
prior communications with the court. See, e.g., United States v. Banks, 451 F.3d
721, 727-28 (10th Cir. 2006). Unsurprisingly, when the court issued its order
denying Mr. Sealss motion it addressed and rejected only his new speedy trial
clock argument and didnt perceive any other issue before the court. And,
notably, Mr. Seals did nothing at this stage to indicate to the court that it wished a
ruling on the Toombs question.
The upshot is that Mr. Seals waived in the district court the argument he
now seeks to pursue on appeal. The Speedy Trial Act states that [f]ailure of the
defendant to move for dismissal prior to trial or entry of a plea of guilty or nolo
contendere shall constitute a waiver of the right to dismissal under this section.
18 U.S.C. 3162(a)(2). We have interpreted this language to mean that we may
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not conduct any review of Speedy Trial Act arguments unraised below, not even
for plain error. United States v. Gomez, 67 F.3d 1515, 1519-20 (10th Cir. 1995).
A possible wrinkle (though not one raised by Mr. Seals) is that the statute
requires only that the defendant move for dismissal prior to trial to preserve
review and says nothing about preserving particular objections. But we have no
difficulty concluding that not only must the defendant seek dismissal prior to
trial, but he must do so for the reasons he seeks to press on appeal. See United
States v. OConnor, 656 F.3d 630, 637-38 (7th Cir. 2011). This, of course,
comports with ordinary principles of waiver and forfeiture, see Bancamerica
Commercial Corp. v. Mosher Steel of Kansas, Inc., 100 F.3d 792, 79899
(10th Cir. 1996), against which we presume Congress legislated. It is also
supported by the statute itself. The Speedy Trial Act expressly places the burden
on the defendant (with one exception not at issue here) to establish a violation of
the Act. 18 U.S.C. 3162(a)(2). Congress placed the burden there both because
defendants have the greatest incentive to identify violations of the Act and to
prevent the gamesmanship of presenting grounds for dismissal of the indictment
only if trial appears to be going poorly. Zedener, 547 U.S. at 502-03. As the
Seventh Circuit has aptly put it, [i]f filing a motion to dismiss were enough to
preserve all violations of the Act whether identified in the motion or not
then the district court or the government, rather than the defendant, would
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effectively bear the burden of spotting violations, contrary to the statutory
scheme. OConnor, 656 F.3d at 638 (quoting Zedner, 547 U.S. at 502). 1
Entered for the Court
Neil M. Gorsuch
Circuit Judge
Another possible basis for affirming here, though one on which we need not
rely given our discussion above, concerns the record on appeal. The record
Mr. Seals initially presented to us, through his counsel, was inadequate under
10th Cir. R. P. 10.3. It failed to include the transcript of the pre-trial hearing
where the issue was addressed, the governments brief on the issue below, and
even the very order he now challenges in which the district court excluded time
from the Speedy Trial Act clock. Mr. Seals sought to supplement the record only
after the governments brief pointed out the deficiencies. We have previously
warned that [a]n appellant who provides an inadequate record does so at his
peril, Dikeman v. Natl Educators, Inc., 81 F.3d 949, 955 (10th Cir. 1996), and
have dismissed cases when the appellant provides the relevant material only in a
belated motion to supplement, see, e.g., Allan v. Springville City, 388 F.3d 1331,
1334 (10th Cir. 2004).
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