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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LABORATORY

LABORATORY MANUAL
FOR III SEMESTER B. E / CSE & IT
(FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY)
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2013 2014
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DR.NAVALAR NEDUNCHEZHIAYN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
THOLUDUR-606303, CUDDALORE DIST.

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES

DOS
o

Without Prior permission do not enter into the Laboratory.

o While entering into the LAB students should wear their ID cards.
o The Students should come with proper uniform.
o Students should sign in the LOGIN REGISTER before entering into the laboratory.
o Students should come with observation and record note book to the laboratory.
o

Students should maintain silence inside the laboratory.

After completing the laboratory exercise, make sure to shutdown the system properly.

DONTS
o

Students bringing the bags inside the laboratory..

o Students wearing slippers/shoes insides the laboratory.

o Students using the computers in an improper way.
o Students scribbling on the desk and mishandling the chairs.
o Students using mobile phones inside the laboratory.
o

Students making noise inside the laboratory.

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HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
INTEL PENTIUM 915 GV
80GB HDD
512MB DDR

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
ORACLE 8i,9i. MY SQL, DB2.
UNIVERSITY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

Allotment of marks
Internal assessment
= 20 marks
Practical assessment
= 80 marks
--------------Total
= 100 marks
---------------

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT (20 marks)

Staff should maintain the assessment Register and the Head of the Department should monitor it.
SPLIT UP OF INTERNAL MARKS

Observation
Record Note
Modal Exam
Attendance
Total

=
3 marks
=
7 marks
=
5 marks
=
5 marks
--------------------=
20 marks
---------------------

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
The exam will be conducted for 100 marks. Then the marks will be calculated to 80 marks.
SPLIT UP OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION MARKS

Aim and Algorithm

Program
Output
Viva-voce

=
=
=
=

30 marks
40 marks
20 marks
10 marks

-------------= 100 marks

--------------

Total

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1.

Data Definition, Table Creation, Constraints,

2.

Insert, Select Commands, Update and Delete Commands.

3.

Nested Queries and Join Queries

4.

Views

5.

High level programming language extensions (Control structures,

Procedures and Functions).

6.

Front end Tools

7.

Forms

8.

Triggers

9.

Menu Design

10. Reports.
11. Database Design and implementation (Mini Project).

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CONTENTS

S.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

LIST OF EXPRIEMENTS
Data Definition Language Commands
Data Manipulation Language Commands
Data Control Language, Transfer Control
Language Commands
In Built Functions
Nested Queries And Join Queries
Set operators
Views
Control Structure
Procedure and Function
Trigger
Front End Tools
Form
Menu Design
Report Generation
Database Design And Implementation
Payroll Processing

Page
No.
6
11
16
19
24
29
31
33
43
52
56
62
64
66
68

Beyond the Syllabus

16

Banking System (mini Project)

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Exercise Number: 1

Title of the Exercise : DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL) COMMANDS

Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To practice and implement data definition language commands and constraints.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required
1
System
2
Operating System
3
Front end
4
Back end
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.
1

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB/VC ++/JAVA
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2

Details of the step

DDL COMMAND
It is used to communicate with database. DDL is used to:
o Create an object

o Alter the structure of an object

o To drop the object created.
The commands used are: Create, Alter, Drop, Truncate
INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT
An integrity constraint is a mechanism used by oracle to prevent invalid data entry
into the table. It has enforcing the rules for the columns in a table. The types of the
integrity constraints are:
a) Domain Integrity b) Entity Integrity c) Referential Integrity
a) Domain Integrity
This constraint sets a range and any violations that take place will prevent the user
from performing the manipulation that caused the breach. It includes:
Not Null constraint:

While creating tables, by default the rows can have null value .the enforcement of
not null constraint in a table ensure that the table contains values.
Principle of null values:
o Setting null value is appropriate when the actual value is unknown, or when a
value would not be meaningful.
o A null value is not equivalent to a value of zero.
o A null value will always evaluate to null in any expression.
o When a column name is defined as not null, that column becomes a mandatory
i.e., the user has to enter data into it.

o Not null Integrity constraint cannot be defined using the alter table
command when the table contain rows.
Check Constraint:
Check constraint can be defined to allow only a particular range of values .when the
manipulation violates this constraint, the record will be rejected. Check condition
cannot contain sub queries.

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b) Entity Integrity
Maintains uniqueness in a record. An entity represents a table and each row of a
table represents an instance of that entity. To identify each row in a table
uniquely we need to use this constraint. There are 2 entity constraints:
Unique key constraint
It is used to ensure that information in the column for each record is unique, as
with telephone or drivers license numbers. It prevents the duplication of value with
rows of a specified column in a set of column. A column defined with the
constraint can allow null value.
If unique key constraint is defined in more than one column i.e., combination of
column cannot be specified. Maximum combination of columns that a composite
unique key can contain is 16.
Primary Key Constraint
A primary key avoids duplication of rows and does not allow null values. It can be
defined on one or more columns in a table and is used to uniquely identify each row
in a table. These values should never be changed and should never be null.
A table should have only one primary key. If a primary key constraint is assigned
to more than one column or combination of column is said to be composite primary
key, which can contain 16 columns.
c) Referential Integrity
It enforces relationship between tables. To establish parent-child relationship
between 2 tables having a common column definition, we make use of this
constraint. To implement this, we should define the column in the parent table
as primary key and same column in the child table as foreign key referring to the
corresponding parent entry.

Foreign key
A column or combination of column included in the definition of referential
integrity, which would refer to a referenced key.
Referenced key
It is a unique or primary key upon which is defined on a column belonging to
the parent table.
c) SQL Commands:
CREATE TABLE
It is used to create a table
Syntax: Create table tablename (column_name1 data_ type constraints, column_name2
data_ type constraints )
Example:
Create table Emp ( EmpNo number(5), EName VarChar(15), Job Char(10) constraint un
unique, DeptNo number(3) CONSTRAINT FKey2 REFERENCES DEPT(DeptNo));
Create table stud (sname varchar2(20) not null, rollno number(10) not null,dob date not null);
Rules:
1. Oracle reserved words cannot be used.
3. Underscore, numerals, letters are allowed but not blank space.
3. Maximum length for the table name is 30 characters.
4. 2 different tables should not have same name.
5. We should specify a unique column name.
6. We should specify proper data type along with width.
7. We can include not null condition when needed. By default it is null.
ALTER TABLE
Alter command is used to:
1. Add a new column.
3. Modify the existing column definition.

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3. To include or drop integrity constraint.

Syntax: alter table tablename add/modify (attribute datatype(size));
Example:
1. Alter table emp add (phone_no char (20));
2. Alter table emp modify(phone_no number (10));
3. ALTER TABLE EMP ADD CONSTRAINT Pkey1 PRIMARY KEY (EmpNo);
DROP TABLE
It will delete the table structure provided the table should be
empty. Example: drop table prog20; Here prog20 is table name
TRUNCATE TABLE
If there is no further use of records stored in a table and the structure has to be
retained then the records alone can be deleted.
Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>;
Example: Truncate table stud;
DESC
This is used to view the structure of the table.
Example: desc emp;
Name Null? Type
--------------------------------- -------EmpNo NOT NULL number(5)
EName VarChar(15)
Job NOT NULL Char(10)
DeptNo NOT NULL number(3)
PHONE_NO number (10)
DOMAIN INTEGRITY
Example: Create table cust(custid number(6) not null, name char(10));
Alter table cust modify (name not null);
CHECK CONSTRAINT
Example: Create table student (regno number (6), mark number (3) constraint b
check (mark >=0 and mark <=100));
Alter table student add constraint b2 check (length(regno<=4));
ENTITY INTEGRITY
a) Unique key constraint
Example: Create table cust(custid number(6) constraint uni unique, name char(10));
Alter table cust add(constraint c unique(custid));
b) Primary Key Constraint
Example: Create table stud(regno number(6) constraint primary key, name char(20));
d) Queries:
Q1. Create a table called EMP with the following
structure. Name Type
---------- ---------------------EMPNO NUMBER(6)
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
JOB
VARCHAR2(10)
DEPTNO
NUMBER(3)
SAL
NUMBER(7,2)
Allow NULL for all columns except ename and job.
Solution:
1. Understand create table syntax.
2. Use the create table syntax to create the said tables.
3. Create primary key constraint for each table as understand from logical table structure.

