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In The Absence of Clear Instructions, Using Times New Roman 12 Point Font, Double-Spaced, and 2.5 To 3 CM Margins Is Considered A Standard

The document provides guidelines for academic writing, including formatting standards, citation styles, and rules for paraphrasing. It notes that Times New Roman 12pt font, double spacing, and 2.5-3cm margins are standard formatting. For citations, it recommends including the author's name and year of publication for both in-text citations and reference list entries. Verbs like "argue" and "indicate" introduce facts, while verbs like "suggest" and "claim" introduce opinions that others could disagree with. The document also distinguishes paraphrasing from quoting and provides examples of how to cite sources correctly in academic writing.

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Naomi Martinez
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19 views

In The Absence of Clear Instructions, Using Times New Roman 12 Point Font, Double-Spaced, and 2.5 To 3 CM Margins Is Considered A Standard

The document provides guidelines for academic writing, including formatting standards, citation styles, and rules for paraphrasing. It notes that Times New Roman 12pt font, double spacing, and 2.5-3cm margins are standard formatting. For citations, it recommends including the author's name and year of publication for both in-text citations and reference list entries. Verbs like "argue" and "indicate" introduce facts, while verbs like "suggest" and "claim" introduce opinions that others could disagree with. The document also distinguishes paraphrasing from quoting and provides examples of how to cite sources correctly in academic writing.

Uploaded by

Naomi Martinez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RULES IN ACADEMIC WRITING

In the absence of clear instructions, using Times New Roman 12 point font,
double- spaced, and 2.5 to 3 cm margins is considered a standard.
In the absence of specific directions, a common guideline is to have 5-8
resources for a shorter paper and 8-10 resources for a longer paper.
i.

Formality
Do not address the audience ie., ask questions
Do not make it personal ie., using we hope
One-word verbs rather than phrasal verbs like find out
a lot replaced with much ie much more
replace not with no or not many with few
NO CONTRACTIONS (ie cant should be cannot)

RELIABLE SOURCES
Books and Journals
If published, definite trust
If online, 1. Check on site for publishers information, the name of
authors. If none, do not trust. Clues: ac.uk authored by higher
education institution in UK, gov is government and sch a school
and co/com company
Google scholars is good too. Use recent docs for current thinking.
PARAPHRASING RULES
Clearly mark where the paraphrasing ends: Despite all the
efforts made by the NHS and all the studies that address the
importance of such methods in controlling infections, Magiotakos
et al. (2010) pointed out that compliance of healthcare providers
is still very low, and that even if it reaches a reasonably high rate
it will be difficult to sustain this. They have also claimed that
there are other factors associated with poor hygiene
compliance.
After you fit paraphrases on essay, comment on them
afterwards: Researchers have shown that people found negative
information more attention-grabbing than positive and that it is
weighted more in forming the overall evaluation og the company
(Fiske, 1980; Skowronski and Carlston, 1989). It also has been
suggested that the way a company handles negative publicity is
one of the influential factors for consumers when they make
purchase decisions (Advertising Age, 1995, cited in Ahluwalia et
al., 2000). Therefore, it is important that during crisis
communication PR people are able to minimize the potential

damage and restore the company image and the brand as


quickly as possible.
VERBS USED TO REPORT THE RESEARCH OF OTHERS
Underlined are the verbs that introduce facts the others introduce
opinions, which means theres a possibility for others to disagree
Argue: state something and give the reasons why it is true
Assert: state something firmly
Claim: state something that you believe to be true but without
proof, so it might be false
Indicate: show that something is true or exists
Point out: tell others about something, draw their attention to it
Propose: state that a theory or explanation is possible or
probably true. Because it fits in with evidence.
Acknowledge: accept or admit that something is true or that it
exists
Allege: say that something (negative) is true but without proving
it
Demonstrate: make something clear to others
Imply: say something that is likely to be true e.g. because it is a
necessary consequence
Prove: show by means of argument or evidence that something
is true
Suggest: say something which you believe to be true
CITATIONS
<In text for books or articles>
Quoting author + year + page number(s)
Author as subject: Wood (2011, p. 82) describes their textile
industry as flourishing, yet some analysts are indicating that it
is in decline
Author as subject for direct quoting: Serrant-Green stated that
there appear to be as many arguments for outsider research as
against (2008, p.38).
Author mentioned after citation: Their textile industry has been
described as flourishing (Wood, 2011, p. 82), yet some analysts
are indicating that it is in decline
Two authors mentioned after citation: However, many activities
can be obtained from a variety of out-of-class environments in
which students find themselves while living in-country (Brecht
and Robinson, 1995, p.317).
Paraphrasing author + year

Author as subject: Whereas Wood (2011) has a positive view of


the current state of their textile industry, some analysts are
indicating that it is in decline
Author mentioned after citation: There have been positive
evaluation of their textile industry (e.g. Wood, 2011), but some
analysts are indicating that it is in decline
The value of formal instruction has also been investigated in this
context (e.g. Huebner, 1995).
Two authors mentioned after citation: However, these test scores
only provide limited information (Collentine and Freed, 2004).
Three or more authors: This also applies to previous research in
this field (e.g. Brecht et al., 1995)
No named author, but official publication: The criminal defense
system helps ensure that the Criminal Justice System is both fair
and efficient (Legal Services Commission, 2004). Or : The size
and profits of P&G cannot be matched by any other packaged
goods company (P&G Annual Report, 2012).
The author has published more than one article or book per year:
These thoughts are not new (Ngole, 2013a), so these services
are not surprising (Ngole, 2013b).
Important note: within text, can order authors names
alphabetically or chronologically in the reference list its only
in alphabetical order

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