fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Handbook For Computer Hardware

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fh. mg;Jy; ryhk; kw;Wk; ,uh. ,uh[khzpf;fk;

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k.rh. Rthkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Jamsetji Tata National Virtual Academy (NVA)

M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

MSSRF / MA / 12 / 57

k.rh. Rthkpehjd; Muha;rr

; p epWtdk;.
3tJ FWf;Fj;njU> epWtd gFjp>
jukzp> nrd;id 600113.
njhiyNgrp +91-44-2254 1229, 22541698
kpd; mQ;ry; : [email protected]
,izajs Kftup : www.mssrf.org, www.mssrf-nva.org

Foreword
Since 1997, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation has been providing knowledge
connectivity to the rural communities in the form of setting up and running Village Resource
Centres (VRCs) and Village Knowledge Centres (VKCs).The main purpose is to provide
need based locale-specific demand-driven information to the resource poor, marginal
farmers and fisher folk using different communication tools. It also includes conducting need
based training and awareness programmes and making linkages with various experts and
organizations in view of knowledge into action.
To address the gap between scientific know how and field level do how this network uses
number of communication tools. This network reach the unreached in the delivery of
dynamic, a location specific and demand driven information and also include lab-to-lab
(global, regional and national), lab-to-land, land-to-lab and land-to-land (farmer to farmer)
methods of knowledge sharing.
VRCs & VKCs are also looking into ICT-based curricula such as Microsoft Unlimited
Potential Programme (MUPP), which consists of Computer Fundamentals, Digital Media
Fundamentals, Internet and World Wide Fundamentals, Web Design Fundamentals, Word
Processing Fundamentals, Presentation Fundamentals, Database Fundamentals and
Spreadsheet Fundamentals. Computer Aided Learning Programme (CALP) and Intel Learn
Programme (ILP) are the other two ICT-based curricula offered by the VRCs and VKCs. The
target audiences for these ICT-based curricula are SHG members, women and men from
farming and fishing community, unemployed youth, school teachers, employers from
different organisations and school children.
Based on the request of rural youth and various community colleges, MSSRF developed a
Computer Hard Ware Photographic Training Manual in Tamil. This will be helpful for rural
youth to better understand about hardware issues in a simple manner in their vernacular
language (Tamil).
I thank my colleagues Mr R Rajamanikkam, Mr P Sivakumar, Mr K Abdul Salam,
Mr G Jayakrishnan and Mr M Yesudhas for developing this manual in a more attractive and
simple manner.
S Senthilkumaran
Director-IEC

Index of Lessons
1. Chapter 1: Computer Technician Essentials
1.1. PC Tools
1.2. Preventing Electrostatic Discharge.
1.3. The CompTIA Six-Step Troubleshooting Process
1.4. Important Websites.
2. Chapter 2: Computer Anatomy
2.1. The Essential Parts of Any Computer.
2.2. Points of Failure.
2.3. Hardware, Software, and Data.
2.4. Working Inside Your Computer.
2.5. Hardware Resources.
3. Chapter 3: Motherboards, Processors and Adapter Cards
3.1. Motherboards and Their Components.
3.2. Processors and CPUs.
3.3. Installing Adapter Cards
4. Chapter 4: BIOS
4.1. Understanding BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware.
4.2. Configuring the System BIOS.
4.3. Power-On Self-Test and Error Reporting.
4.4. BIOS Updates.
5. Chapter 5: Power Supplies and System Cooling
5.1. Power Supplies.
5.2. Power Protection Types.
5.3. System Cooling.
6. Chapter 6: RAM
6.1. RAM Basics.
6.2. RAM Types.
6.3. nstalling Memory Modules.
6.4. Troubleshooting Memory
7. Chapter 7: I/O and Multimedia Ports asnd Divices
7.1. Understanding I/O Ports.
7.2. Understanding Input Devices.
7.3. Understanding Multimedia Devices.
7.4. Installing Input and Multimedia Devices.

8. Chapter 8: Video Displays & Graphic Cards

8.1. Display Types.
8.2. Installing a Monitor.
8.3. Troubleshooting Displays and Video Cards.
8.4. Preventative Maintenance for Displays.
9. Chapter 9: Build a Computer
9.1.

Connect peripherals in motherboard sockets

9.2.

Installing Processors

9.3.

Connecting drives

9.4.

Connecting Power connections

9.5.

Check points before first boot

9.6.

First boot BIOS Configuration

10. Chapter 10: Operating system installation

10.1. OS installation Windows XP
10.2. Drivers installation
10.3. Software installation
11. Chapter 11: Security
11.1. Security Fundamentals.
11.2. Data and Physical Security.
11.3. Anti virus
12. Chapter 12: Troubleshooting
12.1.

Problem identification

12.2.

Troubleshooting techniques

12.3.

Data Recovery

12.4.

System Restore

13. Chapter 13: Hands on training in field

13.1.

System Configuration

13.2.

Problems identification

13.3.

Troubleshooting

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Chapter 1
Computer Technician Essentials
(fzpdp njhopEl;g ty;YdUf;fhd mj;jpahtrpa jFjpfs;)
1.1 PC Tools (fzpdp njhopEl;ghsUf;F Njitahd fUtpfs;)
fzpdpia gOJghu;g;gjw;F Kf;fpakhf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba fUtpfs;
gw;wpAk; mtw;iw gad;gLj;Jk; Ntz;ba Kiwfis gw;wpAk; njspthf njupe;J
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhd xd;whFk;.
1. Star type screw driver - ];lhu; ilg; ];f;U l;iutu;
2. Tester nl];lu;
3. Software CDs nkd;nghUs; jfLfs;
4. rpW Jz;L tau;fs; kw;Wk; ePskhd Fz;^rpfs;
5. gpu\;fs; kw;Wk; Rj;jk; nra;tjw;fhd rpW Jzpfs;
6. Njitahd Fwpg;Gfs; vLg;gjw;fhd xU ilup my;yJ Nehl;
Nkw;fz;l fUtpfs; itj;jpUg;gJ Ntiyia Rygkhf jPu;g;gjw;F kpfTk; gaDs;jhf
,Uf;Fk;.
Star type screw driver - ];lhu; ilg; ];f;U l;iutu;
fzpdpapy; cs;s midj;J ghfq;fis fow;wp Ntiyghu;f;f ,e;j ];lhu;
];f;U l;iutu; kl;LNk NghJkhdJ. fzpdpapd;
fjit jpwg;gjw;Fk; mjw;Fs; cs;s ghfq;fis
jdpj;jdpahf gpupg;gjw;Fkhd midj;J vy;yhNk
];lhu;
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Tester nl];lu;
fzpdpapy; ehk; gpupj;J Ntiyghu;f;f Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd;du; fzpdpf;F tUk;
kpd;rhuj;jpw;F Kiwahd vu;j; ngUj;jg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwjh? vd;gij Nrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;du;
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ghfq;fis njhl;L Ntiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
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nra;jhYk; fzpdpapy; vu;j; mbg;gjw;F thag;Gfs; cs;sd vdNt nl];liu nfhz;L
Kiwahf gupNrhjpj;j gpd;du;jhd; fzpdpia gpupj;J Ntiyghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mNj

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Nghd;W fzpdp Md; Mftpy;iy vd;why; rpy Neuq;fspy; Rtpl;r; Nghu;Lfspy;
FiwhgLfs; ,Uf;f tha;g;gfs; cs;sJ vdNt Rtpl;R Nghu;by; kpd;rhuk; tUfpwjh?
vd;gij gupNrhjpf;fTk; ,e;j nl];lu; itj;jpUg;gJ kpfTk; mrpakhdjhFk;.
Software CDs nkd;nghUs; FWe;jfLfs;
fzpdp
njhopEl;ghsu;fs;
mtu;fSf;F Njitahd FWe;jfLfis
Nrfupj;J
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,uz;l
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nra;J
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mtrpakhFk;. Vd; ,uz;L fhg;gpfs;
vd;why; ehk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F xd;Wk;>
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,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
ehk;
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gad;gLj;Jk;
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fPwy;fs; Vw;gLk; mjdhy; xU rpy khjq;fspNyh my;yJ tUlq;fspNyh me;j rpbfs;
gadw;W Ngha;tpLk; me;j Neuq;fspy; ehk; ghJfhg;G Nrfupg;ghf itj;jjpUe;j
rp.bfis vLj;J kPz;Lk; xU fhg;gp vLj;J gad;ghl;bw;F itj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
rpWJz;L tau;fs; kw;Wk; ePskhd Fz;^rpfs;
rpWJz;L tau;fs; ngUk;ghY fzpdpapy; SMPS
nray;glhky; Nghdhy; mg;NghJ mjpypUe;J kpd;rhuk;
tUfpwjh vd;gij gupNrhjpf;f ,e;j
rpWtau;fs;
%ykhf vspjhf fz;lwpayhk; me;j topKiwfis
gpd;tUk; me;j ghlq;fspy; tpupthf fw;Nghk;. mL;j;jjhf
ePskhf Fz;^rpfs; ehk; fzpdpapy; Ntiyghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ jPBu; vd
kpd;ntl;L Vw;gl;lhNyh my;yJ fzpdpapy; cs;s rp.b l;iut;
Ntiy
nra;atpy;iy
vd;whNyh
ehk;
rp.b
l;iutpy;
Ntiyf;ffh itj;jpUe;j rp.bia vLf;f Kbahj xU epiy
Vw;gLk; me;j Neuq;fspy; kpd;rhu cjtp ,d;wp rp.b l;iut
jpwg;gjw;F rp.b l;iutpy; mtru Jis xd;W cs;sJ mjpy;
ePskhd Fz;^rpahy; mOj;jdhy; rp.b l;iut; jpwe;JtpLk;.
,tw;iw ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUg;gJ mtrpak;.
gpu\;fs; kw;Wk; Rj;jk; nra;tjw;fhd rpW Jzpfs;
rpy Neuq;fspy; ehk; ntFehl;fshf jpwf;fhky;
gad;gLj;jp
my;yJ
ntFehl;fshf
gad;gLj;jhj
fzpdpfis Ntiyghu;f;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;glyhk;. me;j
Neuq;fspy; ehk; gad;gLj;Jtw;F ,e;j gpu\;fs; kw;Wk;

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Rj;jk; nra;tjw;fhd Jzpfs; Njitg;gLk;. ngUk;ghYk; kju;Nghu;by; Nuk; Nghu;l;by;
J}rpfs; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhNyh Nfgps;fspy; ngUj;Jk; ,lq;fspy; mjpf J}rpfs;
,Ue;jhNyh mitfs; nray;gLtjpy; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;glyhk;. vdNt fzpdpapd;
ghfq;fis Rj;jk; nra;a gpu\;fs; gad;gLj;JtJ vspjhfTk; tpiuthfTk;
Ntiyia Kbf;f cWJizahf ,Uf;Fk;.
Njitahd Fwpg;Gfs; vLg;gjw;fhd xU ilup my;yJ Nehl;
nghJthf vy;yh njhop;y; nra;gtu;fSk; xU Nehl; my;yJ xU ilupia
itj;jpUg;gij ehk; ,ay;ghf ghu;f;f KbAk;.
vjw;fhf vd;why; vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; vy;yh
tpguq;fisAk; epidtpy; itj;jpUg;gJ vd;gJ
,ayhj xU fhupak; vdNt xU Nehl;
my;yJ ilup itj;jpUg;gJ vspjhf ehk;
ekf;F
fpilf;Fk;
jfty;fis
Fwpj;J
itg;gjw;F
gaDs;sjhfTk;
NkYk;
Njitapd;NghJ vspjhf Gul;b jfty;fis
njupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; VJthf ,Uf;Fk;.
xU ,lj;jpy; fzpdp Ntiy ghu;f;f nry;Yk; NghJ mq;F xU ghfj;ij khw;w
Ntz;baJ ,Ue;jhNyh my;yJ fzpdpapy; cs;s ghfq;fSf;fhd Fwpg;Gfis
vLg;gjhf
,Ue;jhNyh ,e;j Fwpg;G Nehl; itj;jpUg;gJ mtrpak;. mJ
kl;Lkpy;yhky; fzpdpapy; ehk; Gjpjhf VNjDk; xU gpur;ridia vjpu;nfhz;lhy;
mij Fwpj;J itj;J Jiw rhu;e;j ty;Yeu;fsplk; MNyhrid ngw trjpahf
,Uf;Fk;.
1.2 epiyahd kpd;rhu ntspNaw;wk; (Electro Static Discharge - ESD)
epiyahd

kpd;rhu

ntspNaw;wk;

kpf

Kf;fpakhd

xd;whFk;. xUtuJ fzpdpapy; td;nghUs; ghfq;fis Nrjkila

nra;tNjhL
kl;Lk;
my;yhky;
mt;thW
kpd;rhuhj;jhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l
fzpdpia
ePq;fs;
njhLk;NghJ
cq;fs;
fhy;ghjq;fs;
jiuia
njhl;ltz;zk;
,Ue;jhy;
ePq;fs;
kpd;mjpu;r;rpf;F

(Shock) Mshf

gpupe;J Ntiy
Ntz;Lk;.

nra;Ak;

NghJ

NeupLk;.

MfNt

midj;J

kpd;

fzpdpia
,izg;GfisAk;

Jz;bj;JUf;f

epiyahd kpd;rhu ntspNaw;wk; jLf;f cjTk; rpytopKiwfs;.

ESD

jLf;Fk;

rpwe;j

Kiw

fhypy;

nrUg;G

mzpe;J

nfhs;tJ

my;yJ

Nki[apd; kPJ itj;J clypd; ve;j ghfKk; fzpdpapy; glhky; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

ey;yJ. ehk; Kbe;jtiu ESD tha;g;Gfis Fiwf;f cjTk; topKiwfis fPNo
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tha;g;Gfis
Fiwj;jy;
kpf
Kf;fpakhf>
fzpdpapy; Ntiyia njhlq;Fk; NghJ fzpdp
kpd;rhuk;
flj;jhj
xU
Nki[apy;
cs;sjh?
vd;gij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; kpd;rhuk;
flj;Jk; cNyhfq;fspyhd nghUl;fs; vJk; fzpdp
njhlhj tz;zk; ,Uf;fpwhjh? vd;gijAk; ghu;j;Jf;
cWjp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
epd;W Ntiy nra;a Ntz;Lk; :- mJ fzpdpapy; Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ ePq;fs; vy;yh
Neuq;fspYk; epw;fpwPHfs; vd;gJ $l kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. xU ehw;fhypapy; mku;;e;J
Ntiy ghu;f;Fk;NghJ mJ NkYk; kpd;epiy cUthf;f tha;g;G cs;sJ.
kpd; ,izg;ig Jz;bj;jy; : fzpdpapd; vy;yh gtH fhHLfSk; ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gij cWjp nra;J nfhs;sTk;.
Milfs;

rpy

Jzptiffs;

kpd;rhuj;ij

mjpfkhf

flj;Jk;;

vdNt

fk;gsp

];ntl;lH> gl;lhilfs; Nghd;wtw;iw jtpu;ff

; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk;
ve;j MilfNsh> JzptiffNsh mUfpy; ,y;iy vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;jp
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
thdpiy kio kw;Wk; Gay; fhyq;fspy; kpd;rhuk; mjpfkhd Mgj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
tha;g;G mjpfkhf cs;sJ. jtpu;ff
; Kbahj R+o;epiyfs; md;wp Gay; Neuq;fspy;
fzpdpia gad;gLj;Jtij jtpu;ff
; Ntz;Lk;.
Mgudq;fs; - Mguzq;fs; kpd;rhu gha;tij mjpfg;gLj;Jk; vdNt fzpdp gOJ
ghu;f;Fk;NghJ eifis mzpahky; ,Ug;gJ ey;y gof;fk;.
1.3 ey;y fk;g;a+l;lu; nlf;dPrpaDf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba MW Kf;fpa jFjpfs;.
1. gpur;ridfis
fz;lwpjy; : rpy Neuq;fspy; NfhshWfis milahsk;
fhZk;NghJ> me;j NfhshW tu fhuzkhd nray;fis ePq;fs; kPz;Lk; gupNrhjpf;f
Ntz;b ,Uf;fyhk;. mt;thW ePq;fs; nra;tJ NkYk; fzpdp Nrjkhf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhf my;y> cz;ikapy; rpf;fypd; jd;ikia epHzapf;f my;yJ fz;lwpa
ePq;fs; fzprkhd Neuk; nryT nra;a $Lk; mjid jtpw;gjw;fhfNt.
gpur;rpid milahsk; fhZk; topfs; : fzpdpia filrpahf gad;gLj;jpatuplk;
Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;L fzpdpapy; filrpahf nra;ag;gl;l gjpTfs; gw;wpa tprhuiz>
kw;Wk; rpf;fy; Vw;gLk; tiu fzpdpia gad;gLj;jpa tpjk; Mfpatw;iw gw;wp
Nfl;lwpa Ntz;Lk.
4

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

2. xU Nfhl;ghL

epWt Ntz;Lk;. rpf;fiy rupnra;a xt;nthU KiwAk; rpwpa

fy;tpapay; a+fq;fis ifahs Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j a+fq;fs;; fUj;Jf;fs; (Hypotheses)

tpyf;Ffs;

kw;Wk;

(Deductinos)

Nghd;w

gy

myq;fhu

nrhw;fs;

ngau;fshf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Mdhy; ,tw;iw a+fq;fs; vd;W miog;gNj rupahf ,Uf;Fk;.

3. gFj;jha;T kw;Wk; rupnra;jy; vd;w ,e;j ,UepiyfSk; gy;Nehf;fhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
xU gpur;ridia jdpikg;gLj;jp jUf;f (logical) gFjpfshf gpur;rid gpupj;J ghu;f;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW xU gpur;ridia mZFtJ xU xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; jHf;fk;
(logical) Nahrpj;jhy; rupahd Kbit vLf;f KbAk;. cjhuzkhf> cq;fsplk; ePq;fNs
Nfl;Lg;ghUq;fs;> xU gpur;rid xU nkd;nghUs; gpur;rpidah?> my;yJ xU
td;nghUs; gpur;rpidah? ,e;j Nfs;tpia Nfl;l cldNa gpur;ridia njspthf
Muha;e;J ,U gpupTfspy; vjpy; NfhshW Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij jPu;khdpj;J mjpy;
ekJ ftdj;ij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
gpur;rid td;nghUs; gf;fkh? my;yJ nkd;nghUs; gf;fkh? ,e;j Nfs;tpf;fhd
gjpiy> KbT nra;a rpy topfs; cs;sJ. td;nghUs; gpiofs; vdpy; gpio
FwpaPLfs; (error code)

my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l rhjdj;ij mZFk; NghJ Vw;gLk;

gpio FwpaPLfs; (error code) njspthf cs;sJ.

gadhsH xU Fwpg;gpl;l nkd;nghUis gad;gLj;Jk; NghNjh? my;yJ NghJ
fzpdp Jtq;Fk; mDkjpf;Fk;; NghNjh? nkd;nghUs; gpiofs; (Error messages)
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLk;. ePq;fs; xU gpur;rid td;nghUs; gf;fkh? my;yJ nkd;nghUs;
gf;fkh? vd;gJ njupatpy;iy vdpy;> td;nghUs; Nrhjidf;F tpz;Nlh]; rhjd
NkyhsH

(windows

divce

manager)

cgNahfpj;J

kw;Wk;

me;j

hardware

nray;ghl;il mwpe;J mjid mfw;Wtjw;fhd topfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. NkYk;

xt;nthU nkd;nghUs; gpiofs; vt;thW vw;gl tha;g;Gfs; cs;sJ vd;why;>
fzpdpapy; nkd;nghUis gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ
gpur;ridfs; mjpfkhf Vw;gLfpd;wd.
nkd;nghUs; rupahd nkd;nghUs; jahupg;ghsH toq;fpajh? vd;gij cWjp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G nkd;nghUis kWgbAk; epWt (Install) Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;jy;
(Update) epiyahd KbTfis jUk; vd;gij epidTf;nfhs;f.
4. kw;nwhU Nfhl;ghl;L Nrhjidf;F nry;Yjy;
xUNtis cq;fshy; gpur;rpidia rupnra;a KbahJ vd;W epidj;jhy;>
ePq;fs; jpUk;gTk; gFj;jha;T kw;Wk; rupnra;jy; vd;w gbgbahd eltbf;ifia
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpur;rpid nkd;nghUs; gpur;rpid vd;W jPHkhdpj;J jtW
nra;Jtpl;BHfs;> Mdhy; mJ cz;ikapy; xU td;nghUs; rhu;e;j gpur;rid. mJ xU
mtkhdfukhd NeuNkh my;yJ xU Njhy;tpNah my;y. mg;gb epidf;f Ntz;lhk;.