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Ans:
SQL> create table emp(empno number(6),ename varchar2(20)not null,job varchar2(10) not
null, deptno number(3),sal number(7,2));
Table created.
Q2: Add a column experience to the emp table. experience numeric null allowed.
Solution:
1. Learn alter table syntax. 2. Define the new column and its data type.
3. Use the alter table syntax.

Ans:
SQL> alter table emp add(experience number(2));
Table altered.
Q3: Modify the column width of the job field of emp table.
Solution:
1. Use the alter table syntax. 2. Modify the column width and its data type.
Ans:
SQL> alter table emp modify(job varchar2(12));
Table altered.
SQL> alter table emp modify(job
varchar(13)); Table altered.
Q4: Create dept table with the following
structure. Name Type
------------ --------------------DEPTNO
NUMBER(2)
DNAME VARCHAR2(10) LOC
VARCHAR2(10) Deptno as the
primarykey
Solution:
1. Understand create table syntax. 2. Decide the name of the table.
3. Decide the name of each column and its data type.
4. Use the create table syntax to create the said tables.
5. Create primary key constraint for each table as understand from logical table structure.
Ans:
SQL> create table dept(deptno number(2) primary key,dname
varchar2(10),loc varchar2(10));
Table created.
Q5: create the emp1 table with ename and empno, add constraints to check the empno
value while entering (i.e) empno > 100.
Solution:
1. Learn alter table syntax. 2. Define the new constraint [columns name type]
3. Use the alter table syntax for adding constraints.
Ans:
SQL> create table emp1(ename varchar2(10),empno number(6) constraint ch
check(empno>100));
Table created.
Q6: drop a column experience to the emp table.
Solution:
1. Learn alter table syntax. Use the alter table syntax to drop the column.
Ans:
SQL> alter table emp drop column experience;
Table altered.

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Q7: Truncate the emp table and drop the dept table
Solution:
1. Learn drop, truncate table syntax.
Ans:
SQL> truncate table
emp; Table truncated.
SQL> drop table dept;
Table dropped.
e) Result:

Thus the data definition language commands was performed and implemented
successfully

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Define the terms

DDL:
Data base schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special
language called a data definition language.
2. What are the categories of SQL command?
SQL commands are divided in to the following categories:
Data Delimitation language
Data manipulation language
Data control language
Transaction Control Language
3. What is integrity constraint?
An integrity constraint is a mechanism used by oracle to prevent invalid data entry into
the table. It has enforcing the rules for the columns in a table.
4. List the types of constraint.
a) Domain Integrity
b) Entity Integrity
c) Referential Integrity
5. Primary Key Constraint
A primary key avoids duplication of rows and does not allow null values. It can be
defined on one or more columns in a table and is used to uniquely identify each row in
a table. These values should never be changed and should never be null.
6. Referential Integrity
It enforces relationship between tables. To establish parent-child relationship between 2
tables having a common column definition, we make use of this constraint. To implement
this, we should define the column in the parent table as primary key and same column in
the child table as foreign key referring to the corresponding parent entry.

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Exercise Number: 2
Title of the Exercise : DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML) COMMANDS
Date of the Exercise :
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To study the various DML commands and implement them on the database.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required
1
System
2
Operating System
3
Front end
4
Back end
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB/VC ++/JAVA
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2

Details of the step

DML COMMAND
1

DML commands are the most frequently used SQL commands and is used to query and
manipulate the existing database objects. Some of the commands are Insert, Select, Update,
Delete

Insert Command

This is used to add one or more rows to a table. The values are separated by commas and
the data types char and date are enclosed in apostrophes. The values must be entered in the
same order as they are defined.

Select Commands

3
4

It is used to retrieve information from the table. it is generally referred to as querying the
table. We can either display all columns in a table or only specify column from the table.

Update Command
It is used to alter the column values in a table. A single column may be updated or
more than one column could be updated.
Delete command
After inserting row in a table we can also delete them if required. The delete
command consists of a from clause followed by an optional where clause.

c) SQL Commands:
INSERT COMMAND
Inserting a single row into a table:
Syntax: insert into <table name> values (value list)
Example: insert into s values(s3,sup3,blore,10)
Inserting more than one record using a single insert commands:
Syntax: insert into <table name> values (&col1, &col2, .)
Example: Insert into stud values(&reg, &name, &percentage);
Skipping the fields while inserting:
Insert into <tablename(coln names to which datas to b inserted)> values (list of
values); Other way is to give null while passing the values.

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SELECT COMMANDS
Selects all rows from the table
Syntax: Select * from tablename;
Example; Select * from IT;

The retrieval of specific columns from a table:

It retrieves the specified columns from the table
Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name;
Example: Select empno, empname from emp;
Elimination of duplicates from the select clause:
It prevents retriving the duplicated values .Distinct keyword is to be
used. Syntax: Select DISTINCT col1, col2 from table name;
Example: Select DISTINCT job from emp;
Select command with where clause:
To select specific rows from a table we include where clause in the select command.
It can appear only after the from clause.
Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name where condition;
Example: Select empno, empname from emp where sal>4000;
Select command with order by clause:
Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name where condition
order by colmnname;
Example: Select empno, empname from emp order by empno;
Select command to create a table:
Syntax: create table tablename as select * from existing_tablename;
Example: create table emp1 as select * from emp;
Select command to insert records:
Syntax: insert into tablename ( select columns from existing_tablename);
Example: insert into emp1 ( select * from emp);
UPDATE COMMAND
Syntax:update tablename set field=values where condition;
Example:Update emp set sal = 10000 where empno=135;
DELETE COMMAND
Syntax: Delete from table where conditions;
Example:delete from emp where empno=135;
d) Queries:
Q1: Insert a single record into dept table.
Solution:
1.Decide the data to add in dept.
2.Add to dept one row at a time using the insert into syntax.
Ans:
SQL> insert into dept values (1,'IT','Tholudur');
1 row created.
Q2: Insert more than a record into emp table using a single insert command.
Ans:
SQL> insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal);
Enter value for empno: 1
Enter value for ename:
Mathi Enter value for job:
AP Enter value for deptno: 1

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Enter value for sal: 10000

old 1: insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal)
new 1: insert into emp values(1,'Mathi','AP',1,10000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 2
Enter value for ename: Arjun
Enter value for job: ASP
Enter value for deptno: 2
Enter value for sal: 12000
old 1: insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal)
new 1: insert into emp values(2,'Arjun','ASP',2,12000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 3
Enter value for ename: Gugan
Enter value for job: ASP
Enter value for deptno: 1
Enter value for sal: 12000
old 1: insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal)
new 1: insert into emp values(3,'Gugan','ASP',1,12000)
1 row created.
Q3: Update the emp table to set the salary of all employees to Rs15000/- who are working
as ASP
Ans:
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1 10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2 12000
3 Gugan
ASP
1 12000
SQL> update emp set sal=15000 where job='ASP';
2 rows updated.
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1 10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2 15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1 15000
Q4: Create a pseudo table employee with the same structure as the table emp and insert
rows into the table using select clauses.
Ans:
SQL> create table employee as select * from emp;
Table created.
SQL> desc employee;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------EMPNO
NUMBER(6)
ENAME
NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
JOB
NOT NULL VARCHAR2(13)
DEPTNO
NUMBER(3)
SAL
NUMBER(7,2)

