438 F.

2d 456

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,

v.
Robert Frederick LINN and Martha J. Linn, Appellants.
Nos. 271-70.
Nos. 272-70.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

February 4, 1971.
Rehearing Denied February 18, 1971.
1

Gordon L. Allott, Jr., Asst. U. S. Atty. (James L. Treece, U. S. Atty., with him
on the brief), for appellee.

Paul Arabia, Wichita, Kan., for appellants.

Before HILL and SETH, Circuit Judges, and THEIS, District Judge.

THEIS, District Judge.

This is a direct appeal by Robert F. Linn and Martha J. Linn, his mother, from a
conviction after trial by jury of violating 18 U.S.C.A. 111.

On July 17, 1969, a complaint was filed against appellant Robert F. Linn in the
District of Colorado, alleging that he assaulted one Philip J. Carney, a postal
employee, in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. 111. Based upon this complaint, a
warrant was duly issued for the arrest of Robert F. Linn. On July 23, 1969, the
United States Marshal for the District of Colorado, William H. Terrill, and a
Deputy United States Marshal, Wallace Allen, went to the vicinity of
appellants' home for the purpose of arresting Robert F. Linn. Deputy Allen
testified that he had attempted to execute the warrant the preceding day but
found no one present at the Linn residence.

Marshal Terrill and Deputy Allen had received information leading them to
believe that the Linns would be arriving at their apartment late in the afternoon
on July 23, 1969. They went to the vicinity of the Linn residence and stationed

themselves, in an automobile, so that they could observe the apartment and the
spot where they anticipated that the appellants would depart from the bus.
Shortly after 6:00 p. m., the marshals observed the appellants get off a bus and
proceed down an alley toward their apartment. The marshals drove a short
distance toward the appellants and stopped. At this point Marshal Terrill got out
of the car, approached the appellants and stated he was the United States
Marshal and that he had a warrant authorizing the arrest of Robert F. Linn.
Marshal Terrill also testified that he displayed his official credentials to the
appellants. At approximately the same time, Mr. Linn was handed a copy of the
warrant and complaint by Deputy Allen. Robert F. Linn's testimony in this
regard was the same, except he denied that Marshal Terrill produced his
credentials. Linn testified he thought the whole situation was a "farce," and he
tore the warrant and complaint in two and threw them on the ground.
8

When Robert F. Linn tore the warrant and complaint and threw them on the
ground, Marshal Terrill and Deputy Allen proceeded to physically take hold of
Robert F. Linn and handcuff him, and then place him in their automobile. Mr.
Linn resisted this arrest and his testimony indicates that he attempted to escape,
and that "there were arms and legs flying around." Marshal Terrill testified that
he was kicked and Deputy Allen was struck by Robert F. Linn. Marshal Terrill
also testified that Martha J. Linn was on his back trying to prevent him from
handcuffing Robert F. Linn. Deputy Allen testified he was scratched on the
face while helping Marshal Terrill subdue Mr. Linn.

Subsequent to this incident, a Grand Jury returned a three-count indictment

charging, in the first count, that Robert F. Linn:

10

"* * * did forcibly assault, resist, oppose, impede, intimidate and interfere with
Philip J. Carney, an employee in the Federal Service of the United States Post
Office Department, Denver, Colorado, while the said Philip J. Carney was
engaged in and on account of the performance of his official duties * * *"

11

in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. 111. Count Two charged, in substantially the

same language, that both appellants did forcibly assault, resist, oppose, impede,
intimidate and interfere with Marshal Terrill while performing his official
duties. Count Three charged that both appellants similarly violated 18 U.S.C.A.
111 with respect to Deputy Allen.

12

Prior to trial, Count One was severed from the indictment and appellants
proceeded to trial on Counts Two and Three. Robert F. Linn was found guilty
on both Counts Two and Three; Martha J. Linn was acquitted on Count Two,

but found guilty on Count Three. The instant appeal was subsequently
perfected.
13

Appellants first contend that 18 U.S.C.A. 111 is unconstitutionally vague,

indefinite and ambiguous. We cannot agree. 111 clearly gives a person of
ordinary intelligence fair notice of what conduct is proscribed and meets the
test of definiteness set out in United States v. Harriss, 347 U.S. 612, 74 S.Ct.
808, 98 L.Ed. 989 (1954).