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

topKiwfs; Gupatpy;iy vdpy; Njhy;tp Vw;gLfpwJ? mij gw;wp ftiyg;gl
Ntz;lhk;@ gjl;lg;glhky; ePq;fs; gOJghHj;jy; Nghy; mlf;fkhf nghWikahf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;>
5. jPu;it rupghu;j;jy; : xU gpur;ridf;F ePq;fs; nra;j jPu;T rupahdJjhdh vd;gij
Nrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Nrhjpf;fg;glhj jPHT cz;ikapy; xU jPHT my;y.
ngUk;ghYk; fzpdp gOJ ePf;Fk; njhopy;El;ghsu;fs; cz;ikapy; gpur;rpid
jPHe;Jtpl;lJ vd;W kpf tpiuthf ntw;wpia mwptpf;f tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;. gpur;rid
jPu;e;Jtpl;lJ vd;W ePq;fs; gpufldk; nra;Ak; Kd;G ePq;fs; cq;fs; jPHit
gupNrhjpj;J tpl;Bu;fsh vd;gij cWjp nra;a nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G fzpzp
gad;ghl;lhsuplk; gpur;rpid cz;ikapy; Ngha;tpl;lJ vd;W mwptpj;J mtiu
gupNrhjpj;Jf; nfhs;s nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. xUNtis cq;fs; jPu;T Nrhjid
Njhy;tpahf ,Ue;jhy; ek;gpf;ifNahL mjpf Neuk; xJf;fp nghWikahsuhf gOJ
ePf;Fk; Ntiyia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
6. gOJ ePf;fypd; fUj;J gfpu;T fzpdp gad;ghl;lhsuplk; Vw;gl;l gOJfis
gw;wpAk;> rupnra;j Kiwia gw;wpAk; njspthf vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; kPz;Lk;
mJNghd;w gOJfs; Vw;glhky; ghJfhg;ghf fzpdpia gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwia
gw;wpAk; tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghUk;ghYk; ve;j fzpdp njhopEl;ghsUk; ,ij
nra;tjpy;iy mtu;fs; xU mw;Gj Fzg;gLj;jpfshf ,Uf;fNt Mirg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
Mdhy; ePq;fs; rupnra;j Kiwia mtu;fsplk; gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk;NghJ fzpdp
gad;ghl;lhsu;fs; kpFe;j re;NjhrKk;> Mu;tKk; nfhs;thu;fs;.
cq;fshy; gOJ ePf;f Kbatpy;iy vdpy; me;j gOjpw;fhd fhuzj;ijAk;>
rup nra;Ak; Kiwia gw;wpAk; ePq;fs; ,izajsq;fspy; vspjhf ngw KbAk;
mjw;fhd epiwa ,izajsq;fs; ,d;W ,Uf;fpd;wd.
vdNt> ,e;j MW gb epiyfs; xU fzpdp njhopEl;ghsUf;F mtrpakhdJ.
,ij vg;NghJk; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
1.4 rpy Kf;fpakhd ,izajsq;fs;
fzpdp gOJ ghu;g;gjw;Fk; fzpdp td;nghUs; gw;wp tpupthf fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
epiwa ,izajsq;fs; cs;sJ. mtw;iw ehk; Google search engine %ykhf
Njbf; fz;lwpayhk;. mt;thW fpilj;j rpy gads;s ,izjsq;fs; ,Njh.
www.computerhope.com/basic.htm
www.everythingcomputers.com
www.computerfreetips.com
www.sensible-computer-help.com

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Chapter 2
Computer Anatomy
fzpdp clw;$w;wpay;
2.1 The Essential Parts of Any Computer ( fzpdpapd; mj;jpahtrpa ghfq;fs;)
nghJthf ek;kplk; ,e;j Nfs;tpia Nfl;lhy; ,t;thWjhd; gjpy; nfhLg;Nghk;.
ikar;

nrayfk;

(Keyboard)>

Rl;b

(Centrel Processing Unit),

(Mouse)

Mdhy;

,jpy;

jpiu

Kf;fpakhf

(Monitor).
ehk;

tpirg;gyif

fUj;jpy;

nfhs;s

Ntz;baJ ikar; nrayfk; (Centrel Processing Unit) ,ijjhd; fzpdp vd;W

nrhy;y

Ntz;Lk;

Njitahd

vy;yh

fl;lisia

NtiyfSk;
nfhLg;gjw;F

,jpDs;Nsjhd;
tpirg;gyif

eilngWfpwJ.

(Keyboard)>

Rl;b

fzpdpf;F
(Mouse)

Njitg;gLfpwJ. mNj Nghd;W fzpdpapd; KbTfis njupe;Jnfhs;s ekf;F jpiu

(Monitor) gad;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,e;j Nfs;tp Nfl;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; xU rpwe;j fzpdp
njhopEl;ghsu; ikar; nrayfk; (Centrel Processing Unit) ghfq;fis njspthf
tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iw ghu;g;Nghk;.
1. jha;g;gyif (Mother board)
jha;gyif
vd;gJ
ngaUf;F
Vw;whw;Nghy; Kf;fpakhd ghfk; MFk;. XU
FLk;gj;jpy; vg;gb vy;yh cWg;gpdu;fSk;
jhia
rhu;e;J
,Uf;fpwhu;fNsh
mNj
Nghd;W fzpdpapd; ghfq;fs; midj;Jk;
,e;j
jha;gyifia
rhu;e;Jjhd;
,Uf;fpd;wd.
midj;J
ghfq;fSk;
jha;gyifAld; jhd; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
2. nrayp (Processor)
nrayp
vd;gJ
fzpdpapid
nray;gl
itg;gjhFk;.
fzpdpapd;
cs;sPLfshf
nfhLf;fg;gLk; midj;Jf; fl;lisfisAk; Vw;W
mtw;iw rk;ge;jg;gl;l ghfq;fspd; JizNahL
fl;lisfs; epiwNtw;Wk; Ntiyia nra;fpwJ
nrayp. ,e;j nraypapd; nray;gLk; Ntfj;ij
nghUj;Jjhd; xU fzpdpapd; gjpg;Gfs; (Version)
epu;khdpf;f gLfpwJ.

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

3. Nuk; (RAM Random Access Memory)
epidtfk; (Nuk;) fzpdpapy; Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ. ,J xU jw;fhypf Nrkpg;G
gFjpahf ,Uf;;fpwJ. fzpdp Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ xU
fzpdp> gadhsupd; gjpTfis jw;fhw;fhypfkhf Nrkpj;J itf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
fzpdpia
ehk;
mizj;jTld;
Nuk;
epidtfj;jpy;
gjpT
nra;jitfs;
mope;JtpLfpd;wd.

4. td;jl;L (Hard Disk)

td;jl;L fzpdpapy; xU kpf Kf;fpakhd ghfk; MFk;. ,jpy; jhd; ehk; fzpdpapy;
gad;gLj;Jk;
midj;Jf;
Nfhg;GfSk;>
nkd;nghUs;fSk;>
fzpdpia
,af;f
Njitahd Opetrating system (windows Xp) Mfpaitfs; epue;jukhf gjpT nra;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; MFk;. ,J epue;ju epidtfk;. Gadhsupd; Njitf;F Vw;g
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;. Jtf;fj;jpy; 2 [p.gp y; Muk;gpj;J
,d;W

160[pgp>

250[pgp>

500[pgp>

1.bgp

(Tera byte) tiuf;Fk;

,jd;

epidtf

nfhs;jpwd; mjpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5. kpd;rhu khw;wp (SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply)

SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) vd;gJ CPU tpy; kw;w ghfq;fSf;F power
supply nra;a gad;gLfpd;wJ. ek; tPl;bw;F tUk; Alternate Current (AC) MFk;.
vdNt ,e;j Ac ia Direct Current (DC) ahf khw;wp Electronics rhjdq;fs;
,aq;f cjTtJ SMPS vd;w rhjdkhFk;.

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Nkw;fz;l ghfq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Ntiyfs;

tpupthf jdpj;jdpahf gpd;tUk; ghlq;fspy; ghu;g;Nghk;.

kw;Wk;

mjd;

gad;ghl;il

2.2 Points of Failure (fzpdp nraypog;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;)

fzpdp njhopEl;ghsuhf ehk; rpwg;ghf nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;why; fzpdp
nraypog;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fis njspthf mwpe;jpUg;gJ kpfTk; mtrpak;.
1. kpd;rhuk; / fhyepiy
kio fhyq;fspy; kpd;dy; jhf;fp mjpfgbahd kpd;rhuk; fzpdpia ghjpj;jhy;
fzpdpapd; ghfq;fs; gOjile;JtpLk;. fzpdp nkhj;jkhfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth
nraypoe;J Nghtjw;F tha;g;G cs;sJ. fzpdpia gOJghu;f;f Jtq;Ftjw;F
Kd;djhf mJNghd;w fhyepiyahy; my;yJ kpd;rhuj;jhy; VNjDk; ghjpg;G
Vw;gl;ljh? vd;gij fzpdp gad;ghl;lhsuplk; Nfl;lwpe;J gOJ ePf;Fk; gzpia
njhlq;FtJ Ntiyia Rygkhf;Fk;.
2. Kiwaw;w gad;ghL
fzpdpia gad;gLj;j njupahjtu;fs; fzpdpia gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ nra;Ak;
FsWgbfs; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. Kiwahf fzpdpia gad;gLj;j njupahikahy;
mtu;fs; fzpdpia Kiwahf epWj;jk; nra;ahky; Neubahf kpd; ,izg;ig
Jz;bj;jy;
,JNghd;w
Kiw
jtwpa
gad;ghl;lhy;
fzpdp
mjpfkhf
gjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk;. ,t;thwhd Kiwaw;w gad;ghl;lhy; ngUk;ghYk; Mg;Nul;bq; rp];lk;
my;yJ td;jl;L> rp.b l;iut; Mfpatw;wpy; gOJfs; Vw;gl tha;g;G cs;sJ. mNj
Nghd;W rpy Neuq;fspy; fzpdpapd; nray;ghl;bw;F mtrpakhd rpy Nfhg;Gfis
mopj;J tpLtjhy; me;j nkd;nghUNsh my;yJ Mg;Nul;bq; rp];lNkh nray;glhky;
Nghtjw;F mjpfg;gbahd tha;g;Gfs; cs;sJ.

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

3. Gjpjhf vNjDk; xU nkd;nghUs; / td;nghUs; epWtjy; my;yJ ePf;Fjy;
fzpdpia gad;gLj;Jgtu;fs; mtu;fshfNt rpy nkd;nghUs;fis fzpdpapy;
epWtp gad;gLj;Jthu;fs; mt;thW Gjpa nkd;nghUis epWTk; (Install)
Vw;fdNt

epWtpa

nkd;nghUis

ePf;Fk;

(Uninstall)

NghJk;

me;j

NghJk;>

nkd;nghUs;

mjw;fhd Nfhg;Gfis (File) fzpdpapy; ,af;Fk; rpy nkd;nghUs;fs; fzpdpapy;

Vw;fdNt

gad;ghl;by;

cs;s

gpd;Gy

Nfhg;Gfis

(Back end files) gad;gLj;jp

nray;gLk; ,t;thwhf xU nkd;nghUis ePf;Fk; NghJ mJ Vw;fdNt nray;ghl;by;

,Ue;j Nfhg;Gfis Nru;j;J ePf;fptpLk; vdNt fzpdp nray;ghl;by; FiwghLfs;
Vw;gLk; Nfhg;Gfs; fhztpy;iy vd;d jfty;fs;tUk;. (File missing error messages).
mNj Nghd;W fzpdpapy; Gjpajhf rpy td;nghUs;fis (Hardware) epWTk; NghJk;
mjw;fhd l;iutu;]; (Drivers) epWt Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gLfpwJ. mt;thW epWTk;
NghJ epiwa FsWgbfs; te;J fzpdp nray;ghl;il ghjpf;Fk; ,jhdhYk;
Mg;Nul;bq; rp];lk; kw;Wk; ,ju td;nghUfs; ,af;fj;jpy; NfhshW Vw;gl tha;g;Gfs;
cs;sd. gpd;tUk; ghlq;fspy; ,e;j FiwghLfis vt;thW fistJ vd;gij gw;wp
ghu;g;Nghk;.
4. itu]; - fzpdpapy; nkd;nghUs;fis nraypof;f nra;jy;
Kjypy; itu]; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij gw;wp njspthf njupe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
itu]; vd;gJ fzpdpia nghUj;jtiu fpUkp fpilahJ. mJTk; fzpdpapy;
nray;gLk;

jtwhd

fl;lisfis

jhdhf

nray;gLj;Jk;

xU

Nfhg;Gjhd;.

(File)

Mdhy; ,ij Vd; itu]; vd;W mioj;jhu;fs; vdpy; vg;gb kdpjdpd; clypy;
cl;GFe;j xU iut]; fpUkp kdpj clypd; nray;ghl;by; FWf;fpl;L me;j
itu];fis mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp kdpjDf;F cly; eyf;Fiwit Vw;gLj;JfpwNjh
mij Nghd;W. ,e;j fzpdp itu];fSk; fzpdpapy; jhdhf mjpfkhf cw;gj;jpahfp
fzpdpapd; ,af;fj;jpy; gpd;Gy Nfhg;Gfis (Back end files) mopj;J fzpdpapd;
nray;ghl;by; mjpfkhd FiwghLfisAk;> nraypog;igAk; Vw;gLj;jfpwJ.
5. td;nghUs;fs; nraypoe;J Nghjy;
SMPS

fzpdpia Rtpl;r;Md; nra;jgpwF fzpdp nray;gltpy;iy vdpy; fzpdpf;fhd kpd;

,izg;Gfs; rupahf nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sjh? vd;gj cWjpnra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kpd;
,izg;Gfs; rupahf ,Ue;Jk; fzpdp Md; Mftpy;iy vd;why; fzpdpapd; SMPS y;
cs;s tprpwp Roy;fpwjh? vd;gij ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW tprpwp Roytpy;iy
vd;why; SMPS gOjhfp ,Uf;fyhk;.

10

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Nuk; (RAM)
fzpdpapy; Nuk; nraypog;ig vspjhf fz;lwpayhk;. fzpdpia Md; nra;J
jpiuapy; ve;j mirTfSk; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;J fzpdpapy; ,Ue;J %d;W gPg; rg;jk;
te;jhNy Nuk; jhd; FiwghL vd;gij cWjp nra;J nfhs;syhk;. jha;gyifapy;
,Ue;J Nuik ePf;fp Rj;jk; nra;J gpd; nghUj;jp ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mNj epiy
ePbj;jhy; Nuik khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
td;jl;L (Hard DisK)
fzpdpapy; td;jl;L nray;glhky; ,Ue;jhy; fzpdpapy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s tpz;Nlh];
nray;glhky; td;jl;L ,izg;gpy; FiwghL ,Ug;gjhf fl;Lk;. mg;NghJ fzpdpapd;
nray;ghl;il epWj;jp td;jl;L ,izg;Gfs; rupahf ,Uf;fpwjh vd;gij rupnra;a
Ntz;Lk;. rpy Ntisfspy; td;jl;Lfis ,izf;Fk; Nfgps;fspy; gOjile;J
,Ue;jhYk; ,JNghd;w td;jl;L nray;glhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
NkNy ,Jtiu ehk; fw;witfs; vy;yhk; xU fzpdp nraypof;f vd;ndd;d
fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gitfs;jhd;. ,tw;iw nfhz;L ePq;fs; xU fzpdpapy;;
FiwghL ve;j gFjpapy; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij kpf vspjhf fz;lwpe;J tplyhk;.
gpd;tUk; ghlq;fspy; mtw;iw rupnra;Ak; Kiwfis gw;wp ghu;f;fyhk;.
2.3 Hardware, Software, and Data
nghJthf fzpdp
mitfs; gpd;tUkhW.

Jiwrhu;e;j

gbg;Gfis

%d;W

gpupTfshf

gpupf;fyhk;.

1. Hardware Section
2. Software Section
3. Data Section
Hardware Section

,g;gphptpy;
fzpdp kw;Wk; fzpdp rhu;e;j Jizg; nghUs;fspd; nray;ghL
kw;Wk; nray;ghl;by; Vw;gLk; NfhshWfis rhpnra;Ak; tpjq;fis gw;wpAk; tphpthf
gbg;gjhFk;.
Software Section: (nkd;nghUs;)

,g;gphptpy; fzpdp nray;gl Njitahd rhg;l;Nth;fs; (nkd;nghUs;) gw;wpAk;>

ekf;Fj; Njitahd lhf;Fnkd;lf
; is jahh; nra;a cjTk; nkd;nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk;>
NkYk; jpwk;gl xU epWtdj;jpd; midj;J jfty;fisAk; ifahs cjTk;
nkd;nghUs;fisAk; gw;wpg; gbf;fyhk;

11

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

1. System Software Operating System (OS)
Example : Windows XP, Windows 7, Linux, Ubunthu
2. Application Software
1.

Pakage - Microsoft Office, Photoshop, Corel draw

2. Language C, C++, Java, Oracle

Data Section (jfty; jsk;)

,g;gphptpy; fk;g;A+l;lhpy; jfty;fs; vt;thW Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpAk;
jfty;fis fzpg;nghwp vt;thW ghpkhwpf;nfhs;fpd;wJ vd;gd gw;wpAk; gbf;fyhk;.
2.4. Working Inside Your Computer (fzpdpapd; nray;ghL)

fzpdpapd; nray;ghl;L tiug;glk;

Central Processosing Unit (CPU)

NkNy fz;l glj;jpy; cs;sthW fzpdp cs;sPLfis Input fUtpfshd fPNghu;L>

kT];

Mfpatw;wpd;

thapyhf

ngw;W

mjid

fl;Lghl;L miw ,Jjhd; fzpdpapd;

cs;sPLfSf;F Vw;wthW nray;gLfpwJ.
,Ue;jhy;

mjid

fl;Lghl;L

miw

nray;gLj;;JfpwJ.

Control unit

%isahf nray;gl;L nfhLf;fg;gl;l

nfhLf;fg;gl;l VNjDk; fzf;fPLfs;

Arithmatic logical unit gpupTf;F

mDg;gp

fzf;fPLfSf;fhd tpilfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. fl;Lghl;L miw nray;ghLfis

12

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

jw;fhypfkhf jw;fhypf epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpf;Fk;. epue;ju epidtfjjpy; Nrkpg;gjw;fhd
fl;lisfs; cs;sPlhf nrd;why; epue;j epidtfj;jpy; Nfhg;Gfis Nrkpf;Fk;.
fl;Lghl;l miw nkhj;jkhf cs;sPLfspd; vy;yh NtiyfisAk; Kbj;jgpwF ntsPL
fUtpfs; thapyhf fzpdp gad;ghl;lhsUf;F mtw;iw toq;FfpwJ. Monitor, Printer
Mfpait ntspaPlL
; fUtpfsyhf fzpdpapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
fzpdpapd; epidtfq;fs;
b[pl;ly; epidtfj;ij msf;f gad;gLk; myF byte MFk;.
1024 byte - 1 Kilo byte
1024 KB - 1 Mega byte
1024 MB - 1 Giga byte vd;wthW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
Temproary Memory Unit (jw;fhypf epidtfk;)
,J jw;fhypf epidtfk; fzpdpf;fhd kpd;rhuk; Jz;bf;fgLk; NghJ ,e;j
epidtfj;jpy; cs;s midj;J jfty;fSk; mope;J tpLk;. ,jpy; ,uz;L
epidtfq;fs; cz;L.
ROM - Read Only Memory
RAM - Random Access Memory

ROM - Read Only Memory

,e;j epidtfk; fzpdp nray;gl Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ Jtq;Fk; fzpdpapd;
vy;yh ghfq;fSk; rupahf nray;gLfpwjh vd;gij rupnra;J fzpdpia gadhsH
gad;ghl;bw;F jahH nra;J nfhLg;gJ ,jd; gzp. fzpdp ,aq;f Muk;gpj;jTld;
RAM epidtfk; nray;gl njhlq;Fk;.