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Q5: select employee name, job from the emp table

Ans:
SQL> select ename, job from emp;
ENAME
JOB
-------------------- ------------Mathi
AP
Arjun
ASP
Gugan
ASP
Karthik
Prof
Akalya
AP
suresh
lect
6 rows selected.
Q6: Delete only those who are working as lecturer
Ans:
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1 10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2
15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1
15000
4 Karthik
Prof
2
30000
5 Akalya
AP
1 10000
6 suresh
lect
1
8000
6 rows selected.
SQL> delete from emp where job='lect';
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1
10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2
15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1
15000
4 Karthik
Prof
2
30000
5 Akalya
AP
1
10000
Q7: List the records in the emp table orderby salary in ascending order.
Ans:
SQL> select * from emp order by sal;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1
10000
5 Akalya
AP
1
10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2
15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1
15000
4 Karthik
Prof
2
30000
Q8: List the records in the emp table orderby salary in descending order.
Ans:
SQL> select * from emp order by sal desc;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------4 Karthik
Prof
2
30000
2 Arjun
ASP
2
15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1
15000
1 Mathi
AP
1
10000
5 Akalya
AP
1
10000

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Q9: Display only those employees whose deptno is 30.

Solution:
1. Use SELECT FROM WHERE syntax.
Ans:
SQL> select * from emp where deptno=1;

EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1
10000
3 Gugan
ASP
1
15000
5 Akalya
AP
1
10000

SAL

Q10: Display deptno from the table employee avoiding the duplicated values.
Solution:
1. Use SELECT FROM syntax.
2.Select should include distinct clause for the deptno.
Ans:
SQL> select distinct deptno from emp;
DEPTNO
---------1
2

e) Result:
Thus the DML commands using from where clause was performed successfully and
executed.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What is DML?
DML commands are the most frequently used SQL commands and is used to query
and manipulate the existing database objects.
2. What are DML command?
Some of the commands are Insert, Select, Update, Delet
3. Give the general form of SQL Queries? Select
A1, A2., An
From R,1R2,
R m Where P
4. What is the use of rename operation?
Rename operation is used to rename both relations and an attributes. It uses the as
clause, taking the form: Old-name as new-name
5. Define tuple variable?
Tuple variables are used for comparing two tuples in the same relation. The
tuple variables are defined in the from clause by way of the as clause.
6. Write the syntax to retrieve specific columns from a table:
Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name;

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Exercise Number: 3
Title of the Exercise : DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL),

TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE (TCL) COMMANDS

Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To study the various data language commands (DCL, TCL) and implements them on the
database.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required
Quantity
1
System
1
2
Operating System
Windows XP
3
Front end
VB/VC ++/JAVA
4
Back end
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.

DCL COMMAND
1
2
3
4
5

The DCL language is used for controlling the access to the table and hence securing the
database. DCL is used to provide certain privileges to a particular user. Privileges are rights
to be allocated.

The privilege commands are namely, Grant and Revoke

The various privileges that can be granted or revoked are,
Select Insert Delete Update
References ExecuteAll
GRANT COMMAND: It is used to create users and grant access to the database. It
requires database administrator (DBA) privilege, except that a user can change
their password. A user can grant access to their database objects to other users.
REVOKE COMMAND: Using this command , the DBA can revoke the granted database
privileges from the user.

TCL COMMAND
6

COMMIT: command is used to save the Records. ROLL

BACK: command is used to undo the Records.

SAVE POINT command is used to undo the Records in a particular transaction.

c)SQL Commands
DCL Commands
GRANT COMMAND
Grant < database_priv [database_priv..] > to <user_name> identified by <password>
[,<password..];
Grant <object_priv> | All on <object> to <user | public> [ With Grant Option ];

REVOKE COMMAND
Revoke <database_priv> from <user [, user ] >;
Revoke <object_priv> on <object> from < user | public >;
<database_priv> -- Specifies the system level priveleges to be granted to the users or roles.
This includes create / alter / delete any object of the system.
<object_priv> -- Specifies the actions such as alter / delete / insert / references / execute / select /
update for tables.
<all> -- Indicates all the priveleges.

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[ With Grant Option ] Allows the recipient user to give further grants on the objects.
The priveleges can be granted to different users by specifying their names or to all users
by using the Public option.
TCL COMMANDS:
Syntax:
SAVEPOINT: SAVEPOINT <SAVE POINT NAME>;
ROLLBACK: ROLL BACK <SAVE POINT NAME>;
COMMIT:
Commit;
d) Queries:
Tables Used:
Consider the following tables namely DEPARTMENTS and EMPLOYEES
Their schemas are as follows ,
Departments ( dept _no , dept_ name , dept_location );
Employees ( emp_id , emp_name , emp_salary );

Q1: Develop a query to grant all privileges of employees table into departments table
Ans:
SQL> Grant all on employees to departments;
Grant succeeded.
Q2: Develop a query to grant some privileges of employees table into departments table
Ans:
SQL> Grant select, update , insert on departments to departments with grant
option; Grant succeeded.
Q3: Develop a query to revoke all privileges of employees table from departments table
Ans:
SQL> Revoke all on employees from departments;
Revoke succeeded.
Q4: Develop a query to revoke some privileges of employees table from departments table
Ans:
SQL> Revoke select, update , insert on departments from
departments; Revoke succeeded.
Q5: Write a query to implement the save point
Ans:
SQL> SAVEPOINT S1;
Savepoint created.
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------AP
1 10000
1 Mathi
2 Arjun
ASP
2 15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1 15000
4 Karthik
Prof
2 30000
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(5,'Akalya','AP',1,10000); 1 row created.

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SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB
DEPTNO SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1 10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2 15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1 15000
4 Karthik
Prof
2 30000
5 Akalya
AP
1 10000
Q6: Write a query to implement the rollback
Ans:
SQL> rollback s1;
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB
DEPTNO SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1 10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2 15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1 15000
4 Karthik
Prof
2 30000
Q6: Write a query to implement the commit
Ans:
SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
e)Result

The DCL,TCL commands was performed successfully and executed.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1.

Define DCL?

The DCL language is used for controlling the access to the table and hence securing
the database. DCL is used to provide certain privileges to a particular user. Privileges are
rights to be allocated.
2. List the DCL commands used in data bases
The privilege commands are namely,
Grant and Revoke
3. What type of privileges can be granted?
The various privileges that can be granted or revoked are,
Select
Insert
Delete
Update
References
Execute
All

4.

Write the syntax for grant command

Grant < database_priv [database_priv..] > to <user_name> identified by <password>
[,<password..];
Grant <object_priv> | All on <object> to <user | public> [ With Grant Option ];
5. What are TCL commands?
*Commit
*Rollback *save point

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Exercise Number: 4

Title of the Exercise : IN BUILT FUNCTIONS

Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To perform nested Queries and joining Queries using DML command.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required
Quantity
1
System
1
2
Operating System
Windows XP
3
Front end
VB/VC ++/JAVA
4
Back end
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.