14

Appellants next contend that the indictment is invalid because it was not
approved by at least twelve Grand Jurors, as required by Rule 6 of the Federal
Rules of Criminal Procedure, 18 U.S. C.A. This contention has no merit in the
face of the record before this Court, which clearly reflects that twenty-three
Grand Jurors concurred in the indictment.

15

The appellants also complain of certain questions which were asked of

prospective jurors during the voir dire examination by the trial court. As we
have held on prior occasions, this is a matter within the sound discretion of the
trial court and this discretion will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear
showing of abuse. Kreuter v. United States, 376 F.2d 654 (10th Cir. 1967), cert.
denied, 390 U.S. 1015, 88 S.Ct. 1267, 20 L.Ed.2d 165 (1968). During the voir
dire examination, one of the prospective jurors indicated that her brother-in-law
was an employee of the United States Post Office. The trial court then inquired
of this juror as to whether it would affect her deliberations if it appeared that
the marshals were attempting to arrest Robert F. Linn for a prior assault on a
postal employee, and she replied in the negative.

16

One of the elements of the offense proscribed by 111 is that the federal
officer assaulted be engaged in the performance of his official duties and not on
a frolic of his own. United States v. Heliczer, 373 F.2d 241 (2d Cir. 1967). This
made it virtually certain that the fact that Robert F. Linn was charged with the
prior assault of a postal employee would appear during the Government's case
in chief. In United States v. Bowe, 360 F.2d 1 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 385 U.S.
961, 87 S.Ct. 401, 17 L. Ed.2d 306 (1966), cert. denied sub nom., Collier v.
United States, 385 U.S. 1042, 87 S.Ct. 779, 17 L.Ed.2d 686, rehearing denied,
386 U.S. 969, 87 S.Ct. 1040, 18 L.Ed.2d 127 (1967), it was held that where the
pretrial record raises the possibility that some testimony may touch upon a
certain fact, it is entirely proper to inquire on voir dire whether any juror might
be prejudiced thereby.

17

Appellant Martha J. Linn also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to

sustain her conviction on Count Three of the indictment. In reviewing the

evidence that was produced in the district court, we must consider the evidence
in the light most favorable to the Government, together with any inferences
which may be fairly drawn therefrom, to determine whether the jury could find
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Thomas v. United States, 409 F.2d 730 (10th
Cir. 1969).
18

The evidence tending to support the Government reflects that Martha J. Linn
was on the back of Marshal Terrill while he and Deputy Allen were attempting
to handcuff Robert F. Linn. It was during this period of time that Deputy Allen
was scratched on the face. Both marshals were involved in attempting to subdue
Mr. Linn, and one was on either side holding him while attempting to handcuff
him. Suffice it to say that we think it was a reasonable inference from the
evidence that Martha J. Linn was the person who scratched Deputy Allen.

19

Both appellants next assert that the conviction for "assault" cannot be sustained
due to the fact that the evidence produced by the Government establishes a
"battery" rather than an "assault." In support of this position the appellants cite
numerous state court decisions. We have examined this argument and find it
lacking in merit. The cases are numerous which hold that when the evidence
shows there has been a battery of the federal officers, this is sufficient to sustain
a conviction under 111. See, e. g., United States v. Tijerina, 407 F.2d 349
(10th Cir. 1969); United States v. Wallace, 368 F.2d 537 (4th Cir. 1966).

20

The appellants also contend that the trial court erred in refusing to give certain
tendered instructions to the jury. Appellants requested an instruction to the
effect that a verdict of guilty under 111 could not be returned unless it was
shown that the accused knew the person assaulted was a federal officer. This
was refused by the district court and, instead, the jury was instructed that
knowledge of the official status of the victim is not an element of the offense
proscribed by 111. The ruling of the district court was correct.

21

Although this is the first time we have been squarely faced with this issue, it is
not a novel one, and several circuits have recently concluded that scienter by
the accused of the official capacity of his victim, which the Government must
prove, is not an element of the offense. United States v. Kartman, 417 F.2d 893
(9th Cir. 1969); Burke v. United States, 400 F.2d 866 (5th Cir. 1968), cert.
denied, 395 U.S. 919, 89 S.Ct. 1771, 23 L.Ed.2d 237 (1969); United States v.
Wallace, 368 F.2d 537 (4th Cir. 1966); United States v. Heliczer, 373 F.2d 241
(2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 388 U.S. 917, 87 S.Ct. 2133, 18 L.Ed.2d 1359 (1967).