13

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

RAM - Random Access Memory
fzpdp nray;gl njhlq;fpaTld; ,e;j epidtfk; nray;gLk;. ehk; nra;fpw
Ntiyfs; vy;yhk; jw;fhypfkhf gjpT nra;ag;gLk; ,lk; ,Jjhd;. ,e;j
epidtfj;jpd; msit nghWj;J fzpdpapd; Ntfk; khWk;.
Permanent Memory Unit (epue;ju epidtfk;)
,e;j

epidtfk;

vjpHfhy

Njitf;fhf

epue;jukhf

gjpT

nra;J

itf;fg;

gad;gLfpwJ- fzpdpapy; cs;Ns ,Uf;f$ba xU epue;ju epidtfk; Hard Disk

MFk;.
epue;ju epidtfq;fSk;

mjd; nfhs;ssTk;

Floppy Disk

- 1.44 MB

Compact Disk (CD)

- 700 MB

Digital Versatile Disk

- 4 GB

Hard Disk

- 40 GB to 250 GB

Pen drive

- 1 GB to 8 GB

2.5 Hardware Resources (td;nghUs;; tsq;fs;)

jfty; njhopy;El;gk; Ntfkhf tsu;r;rp milaf;$ba xU JiwahFk;. NkYk;
fzpdpia gad;gLj;Jgtu;fs; vz;zpf;ifAk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt fzpdpapd;
`hu;LNtu; gpuptpw;fhd rpy rpwg;ghd tsq;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; fhj;jpUf;fpwJ.
mt;thwhf td;nghUs; gpuptpy; rhjpf;f xU Hardware technician jdf;Fs; xU rpy
td;nghUs; tsq;fis ghJfhj;J Nrkpf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpwJ mtw;iw gw;wp
,q;Nf ghu;g;Nghk;.
,d;iw R+O;epiyapy; ehs; xd;wpw;F xU Gjpa td;nghUs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L
Gjpa tuTfshf te;Jnfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt td;nghUs; gw;wpa vy;yh
tpguq;fis
tpuy;
Edpapy;
itj;jpUf;f
Ntz;ba
fl;lhaj;jpw;F
fzpdp
njhopEl;ghsu;fs; js;sg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,e;j epiyapy; xU td;nghUs; njhopEl;ghsu;
jdf;fhd nra;jpfis jpde;NjhWk; ehNsLfspYk;> ,izjsq;fspYk; ghu;j;J mwpe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
mNj Nghd;W xU td;nghUis gw;wpa FiwghLfis MuhAk; NghJ ehk;
mjpy; tp\aq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU td;nghUis fzpdpapy;
,izg;gjw;Fk; jdpj;jdp ,af;f Nfhg;Gfs; (Drivers) epWt Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;jgl;rkhf
xU fzpdp njhopEl;ghsu; vd;w Kiwapy; ehk; mjpfkhf Gof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;F xU
td;nghUs;fspd; l;iutu;fis rp.bapy; gjpe;J itj;J nfhs;tJ rpwe;jJ. mNj
Nghd;W nkd;nghUs;fisAk; Nrkpj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;L;k;. xt;nthU fzpdp
gad;ghl;lhsUf;Fk; Njitfs; NtW Ntwhf ,Uf;Fk; mtw;iw rupnra;Ak; mstpy;

14

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

mjpfkhf gad;gLj;Jk; nkd;nghUs;fs; Nrfupj;J rp.bapy; gjpe;J itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhfpwJ.
,t;thwhf `hu;LNtu; nlf;dPrpadhf ePq;fs; khw cq;fsplk; `hu;LNtu;
tsq;fis ngUf;fp nfhz;lhy; ePq;fs; cq;fs; tho;f;ifia khw;wpaikf;fjf;f
tsj;ij cq;fSf;F `hu;LNtu; nfhLf;Fk;.
Chapter 3 :
Motherboards, Processors and Adapter Cards
(jha;gyif> nraypfs; kw;Wk; Gw ,izg;ghd;fs;)
3.1 Motherboards and Their Components.
(jha;gyifAk; kw;Wk; mjd; tbtikg;Gk;)
Computer y; Mother Board vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. ,jid
Main Board vd;Wk; miog;ghh;fs;. midj;J Peripheral device k; Cpu tpy; cs;s
,e;j

nghpa

circuit Board y;

jhd;

,izf;fg;l;L

micro processor My;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
CPUtpy; Computer vd;W miof;fg;gLk; microprocessor MdJ mother
Board y; nghWj;jg;gl;L> Peripheral device y; ,Ue;J tUk; input signal fis
Process nra;J output signal fis peripheral device f;F mDg;gp itf;f ,e;j
mainboard Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
Microprocessor I nghWj;J ,e;j mainboard khwpf;nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd.
Mdhy; main board y; cs;s nghJthd structure kw;Wk; mjpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUk; components my;yJ Parts I gw;wp njhpe;J nfhz;lhy; Main board gw;wp
njhpe;J nfhs;tJ Rygkhfp tpLk;.
Main Board y; cs;s Kf;fpaghfq;fs;:
1. Power connection

6. Switch and LED Connection

2. Micro processor socket / slot

7. BIOS Rom

3. Main memory slot (RAM slot)

8. CMOS Battory

4. Other circuit Board slots

9. Ports

5. Keyboard connector

10. IDE and FDC Connection

15

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Mother Board Block diagram :

Mother Board Real

16

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Power Connection :
Mother Board y; power connection vdg;LtJ SMPS y; ,Ue;J MotherBoard
f;F

Power supply nfhLf;fgLk;.

Connection MFk;.

VdNt

,e;j

Power

Connection SMPS I Nghd;W ,uz;L tifapy; cs;sJ.

1. AT (Advance Technology)Power Connection

2. ATX (Advance Technology eXtended) Power Connection.
MainBoard y; ,e;j ,uz;L Power Connection k; jdpj;jdpahfNth my;yJ
,uz;Lk; ,ize;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.

17

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Micro Processor Socket:

Mother board y; kpfKf;fpakhd gFjp Microprocessor Socket MFk;. ,jpy; jhd;

micro processor chip I nghWj;j KbAk;. Socket vz;izz nghWj;J ve;jnje;j
micro processor I mother board y; nghWj;j KbAk; . vd;gJ njhpAk;.

18

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Socket No

Microprocessor Name & Speed

Socket 5

Intel 386,486

Socket 7

Intel

Pentium

100,

133,166,200,233Mhz
PGA 370

Intel Pentium II Intel Celeron

Slot

Pentium II, Pentium III 450,500 MHZ,

Celeron 300,333,400 MHZ.

3. Main memory Slot / Ram slot

Mother Board y; Micro Processor Slot f;F mLj;jgbahf Ram slot vd;gJ kpf
Kf;fpakhd xd;W RAM Type I nghWj;J RAM slot type k; mikfpd;wJ

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k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Other circuit board slots:
Micro processor, RAM slot I Nghd;W Other Cirucuit card fis Main Board
cld; ,izf;f ,e;j slot fs; gad;gLfpd;wd. other circuit card vd;d vd;gJ
gw;wpAk; mjd; gaidAk; Kjypy; njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
midj;J Peripheral device Ak; CPU cld; connect gz;z Motherboard
gad;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf Motherboard y; Microprocessor, RAM, Keyboard,
Mouse, Printer, Hard disk, CD, Floppy drive Nghd;witfis connect
KbAk;

gz;z

Mdhy; Moniter, Speaker, Joystick kw;Wk; Modem Nghd;w kw;w other

peripheral [
Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mother Board ld;

connect gz;z

extra Circuit Card

;,jw;F jdpahf cUthf;fg;gl;l Circuit

Card jhd; Other

Circuit Card vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

1. VGA Card
2. Multimedia Card/ Sound Card
3. Network Card
4. Modem Card
5. TV Tuner Card
Nkw;fz;l 5 other Circuit Card fs; Computer y; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
1. VGA (Visual Graphic Accelator) Card
VGA Card vd;gJ Monitor [ Mother Board cld; Connect gz;z cjTfpd;wJ.
Micro processor MdJ Input signalfis process

nra;J Output signal [

Monitor f;F VGA Card Kyk; mDg;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

20

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Ke;ija

fhyq;fspy;

Mother Board kw;Wk;

tpiynfhLj;J thq;fNtz;Lk;

Mdhy; jwNghJ

Md;J IC Chip Mf te;Jtpl;lJ.

VGA Card
Main Board

ehk;

jdpahf

NyNa VGA Card

,jdhy; jdpahf Circuit Card Njitapy;iy.

,e;j tif Main Board; fis ON board VGA (810C, 860E) vd;W miog;ghh;fs;
Sound Card/ Multi Media Card
Sound Card vd;gJ

Speaker, Mic kw;Wk; joystick

Nghd;w Peripheral device

fis Motherboard y; ,izf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. jw;Nghija Multimedia,

Speaker, Mic ,d;wpaikahj xd;whf cs;sjhy; ,e;j card Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. VGA
card I Nghd;W md;iwa fhyf;fl;lq;fspy;

jdpahd circuit board Mf ,Ue;jJ.

gpd;dh; mother board y; xU chip Mf khwpaJ. mjhtJ On board sound

vd;whfptpl;lJ.

NetWork Card/ Ethernet card:NetWork Card vd;gJ

Area Network) f;F

LAN(Local

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l computerfis cablefs;

%yk; ,izj;J filefis transfer nra;a
,e;j Network cardfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
mjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; fzpdpfis
gad;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fs;> fzpdp gapw;rp
epWtdq;fs;,

Browsing

,lq;fspy;

,e;j

Kf;fpakhd

xd;whf

center

Network

Nghd;w

card

gad;gLfpwJ.

kpf

jdpahf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; computerfspy; ,J Njitaw;wJ.

21

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Modem card/Communication card:Modem card vd;gJ
circuit card

MFk;.

Internet connection f;fhf

,d;iwa

computer cld;>

Ntz;Lnkdpy;

Internet cyfj;jpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

fzpg;nghwpfs;

Internet connection kw;Wk;

xU

,iza

Telephone Ak;

computer Ak; ,izf;f modem Kk; mtrpakhFk;.

Modem (Modulation and Demodulation) vdg;gLtJ ,uz;L Kf;fpaNtiyfis

nra;fpd;wJ. ,J computerf;Fk;> Telephonef;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
Computer y; gad;gLj;jg;Lk; jfty;fs; Binary Information MFk;. Mdhy;
Telephone y; nry;Yk; jfty;fs; Radio wave Mf cs;sJ. vdNt modem vd;gJ
binary information I modulation nra;J Radiowave Mf khw;WfpwJ. gpd;
information telephone wire topahf nrd;W kw;nwhU Kidapy; ,izf;fg;gl;l
telephonef;F nry;fpd;wJ. mq;Fs;s modem Radio Wave I Computer y; Store
gz;Zfpd;wJ.

,t;thW

jhd;

modem

%yk;

data

thdJ

internet

y;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
TV Tuner Card:ehk;

monitor

gw;wp

gbf;Fk;

NghJ.

monitorf;Fk; TV f;Fk; cs;s NtWghL gw;wp

gbj;Njhk;. ,uz;Lk; xd;W jhd; Mdhy; Tvapy;
cs;s Channel Selector vdg;gLk;. TV tuner
jhd; NtWghL. ehk; computer main board
y; TV tuner card I ,izj;J

mjpy; cable

22

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

wire Ak; ,izj;jhy; montor y; TV apy; ghh;gJ Nghd;W midj;J channel
fisAk; ghh;f;f KbAk;. ,jpy; rpwg;G mk;rk; vd;dntd;why;> TV apy; Neuj;jpy; 1
channel

jhd; ghh;f;f KbAk;> Mdhy; TV tuner card %yk; Monitor y; 16

channel fis 1 Neuj;jpy; ghh;ff

; KbAk;.
ISA, PCI and Other Slots:
,Jtiu

ehk;

tifahd

other circuit card fis

gw;wp

njhpe;J

nfhz;Nlhk;. ,e;j circuit card fis mother board cld; ,izf;f gad;gLk;
slot fspd; type I gw;wp ,dp ghh;Nghk;..
md;iwa fhyk; Kjy; jw;NghJ cs;s fhyk; tiu gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j
slot fis 4tifahf ghh;f;fyhk;.
1. ISA slots - Industry Standard Architecture
2. PCI slots, PCI Expres x1, PCI Expres x16 Slots
(Pheriferal Component Interface )
3. AGP slots - Accelerated Graphics Port (VGA card kl;Lk;)
4. AMR slots Amblifier Reciever (Modem card kl;Lk;)
slot fis mjd; epwj;ij itj;J Rygkhf fz;Lgpbf;f KbAk;.

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k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

ISA slots:ISA slots vd;gJ gioa fhyq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l other circuit card slots
MFk;.. ,jpy; ehk; gbj;j 5 tifahd other circuit card fis ,izf;fyhk;.
ISA slots MdJ Black color y; ,Uf;Fk;. kw;Wk; kpfTk; ePskhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j
slotfs; 386>486 kw;Wk; pentium I, II, III Processor fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Mother
boardfspy; kl;Lk; jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. jw;NghJ tUk; Mother board fspy; ,e;j slot
fs; ,Uf;fhJ.
PCI slots:- (Pheriferal Component Interface)

PCI slots MdJ jw;NghJ mjpfkhf gad;Lj;jgl;L tUk; Other circuit card slot
MFk;.

,JTk;

ISA slot I

Nghd;W

other circuit card fis

,izf;f

gad;gLfpd;wJ. PCI apy; slot MdJ white color Yk; ePsk; Fl;ilahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
,it jw;NghJ tUk; Mother boardfspy; $l gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. , PCI Expres
x1, PCI Expres x16 Slots ,jpy; tiffs; cz;L ,jpy; PCI Express x1 vd;gJ
Fl;ilahf ,Uf;Fk;.
AGP slot:AGP vd;why; Accellory Graphics port vd;W ngah;> mjhtJ ,J xU Advanced
technology

VGA card MFk;. 3D effect fpilf;f AGP circuit card I thq;fp

mij AGP slot y; nghWj;jp 3d effect games, 3D effct picture fis monitor y;
ghh;f;fKbAk;.. AGP slot MdJ Brown colory; ,Uf;Fk; ePsKk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
ISA, PCI slot I Nghy vy;yh circuit card fisAk; AGP slot y; nghWj;j KbahJ.
AGP card (VGA card I Nghd;wJ) kl;Lk; jhd; nghWj;j KbAk;.. jw;NghJ tUk;
midj;J Mother boardfspYk; AGP slot cs;sJ.
AMR slot:
AMR slot vd;gJ

Amplified receiver vd;W ngah;. ,ij Advanced technology

modem card vd;Wk; $wyhk;. AMR slot

MdJ Brown colory; ,Uf;Fk;. kw;w

slot fis tpl ePsk; kpff; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. ISA, PCI slot I Nghd;W vy;yh
other circuit card fisAk; AMR slot y; nghWj;j KbahJ. AMR Modem card I
kl;Lk; jhd; nghWj;j KbAk;.

24

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Keyboard Connector:Keyboard Connector vdg;gLtJ fPNghu;il kju;Nghu;L cld; ,izf;fg;
gad;gLfpd;wJ. %d;W tiahd Connector fs; cs;sd.
1. AT Connect ( Advance Technology)
2. PS/2 Connector (Personal System 2 series)
3. USB (Universal Serial Bus)
1. AT connector
,e;j tifahd ,izg;ghd;fs; gioa fzpdpfspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jd ,tw;wpy; Ie;J ngupa Jisfs;
,Uf;Fk; ,d;W gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

AT fPNghu; ,izg;ghd;fs;

gioa 84 Kjy; 101 nghj;jhd;fs; kl;Lk; cs;s

tiffspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

fPNghu;L

Pin 1

CLK

Clock signal

Pin 2

DATA

Data

Pin 3

N/C

Not connected. Reset on older keyboards

Pin 4

GND

Ground

Pin 5

VCC

+5V DC

.
2. Ps/2 connector
,e;j
mjpfkh

Ps/2

tifahd

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

fPNghu;Lfs;jhd;
,itfs;

gioa

,d;W
AT

fPNghu;Lfspy;
khWgl;L
fPNghu;L
thapyhf
mjpf
Ntiyfs;
nra;tjw;fhd
topfis
gadhsUf;F
mspf;fpwJ. ,e;j tifahd fPNghu;Lfspy; 102 my;yJ 108 nghj;jhd;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.

Pin 1

+DATA

Data

Pin 2

Not connected

Not connected*

Pin 3

GND

Ground

Pin 4

Vcc

+5 V DC at 275 mA

Pin 5

+CLK

Clock

Pin 6

Not connected

Not connected**

25

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

3. USB Universal Serial Bus
USB (AdptHry; rPupay; g];) ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; fk;g;a+l;lHfs; kw;Wk;
kpd;dZ rhjdq;fs; ,ilNa ,izg;G Vw;gLj;jTk;> jfty; njhlHG kw;Wk; kpd;rhu
tpepNahfk; Mfpatw;wpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nfgps;fs; Mfk;. mt;thW ,izf;Fk;
NghJ ,izg;gpfshd rpy newpKiwfis tiuaWf;Fk; 1990 cUthf;fg;gl;lJjhd;
,e;j A.v];gp.
USB

njhlHG

Vw;gLj;Jjy;

kw;Wk;

kpd;rhu

rg;is

nra;jy;

Nghd;w

Ntiyfis ,uz;L kpd;dD rhjdq;fSf;F ,ilNa nra;fpwJ. ngUk;ghYk;

,g;NghJ fPNghu;L> kT];> b[pl;ly; Nfkuhf;fs;> gpupz;lu;fs; NghHl;lgps; kPbah
g;Nyau;fs;> b];f; l;iut;fs; Nghd;w fzpdp rhjdq;fSf;fhd njhlHig jug;gLj;j
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
RkhH 2 gpy;ypad; USB rhjdq;fs; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd> fPNo
USB Logo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU ,lj;jpy; USB ,izg;gpw;fhd ,lk; cs;sJ
vd;gij ,e;j Fwpia nfhz;Nl fz;lwpthu;fs;.

fzpdpia nghUj;j tiuapy; vy;yh tifahd cs;sPL kw;Wk; ntspaPL rhjdq;fs;

midj;Jk; ,e;j USB Kiwapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. b];gpNs rhjdq;fs; jtpu.
NkYk;

USB cyfk;

nghUj;J

USB

KOikf;Fk;

,izg;gpfspd;

gad;gLj;jgLk;
kw;nwhU

Kid

xU

tbtikg;G

fPo;fz;l

nghUl;fis

tbtikg;Gfspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

26

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Ports:
nghJthf Port vd;w nrhy;yhdJ JiwKfj;jpd; Eiothapy;fis Fwpf;Fk;
nrhy;yhFk;. mJNghyNt Mother board d; topahf Mouse, Printer kw;Wk; kw;w
Communication Device Eioa ,e;j Port fs; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Port fs;
Computer y; tiffspy; cs;sJ.
1. Serial ports/ communication ports (com1,com2)
2. Parallel port/ Local port (LPT 1)
3. USB port (universel serial Bus port)

Serial ports

,e;j

Serial Port my;yJ

Communication Port y;

Mouse kw;Wk;

Communication Device (External Modem)I Motherboard cld; ,izf;fg;

gad;gLfpwJ. Com1, Com2 vd;w ,uz;L connection y; vjpy; Ntz;LkhdYk;
mouse kw;Wk; external modem I connect gz;zyhk;.

Parallel port /Local port (LPT1)

,e;j

Port MdJ Printer, Scanner Nghd;witfis Motherboard cld;

,izf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Port y; VjhtJ xU Drive I jhd; xU Neuj;jpy;

,izf;f KbAk;.

27

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

USB port:-

,ijg;gw;wp

Vw;fdNt

gbj;Js;Nshk;.

USB Port y;

midj;J

Input/Output

Devicefs;> mjhtJ Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Scanner kw;Wk; Web Camera

Nghd;witfis

fzpdpapy;

Windows I

Restart nra;ahkNyNa

,izf;fyhk;

kw;Wk; ePf;fyhk;.
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) and FDC (Floppy Drive Connector) :
ehk; Motherboard y; Microprocessor, RAM, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse,
Printer, Scanner kw;Wk; midj;J Device fis ,izj;J tpl Njitahd slot
kw;Wk; port I gw;wp ghh;j;Njhk;.

Computer f;F kpf mtrpakhd Hard Disk Drive, Compact Disk Drive kw;Wk;
Floppy Disk Drive Nghd;witfis Motherboard cld; ,izf;f ,e;j IDE and
FDC

Connection

fs;

gad;gLfpd;wJ.

Motherboard

y;

tifahd

Connectionfs; cs;sJ.
1. IDE1/HDD1/PRI
2. IDE2/HDD2/SEC (Hard disk drive kw;Wk; Cd drive connect gz;z)
3. FDC (Floppy disk controller)
4. SATA Connector ( Serial ATA)
Motherboard y; 2 IDE connection cs;sJ. ,J Mother Boad y; IDE1/IDE2
my;yJ HDD1/HDD2 kw;Wk; PRI (Primary)/ SEC (Secondary) vd;W print Mfp
,Uf;Fk;.

28

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

1 IDE connection y;

data cable %yk;

ehk;

memory drive fis

,izf;fyhk;. 2HDD MfTk; my;yJ 1HDD kw;Wk; 1CDD my;yJ 2k; CDD
MfTk; ,izf;fyhk;. ,ijg;Nghy; kw;nwhU IDE Yk; ,uz;L memory drive fis
,izf;fyhk;.

,e;j

memory drive fSk;

fPo;fz;lthW

NtWgLj;jyhk;.
1. Primary master
2. Primary Slave
3. Secondary master
4. Secondary Slave
,e;j

master, slave vd;gJ

nghWj;J
drive

khWglhJ.

Hard Disk drive CD

Jumber

fspy;

data cable I

settings

vdg;gLk;

settings %yk; jhd; xd;iw master MfTk;

kw;nwhd;iw slave MfTk; khw;wp data cable y;
,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
IDE

connection

y;

,izf;fg;gLk;

memory drive fSk; master vd;W jumber

settings

set

memory

drive

Mfp
I

VjhtJ

connection

y;

,Ue;jhy;
IDE

,izf;Fk; Kd; jumber settings rhpahf set

gz;z Ntz;Lk;.

29

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

FDC connection:FDC (Floppy disk controller) vd;gJ floppy disk drive I mother board cld;
,izf;Fk; connection MFk;. FDC connection y; mjpfgl;lrkhf 2 floppy drive
fis ,izf;f KbAk;. 2f;F Nky; ,izf;f KbahJ.
1.2 MB FDD
1.44 FDD (A)

1.44 FDD (B)

FDC

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

jw;NghJ vy;yh Hard Diskfs;> rp.b l;iut;fs; midj;J ,e;j tifahd
,izg;ghd;fis nfhz;L tbtikf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;j Kiwapy; Nll;lh Nfgps;
kw;Wk; gtu; Nfgps;fSk; jdpahf cs;sd.

Switch and LED Connection:

Switch and LED Connection vd;gJ CPU tpy; cs;s
switch fs; kw;Wk; LED (Light emitting diode) fis
mother Board cld; ,izf;Fk; ,lkhFk;. mother
board y; 5 type Mf connection cs;sJ.
1. Power Switch

30

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

2. Reset switch
3. HDD LED (Red color)
4. Power LED (Green color)
5. Speaker (System speaker)
,jpy; power switch vd;gJ cpu f;Fs; power I nfhLj;J computer I start
gz;Zfpd;wJ. Reset Switch MdJ

fzpia

kWJtf;fk;

nra;a

gad;gLfpwJ.

mjhtJ fzpdpf;fhd kpd;rhuj;ij epWj;jp kPz;Lk; epWTtJ vd;W nghUs;.