Details of the step

Function is a group of code that accepts zero or more arguments and both return one
or more results. Both are used to manipulate individual data items. Operators differ

3
4

from functional in that they follow the format of function name (arg..). An argument
is a user defined variables or constants. Most operators accept at most 2 arguments
while the structure of functions permit to accept 3 or more arguments. Function can
be classifies into single row function and group functions.
Single Row functions
A single row function or scalar function returns only one value for every row queries
in table. Single row function can appear in a select command and can also be included
in a where clause. The single row function can be broadly classified as,
o Date Function
o Numeric Function
o Character Function
o Conversion Function
o Miscellaneous Function
The example that follows mostly uses the symbol table dual. It is a table, which is
automatically created by oracle along with the data dictionary.
Date Function
They operate on date values and produce outputs, which also belong to date data
type except for months, between, date function returns a number.
Group Functions

A group function returns a result based on group of rows

c) SQL Commands:
DATE FUNCTION
1. Add_month
This function returns a date after adding a specified date with specified number of
months. Syntax: Add_months(d,n); where d-date n-number of months
Example: Select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual;
2. last_day
It displays the last date of that month.
Syntax: last_day (d); where d-date
Example: Select last_day (1-jun-2009) from dual;
3. Months_between
It gives the difference in number of months between d1 &
d2. Syntax: month_between (d1,d2); where d1 & d2 -dates
Example: Select month_between (1-jun-2009,1-aug-2009) from dual;

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4. next_day
It returns a day followed the specified date.
Syntax: next_day (d,day);
Example: Select next_day (sysdate,wednesday) from dual
5. round
This function returns the date, which is rounded to the unit specified by the format
model. Syntax : round (d,[fmt]);
where d- date, [fmt] optional. By default date will be rounded to the nearest day
Example: Select round (to_date(1-jun-2009,dd-mm-yy),year) from
dual; Select round (1-jun-2009,year) from dual;
NUMERICAL FUNCTIONS
Command
Query
Output
Abs(n)
Ceil(n)
Exp(n)
Floor(n)
Power(m,n)
Mod(m,n)
Round(m,n)
Trunc(m,n)
Sqrt(m,n)

Select abs(-15) from dual;

Select ceil(55.67) from dual;
Select exp(4) from dual;
Select floor(100.2) from dual;
Select power(4,2) from dual;
Select mod(10,3) from dual;
Select round(100.256,2) from dual;
Select trunc(100.256,2) from dual;
Select sqrt(16) from dual;

15
56
54.59
100
16
1
100.26
100.23
4

CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
Command

Query

Output

initcap(char);
lower (char);
upper (char);
ltrim (char,[set]);
rtrim (char,[set]);
replace (char,search
string, replace string);
substr (char,m,n);

select initcap(hello) from dual;

select lower (HELLO) from dual;
select upper (hello) from dual;
select ltrim (cseit, cse) from dual; select
rtrim (cseit, it) from dual;
select replace(jack and jue,j,bl) from dual;

Hello
hello
HELLO
it
cse
black and
blue
Form

select substr (information, 3, 4) from dual;

CONVERSION
FUNCTION 1. to_char()
Syntax: to_char(d,[format]);
This function converts date to a value of varchar type in a form specified by date format. If
format is negelected then it converts date to varchar2 in the default date format.
Example: select to_char (sysdate, dd-mm-yy) from dual;
2. to_date()
Syntax: to_date(d,[format]);
This function converts character to date data format specified in the form character.
Example: select to_date(aug 15 2009,mm-dd-yy) from dual;
Miscellaneous Functions
1. uid This function returns the integer value (id) corresponding to the user currently
logged in.
Example: select uid from dual;
2. user This function returns the logins user name.
Example: select user from dual;
3. nvl The null value function is mainly used in the case where we want to consider null values
as zero.

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Syntax; nvl(exp1, exp2)

If exp1 is null, return exp2. If exp1 is not null, return exp1.
Example: select custid, shipdate, nvl(total,0) from order;
4. vsize: It returns the number of bytes in expression.
Example: select vsize(tech) from dual;

GROUP FUNCTIONS
A group function returns a result based on group of rows.
1. avg - Example: select avg (total) from student;
2. max - Example: select max (percentagel) from student;
2.min - Example: select min (marksl) from student;
4. sum - Example: select sum(price) from product;
COUNT FUNCTION
In order to count the number of rows, count function is used.
1. count(*) It counts all, inclusive of duplicates and
nulls. Example: select count(*) from student;
2. count(col_name) It avoids null value.
Example: select count(total) from order;
2. count(distinct col_name) It avoids the repeated and null values.
Example: select count(distinct ordid) from order;
GROUP BY CLAUSE
This allows us to use simultaneous column name and group functions.
Example: Select max(percentage), deptname from student group by deptname;
HAVING CLAUSE
This is used to specify conditions on rows retrieved by using group by clause.
Example: Select max(percentage), deptname from student group by deptname
having count(*)>=50;
SPECIAL OPERATORS:
In / not in used to select a equi from a specific set of values
Any - used to compare with a specific set of values
Between / not between used to find between the ranges
Like / not like used to do the pattern matching
d) Queries:
Q1: Display all the details of the records whose employee name starts with A.
Solution:
1. Use SELECT FROM WHERE syntax. 2. select should include all in the given format.
3. from should include employee 4. where should include condition on empname like A%.
Ans:
SQL> select * from emp where ename like 'A%';
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------2 Arjun
ASP
2 15000
5 Akalya
AP
1 10000
Q2: Display all the details of the records whose employee name does not starts with A.
Ans:
SQL> select * from emp where ename not like 'A%';

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EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1 10000
3 Gugan
ASP
1
15000
4 Karthik
Prof
2 30000
Q3: Display the rows whose salary ranges from 15000 to 30000.
Ans:
SQL> select * from emp where sal between 15000 and 30000;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------2 Arjun
ASP
2 15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1
15000
4 Karthik
Prof
2 30000
Q4: Calculate the total and average salary amount of the emp table.
Ans:
SQL> select sum(sal),avg(sal) from emp;
SUM(SAL) AVG(SAL)
---------- ---------80000
16000
Q5: Count the total records in the emp table.
Ans:
SQL>select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
------ -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1 10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2 15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1 15000
4 Karthik
Prof
2 30000
5 Akalya
AP
1 10000
SQL> select count(*) from emp;
COUNT(*)
--------5
Q6: Determine the max and min salary and rename the column as max_salary
and min_salary.
Solution:
1. Use the MIN & MAX aggregate function in select clause.
2. Rename the column as min_sal & max_sal.
Ans:
SQL> select max(sal) as max_salary, min(sal) as min_salary from
emp; MAX_SALARY MIN_SALARY
------------------30000
10000
Q7: Display the month between 1-jun-10and 1-aug-10 in
full. Ans:
SQL>Select month_between (1-jun-2010,1-aug-2010) from dual;
Q8: Display the last day of that month in 05-Oct09. Ans:
SQL> Select last_day ('1-jun-2009') from dual;
LAST_DAY(
--------30-JUN-09

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Q9: Find how many job titles are available in employee table.
Solution:
1. Use select from clause.
2. Use count function to get the result.
Ans:
SQL> select count(job) from
emp; COUNT(JOB)
---------4
SQL> select count(distinct job) from
emp; COUNT(DISTINCTJOB)
-----------------2
Q10: What is the difference between maximum and minimum salaries of employees in the
organization?
Solution:
1. Use select from clause.
2. Use function max(),min() and find the difference between them to get the result.
Ans:
SQL> select max(sal), min(sal) from
emp; MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL)
---------- ---------20000 10000

d) Result:
Thus the nested Queries and join Queries was performed successfully and executed.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.

Define function?

Function is a group of code that accepts zero or more arguments and both return one
or more results. Both are used to manipulate individual data items.
2. Write the two types of functions
i. Single row functions
ii. Group functions
3. What are single row functions?
A single row function or scalar function returns only one value for every row
queries in table. Single row function can appear in a select command and can also be
included in a where clause. The single row function can be broadly classified as,
o Date Function
o Numeric Function
o Character Function
o Conversion Function
o Miscellaneous Function
4. List some character funcitons
initcap(char);
lower (char);
upper (char);
ltrim (char,[set]); rtrim (char,[set]);

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Exercise Number: 5

Title of the Exercise : NESTED QUERIES AND JOIN QUERIES

Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To perform nested Queries and joining Queries using DML command.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required
Quantity
1
System
1
2
Operating System
Windows XP
3
Front end
VB/VC ++/JAVA
4
Back end
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.