22

We have examined these decisions and find the holding and reasoning of these

22

We have examined these decisions and find the holding and reasoning of these
circuits to be most persuasive. These cases hold that specific knowledge of the
truth of the fact that the victim is a federal officer is not an essential element of
the forcible act under Section 111. These cases do not hold that the statute
eliminates mens rea the evil purpose or mental culpability which was the
essential mental component of common law assault and battery.

23

Appellant contend that to interpret Section 111 as not requiring specific scienter
or knowledge that the assaulted person was a federal officer violates the
holding of Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 72 S.Ct. 240, 96 L.Ed.
288 (1952), to the effect that legislative silence does not eliminate criminal
intent from a statutory codification of a common law crime which required
mens rea. This same argument was raised in the Kartman case and the Court
concluded that:

24

"This interpretation of the forcible assault prohibition in section 111 as

requiring only mens rea, and not also specific knowledge of the victim's official
status, comports with the legislative purpose, which was simply to provide a
federal forum when the enumerated offenses were committed against federal
officers engaged in the performance of federal duties. (Citations omitted.)"
United States v. Kartman, supra, 417 F.2d 895.

25

We are of the opinion that the cases relied upon by the appellants are factually
distinguishable from the case at bar. As noted in Kartman, the fact that the
victims of the assault were federal officers acting in their official capacity must,
of course, be proven by the Government, but only for jurisdictional purposes, i.
e., to establish that the federal court is the proper forum for trying the offense
defined by Section 111. The Court notes that the trial judge correctly instructed
the jury as to bad purpose or guilty mind being an element of the offense,
which would have encompassed mistake of fact as a valid defense.

26

Appellant Robert F. Linn next contends that the trial court erroneously refused
to give an instruction entitling him to rely upon a defense of self-defense. In this
regard, it should be noted that under certain factual circumstances the rule
regarding scienter might be subject to modification. In other words, a person
who has no actual knowledge, or reason to believe, that he is being arrested,
may be justified in resisting what the circumstances indicate to be a hostile
attack upon his person. United States v. Heliczer, supra. Also, where the gist of
the offense is that the accused resisted, opposed, impeded, intimidated or
interfered with the federal officer, scienter might not be required. Burke v.
United States, supra. However, this was not the situation in the instant case.
Appellant Robert F. Linn testified that the assaulted men said they were United

States Marshals, and that they had a warrant for his arrest. Mr. Linn further
testified that the marshals handed him the warrant, which he tore in two and
threw to the ground. With the evidence in this posture, it was entirely proper for
the trial court to refuse an instruction regarding self-defense. The arrest was
valid in every respect and the record is void of any circumstances which would
entitle Mr. Linn to rely upon the doctrine of self-defense. Although Robert F.
Linn testified that in his own subjective mind he thought possibly he was being
assaulted, this is insufficient to invoke the doctrine in his defense. It is the
circumstances surrounding the incident and the reasonableness of such a belief
that must be examined to determine whether the defense is available.
27

In the instant case the trial court was correct in refusing to give the instruction
requested, since the record is devoid of any facts which would allow the
appellant to rely on the defense. Instructions should be confined to the issues in
the case and the facts developed by the evidence, and the fact that an
instruction may be a correct statement of abstract law, does not mean that it
must be given where it relates to matters without the scope of the evidence.
Velasquez v. United States, 244 F.2d 416 (10th Cir. 1957).

28

Appellant Martha J. Linn also contends that she was entitled to an instruction to
the effect that as a bystander she had the right to come to the aid of her son in
resisting arrest if she had the reasonable belief that the arrest was not being
made by a Untied States Marshal. With reference to the state of the evidence
outlined in the preceding paragraph, this instruction was properly refused. See
also, United States v. Vigil, 431 F.2d 1037 (10th Cir. 1970).

29

The other questions raised by the appellants have been considered and we find
them to be without merit and not to warrant detailed discussion.

30

Affirmed.