HDD LED light MdJ fzpdpapy; cs;s Hard
Disk Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ Red color y; vhpAk;.
,J VjhtJ process elf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; vhpAk;
kw;w Neuq;fspy; Off Mfp ,Uf;Fk;.
PWR LED vd;gJ Green color y; ,Uf;Fk;. ,J
CPU On nra;jTld; vhpAk;. gpd;dh; vg;nghOJ
shutdown nra;fpd;NwhNkh mg;nghOJ jhd; Off
MFk;.
Speaker vd;gJ multimedia speaker ,y;iy ,J system speaker vdg;gLk;. ,J
computer start gz;Zk; NghJ Post checking nra;a cjTfpd;wJ.

BIOS ROM:BIOS vd;why; Basic Input Output system vd;W

nghUs; Rom vd;gj Read only memory. mjhtJ
cpu tpy;

,izf;fg;gLk;

input kw;Wk;

output

device fis check nra;a kw;Wk; mJ rk;ge;jkhd

tpraq;fis update gz;zpf;nfhs;sTk; ,e;j BIOS
ROM gad;gLfpwJ.
BIOS

ROM

MdJ

,aq;ftpy;iynad;why;

Motherboard

cld;

tUfpd;wJ.

Motherboard Failure MfptpLk;

,J

rhpahf

Motherboard failiure

Mdhy; mjpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s input/output device midj;jk; Ntiy nra;ahJ.

vdNt BIOS ROM vd;gJ Motherboard y; kpf Kf;fpakhd ghfk; MFk;. System
on nra;jTld; elf;Fk; POST (Power On Self Test) check d; NghJ ,jd; Ntiy
Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;.
31

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

CMOS battery:
ek;

Motherboard

y;

Clock

System

cs;sJ.

mjhtJ Computer y; Date/Time tUfpd;wJ. ehk;

computer

off

nra;Jtpl;l

kWehs;

on

fhiy

nra;jhy; Automatic Mf date/ time khwp correct

Mf

,Uf;Fk;.

,jw;F

fhuzk;

Motherboard y;

cs;s CMOS battery jhd;. ek; Wirst Watch y;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; battEry jhd; Computer y; cs;s
clock ed;whf ,aq;f gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
3.2 Processors and CPUs.
Processor : nrayp
xU fzpdpapd; %is vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fzpdpapd; tpiyia mbf;fb
epu;zapf;Fk; Xu; msTNfhy;> fzpdp ghfq;fspy; tpiy cau;e;jJ ,Jjhd; NkYk;
fzpdpapy; ngUk;ghYk; nrayp khw;wpdhy; kjHNghHilAk; khw;w Ntz;Lk;. fzpdpapy;
ekJ gad;ghLfs; ntWkNd Word ,y; Mtzq;fis (Docuements) jahupj;jy;>
,izjsj;ij

cyhty; (Internet Browsing) kw;Wk;; kpd;dQ;ry; mDg;Gjy; (Email)

vd;why; mjw;F Njitahd nrayp NjHe;njLj;J fzpdp thq;f Ntz;Lk;.

Types of Processor : nraypfs; tiffs;
Pentium

kw;Wk;

AMD

nraypfs;

mjpfkhf

gad;ghl;by;

cs;sd.

AMD

nraypfspy; ePz;l fhykhf gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. rkPg fhyq;fspy; xU

jhf;fj;ij Duron kw;Wk; Athlon nraypfs; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. mjpf tpiykjpg;Gs;sJ
,d;nly;

nraypfs;.

,d;nly;

nraypfspy;

Fwpg;ghf

nryuhd;

kw;Wk;

caH

nray;jpwd; nrayp> P4 mjpfkhf tpw;gidahfp nfhz;bUe;jJ. mLj;j jiyKiwahf

,ul;il Njf;fr; nraypfs; (Dual Core Processor) te;J fzpdp gad;ghl;by; ngupa
khw;wj;ij nfhz;Lte;jd. Kd;du; ,Ue;j nraypfs; vLf;Fk; nray; Njf;fj;ij
Nghd;W ,e;j ,ul;il Njf;f nraypfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; ,uz;lhf Njf;fk; nra;fpwJ.
mjhtJ ,uz;L nraypfs; nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyia xU Lay; Nfhu; Guhrru;
nra;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; fzpdpapd; Ntfk; ,ul;bg;ghfptpl;lJ. jw;NghJ Core 2 duo,
Core i3, Core i5, Core i7 nraypfs; gad;ghl;bw;F te;Jtpl;ld. jw;NghJ Core 2 duo,
Core i3, Core i5, Core i7

32

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

ngUk;ghyhd

nraypfs;

32

gpl;

(32 bit)

rf;jp

nfhz;lit

mit

xU

tpdhbf;F xU topapy; 32 gpl; mstpyhd jfty;fis nray;ghl;bw;F cl;gLj;Jk;.

,Nj Nghd;W ,g;NghJ 64 gpl; nraypfs; gad;ghl;bw;F te;Jtpl;ld. mtw;wpw;F
Vw;wthW fzpdp nkd;nghUs;fs; khw;wp tbtikf;fg;lL
;
tUfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf
Mg;Nul;bq; rp];lk; khw;wg;gLfpwJ ,jdhy; fzpdp nray;gLk; NtfKk; mjpfkhfpwJ.

Type of Microprocessor
used in Computers
S.No

MP Name

Manufacture

Speed MHZ

386, 486

Intel

75MHZ

Socket 5

Pentium 1

Intel

100MHZ

Socket 7

Cache memory

Socket No

,,

133MHZ

,,

,,

150MHZ

,,

,,

166MHZ

,,

,,

200MHZ

,,

,,

233MHZ

,,

200MHZ

,,

233MHZ

,,

CYRIX

Pentium II

Pentium III

AMD

Intel

Intel

233 MHZ

512 KB

Slot 1

300MHZ

,,

,,

350MHZ

,,

,,

400MHZ

,,

,,

450MHZ

,,

,,

450MHZ

512KB

500MHZ

,,

PGA 370
,,

33

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Celeron

Intel

550MHZ

,,

,,

600MHZ

,,

,,

633MHZ

,,

,,

766MHZ

,,

,,

866MHZ

,,

,,

933MHZ

,,

,,

1000MHZ

,,

,,

1.13 GHz

,,

,,

1.2 GHz

,,

,,

1.26 GHz

,,

,,

1.33 GHz

,,

,,

1.4 GHz

,,

,,

267 MHz to 3.6 Ghz

128KB to 512 KB

Slot 370,
478, LGA
775

C3

Pentium 4

VIA

Intel

500MHZ

,,

,,

600MHZ

,,

,,

700MHZ

,,

,,

800MHZ

,,

,,

1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz

,,

PGA 423,
478, LGA
775

ATholon

AMD

Duron

1700MHZ

,,

1500MHZ

,,

10

Dual Core

Intel

1.6GHz to 2.4GHz

1 MB

LGA 775

11

Core 2 Duo

Intel

1.8GHz to 3.0GHz

2MB -4 MB

LGA 775

12

Core i3

Intel

1.2GHz to 3.3GHz

3MB -4 MB

LGA 1156

13

Core i5

Intel

1.07GHz to 3.47GHz

3MB -4 MB

LGA 1156

14

Core i7

Intel

1.07GHz to 3.47GHz

4MB -8 MB

LGA 1156

34

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

3.3 Installing Adapter Cards
fzpdpapy; xU Gjpa rhjdk;
my;yJ xU GwnjhlHG nfhs;s
fzpdpia mDkjpf;f Njitahd
xU mr;rbf;fg;gl;l rHf;a+l; ml;il@
NkYk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jp
ml;il
vdg;gLk;> rHf;a+l; ml;il xU
tpspk;gpy;
rupahf
];yhl;by;
ngUe;Jk;
tifapy;
jFe;j
njhlHGfs; (tpspk;gpy; ,izg;G)
,Uf;fpwJ.
kjHNghHl;
kpd;dZ
Rtu;fSf;F (ngUk;ghYk; xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs;) ,ilapy; kpd;rhu njhlHig
cUthf;fp ,izj;j rHf;a+l; ml;il nray;gLj;Jk;.
,t;tifahd mlhg;lu; fhu;l]
; ; vy;yh gad;ghl;bw;Fk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Kd;du;
fzpdpapy; ,Ue;J khdpl;lUf;F Njitahd rpf;dy;fis mDg;Gtjw;F b];gpNs
mlhg;lu; fhu;L gad;gLj;jpjhd; khdpl;lupy; rpf;dy; tuitj;jhu;fs;. ,g;NghJ
mJNghd;w Display Adopter Card tpw;gidf;F tUfpd;wd. mNj Nghd;W Sound card,
Internal Modem, Network adopter, TV tuner card, vd fzpdpapy; ekJ Njitf;F
Vw;g ,t;thwhd Gw ,izg;Gfis ehk; fzpdpapy; ,izf;fyhk;.

35

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Chapter 4: BIOS
4.1 Understanding BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware.
BIOS vd;why; vd;d?
gah]; nkd;nghUs; jha;gyifapy; (Mother board) fl;likf;fg;gl;l Jtf;f
nkd;nghUs; (Boot firmeware). fzpdp ,aq;f Jtq;Fk; NghJ nray;gl Jtq;Fk;
nkd;nghUs;.

gah];

d;

Kjd;ikahd

nray;ghL

vd;ndntd;why;

fzpdpapd;

td;nghUs;fis (hardware) gupNrhjpj;J mtw;iw ,af;f J}z;LtJ MFk;. td;jl;L

(Hard disk) I

gupNrhjpj;J

mjDs;

epWtg;gl;Ls;s

itg;gJ ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpahFk;. fzpdp

Mg;Nul;bq;

rp];lk;

,aq;f

njhlq;fpaTld;> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthW

tPbNah fhl;rp ml;il (Vedio Display Card)> tpirg;gyif (Keyboard)>

kw;Wk; Rl;b

(Mouse)> td; tl;L ,af;fp (Hard disk drive) Mg;bf;fy; b];f; biut; (Optical disk
drive)> kw;Wk; kw;w td;nghUs; rhjdq;fis milahsk; fz;L mjd; nray;ghl;il
Jtf;fr; nra;tJk; ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpahFk;.
Kjd;Kiwahf xU fzpdp Jtq;Fk; NghJ gah]; vy;yh td;nghUs;
rhjdq;fisAk; gupNrhjpj;j gpd;dH fzpdpia ,af;f Njitahd Mg;Nul;q;f rp];lk;
epWt rpb my;yJ btpb biut;fis J}z;Lk;. btpb l;iut; cjtpAld; xU
operating system I fzpdpapy; ehk; epWtyhk;. ,t;thW Kjd;Kiahf fzpdpia
Mg;Nul;bq; rp];lk; epWt ,af;Ftij g+l;bq; (Booting) mjw;F cjTk; rpb / btpb
l;iut;fis g+l;bq; bit]; (Booting device) vd;W miog;ghu;fs;.
gah]; nkd;nghUs; kjHNghHL fl;likf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij Vw;fdNt mwpe;j
xd;W. kju;Nghu;by; jw;fhypf epidtfkhd ROM (Read Only Memory) y; mJ
gjpag;gl;bUf;Fk;. gah]; nkd;nghUs; Fwpg;ghf fzpdpapy; gad;gLj;Jk; td;nghUs;
rhjdq;fis ,af;Ftjw;fhNt cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. xU Ez;zpa mwpT nfhz;ljhf
nray;gLk; ,e;j nkd;nghUs; Nfs;tp gjpy; Kiwapy; nray;gLk; tifapy;
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. etPd fzpdp mikg;Gfspy;> gah]; rpg; jd; cs;slf;fq;fis
(Update) Nkk;gLj;j mDkjpf;fpwJ.
xU

gah];

fzpdp

gadhsH

gad;gLj;Jk;

tifapy;

(User interface)

tbtikf;fg;gl;ls;sJ.. nghJthf ,e;j fzpdp Jtq;Fk; NghJ tpirg;gyifapy;

Delete or F1 or F2 or F10 vd xU Fwpg;gpl;l fPia mOj;jp gad;gLj;jyhk;. gah]; y; xU nkD mikg;G cs;sJ. mtw;wpy; fPo;fz;l gzpfis nra;a gah]; ek;ik
mDkjpf;fpwJ.
1. Configure Hardware (td;nghUs; rhjdq;fis fl;likj;jy;)
2. Set the System Clock (fzpdp fbfhuj;ij mikg;gjw;F)

36

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

3. Enable or Disable System Components (td;nghUs; rhjdq;fis nray;gl
my;yJ nray;glhky; fl;Lg;gLj;j)
4. Select which devices are eligible to be a potential boot device (ve;j l;iuit
gad;gLj;jpy; fzpdpia Jtq;f mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.)
5. Set various password prompts, (flTr;nrhw;fis gad;gLj;Jtjd; %ykhf
fzpdpapy; cs;s td;nghUs; fl;likg;Gfis NtW ahUk; jPq;fpiof;fhky;
ghJfhf;f KbAk;.)
CMOS (Complementary metaloxidesemiconductor)
<Lnra;Ak;

cNyhf-Mf;i]L-Fiwf;flj;jp

(CMOS) xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; fl;likg;gjw;fhd

xU

njhopy;El;gk;

njhopy;El;gk;.

MFk;.

CMOS

mjpfkhf

CMOS

njhopy;El;gk;

xU

rhjdj;jpy; Njjp kw;Wk; Neuj;ij jhdhf ,aq;f

itg;gjw;fhd xu fl;likg;ghFk;. Ez;nraypfs;>
ikf;Nuhfz;l;NuhyHfs;> epiyahd Nuk;> kw;Wk; gpw
b[pl;ly; rhjdq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;

gy

tifahd

,Nk[;

nrd;rhHfs; (CMOS czupapd;)> juT khw;wpfs; (Data converters)> kw;Wk; caHe;j

xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l

buhd;rPtHfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

fzpdpapy;

(Highly
CMOS

integrated

njhlu;e;J

transeivers)

,aq;Ftjw;fhf

Mfpatw;wpy;;
xU

Ngl;lup

kju;Nghu;by; nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjw;F rPkh]; Ngl;lup vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Firmware :
kpd;dD

rhjdq;fspy;

xU

Fwpgpl;l

epiyahd

Ntiyfis

nra;tjw;fhd

programfis
cs;slf;fpa

nkd;nghUs;

MFk;.

,e;j

nkd;nghUs;

nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. fzpdpapy; gah];> fhy;FNyl;lu;>

njhopEl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;LfwJ. ,e;j nkd;nghUs;
rhjdq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.

circuitfs;

nfhz;L

upNkhl; Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;j

%yk; njhopEl;g kpd;dD

37

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

4.2 Configuring the System BIOS.
fzpdpia

Kjd;Kiwahf

gad;gLj;j

Rtpl;r;

Md;

(Switch on ) nra;J

,af;Ftij first boot my;yJ warm boot vd;W miog;ghu;fs;. mt;thW thu;k; G+l;
nra;Ak; NghJ fzpdpapy; ve;j xU nkd;nghUSk; epWtg;gl;L ,Uf;fhJ. fzpdpapd;
kju;Nghu;by;

NkNy

Fwpg;gpl;l

BIOS

gjpag;gl;L

mJjhd;

nray;gLk;.

gahi]

gad;gLj;jpjhd; ehk; fzpdpapd; vy;yh ghfq;fisAk; ,af;fj;jpw;F fl;Lg;gLj;jp

Njitahd Mg;Nul;bq; rp];lk; epWt Njitahd tifapy; mikg;Gfis (Settings)

khw;wk;

nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gha];-y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mikg;G khw;wq;fis

configuring vd;W miog;ghu;fs;.

mbg;gilahf gah];-y; nra;a mikg;G gy gpupTfis nfhz;lJ. mtw;iw
gw;wp njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.

4.3 Power-On Self-Test (POST) and Error Reporting

fzpdpapy; gtu; nrYj;jg;gl;l
; cld; ,e;j Ngh];l; nray;gLk;. Rakhf vy;yh
Ma;TfisAk; nra;J VNjDk; gpiofs; ,Ue;jhy; mjid cldbahf fzpdp
gad;ghl;lhsupd; ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;LtUk;.
mjpfkhf Ngh];l; gPg; xypahf ntspg;gl;L gadhsUf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s gpioia
Rl;bf;fhl;L
cjhuzkhf
gPg;
xypfSk;
mjw;fhd
gpiofSk;
,q;Nf
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

38

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

POST beep codes on CompTIA A+ Hardware Core exam

gPg; xyp

gPg; xyp tu fhuzk;

xNu msthd rpd;d gPg; xypfs;

fzpdpf;fhd kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; FiwghL ,Uf;fyhk;.

Steady, short beeps

Power supply may be bad

ePskhd njhlu;r;rpahd gPg;

jw;fhypf

Long continuous beep tone

nghUj;jg;gltpy;iy my;yJ nray;gltpy;iy

epidtfkhd

rupahf

RAM

Memory failure
xNu msthd ePz;l gPg; xypfs;

fzpdpf;fhd kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; FiwghL

Steady, long beeps

Power supply bad

No beep

Power supply bad, system not plugged in, or power

not turned on

xU ePz;l gPg;> ,uz;L rpd;d gPg; tPbNah fhu;by; gpio

xypfs;
Video card failure
One long, two short beeps
4.4 BIOS Updates.
xU fzpdpapd; mbg;gil cs;sPL-ntspaPL fzpdp (BIOS) vd;w nkd;nghUs;
kjHNghHby; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ,izf;fg;gl;l td;nghUs; rhjdq;fis
fl;Lg;gLj;JtNjhL td;nghUs; rhjdq;fs; gw;wpa ,af;f mikg;G jfty;fis
toq;FfpwJ>
midj;J gah]; $Wfs; fhyj;jpw;F Vw;whw;Nghy; khw;wpaikg;gJ

gah];

Nkk;gLj;Jjy; (BIOS updates) vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. ,e;j nray;Kiw Flashing

vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ. xU nkd;nghUs; Nkk;ghL (Software update) ,izajsk;
topahf

nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

Mdhy;

,e;j

/gpsh\;

Kiwapd;

NghJ

rf;jp

Vw;w

,wf;fkhf (irrevocably) nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,ij Kiwahf nra;ahtpby; fzpdpf;F

Mgj;jhf KbAk;. vdnt ,ij me;j kju;Nghu;L jahupg;ghsu;fs; Nrit ikja;jpy;
nfhLj;Nj nra;tJ rpwe;j KiwahFk;.

39

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Chapter 5:
Power Supplies and System Cooling
5.1 Power Supplies.
xU fzpdp nray;gl gtu; rg;is ghfk; xU Kf;fpa $whf cs;sJ. ,J
,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhy; xU fzpdp ntWk; gpsh];bf; kw;Wk; cNyhf nghUl;fshy; Md
ngl;bahfNt

,Uf;Fk;.

,jid

nghJthf

SMPS vd;W

miog;ghu;fs;.

mjhtJ

Switch Mode Power Supply vd;gjd; ,jd; tpupthf;fk;.

ekJ tPl;bw;F tUk; (kpd;rhuk;) gtH rg;is khW kpd;Ndhl;lk; (Alternate
Current)

,e;j

khW

kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij

Neu;

kpd;Ndhl;lkhf

(Direct current)

khw;wpdhy;jhd; vy;yh (Electronic) kpd;dD rhjdq;fSk; nray;gl KbAk; me;j

gzpiajhd; v];.vk;.gp.v]; nra;fpwJ.
xU fzpdpapy;> kpd;jpwd; xU

%iyapy;

nfhLffg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; mJjhd; SMPS.

fl;Lg;gL;j;Jk;

fl;Lghl;ilAk;

kw;Wk;

fhzg;gLk;

cNyhf

ngl;bapy;

,J mjpfkhd kpd;rhuj;ij cs;thq;fp

FSikg;gLj;Jk;

tprpwpia

(Cooling fan)

nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
ngUk;ghYk; "gtH rg;isfs; Rtpl;rpq;" vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. mt;thW SMPS
khw;wp AC kpd;dOj;jj;jpid fPo;fz;l DC cs;sl
P hf khw;WfpwJ.
3.3 Nthy;l;
5 Nthy;lL
; fs;
12 Nthy;l;

40

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

nghJthf
ru;f;A+l;];

3.3

(Circuits)

Kjy;

Nthy;l;

,af;fj;jpw;Fk;.

tiu

12

td;nghUs;

Nthy;l;

kpd;rhk;

rhjdq;fspy;

cs;s

l;iut;fis

kw;Wk;

FSikg;gLj;Jk; tprpwpfs; ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,d;W ePq;fs; fzpdpapy; cs;s xU rpwpa nghj;jhid mOj;jpdhy; fzpdp
kpd;rhuk; gha;e;J ,aq;f Jtq;FfpwJ. mNj Nghd;W fzpdpia epWj;jk; nra;Ak;
NghJk; turn off nra;jhy; fzpdp jhdhfNt kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijAk; epWj;jp tpLfpwJ.
Mdhy; Kd;du; cs;s fzpdpfspy; mg;gb ,y;iy Mg;Nuhl;bq; rp];lj;jhy;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j ,ayhJ. fzpdpia epWj;jk; nra;jhYk; fzpdp
,af;fj;ij epWj;jpdhYk; jpiuapy; ,g;NghJ cq;fs; fzpdpf;fhd kpd;Ndhl;j;ij
epWj;Jq;fs; (Now turnoff you computer safe) vd;w jfty; khdpl;lupy; ,Uf;Fk; mjd;
gpwF Rtpl;ir Mg; nra;jhy;jhd; fzpdpf;fhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; epWj;jg;gLk;. Mdhy;
,g;NghJ cs;s SMPS vy;yhNk ,e;j fl;Lghl;ilAk; Vw;fty;yjhf cs;sJ. ,e;j
njhopEl;gj;ij

ATX

(Advanced

Technology

eXtended)

,e;j

njhopEl;gKk;

kju;Nghu;by; ,izf;fg;gl;L fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

NkNy

nfhLf;f;gl;Ls;s

glj;jpy;

SMPS y;

,Ue;J

fzpdp

td;nghUs;

rhjdq;fSf;F kpd;rhuk; toq;Fk; ,izg;Gfs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s.