Details of the step

Nested Queries: Nesting of queries one within another is known as a nested
queries.
Sub queries The query within another is known as a sub query. A statement
containing sub query is called parent statement. The rows returned by sub query are
used by the parent statement.
Types
1. Sub queries that return several values
Sub queries can also return more than one value. Such results should be made
use along with the operators in and any.
2. Multiple queries

Here more than one sub query is used. These multiple sub queries are combined by
means of and & or keywords
3. Correlated sub query
A sub query is evaluated once for the entire parent statement whereas a correlated
Sub query is evaluated once per row processed by the parent statement.
Relating Data through Join Concept
The purpose of a join concept is to combine data spread across tables. A join is
actually performed by the where clause which combines specified rows of tables.
Syntax; select columns from table1, table2 where logical expression;
Types of Joins 1. Simple Join 2. Self Join 3. Outer Join 4. Inner Join
1. Simple Join
a) Equi-join: A join, which is based on equalities, is called equi-join.
b) Non Equi-join: It specifies the relationship between
Table Aliases
Table aliases are used to make multiple table queries shorted and more readable. We
give an alias name to the table in the from clause and use it instead of the name
throughout the query.
Self join: Joining of a table to itself is known as self-join. It joins one row in a table
to another. It can compare each row of the table to itself and also with other rows of
the same table.
Outer Join: It extends the result of a simple join. An outer join returns all the rows
returned by simple join as well as those rows from one table that do not match any
row from the table. The symbol (+) represents outer join.
Inner join: Inner join returns the matching rows from the tables that are being
joined

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c) SQL Commands:

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Nested Queries:
Example: select ename, eno, address where salary >(select salary from employee
where ename =jones);
1.Subqueries that return several values
Example: select ename, eno, from employee where salary <any (select salary
from employee where deptno =10);
3.Correlated subquery
Example: select * from emp x where x.salary > (select avg(salary) from emp where deptno
=x.deptno);
Simple Join
a) Equi-join
Example: select * from item, cust where
item.id=cust.id; b) Non Equi-join
Example: select * from item, cust where item.id<cust.id;
Self join
Example: select * from emp x ,emp y where x.salary >= (select avg(salary) from x.emp where
x. deptno =y.deptno);
Outer Join
Example: select ename, job, dname from emp, dept where emp.deptno (+) = dept.deptno;
d) Queries:
Q1: Display all employee names and salary whose salary is greater than minimum salary
of the company and job title starts with M.
Solution:
1. Use select from clause.
2. Use like operator to match job and in select clause to get the result.
Ans:
SQL> select ename,sal from emp where sal>(select min(sal) from emp where job like 'A%');
ENAME
SAL
-------------------- ---------Arjun
12000
Gugan
20000
Karthik
15000
Q2: Issue a query to find all the employees who work in the same job as
Arjun. Ans:
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1 10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2 12000
3 Gugan
ASP
2 20000
4 Karthik
AP
1 15000
SQL> select ename from emp where job=(select job from emp where
ename='Arjun'); ENAME
-------------Arjun
Gugan

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Q3: Issue a query to display information about employees who earn more than any
employee in dept 1.
Ans:
SQL> select * from emp where sal>(select max(sal) from emp where empno=1);
JOB
DEPTNO
EMPNO ENAME
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------2 Arjun
ASP
2 12000
3 Gugan
ASP
2
20000
4 Karthik
AP
1 15000
JOINS

SAL

Tables used
SQL> select * from emp;
JOB
DEPTNO
EMPNO ENAME
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1
10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2 12000
3 Gugan
ASP
2
20000
4 Karthik
AP
1 15000

SAL

SQL> select * from dept;

DEPTNO DNAME
LOC
---------- -------------- ------------1 ACCOUNTING
NEW YORK
2 RESEARCH
DALLAS
30 SALES
CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS
BOSTON
EQUI-JOIN
Q4: Display the employee details, departments that the departments are same in both the
emp and dept.
Solution:
1. Use select from clause. 2. Use equi join in select clause to get the result.
Ans:
SQL> select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL DEPTNO DNAME
LOC
---------- ------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------- ------------1 Mathi
AP
1
10000
1 ACCOUNTING
NEW YORK
2 Arjun
ASP
2
2 RESEARCH
DALLAS
12000
20000
3 Gugan
ASP
2
2 RESEARCH
DALLAS
4 Karthik
AP
1
1 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
15000
NON-EQUIJOIN
Q5: Display the employee details, departments that the departments are not same in both
the emp and dept.
Solution:
1.Use select from clause. 2. Use non equi join in select clause to get the result.

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Ans:

SQL> select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno!=dept.deptno;

EMPNO ENAME JOB
DEPTNO
SAL DEPTNO DNAME
LOC
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------ ------------2 Arjun
ASP
2
12000
1 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
3 Gugan
ASP
2
20000
1 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
1 Mathi
AP
1
10000
2 RESEARCH
DALLAS
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL DEPTNO DNAME
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------- ------------4 Karthik
AP
1 15000
2 RESEARCH
DALLAS
1 Mathi
AP
1
10000
30 SALES
CHICAGO
2 Arjun
ASP
2
12000
30 SALES
CHICAGO
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL DEPTNO DNAME
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------- ------------3 Gugan
ASP
2
20000
30 SALES
CHICAGO
4 Karthik
AP
1 15000
30 SALES
CHICAGO
1 Mathi
AP
1 10000
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL DEPTNO DNAME
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------- ------------2 Arjun
ASP
2
12000
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
3 Gugan
ASP
2
20000
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
4 Karthik
AP
1 15000
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
12 rows selected.

LOC

LOC

LOC

LEFTOUT-JOIN
Tables used
SQL> select * from stud1;

Regno Name
Mark2
Mark3
Result
---------- ----------- ---------- ---------- --------------------------------------101
john
89
80
pass
102 Raja
70
80
pass
103 Sharin
70
90
pass
104
sam
90
95
pass
SQL> select * from stud2;
NAME
GRA
----------- ---------john
s
raj
s
sam
a
sharin

Q6: Display the Student name and grade by implementing a left outer join.
Ans: SQL> select stud1.name,grade from stud1 left outer join stud2 on stud1.name=stud2.name;
Name
Gra
----------- ---------john
s
raj
s
sam
a
sharin
a
smith
null

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RIGHTOUTER-JOIN
Q7: Display the Student name, register no, and result by implementing a right outer join.
Ans:
SQL> select stud1.name, regno, result from stud1 right outer join stud2 on stud1.name
= stud2.name;
Name
Regno Result
----------- ---------- -------------------------john
101
pass
raj
102
pass
sam
103
pass
sharin
104
pass
Rollno Name
Mark1 Mark2Total
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------1 sindu
90
95
185
2 arul
90
90 180
FULLOUTER-JOIN
Q8: Display the Student name register no by implementing a full outer join.
Ans:
SQL> select stud1.name, regno from stud1 full outer join stud2 on (stud1.name= stud2.name);
Name
Regno
----------- ---------john
101
raj
102
sam
103
sharin
104

SELFJOIN
Q9: Write a query to display their employee
names Ans:
SQL> select distinct ename from emp x, dept y where
x.deptno=y.deptno; ENAME
-------------------Arjun
Gugan
Karthik
Mathi
Q10: Display the details of those who draw the salary greater than the average
salary. Ans:
SQL> select distinct * from emp x where x.sal >= (select avg(sal) from emp);
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO SAL
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------3 Gugan
ASP
2 20000
4 Karthik
AP
1
15000
11 kavitha
designer
12
17000
e) Result:
Thus the nested Queries and join Queries was performed successfully and executed.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.

What is the use of sub Queries?