5.2 Power Protection Types.
fzpdpf;fhd kpd;rhu Xl;lk; jPBu; vd epWj;jg;gl;lhy; fzpdp gOjhtjw;F
mjpfgbahd tha;g;Gfs; cs;sJ. vdNt fzpdpf;F Njitahd kpd;rhuk; jilapd;wp
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; fzpdp itj;jpUg;Nghu; vy;NyhUk; mtrpak; UPS

41

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

(Uninterruptible Power Supply) gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,e;j UPSd; nghUs; jilaw;w
kpd;rhuj;ij toq;fy; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. mjhtJ kpd;epWj;jk; Vw;gl;lhYk; fzpf;fhd
kpd;rhuj;ij

njhle;J

toq;FkhW

tbtikf;fgl;Ls;sJ.

UPS

gad;ghl;by;

,Uf;Fk;NghJ Ngl;lupapy; kpd;rhuj;ij Nrkpf;Fk;> kpd;epWj;jk; Vw;gLk;NghJ Ngl;lupapy;

Nrkpf;fg;gl;l kpd;rhuj;ij fzpdp gad;ghl;bw;F toq;Fk;.
Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; tiftifahd Agpv]; ,d;W re;ijapy; te;Jtpl;ld.
,Ue;jhYk; ngUk;ghYk; ,uz;L tifahd UPSfs; gad;ghl;by; cs;sJ. Mit
1. Offline UPS
2. Online UPS

1. Offline UPS
Mg;iyd;

A.gp.v];

fspy;

cs;thq;fg;gLk;

kpd;rhuk;

Neubahf

fzpdpf;F

nfhLf;Fk; mNj Neuj;jpy; cs;Ns nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s rhu;[iu gad;gLj;jp UPSy;

cs;s Ngl;lupay; kpd;rhuj;ij Nrkpf;Fk;. kpd;Ndhl;lk; FiwAk; NghNjh my;yJ

epWj;jg;gLk;NghNjh Ngl;lupapy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l kpd;rhuk; ,d;tu;l;lu; cjtpAld;

fzpdpf;F toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;j khw;wk; cldbahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhy; fzpdpfhd
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; ve;j ghjpg;Gk; Vw;glhJ.

42

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

2. Online UPS
Vw;fdNt ehk; ghu;j;j Mg;iyd; Agpv]; y; kpd;epWj;jk; Vw;gl;lhy;jhd;
Ngl;lupapy; ,Ue;J kpd;rhuj;ij fzpdpf;F toq;Fk;. Mdhy ,e;j Md;iyd; Agpv];
y; Agpv]; f;F cs;thq;fg;gLk; kpd;rhuk; Neubahf rhu;[iu gad;gLj;jp Ngl;lupap;y;
Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpwF Ngl;lupapy; ,Ue;j fzpdpf;F Njitahd kpd;rhuk; nry;Yk;.
vdNt kpd;epWj;jk; Vw;gl;lhNyh my;yJ kpd;Ndhl;lk; Fiwe;jhNyh fzpdpf;fh
kpd;Ndhl;lk; ve;j khw;wj;jpw;Fk; cs;shfky; njhlu;e;J nry;Yk;. Agpv]; gOjhFk;
gl;rj;jpy; fzpdpf;dh kpd;Ndhl;lk; KOikahf epWj;jg;gLk; me;j Neuj;jpy; Bypass
Kiwia gad;gLj;jp fzpdpf;fhd kpd;rhuj;ij Ngl;lupf;F mDkjpf;fhky; Neubahf
fzpdpf;F toq;FkhW nra;ayhk;.

5.3 System Cooling

fzpdp nray;gLk;NghJ fzpdpapd; cl;Gwk;
mjpfkhf
ntg;gk;
cw;gj;jpahFk;.
Mit
njhlu;e;J
fzpdpapd;
cl;Gwj;jpNyNa
jq;fpdhy;
fzpdpapd;
ghfq;fs;
mjpf
ntg;gkile;J
nraypog;gjw;fhd
tha;g;Gfs;
cs;sJ.
vdNt
fzpdpapd;
cl;Gwk;
ntg;gj;ij

jzpf;f

Cooling

fan

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf vy;yh Processor d; Nky; gFjpapYk; xU Cooling

fan ,Uf;Fk;. mJjhd; fzpdp nray;gLk;NghJ mjpfkhd gad;ghl;bw;F cl;gLtjhy;
tpiuthf ntg;gkilAk; mjd; ntg;gj;ij jzpf;fNt Processor d; Nkw;gFjpNyNa
Cooling Fan cs;sJ. mJ jtpu ,ju ghfq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspg;gLk; ntg;gj;ij
ntspNaw;w xU Cooling Fan; jdpahf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

43

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Chapter 6: RAM
(Random Access Memory)

6.1 RAM (Randam Access Memory) Basics.

rhHgpyhj;

njupT

epidtfk;

(Randam Access Memory - RAM)

fzpdp

epidtf tifahFk;. mJ xUq;fpizr; Rw;W (integrated circuits) xd;wpd; tbtj;jpy;

miktJld; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; juTfs; ve;j xOq;fpYk; ngwj;jf;ftifapy; mikAk;.
rhHgpyhj; njupT vd;gJ juTfs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l xOq;F jtpHj;j NtW rhHgpyh
xOq;FfspYk; juTfs; njupag;glyhk; vd;gjhFk;.
rhHgpyhj; njupT epidtfk; fhe;j ehlh> fhe;j tl;L kw;Wk; xspapay; tl;L Nghd;w
epidtf Kiwfspy; ,Ue;J NtWgLfpwJ. ,e;j ,ju Kiwfspy; thrpg;G fUtpfspd;
ngsjpf mirT %yNk juTfs; thrpf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ,tw;wpy; thrpg;G Neuj;ijtpl
juT cs;s ,lj;ij milAk; NeuNk (seek time) mjpfkhFk;.
RAM

vDk;

njhlHGgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

nrhw;gjk;
,tw;wpy;

ngUk;ghYk;
kpd;

,izg;G

jw;fhypf

epidtfj;JlNdNa

Jz;bf;fg;gl;lTld;

Nrkpf;fg;gl;l

juTfs; ,of;fg;gl;LtpLk;. vdpDk;> NtW tifahd epidtfq;fSk; RAM MFk;>

6.2 RAM Types.

Randam Access Memory d; gy tiffis ghh;g;Nghk;.
1. EDO RAM (Extended Data Output RAM)
2. SD RAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)
3. RD RAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM)
4. DDR RAM (Double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM)
Nkw;nrhd;d 4 tif RAM fspy; EDO RAM vd;gJ Ke;ija fhyq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjw;fLj;j gbahd Processor fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mainboard
y;

SD RAM gad;gLj;jg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd.

,jpy;

RD kw;Wk;

DDR RAM fs;

Desktop, Server System fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

44

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

EDO kw;Wk; SD RAM I vg;gb identity gz;ZtJ vdpy; EDO RAM I Mother
Board y; nghWj;Jk; gFjpapy; xU tisT Nghd;w mikg;G ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; SD
RAM y; ,uz;L tisT fhzg;gLk;. SD RAM I Nghd;W RD RAM, DDR RAM
Nghd;wit ,Uf;Fk;.

EDO RAM

SD,RD,DDR,RAM

RAM d; ,e;j ,uz;L Type itj;J jhd; mother board y;

RAM slot ,uz;L

tpjkhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. EDO RAM Slot
2. SD RAM Slot (,jpy; RD, DDR RAM nghWj;jyhk;) EDO RAM Slot
MdJ White color y; ,Uf;Fk;> SD RAM Slot MdJ Block color y;

,Uf;Fk;.
6.3 Installing Memory Modules.
cq;fs; fzpdpapd; kjHNghHL kPJ Nuk; epidtfk; epWt kpfTk; vspjhd
xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. cq;fs; fzpdp jhkjkhfNth my;yJ ke;jkhfNth Ntiy
nra;jhy; Gjpa Nuk; epWTjy; cq;fs; fzpdpapy; rpy $Ljy; cj;Ntfj;ij
nfhLf;Fk;. ,J xU kpfTk; nryT Fiwe;j topahf cs;sJ.

45

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Kjypy; ePq;fs; cq;fs; fzpdpf;fhd kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij epWj;j Ntz;Lk; gpwF
fzpdpia gpupj;J kjHNghHby; ,izj;Js;s RAM gFjpia mZfTk;> cq;fs;

fzpdpapy; jw;Nghija Nuk; kjHNghHl; vq;Nf epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij

Kjypy; fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. fzpdpapy; Nuk; epWtjw;fhd $Ljy; ,lq;fs; fpilf;f
tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. Nuk; y; epiwa tififs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gi ehk; Vw;fdNt
ghu;j;Njhk; mJNghd;W cq;fs; ve;j tifahd Nuk; nghUj;j tha;g;G cs;sJ
vd;gij fz;lwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
gpwF fzpdpapy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s Nuk; epidtfj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk;
cs;s ,Wf;f ,izg;Gfis fPo;Nehf;fp mOj;jpdhy; kju;Nghu;by; ,Ue;J Nuk; jhdhf
ntspNa te;JtpLk;. fPNo cs;s glj;ij ftdkhf ghu;j;J nray;glTk;. ,Nj

Nghd;Wjhd;

fzpdpapy;

Gjpajhf

xU

Nuk;

epWtjw;Fk;

nra;a

Ntz;Lk;.

Mdhy; mg;NghJ $Ljyhf xU tp\aj;ij fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,Ugf;f

,Wf;f ,izg;Gfis tpLtpj;j gpwF Nukpy; eLNt cs;s ntl;L gFjp Nuk;
nghUj;Jk; gFjpapy; cs;s ntl;L gpupf;Fk; gFjpNahL rupahf nghUe;Jk; tifapy;
cs;sjh vd;gij cWjp nra;jtpwF ,UGwKk; fl;il tpuyhy; Nuk; I mOj;jpdhy;
46

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Nuk;
vspjhf
kju;Nghu;Lld;
,ize;JtpLk;.
mt;thW
rupahf
,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ ,UGwq;fspYk;
cs;s
,Wf;f
,izg;Gfs;
,Wf;fkhf Nuk; I ft;Tk; Nghk; bf;
vd;w rg;jk; tUk;. gpwF ,UGwKk;
,Wf;f ,izg;Gfs; rupahf nghUe;jp
cs;sjh vd;gij
cWjp nra;J
nfhs;sTk;.
6.4 Troubleshooting Memory.
Gjpa Nuk; fzpdpapy; epWTtjpy; rpf;fy; cs;sjh? Gjpajhf epWtpa Nuk;
Ntiy nra;atpy;iyah?
fbdkhf mOj;jTk;. kju;Nghu;by; cs;s Nuk; ,izg;gjw;fhd gpsTfspy; cWjpahf
Nuk; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; fPo; Nehf;fp ed;whf mOj;jTk; gpwF ];yhl;by; cs;s
rhtpfs; RAM y; cs;s ntl;Lfspy; rupahf nghUe;jp cs;sjh vd;gij cWjp
nra;aTk;. ePq;fs; mij cilf;f NghfpNwhk; vd;W gag;glNtz;lhk;. mJ rpy
Neuq;fspy; xU ];yhl;by; Nuk; epWt mOj;jk; 20 Kjy; 30 gTz;Lfs; tiu
mOj;jk; Njitg;gLk;. RAM d; ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; cs;s fpspg;Gfs; mitfSf;fhd
ntl;L gFjpapy; rupahf nghUe;j Ntz;Lk;. ifahy; fpspg;Gfs; kPJ itj;J efHj;jp
ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk; efu;e;jJ vd;why;> Nuk; rupahf epWtg;gltpy;iy vd;W mu;j;jk;.
kPz;Lk; epWtTk;. rupahf Nuk; I nrUfpAs;sHP fs; kw;Wk; fpspg;Gfs; mjw;fhd
,lj;jpy; rupahf g+l;lg;gl;L Nuk; KOikahf nghUe;jp ,Ue;Jk; Nuk; nray;gltpy;iy
vd;why; mij rupnra;a xU tha;g;G cs;sJ. epidtf nkkupia ePf;fTk; kw;Wk;
mJ Reinserting Kaw;rp. xU gpur;rid njhlHe;jhy;> midj;J epidtf ePf;f kw;Wk;
jd;id kl;LNk Gjpa epidtf Kaw;rp. ePq;fs; epidtfj;ij tpl xU Fr;rp thq;fp
,Ue;jhy;> cq;fs; fzpdpapy; ,d;Dk; N[hbfs; epWt Ntz;Lk; vd;why; ePq;fs;> xU
Neuj;jpy; xU Kaw;rp cWjp nra;f.

47

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Chapter 7
I/O and Multimedia Ports asnd Divices
7.1 Understanding I/O Ports.
fzpdpapy; ,e;j Input /
Output

vd;W

ports

tupthf
mwpag;gLgitfs;.
,tw;wpy;

Input

vd;gJ

fzpdpf;fhd
fl;lisfis cs;sPlhf nfhLf;f gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpifis ,izf;Fk; gFjp.
mNj Nghd;W fzpdpapy; ,Ue;j ntspaPlhf tUk; jfty;fis ehk; ngw;wpl cjTk;
fUtpfs; Output MFk;. fzpdpia nghUj;jtiu Port vd;why; gy;NtW mu;j;jk;
jUfpw xU nrhy;yhf ,Ug;gpDk; ,q;F cs;sPL kw;Wk; ntspaPL fUtpfis
,izg;gjw;fhd ,lk; vd;W nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpy; tiffs; cz;L.
mit USB, Serial, Paralel, PS2, Multimedia port, LAN port, VGA port.
7.2 Understanding Input Devices.
cs;sPL fUtpfis gad;gLj;jpNa fzpdp ,aq;Ftjw;fhd fl;lisfis ehk;
nfhLf;f KbAk;. mjdhy; ,e;j cs;sPL fUtpfis ,izf;Fk; gFjpfSk;
Kf;fpakhdit. fzpdpapy; cs;sPL fUtpfshf mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ.
fPNghu;L> kT];> ];Nfdu;> ntg;Nfkuh> fhu;L uPlu; Mfpait MFk;. ,tw;iw fzpdpapy;
,izf;f USB, PS2, Serial Mfpa portfs; gad;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw gw;wp tpupthf
ghu;g;Nghk;.
fPNghu;L kw;Wk; kT];
fzpdpapy; Kf;fpa cs;sPL fUtpfshf
kw;Wk; kT]; ,itfs; ngUk;ghYk;
mike;jpUf;Fk;.

gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ ,e;j fPNghu;L

,izg;ghd; tbtikg;gpy;

Keyboard - fPNghu;L
fPNghu;L vd;gJ ilg;iul;bq; ,ae;jpuj;jpy;
cs;sij
Nghd;w
tupirg;gb
gl;ld;fs;
nghUj;jg;gl;l xU fUtp. ,e;j gl;ld;fs; xU
kpd;dZ
Rtpl;Rfs;
Nghy
nray;gLfpd;wd.
fzpdpapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
kpf
Kf;fpakhd
cs;sPL rhjdk; ,Jjhd;.
xU fPNghu;L vd;gJ nghJthf vOj;Jfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ mr;rplg;gl;l
nghj;jhd;fs; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vdpDk; xU rpy FwpaPLfis ilg; nra;a xNu
48

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Neuj;jpy; my;yJ tupirapy; gy nghj;jhd;fis
mOj;jp ngwNtz;b ,uf;fpwJ.
ngUk;ghyhd fPNghu;Lfspy; nghj;jhd;fs; vOj;Jf;fs;> vz;fs; my;yJ FwpaPLfs;
cUthf;Fk; NghJ> kw;w tpirfs; my;yJ xNu Neuj;jpy; rpy nghj;jhd;fis
mOj;jkhf gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L fzpdpf;fhd fl;lisfis cUthf;f KbAk;.
Mouse - kT];
fzpdpapy; kT]; xU Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; rhjdkhf cs;sJ. kT]; mJ ,Uf;Fk;
Nkw;gug;G njhlHGila ,U gupkhz ,af;fk; %ykhf nray;ghLfis jpiuapy;
Rl;bf;fhl;l $baJ MFk;. xU kT]; y; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
nghj;jhd;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. kT]; ,af;fk; nghJthf xU tiufiy
Nghd;W
gadhsH
,ilKfj;jpw;F
ed;whf
fl;Lg;ghl;il
mDkjpf;fpwJ me;j fhl;rp mirit fHrH ,af;fk; vd nkhop
ngaHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
7.3 Understanding Multimedia Devices.
fzpdpapy;
nghJthf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

MbNah

nfhLg;gjw;Fk;

kw;Wk;

tPbNah

ntspaPlhf

Multimedia
Mfpatw;iw

ngWtjw;Fk;

,J

devices
cs;sPlhf

gad;gLfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf Speaker, Microphone, Web camera Mfpait

ky;bkPbah fUtpfshf gad;gLfpd;wd.
7.4 Installing Input and Multimedia Devices.
fzpdpapy; Gjpajhf xU ky;bkPbah fUtpia epWTtJ kpf
Kf;fpakhd xU gFjpahFk;. Kiwahf epWtg;glhj ve;j xU
ky;bkPbah fUtpAk; rupahf Ntiy nra;ahJ.
ky;bkPbah fUtp xt;nthd;Wk; mjw;fhd l;iutu; (Driver)
igy;fs;
fzpdpapy;

rupahf
ehk;

,d;];lhy;

nra;jpUf;f

gad;gLj;Jk;

operating

Ntz;baJ

mtrpak;.

system

nghUe;jpa

tifapy; mjw;fhd Driver ,d;];lhy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Gjpajhf

xU ky;bkPbah
ghu;g;Nghk;.

fUtpia

epWTk;

gbepiyfis

gw;wp

tpupthf

49

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Chapter 8
Video Displays & Graphic Cards
8.1 Display Types.
Display my;yJ khdpl;lu; vd;W miof;fyhk;. rpyNeuq;fspy; khdpl;lu; tpRty;
b];gpNs
a+dpl;
vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
rpgpA
tpy;
b];gpNs
fhu;b
y; ,Ue;J tUk; rpf;dy;fis ngw;W mjw;fhd tPbNahit fhl;rpg;gLj;j ,e;j
khdpl;lu; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
etPd fhyq;fspy; ,uz;L tifahd khdpl;lu;fs; gad;ghl;by; cs;s. mit
CRT (Cathode Ray Tubes), TFT - LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display)
Mfpait Mfk;.
CRT (Cathode Ray Tubes)
,e;j tifahd khdpl;lu;fs; Muk;g fhyk; Kjyhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
tug;gLfpwJ. cs;sPlw;w Fohapy; vyf;l;uhd;fis Nkhj nra;tjd; %ykhf
fhl;rpgLj;Jk; Kiwapy; nray;gLfpwJ.

TFT - LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display)

8.2 Installing a Monitor.

fzpdpapy;

khdpl;liu

epWTtJ

kpfTk;

Rykhd

fhupak;

khdpl;lUf;fhd

kpd;rhu ,izg;ig nfhLj;J gpwF khdpl;lupy; ,Ue;J tUk; Data cable taiu
50

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

fzpdpAld;

,izj;jhy;

khdpl;lu;

nray;gl

Jtq;Fk;.

,g;NghJ mjpfkhf LCD khdpl;lu;jhd; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

khdpl;liuAk; fzpdpiaAk;
jdpahf ,Uf;Fk;.

,izf;Fk;

Nll;lh

Nfgps;

8.3 Troubleshooting Displays and Video Cards.

nghJthf khdpl;lupy; FiwghLfs; kpd;rhuk; rupahf fpilf;fhjjhYk;>
fzpdpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;l Nfgps; rupahf ,izf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;whNyh rupahf
khdpl;lupy; fhl;rp tuhJ. mJNghd;w Neuq;fspy; ehk; khdpl;lUld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Nfgps;fis rupahf ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpy Neuq;fspy; khdpl;lUf;fhd kpd;rhuk;
tUk; Mdhy; fhl;rp tuhJ mg;NghJ ehk; xUrpy Logical test nra;J khdpl;lu; rupahf
nry;gLfpwjh? ,y;iyah? vd;gij Rygkhf fz;lwpa KbAk;. nghJthf khdpl;lupy;
fhl;rp tuhky; ,Ue;jhy; mJ khdpl;lupd; FiwghlhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ
fzpdpapy; Nuk;> kju;Nghu;L Mfpait gOjhdhYk; fhl;rp tuhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
khdpl;liu gupNrhjpf;Fk; Kiw:
khdpl;lu; rupahf nray;gLfpwjh? ,y;iy
vd;gij
vspjhf
fzlwpa
khdpl;lUf;fhd
kpd;rhuj;ij
,izg;ig

kl;Lk;
nfhLj;J
fzpdpf;fhd
Jz;bj;jhy;
mg;NghJ
fzpdpapd;

jpiuapy; No Singnal vd;w xU jfty; fpilf;Fk;.

mt;thW fpilj;jhy; khdpl;lupy; ve;j FiwghLk;
,y;iy vd;gij Cu;[pjk; nra;ayhk;.
rpy
Brightness,

Neuq;fspy;
Contrest

khdpl;lupy;

cs;s

Nghd;witfis

ahuhtJ

mjpfkhf Fiwj;J ,Ue;jhYk; khdpl;lupy; fhl;rp

tuhky; ,Uf;f tha;g;Gfs; cs;sJ. mjdhy; ,e;j
gupNrhjid nra;Ak; fhl;rp tutpy;iy vd;why;
khdpl;lupy;
cs;s
fd;lN
; uhy;
nghj;jhd;fis
mOj;jp gupNrhjpj;J ghu;ff
; Ntz;Lk;.
khdpl;lu; rupahf Ntiy nra;jhYk; rpy Neuq;fspy; fhl;rp tuhJ. mt;thwhd
Neuq;fspy; fzpdpapy; ,Ue;J gPg; xypfis itj;J fzpdpapy; Nuk;> kju;Nghu;L
,itfspy; vjhtJ gOjhfp ,Uf;fpwjh? vd;gij gupNrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehk;
Vw;fdNt BIOS ghlj;jpy; fw;w me;j gPg; xyp;fs; tUfpwjh? vd;gijAk; mjw;fhd
gOJfis epidTg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

51

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Chapter 9
Build a Computer
fzpdpia fl;likg;gjw;F Kd;du; ekf;F vd;ndd;d fzpdp cjpup ghfq;fs;
Njitahdtw;iw jahuhf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. xUKiw epidTg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
,Njh fzpdpapd; cjpup ghfq;fs;.
1. Compute Cabinet (CUP Box)
2. SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)
3. Processor
4. Mother Board
5. RAM
6. Hard Disk
7. CD or DVD Drive
8. Cables
rup ,itaidj;J jahuhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;why; fzpdpia cUthf;f Muk;gpf;f
Ntz;baJjhd;. fzpdp fl;Lkhdk; gbepiyfshf fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
9.1 Connect peripherals in motherboard sockets
fzpdpapy; kpf Kf;fpakhd ghfk; kju;Nghu;L mjpy; vy;yhf ghfq;fis
,izg;gij

Kjypy;

nra;Nthk;.

CPU cabinet y;

kju;Nghu;il

itj;J

vy;yh

jpUfhzpfisAk; ed;whf ,Wf;fkhf kju;Nghu;L mirahtz;zk; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mt;thW kju;Nghu;il ,izf;Fk;NghJ kju;Nghu;by; cs;s input / output panel gFjp

CPU y;

cs;s

mjw;fhd

gFjpapy;

rupahf

nghUe;Jk;gb

,izf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

kju;Nghu;L ,izj;jgpwF rupahf Nfgpndl;NlhL rupahf nghUe;jp ,Uf;fpwjh?

Vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpagpwF. mLj;j ghfq;fis ,izf;f Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

52

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

kju;Nghu;by;

RAM vg;gb

epWt

Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij

gw;wp

Vw;fdNt

ehk;

tpupthf gbj;J ,Uf;fpNwhk;. mNj Kiwia gpd;gw;wp Nuk; I ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.

9.2 Installing Processors
fzpdp

fl;Lkhdj;jpy;

kpf

Kf;fpakhd

ghfk;

Processor epWTtJjhd;.

kju;Nghu;by; nraypia ,izg;gjw;fhd ,lj;jpy; nrayp rupahf nghUe;Jk; tifapy;

itj;J ed;F ,Uf;fkhf mOj;jp ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW ,Wf;fkhf mOj;Jk;
Kd;djhf nrayp kju;Nghu;Lld; rupahf nghUe;Jk; tifapy; ,Uf;fpwjh? vd;gij
cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

ed;whf mOj;jpa gpwF nrayp

ntg;gkilAk;
vd;gij
gbj;jpUf;Nwhk;
vdNt
nrayp
ntg;gkilahky;

,Uf;f

mjpfkhf
Vw;fdNt
mjpkhf

Cooling

Fan

nraypapd; kPJ ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW

$ypq;

Fan

nghUj;JtJ

xt;nthU

kju;Nghu;Lf;Fk; Vw;wthW khWgLk;.

53

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

9.3 Connecting drives
kju;Nghu;L cld; nraypiaAk;> Nuk; IAk; ,izj;j gpwF fzpdpapy; epue;ju
epidtfkhd `hu;L b];;f;> kw;Wk; rp.b. l;iut; Mfpatw;iw ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mitfis ,izf;f Ntz;ba Nghu;lf
; s; kju;Nghu;by; vq;F ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij gw;wp
ehk; Vw;fdNt gbj;Js;Nshk; mjw;fhd ,lq;fspy; mtw;iw ,izf;Fk; topKiwia
gw;wp ghu;g;Nghk;. kju;Nghu;Lld; ,izg;gjw;F Kd;du; mtw;iw Kjypy; rp.gp.A tpy;
nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU Nfgpndl;bYk; `hu;L b];f;fis ,izf;Fk; ,lj;ij
vspjhf milahsk; fhz KbAk;.

`hu;L b];f; ,izg;gjw;fhd ,lj;jpy `hu;L b];if rupahf Eiof;f Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;du; mjw;fhd jpUfhzpfis ,izj;J mirahky; ,Wf;fkhf nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.
mLj;jjhf ehk; fzpdpNahL rp.b. my;yJ b.tp.b l;iut; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xUrpy Nfgpndl;Lfspy; Neubahf rp.b l;iuit ,izf;f KbAk; xUrpy
Nfgpndl;Lfspy; Kjypy; Kd;gFjpapy; ,Uf;fk; gFjpia jdpahf gpupj;jhy;jhd; rp.b
l;iuit ,izf;f KbAk;.

54

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

,g;NghJ ,e;j `hu;L b];f; kw;Wk; rp.b l;iut; Mfpatw;iw kju;Nghu;Lld;
,izf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd ,izg;G Nfgps;fs; ,uz;L tif cs;sJ mit IDE,
SATA vd;gij

gw;wp ehk; Vw;fdNt tpupthf fw;Wj;Nju;e;J cs;Nshk; ,g;NghJ

mtw;iw ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.

IDE

cable

gad;gLj;jpdhy;

,t;thW

,izf;f

Ntz;Lk;. xNu Nfgpis nfhz;L rp.b l;iuitAk;>

`hu;L b];ifAk; ,izj;Js;Nshk;. ,e;j ,izg;G
Kiwapy;

`hu;L

b];f;F

Master MfTk;>

rp.b

l;iut; Slave MfTk; nray;gLk;. kWKid Cjh

tz;zj;jpy;

kju;Nghu;Lld;

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

ftdpf;fTk;. ,t;thW jhd; IDE cable ,izf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

SATA Hard Disk kw;Wk; CD/ DVD Drive ,izf;Fk; Kiw

SATA Nfgpis gad;gLj;jp ,izf;Fk; NghJ `hu;L b];f; kw;Wk; rp.b l;iut;
Mfpatw;wpw;F jdpj;jdp Nfgps;jhd; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;. IDE Nfgpspy; ,izj;jthW
xU Nfgpspy; ,uz;L l;iut;fis ,izf;f KbahJ.
9.4 Connecting Power connections
,Jtiuf;Fk; ehk; fzpdpapy; kju;Nghu;LlDk;> Nfgpndl;bYk; vy;yh
ghfq;fisAk;. Kiwhaf nghUj;jp ,Uf;fpNwhk;. ,g;NghJ vy;yh ghfq;FSf;Fk;
Njitahd kpd;rhu ,izg;ig toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;f SMPS ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ehk; Vw;fdNt SMPS gw;wp gbj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. mjpy; ,Ue;J xt;nthU ghfj;jpw;F
vt;thW kpd; ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,dp ghu;g;Nghk;.

55

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Mother Board
kju;Nghu;by; ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; ehk; kpd;rhu ,izg;ig nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. xd;W
vy;yh ru;f;A+l;LfSk; nray;gLtjw;fhf ,izg;gJ kw;nwhd;W nraypapd; kPJ
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s

Cooling

Fan-f;F

kju;Nghu;Lfspy; 20 gpd;fs;
nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

(Processor)

nraypf;F

,zig;G ,Uf;Fk;
,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Njitahd

nfhz;ljhfTk;>

mUfhikapNyNa

mjpy;jhd;

rpy

ehd;F

nraypf;fhd

kpd;

kpd;rhuk;

toq;FtJ.

kju;Nghu;Lfspy;

gpd;fs;

24

gpd;fs;

xU

kpd;rhu

toq;Fk;

taiu

nfhz;l

,izg;ig

xUrpy

Hard Disk kw;Wk; CD / DVD Drive

Vw;fdNt `hu;L b];f; kw;Wk; rp.b l;iuit ehk; kju;Nghu;L cld; ,izj;Jtpl;Nlhk;.
mLj;jjhf mit ,uz;bw;F Njitahd kpd; ,izg;ig SMPS y; ,Ue;J ,izf;
Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpw;F ,uz;L kpd;rhu ,izg;ghd;fs; cs;sd. xd;W IDE drive power
connector kw;nwhd;W SATA drive power connector ,izf;F Kiwfis gw;wp
ghu;g;Nghk;.

56

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

IDE power connector

SATA power connector

9.5 Check points before first boot

vy;yh
NtiyfisAk;
Kbj;j
gpwF
fzpdpia
Kjy;
Kiwahf
,af;Ftjw;F Kd;G ehk; rpy tp\aq;fis gupNrhjpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ
mtrpak;. mitfshtd.
1. rp.gp.A ngl;bAld; kju;Nghu;L ed;whf nghUe;jpAs;sjh? vd;gij cWjp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
2. Mother board y; Processor rupahf nghUe;jp mjd; kPJ cs;s cooling fan
kpd;rhu ,izg;G kju;Nghu;Lld; ,izf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwhjh? vd;gijAk; cWjp
nra;a Ntz;Lk.
3. RAM

d;

,UGwKk;

cs;s

nfhf;fpfs;

ed;whf

G+l;lg;gl;L

Nuk;

rupahf

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh? vd;W ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. Mother Board cld; rp.b l;iut;> `hu;L b];f; Mfpa rupahf nghUe;jp
,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
5. SMPS y;

,Ue;J

Mother board, Processor, CD Drive, Hard disk

Mfpatw;wpw;fhd kpd;rhu ,izg;Gfs; rupahf nghUj;jg;gl;L ,Ug;gij cWjp

nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
6. rp.gp.A cld; fPNghu;L> kT];; Mfpatw;iw ,izj;jpUg;gij cWjp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
7. khdpl;lUf;fh Nll;lh Nfgps; rp.gp.A cld; ,ize;jpUg;gijAk; cWjp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
8. gpwF
rp.gp.A
kw;Wk;
khdpl;lu;
Mfptw;wpw;fhd
kpd;rhu
,izg;Gfs;
nghUj;jg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwjh? vd;gij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
9. NkNy Fwpg;gp;l;l vy;yh Nrhjidfis nra;Ak; NghJ nghWikahfTk;>
epjhdkhfTk; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. VNjDk; FiwghLfs; ,Ue;jhy; gupNrhjpj;J
rup nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
10. NkNy fz;l midj;J gbepiyfSk; rupahf cs;sJ vd;gij Nrhjid
nra;j gpwFjhd; fzpdpia Rtpl;r; Md; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

57

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

9.6 First boot BIOS Configuration
ehk;

Vw;fdNt

BIOS gw;wp

tpupthf

gbj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.

Kjd;

Kjhyhf

fzpdpia ,af;Fk;NghJ fzpdpapy; ve;j tpjkhd nkd;nghUs;fSk; ,Uf;fhJ

fzpdpapd; `hu;L b];f; VJkpy;yhky;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. mjpy;; Njitahd nkd;nghUis
epWTtjw;F

`hu;L

b];if

,af;f

Ntz;Lk;.

mjw;F

BIOS y;

nra;aNtz;ba

khw;wq;fis ghu;g;Nghk;.
Kjypy;
fzpdpia
Rtpl;r; Md; nra;jhy;
fPNghu;by;

Delete,

F2,

F10 Mfpatw;wpy; VjhtJ

xd;iw

mOj;jp

BIOS

f;Fs; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

Kjy;Kiwahf
gah];
jpwf;Fk;

NghJ

Boot

gpuptpw;F nrd;W Kjypy;

system
gFjpf;F
fzpdpapy;

information
nrd;W
,izf;fg;

gl;Ls;s Processor vd;d

vd;gijAk;> mjd; ehk; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;.
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; gah]; gFjpapy; ,e;j fzpdpapy; Intel Core I7 vd;w
processor ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sJ.

58

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

gpwF Boot gpuptpw;F nra;J Boot device priorty vd;w gpuptpw;F nra;J Kjypy; rpb
l;iut;jhd; Kjypy; Boot Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

1st boot device vd;gjpy; fzpdpapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s rp.b l;iuit Nju;T nra;J
,uz;lhtjhf fzpdpapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s `hu;L b];f;if Nju;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

59

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

,Wjpahf Exit gpuptpw;F nrd;W Exit & Sace changes vd;gij Nju;T nra;J vd;lu;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fzpdp jhdhf Restart Mfp tUk;.

60

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Chapter 10
Operating system installation
10.1 OS installation Windows XP
ehk; fzpdpapy; `hu;L b];fpy; Windows Xp epWTk; Kiwia gw;wp tpupthf
ghu;g;Nghk;. tpz;Nlh]; Xp rp.b ia rp.b l;iutpy; Nghl;L fzpdpia ,jw;F Kd;du;
gbj;j ghlj;jpy; fw;Wf;nfhz;lij Nghd;W rp.b l;iuit Kjyhtjhf boot MFk;
tz;zk; set nra;J ,Ug;gjhy; rp.b l;iutpy;jhd; Ntiy nra;Ak; rp.b l;iutpy; ehk;
itj;Js;s tpz;Nlh]; vf;];.gp rp.b ,aq;f Muk;gpf;Fk; mg;NghJ ekf;F Rl;bf;fhl;Lk;
Boot from cd.. vd;W tUk; mg;NghJ Enter gl;lid fpspf; nra;J rp.b nray;gl
mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gb 1 : tpz;Nlh]; vf;];.gp ia epWttjw;F Kd;du; mjw;fhd Nfhg;Gfis jahu;
nra;J nfhs;Sk;.

cq;fs; fzpdpapy; Windows Xp epWt Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd mDkjp ngWk;. Enter

gl;lid mOj;jp epWTtjiy njhlu Ntz;Lk;.

gb 2 : Windows xp epWt ikf;Nuhrhg;l; epWtdj;jpd; iynrd;]; gbtj;ij Vw;f

Ntz;Lk;. epge;jidfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;lij fPNghu;by; F8 gl;lid mOj;jp mLj;j
gbf;F nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

61

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

gb 3 : fzpdpapy; cs;s `hu;L b];f;fpy; Vw;fdNt cs;s gfpu;khdq;fisAk;>

gfpu;khdk; ,y;yhtpby; xl;Lnkhj;j nfhs;sitAk; ekf;Fk; fhl;Lk; mjpy; ekf;F
Njiahd mstpw;F gfpu;khdq;fis gpupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gb 4: mt;thW gfpu;khdq;fis gpupf;f C vd;w gl;lid nra;J xU gfpu;khdj;jpw;fhd

nfhs;ssit nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

62

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

gb 5: gfpu;khdk; Kbe;jgpwF me;j gfpu;khdk; C vd;w vOj;jp;y; ,e;J Jtq;Fk;

mjpy;jhd; ngUk;ghYk; tpz;Nlh]; epWTthu;fs;. C drive y; Install nra;a Enter
gl;lid mOj;j Ntz;Lk;.

63

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

gb 6: ehk; Nju;T nra;J cs;s l;iuit Format nra;a Ntz;Lk; mjw;fhfjhd; ,e;j
epiyapy; ,uz;L tifahd Format fs; cs;sd. NTFS kw;Wk; FAT Mfpait
MFk;. ,jpy; ngUk;ghYk; NTFS Quick farmat jhd; mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
mij Nju;T nra;J Enter gl;lid mOj;j Ntz;Lk;.

64

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

gb 7;: Njitahd ghu;Nkl;il Nju;T nra;j cld; tpz;Nlh]; vf;];.gp ia
epWTtjw;fhd Njitahd igy;fis efy;fshFk;.

gb 8: tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gp epWTtjw;fhd igy;fs; vy;yhk; efy;fshd gpwF fzpdp

jhdhf Restart MFk;. kPz;Lk; Rtpl;r; Md; MFk;NghJ rp.b l;iut; topahf g+l; Mf
Ntz;Lkh? vd;W Nfl;Fk; mg;NghJ Enter gl;lid fpspf; nra;ahky; ,Ue;jhy;
tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gp Kjd;Kjyhf ,aq;f Njitahd Nfhg;Gfis Install nra;a
Muk;gpf;Fk;.

65

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

gb 9: tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gp epWtjw;F Kd;djhf mjw;F Njitahdtw;iw
jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;. NkYk; tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gpapy; cs;s rpwg;gk;rq;fis ekf;F
tpsf;Fk;.

gb 10 : tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gp install Mf Njhuhakhf 32 epkplq;fs; Njitg;gLk; vd;w

jftNyhL Jtq;Fk;.

66

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

gb 11: tpz;Nlh]; gad;gLj;j cyfpy; ePq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,Ug;gplk; kw;Wk; cs;sPlhf
ePq;fs; Nju;T nra;Ak; nkhop Mfpatw;iw tpdTk;. ngUk;ghYk; Mq;fpyk;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ve;j khw;wKk; nra;aNtz;bajpy;iy Next click nra;aTk;.

gb 12 : fzpdp gad;ghl;lhsu; ngau; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; ngau; Nfl;Fk; nfhLj;J

nef;]l
; ; nrhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

67

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

gb 13 : ehk; epWTk; tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gpf;fhd iynrd;]; fP Nfl;Fk; mij nfhLj;J
nef;];l; nrhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gb 14: fzpdpf;fhd ngau; kw;Wk; gh];Ntu;l; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

68

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

gb 15 : ,e;j gbapy; Njjp kw;Wk; Neuj;jpw;fhd ,lj;ij Nju;T nra;J nef;];l;
nrhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gb 16: njhlu;e;J tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gp ,d;];lhy; Mf njhlq;Fk;.

69

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

gb 17: fzpdpia ehk; xU nel;nth;f;fpy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mikg;G ,jpy; vJk;
khw;wk; nra;ayhk; nef;];l; nrhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gb 18 : fle;j gbepiyia Nghd;Nw ,jpYk; vJTk; nra;ahky; nef;];l; nrhLf;Ff.

gb

19:

70

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

KOtJkhf tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gp ,d;];lhy; MdJk; fzpdp kWJtf;fk; MFk;.
mg;NghJ b];gpNs njspthf nfhLg;gjw;fhd jhdhf nra;ayhkh vd;W Nfl;Fk; ,jpy;
Ok nrhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gb 20: gb 19 d; njhlu;r;rpjhd; ,JTk; ,jpYk; ok vd;gij nrhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

71

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

gb 21: tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gp ,d;];lhy; Md gpwF mjw;fhd filrp fl;l mikg;Gfs;
tpguk; tUk; mjd; Jtf;fk;jhd; ,J ,jpy; nef;];l; nrhLf;Ff.

gb22 : ,e;j gbepiyapy; fzpdpapy; tpz;Nlh]; Nkk;gLj;j ,izajsj;jpw;F nry;y

mDkjp mspf;fpwPuf
; sh? vd;w Nfs;tp tUk; ,jpy Not right now vd;gij nrhLf;Ff.

72

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

gb 23: fzpdpia ,izajsj;Jld; ,izf;fyhkh vd;W Nfl;Fk; ,jw;F No
vd;gij fpspf; nra;J nef;];l; nrhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gb 24: fzpdpia gad;gLj;Jk; gadhsu;fs; mtu;fSila ngau;fis Nfl;Fk; Ie;J

egu;fspd; ngau;fis ,jpy; Nru;f;f KbAk;.

73

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

gb 25: ,Jjhd; filrp gbepiy. tpz;Nl]; XP ia epWtpajw;fhf ed;wp jftYld;
KbTWk;.

tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gp jhdhf kWJtf;f Mfp ehk; Vw;fdNt nfhLj;j gadhsu;fspd;

ngau;fNshL ek;ik tuNtw;Fk;. rupahd gadhsu; ngaiu Nju;T nra;J fzpdp
gad;ghl;bw;F nry;Yk;.

74

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

,Jjhd; tpz;Nlh]; vf;];gpapd; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kjy; epiy
KOtJkhf ,d;];lhy; Mfp gadhsu; gad;gLj;j jahuhfptpl;lJ.

tpz;Nlh];

10.2 Drivers installation

vy;yh kju;Nghu;L clDk; xU l;iutu; rp.bAk; cz;L. mjpy; Display Port,
Sound Port, Ethernet Port Mfpatw;wpw;fhd l;iutu;fs;

,Uf;Fk;

me;j

rp.bia

fzpdpapy; Nghl;L vy;yh ghfq;fSf;fhd l;iutu;fisAk; ,d;];lhy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthd;wpw;Fk;

cupa

Setup igy;

vJ

vd;W

ghu;j;J

mjid

fpspf;

nra;J

cgNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ fPo;fhZk; Kiwia gpd;gw;wpAk; nra;ayhk;.