A sub Queries is a select-from-where expression that is nested with in another
Queries. A common use of sub Queries is to perform tests for set membership, make set
comparisons, and determine set cardinality

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Exercise Number: 6
Title of the Exercise : SET OPERATORS
Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To perform set operations using DML Commands.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required
1
System
2
Operating System
3
Front end
4
Back end
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB/VC ++/JAVA
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2

Details of the step

Set Operators:

c)

The Set operator combines the result of 2 queries into a single result. The following
1 are the operators:
Union
Union all
Intersect
Minus
The rules to which the set operators are strictly adhere to :
The queries which are related by the set operators should have a same number of
2 column and column definition.
Such query should not contain a type of long.
Labels under which the result is displayed are those from the first select statement.
SQL commands:

Union: Returns all distinct rows selected by both the queries

Syntax:
Query1 Union Query2;
Union all: Returns all rows selected by either query including the duplicates.
Syntax:
Query1 Union all Query2;
Intersect: Returns rows selected that are common to both queries.
Syntax:
Query1 Intersect Query2;
Minus: Returns all distinct rows selected by the first query and are not by the second
Syntax:
Query1 minus Query2;
d) Queries:
Q1: Display all the dept numbers available with the dept and emp tables avoiding
duplicates.
Solution:
1. Use select from clause. 2. Use union select clause to get the result.
Ans:
SQL> select deptno from emp union select deptno from dept;

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DEPTNO
---------1
2
12
30
40

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Q2: Display all the dept numbers available with the dept and emp tables.
Solution:
1. Use select from clause. 2. Use union all in select clause to get the result.
Ans:
SQL> select deptno from emp union all select deptno from dept;
DEPTNO
---------1
2
2
1
12
1
2
30
40
9 rows selected.
Q3: Display all the dept numbers available in emp and not in dept tables and vice versa.
Solution:
1. Use select from clause.
2. Use minus in select clause to get the
result. Ans:
SQL> select deptno from emp minus select deptno from dept;
DEPTNO
---------12
SQL> select deptno from dept minus select deptno from emp;
DEPTNO
---------30
40
e)

Result:

Thus the set operations using DML Commands was successfully performed and executed.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. List the set operations of SQL?
1)Union 2)Intersect operation 3)The except operation(minus)
2. Which command returns all distinct rows selected by both the queries?
Union

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Exercise Number: 7

Title of the Exercise

Date of the Exercise

: VIEWS
:

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT

To create and manipulate various database objects of the Table using views
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required
1
System
2
Operating System
3
Front end
4
Back end
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB/VC ++/JAVA
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2

Step
no.

Details of the step

Views:
A view is the tailored presentation of data contained in one or more table and can also
be said as restricted view to the datas in the tables. A view is a virtual table or
a stored query which takes the output of a query and treats it as a table. The
table upon which a view is created is called as base table.
A view is a logical table based on a table or another view. A view contains no data of

its own but is like a window through which data from tables can be viewed or changed.
The tables on which a view is based are called base tables. The view is stored as a
SELECT statement in the data dictionary

Advantages of a view:
a. Additional level of table security.
3
b. Hides data complexity.
c. Simplifies the usage by combining multiple tables into a single table.
d. Provides datas in different perspective.
Types of view:
4
Horizontal -> enforced by where cause
Vertical -> enforced by selecting the required columns
c) SQL Commands
Creating and dropping view:

Syntax:
Create [or replace] view <view name> [column alias names] as <query> [with <options>
conditions];
Drop view <view name>;
Example:
Create or replace view empview as select * from emp;
Drop view empview;
d) Queries:
Tables used:
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1
10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2
12000
3 Gugan
ASP
2
20000
4 Karthik
AP
1
15000

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Q1: The organization wants to display only the details of the employees those who are ASP.
(Horizontal portioning)
Solution:
1. Create a view on emp table named managers
2. Use select from clause to do horizontal partioning
Ans:
SQL> create view empview as select * from emp where job='ASP';
View created.
SQL> select * from empview;
EMPNO ENAME JOB
DEPTNO SAL
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------2 Arjun
ASP
2 12000
3 Gugan
ASP
2 20000
Q2: The organization wants to display only the details like empno, empname, deptno,
deptname of the employees. (Vertical portioning)
Solution:
1. Create a view on emp table named general 2. Use select from clause to do vertical partioning
Ans:
SQL> create view empview1 as select ename,sal from emp;
View created.
Q3: Display all the views generated.
Ans:
SQL> select * from tab;
TNAME
TABTYPE CLUSTERID
------------------------------ ------- ---------DEPT
TABLE
EMP
TABLE
EMPVIEW
VIEW
EMPVIEW1
VIEW
Q4: Execute the DML commands on the view created.
Ans:
SQL> select * from empview;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------2 Arjun
ASP
2 12000
3 Gugan
ASP
2
20000
Q5: Drop a view.
Ans: SQL> drop view empview1;
View dropped.
e) Result:
Thus the creation and manipulate various database objects of the Table using views was
successfully executed.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What is a view?

A view is a logical table based on a table or another view. A view contains no data of
its own but is like a window through which data from tables can be viewed or changed.
2. List any two advantages of view?

1. Hides data complexity.

2. Simplifies the usage by combining multiple tables into a single table.

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Exercise Number: 8

Title of the Exercise : CONTROL STRUCTURE

Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To create PL/SQL programs to implement various types of control structure.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
b) PL/SQL Syntax:

Facilities required
System
Operating System
Front end
Back end

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB/VC ++/JAVA
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2

PL/SQL can also process data using flow of statements. The flow of control
statements are classified into the following categories.
Conditional control Branching
Iterative control looping
Sequential control - Selection
BRANCHING in PL/SQL:
Sequence of statements can be executed on satisfying certain condition. If statements are
being used and different forms of if are:
1. Simple IF
2.If then else
3. Else if
4. Nested if
SELECTION IN PL/SQL (Sequential Controls)
1. Simple case
2.Searched case
ITERATIONS IN PL/SQL
Sequence of statements can be executed any number of times using loop construct. It is
broadly classified into:
1.Simple Loop
2. For Loop
3. While Loop
SIMPLE IF:
Syntax:
IF condition THEN
statement1;
statement2;
END IF;
IF-THEN-ELSE STATEMENT:
Syntax:
IF condition THEN
statement1;
ELSE
statement2;
END IF;
ELSIF STATEMENTS:
Syntax:
IF condition1 THEN
statement1;
ELSIF condition2 THEN
statement2;
ELSIF condition3 THEN
statement3;
ELSE

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statement;
END IF;

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NESTED IF:
Syntax:
IF condition THEN
statement1;
ELSE
IF condition THEN
statement2;
ELSE
statement3;
END IF;
END IF;
ELSE
statement3;
END IF;
SELECTION IN PL/SQL (Sequential Controls)
SIMPLE CASE
Syntax:
CASE SELECTOR
WHEN Expr1 THEN statement1;
WHEN Expr2 THEN statement2;
:
ELSE
Statement n;
END CASE;
SEARCHED CASE:
Syntax:
CASE
WHEN searchcondition1 THEN statement1;
WHEN searchcondition2 THEN statement2;
::
ELSE
statementn;
END CASE;
ITERATIONS IN PL/SQL
SIMPLE LOOP
Syntax:
LOOP
statement1;
EXIT [ WHEN Condition];
END LOOP;
Example:
Declare
A number:=10;
Begin
Loop
a := a+25;
exit when a=250;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(to_char(a));
end;
/

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WHILE LOOP
Syntax
WHILE condition
LOOP statement1;
statement2;
END LOOP;
Example:
Declare
i number:=0;
j number:=0;
begin
while i<=100 Loop
j := j+i;
i := i+2;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(the value of j is
||j); end;
/
FOR LOOP
Syntax:
FOR counter IN [REVERSE]
LowerBound..UpperBound
LOOP
statement1;
statement2;
END LOOP;
Example:
Begin
For I in 1..2
Loop
Update emp set field = value where
condition; End loop;
End;
/
Q1: write a pl/sql program to swap two
numbers c) Procedure for doing the experiment:

Step
no.
1
2
3

Details of the step

Declare three variables and read variables through a and b
Swap the values of a and b using temporary variables
Display the swapped results

d) Program:
SQL>edit swapping.sql
declare
a number(10);
b number(10);
c number(10);
begin
dbms_output.put_line('THE PREV VALUES OF A AND B WERE');
dbms_output.put_line(a);
dbms_output.put_line(b);

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a:=&a;
b:=&b;
c:=a;
a:=b;
b:=c;
dbms_output.put_line('THE VALUES OF A AND B
ARE'); dbms_output.put_line(a);
dbms_output.put_line(b);
end;
e)output:
SQL> @ swapping.sql
19 /
Enter value for a: 5
old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=5;
Enter value for b: 3
old 7: b:=&b;
new 7: b:=3;
THE PREV VALUES OF A AND B
WERE 53
THE VALUES OF A AND B
ARE 35
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Q2: Write a pl/sql program to find the largest of three numbers

c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1
Read three numbers through a, b & c
2
Find the biggest among three using nested if statement
3
Display the biggest no as result
d)Program:
SQL>set server output
on; SQL>edit biggest.sql
declare
a number;
b number;
c number;
begin
a:=&a;
b:=&b;
c:=&c;
if a>b then
if a>c then
dbms_output.put_line ('biggest is:' ||to_char(a));
else
dbms_output.put_line('biggest is :' ||to_char(c));
end if;
elsif b>c then
dbms_output.put_line('biggest is :'
||to_char(b)); else
dbms_output.put_line('biggest is :' ||to_char(c));

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end if;
end;
e)output:
SQL>@biggest.sql
/
Enter value for a: 5
old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=5;
Enter value for b:
5 old 6: b:=&b;
new 6: b:=8;
Enter value for c: 8
old 6: c:=&c;
new 6: c:=4;
biggest is : 8

Q3: write a pl/sql program to find the total and average of 6 subjects and display the
grade c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1
Read six numbers and calculate total and average
2
Find whether the student is pass or fail using if statement
3
Find the grade using nested elseif statement
4
Display the Grade, Percentage and Total of the student
d)Program:
SQL> edit grade.sql
declare
java number(10);
dbms number(10);
co number(10); se
number(10);
es number(10);
ppl number(10);
total number(10);
avgs number(10);
per number(10);
begin
dbms_output.put_line('ENTER THE
MARKS'); java:=&java;
dbms:=&dbms;
co:=&co;
se:=&se;
es:=&es;
ppl:=&ppl;
total:=(java+dbms+co+se+es+ppl);
per:=(total/600)*100;
if java<50 or dbms<50 or co<50 or se<50 or es<50 or ppl<50
then dbms_output.put_line('FAIL');
if per>75 then
dbms_output.put_line('GRADE A');
elsif per>65 and per<75 then
dbms_output.put_line('GRADE B');
elsif per>55 and per<65 then

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dbms_output.put_line('GRADE C');
else
dbms_output.put_line('INVALID INPUT');
end if;
dbms_output.put_line('PERCENTAGE IS '||per);
dbms_output.put_line('TOTAL IS '||total);
end;
e)output:
SQL> @
grade.sql 31 /
Enter value for java: 80
old 12: java:=&java;
new 12: java:=80;
Enter value for dbms: 70
old 13: dbms:=&dbms;
new 13: dbms:=70; Enter
value for co: 89 old 14:
co:=&co;
new 14: co:=89;
Enter value for se:
72 old 15: se:=&se;
new 15: se:=72;
Enter value for es:
76 old 16: es:=&es;
new 16: es:=76;
Enter value for ppl: 71
old 17: ppl:=&ppl;
new 17: ppl:=71;
GRADE A
PERCENTAGE IS 76
TOTAL IS 458
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Q4: Write a pl/sql program to find the sum of digits in a given number
c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.
1
2
3
d)Program:

Details of the step

Read a number. Separate the digits using modular function
Sum the digits separated by mod function
Display the sum of digits

SQL>edit
sumofdigits.sql declare
a number;
d number:=0;
sum1 number:=0;
begin
a:=&a;
while a>0
loop
d:=mod(a,10);
sum1:=sum1+d;

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a:=trunc(a/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('sum is'|| sum1);
end;
e)output:
SQL> @ sumofdigits.sql
16 /

Q5: write a pl/sql program to display the number in reverse

order c)Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1
Read a number. Separate the digits using modular function
2
Reverse the digits separated by taking remainder from mod function
3
Display the reverse of the digits
d)Program:
SQL>edit
reverse.sql declare
a number;
rev number;
d number;
begin
a:=&a;
rev:=0;
while a>0
loop
d:=mod(a,10);
rev:=(rev*10)+d;
a:=trunc(a/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('no is'|| rev);
end;
e)output:
SQL> @
reverse.sql 16 /
Enter value for a: 536
old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=536;
no is 635
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Q6: Write a PL / SQL program to check whether the given number is prime or
not c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step
no.
1
Read the number
2
Using mod function find the given number is prime or not
3
Display the result

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d)Program:
SQL>edit prime.sql
declare
a number; c number:=0; i number; begin

a:=&a;
for i in 1..a
loop
if mod(a,i)=0 then
c:=c+1;
end if; end
loop; if
c=2 then
dbms_output.put_line(a ||'is a prime number');
else
dbms_output.put_line(a ||'is not a prime
number'); end if;
end;
e)output:
SQL> @ prime.sql
19 /
Enter value for a: 11
old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=11;
11is a prime number
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Q7: Write a PL/SQL program to find the factorial of a given
number c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.
1
2
3

Details of the step

Read a number for calculating factorial value.
Calculate the factorial of a given number using for loop
Display the factorial value of a given number.

d)Program:
SQL>edit fact.sql
declare
n number;f
number:=1; begin
n:=&n;
for i in 1..n
loop
f:=f*i;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('the factorial is'||
f); end;
e)output:
SQL> @ fact.sql
12 /
Enter value for n:
5 old 5: n:=&n;
new 5: a:=5;
the factorial is 120

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Q8: write a pl/sql code block to calculate the area of a circle for a value of radius varying
from 3 to 7. Store the radius and the corresponding values of calculated area in an empty
table named areas, consisting of two columns radius & area
c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.
1
2
3

Details of the step

Create a table named areas with radius and area
Initialize values to pi, radius and area
Calculate the area using while loop. Display the result.

d)Program:
SQL> create table areas(radius number(10),area number(6,2));
Table created.
PROGRAM
declare
pi constant number(4,2):=3.14;
radius number(5):=3; area number(6,2);
begin
while radius<7
loop
area:=pi*power(radius,2);
insert into areas values(radius,area);
radius:=radius+1;
end loop;
end;
e)output:
SQL> @ AREAOFCIRCLE.SQL
13 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> SELECT * FROM AREAS;
RADIUS AREA
---------- ---------3 28.26
4 50.24
5 78.5
6 113.04
Q9: write a PL/SQL code block that will accept an account number from the user, check if
the users balance is less than minimum balance, only then deduct rs.100/- from the balance.
This process is fired on the acct table.
c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.
1
2

Details of the step

Develop a query to Create the table acct and insert values into them
Develop a PL/SQL program to read the account number.

Check the balance for the account no. check if the users balance is less than minimum
balance, only then deduct rs.100/- from the balance

Update the balance changes into the acct table.