Step 1. fzpdpapy; Gjpajhf xU ky;bkPbah fUtpia ,izj;jhNyh my;yJ NtW
ve;j xU fUtpia Gjpajhf ,izj;j gpwF fzpdpia ,af;fpdhy; Gjpajhf
epWtpa fUtp vd;d vd;gijAk;> mij fzpdpapy; ,d;];lhy; nra;tjw;fhd
gbepiyfis cq;fSf;f nfhLg;gjw;F Kd;du;
fPNo cs;s lh];f; ghupy; fPNo cs;sthW
jfty; tUk; mjid njhlu;e;J

Step 2 : Gjpajhf ,izj;j me;j fUtpia epWTtjw;fhd xU wizard jpwf;Fk;

mtw;wpy; fPo;fhZk; gbepiyfis filgpbj;J ehk; fzpdpapy; Gjpa fUtpia
,izj;Jf; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,uz;lhk; gb epiyapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUtp vd;d

75

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

fUtp? mjw;fhd Mjhu igy;fs; fzpdpapNyh my;yJ rp.b l;iutpNyh ,Uf;fpwjh
vd;gij Njbg;ghu;f;Fk;.

Step 3 : ,uz;lhtJ gbepiyapy; Gjpajhf ,izj;j fUtpf;fhd Mjhu igy;fis

Njb nfhzu;e;J fhl;Lk;. mjpy; ,uz;L topKiwfis ekf;F nfhLf;Fk; xd;W
fzpdp jhdhf me;j fUtpf;fhd l;iutu; igy;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L jhdhf
,d;];lhy; MfptpLk;. ,uz;lhtjhf ,d;];lhy; nra;tjw;hd l;iutu; igy;fs; vq;F
,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij ehk; Njb vLj;J ,d;];lhy; nra;Ak;gbahf ,Uf;Fk;. nghJthf
vy;yh fUtpfSlDk; mjw;fdh l;iutu; rp.b fs; tUk;. mtw;wp me;j fUtpia

76

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

,af;Ftjw;fhd nkd;nghUs;fs; ,Uf;Fk;

mtw;iw

ehk; Nju;T nra;J nfhLf;f

gad;gLj;jp nfhs;syhk;. gpwF Next vd;gij fpspf; nra;J mLj;j gbepiyf;F nry;y
Ntz;Lk;.
Step 4 : fzpdpapy; fUtpia epWtjw;fhd l;iutu; Nfhg;Gfs; ve;j Nghy;lupy; cs;sJ
vd;gij Nju;T nra;j gpwF "Next" gl;lid fpspf; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

fzpdpapy; tpz;Nlh]; me;j fUtpf;fhd l;iutu; igy;fis epWTtij glj;jpy;

ghu;f;fyhk;.

77

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Step 5: l;iutu; igy;fs; KOikahf ,d;];lhy; Md gpwF Wizard KbTf;F tUk;.

Finish vd;w gl;lid fpspf; nra;j Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,g;NghJ ePq;fs; Gjpajhf
,izj;j fUtpia gad;gLj;j Jtq;fyhk;.

ehk; Gjpajhf ,izj;j fUtp rupahf epWtg;gl;L ,Ue;jhy; fzpdp lh];f; ghupy;
ePq;fs; Gjpajhf ,izj;j fUtp gad;gLj;j jahuhf cs;sJ vd;w jfty;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLk;.

10.3 Software installation

Software installation vd;gJ

Kf;fpakhd

gFjpahFk;>

vy;yh

tpjkhd

rhg;l;Ntu; epWtjw;Fk; mjw;fhd Setup file ,uz;L Kiw nrhLf;fp epWt Jtq;fyhk;.
,t;thW

,d;];lhy;

nra;Ak;

gbepiyfs;

xt;nthU

rhg;l;NtUf;Fk;

khWgLk;.

cjhuzkhf Microsoft Office vg;gb ,d;];lhy; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,q;F

ghu;g;Nghk;.

78

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

mbg;gil Microsoft ,af;fj;jsj;ij ,e;j ikf;Nuhrhg;l; MgP]; 2003 gadH
nrhe;jkhf epWtjw;fhd Neuk; Kjy; cq;fs; fzpdpapd; Ntfj;ij nghWj;jJ 10
epkplk; 5 epkplk; Neuk; tiu vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;;.
1. fzpdpapd; rp.b my;yJ b.tpb l;iutpy; Microsoft Office 2003 CD ia ,l;L rp.b
l;iuit %lTk;.
2. fzpdpapy; desktop y; cs;s My Computer I nrhLf;fp jpwf;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

3. My computer jpwf;fTk; mjpy; rp.b l;iut; ,uz;L Kiw nrhLf;fp jpwf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

79

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

4. Setup vd;w Nfhg;ig ,uz;L Kiw nrhLf;fp Microsoft office 2003 epWt njhq;f
Ntz;Lk;.

5. ikf;Nuhrhg;l; Mgp];; 2003 epWtjw;fhd iynrd;]; fP nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. rp.bapd;

Nkw;gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

80

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

6. fzpdpapy; MS Office 2003 gad;gLj;Jk; gadhsu; ngau;> epWtdj;jpd; ngaiu

nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

7. ikf;Nuhrhg;l; Mgp]; 2003 epWTtjw;fhd epge;jidfis Vw;W nfhs;Sk; tpjkhf

rupghu;g;G ngl;bapy; nrhLf;fp mLj;j epiyf;F nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

81

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

8. rhg;l;Ntiu KOtJkhf ,d;];lhy; nra;tJ my;yJ gFjpahf Njitahdtw;iw
kw;Wk; ,d;];lhy; nra;tjhw;fhd topKiwfis nfhLf;Fk; mjpy; Njitahdij
nrhLf;fp mLj;j gbepiyf;F nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

9. microsoft office 2003 epWt ehk; Nju;T nra;jitfis ekf;F fhz;gpj;J ,tw;iw
epWt njhlq;fyhkh? vd;W Nfl;Fk; epWtyhk; vd;w fl;lis mLj;jepiyf;fhd
nef;];l; nghj;jhid mOj;jp nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

82

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

10. ehk; nfhLj;j fl;lis Vw;W ikf;Nuhrhg;l; Mgp]; 2003 epWt Muk;gpf;Fk;.

11. fzpdpapy; ikf;Nuhrhg;l; Mgp]; 2003 KOtJkhf epWtg;gLk; tiu nghWikahf

fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. xUNtiy epWt Ntz;lhk; vd;W epidj;jhy; cancel vd;w
nghj;jhid nrhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. KOtJkhf ,d;];lhy; MdgpwF fPo;fhZk; jfty;
tUk; Finish vd;gij fpspf; nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

83

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

12. epWtjy; Kbe;j gpwF epWtg;gl;l software ,af;fp ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
fPo;fz;lthW.

84

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Chapter 11
Security
11.1 Security Fundamentals.
xU fzpdp> ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ rupahf ,aq;Fk; gy;NtW
njhopy;El;gq;fisg; nghWj;Js;sJ. jw;fhy ,af;f Kiwikfs; gy tsq;fSf;F
mDkjp toq;Ffpd;wd> mtw;iw ,aq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; nkd;nghUSk;> nel;nthHf;
Nghd;w Gwr; rhjdq;fSk; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
jdf;F tUk; Nfhupf;iffspy; vtw;iwr; nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;
vtw;iwr; nray;gLj;jf; $lhJ vd NtWgLj;jp mwpAk; jpwd; xU fzpdp ,af;f
Kiwikf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf fzpdpfs; gadH ngaH (User name,
Administrator)

Nghd;w milahsj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd> rpy ,af;f Kiwikfs;

vspjhf "mDkjpf;fg;gl;l" kw;Wk; "mDkjpf;fg;glhj" vd ,uz;L tpjkhfg;

gpupj;jwpAk; jpwd; nfhz;lit. milahsj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j mq;ff
P upg;Gr; nrayhf;fk;
,Uf;fyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; xU gadH ngaH vd;gJ Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpf;Fs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;

kw;Wk;

xt;nthU

gadH

ngaUf;Fk;

(User name) xU

flTr;nrhy;

(Password) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpytw;wpy; Fwpg;ghf nel;nthHf;fpypUe;J ,izg;Gfs;

cs;sgl;rj;jpy;>

ve;j

mq;fPfupg;Gkpd;wp

(without permission)

tsq;fis

mZf

KbAk; (nel;nthHf; (Sharing) gfpHtpYs;s Nfhg;igg; gbg;gJ ,ijg; Nghd;wNj).

NkYk; ,it NfhUgtH milahsKk; mq;ff
P upg;NgahFk; vd;w fUj;Jg;gbAk;
nray;gLk;@ xU gadH fzpdpapy; cs;Eioe;Jtpl;lhy; Fwpg;gpl;l NritfSk;
tsq;fSk; mtuhy; mZf KbAk; NkYk; mit NfhUgtupd; fzf;FlNdh User
Account) my;yJ

NfhUgtH

rhHe;Js;s

gy;NtW

cs;sikf;fg;gl;l

gadHfspd;

FOf;fSlNdh (User Group) ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

caHkl;lg;

ghJfhg;Gs;s

fzpdpfs;>

mDkjp

/ epuhfup

vd;w

tpjkhd

ghJfhg;G khjpupfs; kl;Lkpd;wp jzpf;if tpUg;gq;fisAk; toq;Ffpd;wd. ,it

tsq;fis
mZFtjw;fhd
Nfhupf;iffisf;
(",e;jf;
Nfhg;ig
ahH
gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jJ?" vd;gJ Nghd;w) fz;fhzpf;Fk; trjpiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
jPq;fpiof;Fk; tha;g;Gs;s vy;yhf; Nfhupf;iffSk; FWf;fPLfs; topahf ,af;f
Kiwikapd; %yk; mile;jhy; kl;LNk> mfg; ghJfhg;G my;yJ Kd;Ng
,aq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;
xU
epuyplkpUe;J
ghJfhg;G
Mfpait
rhj;jpak;.
td;nghUisAk; tsq;fisAk; epuy;fs; Neubahf mZf KbAk;gl;rj;jpy; mit
ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
Gwg;ghJfhg;G ,izf;fg;gl;l fd;NrhypypUe;J my;yJ nel;nthHf; ,izg;G
Nghd;wtw;wpd; topNa cs;Eiojy; Nghd;w fzpdpf;F ntspg;GwkpUe;J tUk;
Nfhupf;iffs; njhlHghdJ. ngUk;ghYk; Gwf;Nfhupf;iffs; rhjd ,af;fpfs; %ykhf
85

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

,af;f Kiwikapf;F mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd> mq;fpUe;J mit gad;ghLfSf;F
mDg;gg;glyhk; my;yJ Neubahf nray;gLj;jg;glyhk;. fzpdpfspy; tzpf uPjpahd
jfty;fs; kw;Wk; ,uhZtk; njhlHghd jfty;fs; Nghd;w Kf;fpaj; juT
Nrkpf;fg;gLtjhy; ,af;f Kiwikfspd; ghJfhg;G Fwpj;J ePz;lfhykhfNt mf;fiw
nrYj;jg;gl;L
tUfpwJ.
,af;f
Kiwik
cUthf;FgtHfSf;F
,J
kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ>
Vnddpy;
nrayhf;fk;>
Nrkpg;G
kw;Wk;
Ez;zpa
kw;Wk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty; kPl;G Nghd;w Njitfspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpdpfis
kjpg;gPL

nra;aTk;

tifg;gLj;jTk;

kw;Wk;

NjHe;njLf;fTk;

TCSEC (Trusted

Computer System Evaluation Criteria) juepiyNa gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Nfhg;Gg;

gfpHjy;>

mr;R

Nritfs;>

kpd;dQ;ry;>

tiyj;jsq;fs;

kw;Wk;

Nfhg;Gg; gupkhw;w newpKiwfs; (FTP- File Transer Protocal) Nghd;w gy trjpfis

nel;nthHf;

Nritfs;

ghJfhg;gw;wit.

toq;Ffpd;wd>

jPQ;RtHfs;

(Firewall)

,tw;wpy;
Nghd;w

ngUk;ghyhdit
td;nghUs;

KOikahd

my;yJ

CLUty;

fz;lwpjy; /jLj;jy; Kiwikfs; MfpaitNa ghJfhg;gjpy; Kd;dpw;git. ,af;f

Kiwikapd;

mstpy;

fz;lwpjy;/jLj;jy;

gy

jPQ;RtH

KiwikfSk;

nkd;nghUSk;

fpilf;fpd;wd.

jw;fhy

mNjNghy
,af;f

CLUty;

Kiwikfspy;

ngUk;ghyhdit nkd;nghUs; jPQ;Rtiuf; nfhz;Ls;sd> NkYk; mit ,ay;ghfNt

nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. XH ,af;f Kiwikapy; ,aq;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l Nrit my;yJ
gad;ghl;bypUe;J ntspr;nry;Yk; my;yJ cs;tUk; nel;nthHf; Nghf;Ftuj;ij
mDkjpf;Fk;gbNah epuhfupf;Fk;gbNah xU nkd;nghUs; jPQ;Rtiu cs;sikf;f
KbAk;. ,jdhy;> ghJfhg;G Fwpj;j mr;rNkJk; ,d;wp xUtH Telnet my;yJ FTP
Nghd;w ghJfhg;gw;w Nritia epWtp ,af;fyhk;> Vnddpy; me;jg; NghHl;bypUf;Fk;
NritAld; ,iza Kaw;rpf;Fk; vy;yhg; Nghf;Ftuj;ijAk; jPQ;RtH epuhfupj;JtpLk;.
mfg;ghJfhg;G vd;gJ Fwpg;ghf> gyH gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdpfSf;fhdJ@ mJ
xU
fzpdpapd;
xt;nthU
gadUk;
jdpj;jdp
Nfhg;Gfisf;
nfhz;bUf;f
mDkjpf;fpwJ> NkYk; xUtupd; Nfhg;Gfisg; gpw gadHfs; gbf;fNth ghjpf;fNth
KbahJ. xU epuy; ,af;f Kiwikiag; Gwf;fzpj;Jr; nray;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ
vd;wgl;rj;jpy;> jzpf;ifahdJ ve;j tpjkhd gad;ghl;Lf;fhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk; vdpy;>
mfg;ghJfhg;Gk; kpf Kf;fpak;.
Microsoft Windows
Windows 9x tupirj; jahupg;Gfs;> gy gadHfs; mtHfSf;nfd jdpj;jdp
gad;tiffisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; trjpia toq;fpd> Mdhy; mtw;wpy; mZfy;
mDkjpfs; vd;w fUj;J ,y;iy> NkYk; mit xNu Neuj;jpy; gy mZfy;fis
mDkjpf;ftpy;iy@ ,jdhy; mtw;iw cz;ikahd gy gadH ,af;f Kiwikfs;

86

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

vd miof;f KbahJ. NkYk;> mtw;wpy; gFjpasT epidtfg; ghJfhg;Ng
nray;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjdhy; mit ghJfhg;gpy; jukw;wit vdg; gutyhf
tpkHrpf;fg;gl;ld.
gadH fzf;Ff; fl;Lg;ghL (User account control) vDk; cupik tupir
Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jp> Windows Vista ,ij khw;wpaJ xU nghJthd gaduhf
cs;EioAk; NghJ> xU cs;EioT mkHT cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ NkYk; kpfTk;
mbg;gil cupikfisf; nfhz;Ls;s Nlhf;fd; xd;W xJf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW xU
Gjpa cs;EioT mkHT> KOf; fzpdpiaAk; ghjpf;ff;$ba khw;wq;fisr; nra;Ak;
jpwdw;wJ. epHthfpfs; FOtpYs;s xU gaduhf cs;EioAk;NghJ> ,uz;L jdpj;jdp
Nlhf;fd;fs; xJf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kjy;
cupikfSk;
xJf;fg;gLk;>
Mdhy;

Nlhf;fDf;F> xU epHthfpf;fhd midj;J

,uz;lhk;
Nlhf;fDf;F
xU
nghJthd

gadUf;fhd cupikfNs xJf;fg;gLk;. mjd; gpd;dH Windows Shell cs;spl;l gadH

gad;ghLfs;
epHthfpf;
fzf;fpd;
fPo;
,af;fg;gl;lhYk;>
cupikfSlNd ,aq;Fk;. xU gad;ghl;Lf;F caH cupikfs;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Njitg;gLk;NghJ

my;yJ "epHthfpahf ,af;F" vd;gJ fpspf; nra;ag;gLk;NghJ> UAC (User account

control) MdJ cWjpg;gLj;jf; Nfl;L> mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lhy; (caH cupik Nfl;Fk;
fzf;fhdJ

epHthfpfs;

(License Certificate) FOtpy;

ew;rhd;WfSk; ,e;j mDkjpfspy; mlq;Fk;)>

gad;gLj;jp me;jr; nraiyr; nra;aj; njhlq;Fk;.

,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj

epHthfp

Nlhf;fidg;

11.2 Data and Physical Security

fzpdpapy; ehk; gjpT nra;Ak; jfty;fis ghJfhg;gJ vd;gJjhd;
Kf;fpakhd fhupak;. nghJthf fzpdpapy; `hu;L b];fpy;jhd; vy;yhtpjkhd jfty;
Nfhg;Gfs; gjpthfpwJ vd;gJ ehk; fw;w xd;W me;j Nfhg;Gfis vg;gb ehk;
ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ghu;g;Nghk;.
fzpdpapy; cs;s `hu;L b];f; xd;W Nkw;gl;l gpupTfshf gpupj;J nfhs;tJk;
xU ghJfhg;G eltbf;ifjhd; mt;thW nra;Ak; NghJ fzpdpapy; tpz;Nlh]; epWTk;
gpuptpy; ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; Nfhg;Gfis Nrkpf;f $lhJ Vndd;why; tpz;Nlh];
,af;fj;jpy; VNjDk; FiwghLfs; Vw;gl;lhy; ehk; me;j gpupit KOtJkhf
moptpw;F cl;gLj;jpjhd; Gjpajhf tpz;Nlh]; epWt Ntz;bapUf;Fk; vdNt
Kf;fpakhd Nfhg;Gfs; mjpy; ,Ue;jhy; mit mopaf;$Lk;. vdNtjhd; mtw;iw kw;w
gpupTfspy; gjpT nra;J itg;gJ rupahd KiwahFk;. NkYk; fzpdpapy; td;jl;L
(Hard Disk) gOjhfpg;Nghdhy; mtw;wpy; ,Uf;Fk; jfty;fs;fis ehk; kPl;nfhzu
Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW kPl;fg;gLk; NghJ Nfhg;Gfspy; ghjpg;G Vw;gl thag;Gz;L vdNt
ehk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; ek;Kila Nfhg;Gfis fzpdpapy; ,Ue;J
epue;ju epidtfq;fshf rp.b> b.tpb> ntspg;Gw `hu;L b];f;. Av];gp l;iut; Nghd;w
vjhtJ xU epidtfj;jpy gjpT nra;J itj;J nfhs;tJjhd rpwe;j KiwahFk;.

87

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

11.3 Anti virus

fzpdp

er;Repuy;

fzpdp

(computer virus>

itu];)

fzpdp

ghJfhg;Gj;

njhopy; El;gj;jpy; gadupd; mDkjpapd;wp jhdhfNt gpujpnaLf;Fk; .exe kw;Wk;

Vida Nfhg;Gf;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; XU epuyhFk;. ,it fzpdp tiyaikg;g+lhfTk;
(,izak; kw;Wk; mf;ff;fzpdp tiyaikg;G) jhtpr;nry;yf;$ba Nrkpg;G Clfq;fs;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf gpsh\; b];f; (Pen drive) Nghd;wtw;whYk; guTfpd;wJ.
mNefkhd fzpdpfs; ,d;W ,izaj;JlDk; mff;fzpdp tiyaikg;GlDk;
(Local Area Connection) ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thwhd fzpdpfs; er;Repuy;fisg;
gug;Gtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd. ,d;iwa er;Repuy;fs; cyfhstpa tiyaikg;G>
kpd;dQ;ry; kw;Wk; Nfhg;Gf;fisg; gfpUk; tiyaikg;Gf;fshy; guTfpd;wd.
fzpdp itu]; MdJ ,aw;ifahd itu]; Nghd;Nw nraw;ghl;by;
xj;jpUf;Fk;. er;RepuyhdJ gythW gug;gg;gLk; ,t;tifr; nraw;ghlhdJ nfl;l
nkd;nghUs;

Malware

vdg;gLk;.

nghJthd

ghtidapy;

fzpdp

itu];

vd;gJ

fzpdpg; GOf;fs; Computer worm ey;y epuy;fs;Nghy; ebf;Fk; itu];fs; Trojan

horse (computing) vy;yhNk itu]; vd;Nw miof;fg; gl;lhYk; mit njhopy;
El;gj;jpy; rw;Nw khWghlhdit. ,it fpUkpepuy;fis xt;nthU fzpdpf;Fk; nfhz;L
nry;Yk; Ntiyiar; nra;fpd;wd. ,jpy; vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gLk; fpUkpepuy;fs; me;je;j
fzpdpfspy; jq;fp mtH mf;fzpdpapy; nra;Ak; Ntiyfisf; ftdpj;JtUfpd;wd
mtH vg;NghjhtJ fld; ml;il ,yf;fq;fisj; jUk;NghJ mtw;iwf; Fwpg;ngLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wd. rpy rkaq;fspy; ,iza tq;fpaj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; flTr;rl
P ;LfisAk;
(Password)

vLj;Jitj;Jf;

nfhs;fpd;wd.

gpd;dH

mitfs;

jdJ

v[khdDf;F

(Owner of that virus) ,izaj;jpd; thapyhf mDg;gp tpLfpd;wd.

rpy er;Repuy;fs; epuy;fspy; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jp fzpdpf;Fg; ghjpg;gpid
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; Nfhg;Gf;fis mopj;jy;> Nfhg;Gf;fspd; Fzhjpraq;fis
khw;Wjy; (vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf rp];lk; Nfhg;ghfNth> kiwf;fg;gl;l Nfhg;ghfNth)
khw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;Ak;. ,it fzpdpapd; epidtfj;ij cgNahfpg;gjhy;
gadH ghtpf;Fk; epuy;fSld; Fog;gj;ij cz;L gz;zpf; fzpdpia epiyFiyar;
nra;JtpLk;. ,t;thwhd jtwhd epuy;fspdhy; fzpdpapy; Njitahd juTfspw;F
mopTfs; Vw;glyhk;.
fzpdp er;Repuy;fs; fzpdpapy; mopj;jiy Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt
cUthf;fg;gl;lit.
rpy
er;Repuy;fs;
fzpdpapd;
njhlf;f
nray;ghl;il
jhkjg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ fzpdp Ntiy nra;Ak; Ntfj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;. rpy
er;Repuy;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; ntbf;Fk; FzLfs; Nghd;W Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jpy;
kl;Lk; nraw;gLk;. nghJthf tpz;Nlh]; fzpdpfs; 30 tpdhbfspy; Muk;gpf;Fk;. ,e;j
er;Repuypdhy; fzpdp ,af;fk; jhkjk; Mfyhk;. khwhf xU fzpdp tpz;Nlh];

88

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

,aq;Fjsj;ij
Muk;gpf;f
1
epkplkstpy;
vLj;jhy;
Kjypy;
er;Repuiyr;
re;Njfpf;fyhk;.
epWty;fspy; ,aq;Fjsj;ij epWTk;NghNj ,t;trjpapid Vw;gLj;jtpaYk;.
gpwuplkpUe;J

thq;fpg;

gad;gLj;Jk;

Av];gp

gpsh\;

b];f;>

Floppy disk>

CD

Nghd;witfs; Kiwahf Nrhjpj;j gpd;dNu cgNahfpf;fNtz;Lk;. (Kbe;j msTf;F

mitfisj;jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;.) mNefkhd Av];gp gpsh\; b];Ffspy; Autorun.inf
Nfhg;GfSld;
xU
fzpdpapy;
,Ue;J
kw;nwhU
fzpdpf;Ff;
Nfhg;Gf;fs;
jhtpf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
Ntz;lhj tpisahl;L nkdnghUl;fs; ,ytrkhff; fpilf;fpwNj vd;W
,izaj;jpy;
,Ue;J
(Fwpg;ghf
mjpfhHg;g+Htky;yhj
jsq;fspy;
,Ue;J)
,wf;fpf;nfhs;tNjh my;yJ ez;gHfsplk; ,Ue;J thq;fp cgNahfpg;ijNah Fiwg;gJ
ey;yJ. Kbe;j msTf;F fzpdpia mbf;fb fpUkpr;Nrhjpg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
kpd; mQ;rypy; tUk; ,izg;Gfis mDg;gpatH ekf;F Ntz;batuh ,y;yhj
gl;rj;jpy; ftdKld; ifahs Ntz;Lk;. ,itfs; ngUk;ghYk; fpUkp epuy;fisj;
jhq;fp tu gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; ,j;jifa er;Repuy;fis mopf;f my;yJ jil nra;tjw;F vd;W
er;Repuy;jLg;gp

(Anti virus) fpilf;fpd;wd.

,e;j

er;Repuy;jLg;gpia

ehk;

ekJ

fzpdpapy; gjpe;J itj;J mtw;iw gad;gLj;jyhk;. MdhYk; ,q;F gy tp\aq;fis

kdjpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mitfshtd
xU

er;Repuy;jLg;gp

(Antivirus

software)

midj;J

er;Repuy;fisAk;

mopj;JtpLtjpy;iy> fhuzk; Vw;fdNt te;j xU fpUkpepuYf;Fj;jhd; mij

mopf;f$ba epuy;fis vOjKbAk;. ,d;W Gjpjhf tUk; fpUkpepuy;fSf;F ehisjhd;
kUe;J fz;Lgpbf;f KbAk;. mjw;F fhuzk; xt;nthU er;Repuy;jLg;gp vOj;jhsHfSk;
GJg;GJtpjkhd Kiwfisf; filgpbg;gjhy; jhd;. me;jKiwfis ed;F Muha;e;J
me;j Gjpa fpUkp vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ vd;gid gFj;jha;e;Jjhd; mjw;F
mopg;ghd;fs; (vaccines) vOjg;gLfpd;wd. Mjyhy; New;iwa fpUkp mopg;ghd;fs;
ehisa fpUkpfis mopf;fg;Nghtjpy;iy. vdNt mbf;fb cq;fsJ er;Repuy;jLg;gp
nkd;nghUis mbf;fb GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,d;DnkhU tp\ak;> ,e;j fpUkp mopg;ghd; nkd;fyd;fis vOJgtHfs; gy
fpUkpepuy;fis GjpJGjpjhf cyttpLfpwhHfs;. mjd;gpd; mjw;fhd mopg;ghid
jahHnra;J tpw;gid nra;JtpLfpwhHfs;. me;j rkaj;jpy; NtW Gjpa fpUkpfis
ntspNa mDg;Gfpd;wdhH. xU fpUkpia vOjpatUf;F mJ vt;thW nray;gLk;
vd;gJ njupe;JtpLtjhy; mjid mopf;f vspjpy; mopg;gid cUthf;f KbAk;.
mNjrkaj;jpy; xU Gjpa fpUkpepuiy vLj;Jf;nfhz;L mJ vt;thnwy;yhk;
jhf;FfpwJ> guTfpwJ vdgij ed;F Ma;e;J
epuy;fis cUthf;FtJ fbdkhd gzp.

mjid

mopg;gjw;F>

jLg;gjw;Fk;

89

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Chapter 12 :
Troubleshooting
12.1 Problem identification
Vw;fdNt ehk; fzpdpapy; xU gpur;ridia vt;thW fz;lwpe;J rupnra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij gw;wp tpupthf MW gbepiyfspy; fw;Ws;Nshk;. mjpy; fzpdpapy;
xU Fiwghl;il fz;lwpa A+fq;fis gad;gLj;jp gpwF Fiwghl;il cWjp
nra;Nthk; mjpy; ,d;Dk; mjpkhf ehk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba rpy t\aq;fis
,e;j gFjpapy; ghu;g;Nghk;.
fzpdpapy; gOjhfTk; ghfq;fis xt;nthU jdpj;jdp ju;ff
;
Kiw
gupNrhjidf;F

cl;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij

ehk;

vw;fdNt

fw;Nwhk;

mt;thW

xt;nthU ghfj;jpw;Fkhd logical testings vd;d vd;gij gw;wp fw;fyhk;.

12.2 Troubleshooting techniques (FiwghLfSk; rupnra;Ak; KiwfSk;)

vupatpy;iy
fPNghu;L

I gupNrhjid nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

fPNghu;Lf;F Njitahd kpd;rhuk; tutpy;iy vd;whYk; Ntiy nra;ahJ.

njhlu;e;J vupe;J nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhy;
VNjDk; FiwghL ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ rupahf ,izf;fglhky;
,Uf;fyhk;. nraypia gupNrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fPNghu;L

I gupNrhjid nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

My; mwpag;glhky; ,Ue;jhy;?

`hu;L

b];f;fpw;fhd

gtu;

Nfgps;

kw;Wk;

Nll;lh

Nfgps;

Mfpatw;iw

gupNrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
`hu;L b];fpy; ,Ue;J xUtpjkhd rg;jk; te;jhy;
1. `hu;L b];fpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nll;lh Nfgpis gupNrhjpj;J khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
2. `hu;L b];fpy; cs;s Nkhl;lhu; Nfhshwhfp ,Ue;jhYk; rg;jk; tutjw;F
tha;g;Gs;sJ
`hu;L b];f; Ntfk; Fiwthf nray;gLjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;.

90

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

mjpf msT nkkupia vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; `hu;L b];f; nray;gLk; Ntfk; Fiwa
thag;G ,Uf;;fpwJ. vdNt mjpf nkkupia vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nkd;nghUs;fis ePf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
fzpdp nray;gl Jtq;Fk; NghJ Jtq;Fk; nkd;nghUs;fis
vd;W miof;fg;gLk; mit mjpkhf nray;gl;lhy; ehk; `hu;L b];f; nray;gLk;
Ntfk; Fiwf;f tha;g;G ,Uf;fpwJ. mtw;iw gupNrhjpj;J Njitaw;witfis mopf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
fzpdpapy;

,Ue;jhYk; `hu;L b];fpy; mjpfkhd ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpg;G nra;a

tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ. itu]; jhf;fk; ,Ue;jhy; Anti virus ,d;];lhy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

fzpdp `hu;L msTf;F mjpkhd Nfhg;Gfs; ,Ue;jhYk; `hu;L b];f; nray;gLk;
Ntfk; Fiwa tha;g;G ,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt Njitapy;yhj Nfhg;Gfis
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ btpbfspy; fhg;gp nra;J mopg;gJ rpwe;j KiwahFk;.
`hu;L b];f; ,izf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy;

mopf;f

y; njupahtpy;iy vd;why;

1. `hu;L b];fpy; ,Ue;J ,izf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; Nfgpis gupNrhjpf;f Ntz;;Lk;

my;yJ FiwghL ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
2. `hu;L b];fpy; ,Uf;Fk; jamber settings khw;wpaike;jpUe;jhYk; `hu;L b];f;
,aq;fhky; ,Uf;f tha;g;Gfs; ,Uf;fpwJ vdNt mij gupNrhjpj;J ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

1. gpupz;lu; ,d;];lhy; nra;Ak; NghJ gpupz;lu; ,d;];lhy; Mfhky; ,Ue;jhy;

1. gpupz;lUf;fhd gtu; Nfgpis gupNrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. fzpdpAld; ,izf;fhky; gpupz;liu jdpahf gupNrhjpj;J ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. gpupz;lupd; cl;Gwk; ,izf;fg;l;Ls;s midj;j ghfq;fSk; rupahf nghUe;jp
cs;sjh? vd;gij gupNrhjpj;J ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. gpupz;lupy;

,Uf;Fk;

sensor

rupahf nray;gLfpwjh?

vd;gij

gupNrhjpf;f

Ntz;Lk;.
2. gpupz;lupy; vOj;JUf;fs; khw;wk; ngw;W gpupzl; Mfpdhy;
1. gpupz;lupd; Nll;lh Nfgpspy; cs;s gpd;fs; rupahf nghUe;jtpy;iy vd;W
mu;j;jk; Mifapdhy; Nll;lh Nfgpis gupNrhjpj;J rupahf ,Wf;fkhf
,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. gpupz;lUf;fhd Ground signal rupahf fpilf;fhtpl;lhYk; ,JNghd;w gpiofs;
tu tha;g;Gfs; cs;sJ.
3. gpupz;lupy; Ngg;gup gpupz;l MFk; MdhYk; out of paper vd;w jfty; te;jhy;
1. gpupz;lupy; cs;s Ngg;gu; nrd;rhiu gupNrhjpj;J ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

91

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

2. Ngg;gu; nrd;rhu; nray;glhtpl;lhy; mij khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
4. gpupz;lupy; Ngg;gu; vLj;Jnfhs;sgltpy;iy vd;why;
1. gpupz;lupy; cs;s Ngg;gup nrd;rhiu Rj;jk; nra;a ntz;Lk;.
2. Ngg;gu; nrd;rhu; nray;glhtpl;lhy; mij khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
1. fzpdpapd; khdpl;lupy;

tuhky; ,Ue;jhy;

fzpdpapy; cs;s

y; ,Ue;J

rupahf ,Uf;fpwjh

vd;gij gupNrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

khdpl;lupy; nray;glhtpl;lhYk; b];gpNs tuhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
kju;Nghu;by;

,izf;fgl;L

cs;s

nray;gltpy;iy

vd;whYk;

b];gpNs tuhky; ,Uf;Fk;.

nray;glhtpllhYk; b];gpNs tuhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
fzpdpapy; ,Ue;J njhlu;e;j gPg; xypfs; te;jhy;
,izg;gpy; Vjhtj ,ilA+W ,Uf;fyhk;> rupahf nghUe;jhkNyh> my;yJ
Nuk; ,izf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; J}Rfs; ,Ue;jhNy ,JNghd;w gPg; xypfs; tuyhk;.
Nuk; gupNrhjpj;J Rj;jk; nra;J gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Nuk; Rj;jk; nra;J gPg; xypfs; njhlu;e;jhy; Nuk; nraypoe;jtpl;lJ vdNt Gjpa
Nuk; thq;fp nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Nuk;

Gjpajhf

khw;wpagpwFk;

gPg;

xypfs;

njhlu;e;jhy;

kju;Nghu;L

nraypoe;jpUf;fyhk;.
fzpdpapy; ,Ue;J xU ePskhd gPg; rg;jKk; %d;W rpwpa gPg; xypfSk; te;jhy;
kju;Nghu;by; cs;s b];gpNs

nraypoe;J ,Uf;fyhk;.

fzpdpapy; Gjpajhf xU VGA card b];gpNs fhu;L ,izj;J gad;gLj;jyhk;.

fzpdpapy;

vd;w jfty; te;jhy;.

y; nrd;W

Mf ,Uf;fpwjh? vd;gij gupNrhjpf;f

Ntz;Lk;.
rk;ge;jkhd nkd;nghUs;fs; KOikahf ,d;];lhy; nra;ag;l;Ls;sjh?
vd;gij gupNrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk.
SMPS problem tu vd;d fhuzk;?
fhuzq;fs;

92

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

kpd;rhuk; Vw;w Fiwthy;
mwpFwpfs;
1. CPU Md; MfhJ.
2. SMPS Fan XlhJ
rupnra;Ak; Kiw
CPU y; cs;s nghUj;jg;gl;l SMPS taHfis ePf;fp Rj;jk; nra;J jpUk;g
nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;.
mouse cursor move Mftpy;iy?
fhuzq;fs;
Ball mouse Mf ,Ue;jhy; RoYk; rf;fuq;fspy; khR ,Uf;fyhk;
Optical Mouse Mf ,Ue;jhy; Virus fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
mwpFwp
Mouse fHrH efuhky; xNu ,lj;jpy; ntF Neuk; ,Ug;gJ.
rupnra;Ak; Kiw
Ball mouse Mf ,Ue;jhy; RoYk; rf;fuq;fis Rj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Antivirus nfhz;L virusfis mopf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fk;g;a+l;lupy; sound tutpy;iy?
fhuzq;fs;
Sound card driver install gz;zhky; ,Uf;fyhk;.
Volume Mute y; itf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;
Speaker pin fzpdpapy; jtWjyhf nghUj;jpUf;fyhk;.
Speaker y; gOJ ,Uf;fyhk;.
rupnra;Ak; Kiw
Sound card install nra;jpUe;J mjpy; vjhtJ Virus ghjpg;gpdhy; driver Nfhg;Gfs;
gOjile;jpUf;fyhk;. cldbahf Anti virus nfhz;L virusfis ePf;fpa gpwF kPz;Lk;
driver install gz;z Ntz;Lk;.
fk;g;a+l;lupy; speaker gpd; rupahd ,lj;jy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij cWjp
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rupahf gr;ir epwj;jpy; Speaker ,izf;fTk;> ,sQ;rptg;G epwj;jpy;
mic ,izg;gjw;fhfTk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

93

k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

Volume fl;Lghl;L gFjpf;F nrd;W VjhtJ MUTE NjHT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh vd;W

gupNrhjpf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;nfhz;l

gOJfs;

,y;iy

nrayope;J

sound card

,Uf;fyhk; vdNt Gjpajhf khw;w Ntz;Lk;.

12.3 Data Recovery
fzpdp
mtw;iw

kPl;L

gOjhfp
vLf;f

`hu;L

KbAk;

b];fpy;
mjw;F

cs;s

Nll;lh

Nfhg;Gfs;
nuf;tup

mope;J

NghdhYk;

(Data recovery) vd;w

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,d;W fzpdpapd; epue;ju epidtfj;jpNyH my;yJ rpg; Nghd;w

epue;ju epidtfq;fspy; ,Ue;J Nfhg;Gfs; mope;J NghdhYk; mtw;iw kPz;Lk;
nfhz;L tUk; Recovery software gad;gLj;jp mope;j Nfhg;Gfis kPl;fyhk;.
NkYk;

ehk;

mopf;Fk;

Nfhg;Gfs;

vy;yhk;

fzpdpapy;

Recycle Bin

Nrfupf;fg;gLk; mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J Nfhg;Gfis kPl;f me;j Nfhg;ig kT]; itj;J iul;
fpspf; nra;J Restore vd;g
; ij fpspf; nra;jhy; vq;fpUe;J Nfhg;ig mopj;NjhNkh
mNj ,lj;jpw;F me;j Nfhg;G nrd;W tpLk;.
xU rpy Data recovery softwares : PC inspector, Micron Data recovery, Test disk,
Ddrescue, Recovery my files, photorec ,d;Dk; gy nkd;nghUs; cs;sd mtw;wpd;
gad;gLj;Jk; KiwfSk; xt;nthU nkd;nghUSf;Fk; NtWgLk;.
12.4 System Restore
fzpdp kPl;G> gadhsu; fzpdpia gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ fzpdp xt;nthU
khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gLk; NghJk; fzpdpapy; xU Gjpa kPl;G Gs;sp cUthFk;. me;j kPl;G
Gs;spfis gad;gLj;jp fzpdpapd; fl;likg;ig kPl;f KbAk;. fzpdpapy; Gjpajhf
VjhtJ xU nkd;nghUis ,d;];lhy; nra;jhNyh my;yJ vjhtJ xU td;nghUis
,d;];lhy; nra;jhNyh ,e;j system restore Gs;spfs; cUthFk;.
fzpdp kPl;lik rpy ePl;rpfs; (.Exe, .DLL Kjypad) mikg;G Nfhg;Gfis
gad;gLj;jp Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpz;Nlh];
Ntz;Lk; vd;w topKiwia ghu;g;Nghk;.

vf;];gpapy;

vt;thW

uP];Nlhu;

nra;a

Start button fpspf; nra;J Accessories nrd;W System Tools nrd;W System
Restore vd;gij fpspf; nra;a Ntz;Lk; my;yJ RUN fpspf; nra;J ,t;thW ilg;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. %systemroot%\system32\restore\rstrui.exe

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fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

System
restore
cUthfp
As;s
Restrore
point fs;
Njjp
thupahf
fhz;gpf;f
g;gLk;
mjpy;
ekf;F
ve;j
Njjpapl;l
uP];Nlhu; ghapz;l; khw Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Nju;T nra;J nef;];l; fpspf; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;.

nef;];l; fpspf; nra;j cld; fzpdp Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpf;F uP];Nlhu; Mf Jtq;Fk;

gpd;du; KOtJkhf uP];Nlhu; MdgpwF fPo;fz;lthW jfty; Kbtile;jij
Rl;bf;fhl;Lk;.

95

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96

fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

Chapter 13:
Hands on training in field
,e;j `hu;LNtu; gapw;rpia KOikahf fw;Wj;Nju;e;j eP;q;fs; ,g;NghJ xU
nray;Kiwahf goFtjw;fhf ,e;j ghlj;jpl;lk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. xU fzpdp gOJ
ePf;fypd;NghJ ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nray;Kiwfs; tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;ls;sd.
13.1 System Configuration
,e;j gpuptpy; ePq;fs; gOJghu;g;gjw;F cl;gLj;Jk; fzpdpapd; td;nghUs;
fl;likg;G vd;d vd;gij njspthf Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf fzpdpapy;
cs;s fPo;fz;l ghfq;fis mjd; Model Number ;kw;Wk; mjd; Ntf msT vd
vy;yhtw;iwAk; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. Motherbaord
a. Company Name

b. Model Number

2. Processor
a. Company Name

b. Speed

3. RAM
a. Model Name

b. Memory capacity

c. Company

4. Hard Disk
a. Company Name

b. Memory capacity

c. How many patricians :

d. SATA / IDE

5. CD/ DVD Drive

a. Company Name

b. SATA / IDE
6. SMPS
a. Company Name

b. Mother board connector : 20 / 24 pins

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k.rh. Rhtkpehjd; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

7. Monitor
a. Monitor Type

b. Company Name

c. Monitor size

8. Keyboard
a. Company Name

b. Model No/ Name

9. Mouse
a. Company Name

b. Model No/ Name

10. Windows
a. Windows Version

: Windwos xp / Vista / Windows 7

11. Softwares
a.
b.
c.
d.
12. Additional Installed component
a. .
b. .
c. .

13.2 Problems identification

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gOJePf;fy; Kbe;j gpd;dNuh Fwpj;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpwF me;j fzpdpapy; ePq;fs;
fz;lwpe;j gpur;rid vd;d? vjpy; gpur;rid vd;gij vg;gb KbT nra;jPuf
; s; vd;gij
fPo;fhZk; tifapy; tptupf;fTk;.
fz;lwpe;jjJ vd;d gpur;rid : ..
..
..

....

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fzpdp td;nghUs; gapw;rp ifNaL

gpur;ridia cWjp nra;tjw;F ePq;fs; nra;j gupNrhjidfs; my;yJ A+fq;fs; vit
..
..

..

13.3 Troubleshooting
fzpdpapy; gpur;ridia KbT nra;j gpwF mij rupnra;a ePq;fs;
vLj;Jf; nfhz;l topKiwfs; vd;ndd;d?.
..
..
..
.
..
..

..

99