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d)Program:

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SQL> create table acct(name varchar2(10),cur_bal number(10),acctno number(6,2));

SQL> insert into stud values('&sname',&rollno,&marks);
SQL> select * from acct;
ACCTNO NAME CUR_BAL
---------- ---------- ---------777 sirius 10000
765 john 1000
855 sam 500
353 peter 800
declare
mano number(5);
mcb number(6,2);
minibal constant number(7,2):=1000.00;
fine number(6,2):=100.00;
begin
mano:=&mano;
select cur_bal into mcb from acct where
acctno=mano; if mcb<minibal then
update acct set cur_bal=cur_bal-fine where
acctno=mano; end if;
end;
e)output:
SQL> @
BANKACC.sql 13 /
Enter value for mano: 855
old 7: mano:=&mano;
new 7: mano:=855;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
f)Result:
Thus the above creation of PL/SQL programs to implement various types of control
structure was successfully executed.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What is meant by branching in PL/SQL:
Sequence of statements can be executed on satisfying certain condition. If statements are
being used and different forms of if are:
1. Simple IF
2. If then else
3. Else if
4. Nested if
2. What are selection statements?
1. Switch case statement
3. Define iterations IN PL/SQL
Sequence of statements can be executed any number of times using loop construct.
4. Classify the iteration statements `in PL/SQL
It is broadly classified into:
1.Simple Loop
2. For Loop
3. While Loop

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Exercise Number: 9

Title of the Exercise

Date of the Exercise

: PROCEDURE AND FUNCTION

:

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT

To develop procedures and function for various operations.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity
1
System
1
2
Operating System
Windows XP
3
Front end
VB/VC ++/JAVA
4
Back end
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2
b) PL/SQL syntax:
A procedure is a block that can take parameters (sometimes referred to as arguments)
and be invoked.
Procedures promote reusability and maintainability. Once validated, they can be used in
number of applications. If the definition changes, only the procedure are affected, this greatly
simplifies maintenance.
Modularized program development:
Group logically related statements within blocks.
Nest sub-blocks inside larger blocks to build powerful programs.
Break down a complex problem into a set of manageable well defined logical modules
and implement the modules with blocks.
KEYWORDS AND THEIR PURPOSES
REPLACE: It recreates the procedure if it already exists.
PROCEDURE: It is the name of the procedure to be created.
ARGUMENT: It is the name of the argument to the procedure. Parenthesis can be omitted if no
arguments are present.
IN: Specifies that a value for the argument must be specified when calling the procedure ie.,
used to pass values to a sub-program. This is the default parameter.
OUT: Specifies that the procedure passes a value for this argument back to its calling
environment after execution ie. used to return values to a caller of the sub-program.
INOUT: Specifies that a value for the argument must be specified when calling the procedure
and that procedure passes a value for this argument back to its calling environment after
execution.
RETURN: It is the data type of the functions return value because every function must return a
value, this clause is required.

PROCEDURES
Syntax :
create or replace procedure <procedure name> (argument {in,out,inout} datatype )
{is,as} variable declaration;
constant declaration;
begin
PL/SQL subprogram body;
exception
exception PL/SQL block;
end;

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FUNCTIONS
Syntax:
create or replace function <function name> (argument in datatype,) return datatype {is,as}
variable declaration;
constant declaration;
begin
PL/SQL subprogram body;
exception
exception PL/SQL block;
end;
Tables used:
SQL> select * from ititems;
ITEMID ACTUALPRICE
------------------101
2000
102
3000
103
4000

ORDID
-------500
1600
600

PRODID
--------201
202
202

PROGRAM FOR GENERAL PROCEDURE SELECTED RECORDS PRICE IS

INCREMENTED BY 500 , EXECUTING THE PROCEDURE CREATED AND
DISPLAYING THE UPDATED TABLE
SQL> create procedure itsum(identity number, total number) is price number;
2 null_price exception;
3 begin
4 select actualprice into price from ititems where itemid=identity;
5 if price is null then
6 raise null_price;
7 else
8 update ititems set actualprice=actualprice+total where itemid=identity;
9 end if;
10 exception
11 when null_price then
12 dbms_output.put_line('price is null');
13 end;
14 /
Procedure created.
SQL> exec itsum(101, 500);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select * from ititems;
ITEMID ACTUALPRICE
------------------101
2500
102
3000
103
4000

ORDID PRODID
--------- --------500
201
1600
202
600
202

PROCEDURE FOR IN PARAMETER CREATION, EXECUTION

SQL> set serveroutput on;
SQL> create procedure yyy (a IN number) is price number;
2 begin
3 select actualprice into price from ititems where itemid=a;

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4 dbms_output.put_line('Actual price is ' || price);

5 if price is null then
6 dbms_output.put_line('price is null');
7 end if;
8 end;
9 /
Procedure created.
SQL> exec yyy(103);
Actual price is 4000
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

PROCEDURE FOR OUT PARAMETER CREATION, EXECUTION

SQL> set serveroutput on;
SQL> create procedure zzz (a in number, b out number) is identity number;
2 begin
3 select ordid into identity from ititems where itemid=a;
4 if identity<1000 then
5 b:=100;
6 end if;
7 end;
8 /
Procedure created.
SQL> declare
2 a number;
3 b number;
4 begin
5 zzz(101,b);
6 dbms_output.put_line('The value of b is '|| b);
7 end;
8 /
The value of b is 100
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
PROCEDURE FOR INOUT PARAMETER CREATION, EXECUTION
SQL> create procedure itit ( a in out number) is
2 begin
3 a:=a+1;
4 end;
5 /
Procedure created.
SQL> declare
2 a number:=7;
3 begin
4 itit(a);
5 dbms_output.put_line(The updated value is ||a);
6 end;
7 /
The updated value is 8
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Tables used:

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SQL>select * from ittrain;

TNO
TFARE
--------- -----------1001
550
1002
600
PROGRAM FOR FUNCTION AND ITS EXECUTION

SQL> create function trainfn (trainnumber number) return number is

2 trainfunction ittrain.tfare % type;
3 begin
4 select tfare into trainfunction from ittrain where tno=trainnumber;
5 return(trainfunction);
6 end;
7 /
Function created.
SQL> declare
2 total number;
3 begin
4 total:=trainfn (1001);
5 dbms_output.put_line('Train fare is Rs. '||total);
6 end;
7 /
Train fare is Rs.550
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER USING FUNCTION PROGRAM AND EXECUTION
SQL> create function itfact (a number) return number is
2 fact number:=1;
3 b number;
4 begin
5 b:=a;
6 while b>0
7 loop
8 fact:=fact*b;
9 b:=b-1;
10 end loop;
11 return(fact);
12 end;
13 /
Function created.
SQL> declare
2 a number:=7;
3 f number(10);
4 begin
5 f:=itfact(a);
6 dbms_output.put_line(The factorial of the given number is||f);
7 end;
8 /
The factorial of the given number is 5040

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Q1: Write a procedure to calculate total for the all the students and pass regno, mark1, &
mark2 as arguments.
c)Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.
1
2
3

Details of the step

Develop a query to create a table named itstudent2 and insert values into them
Develop a procedure p1 with regno, mark1, & mark2 as arguments.
Calculate the total and update the total value into the itstudent2 table

d)Program:
SQL> create table itstudent2(regno number(3),name varchar(9),mark1 number(3),mark2
number(3));
Table created.
SQL> insert into itstudent2
2 values(&a,'&b',&c,&d);
Enter value for a: 110
Enter value for b: arun
Enter value for c: 99
Enter value for d: 100
old 2: values(&a,'&b',&c,&d)
new 2: values(110,'arun',99,100)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for a: 112
Enter value for b: siva
Enter value for c: 99 Enter value
for d: 90
old 2: values(&a,'&b',&c,&d)
new 2: values(112,'siva',99,90)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from itstudent2;
REGNO NAME
MARK1 MARK2
110 arun
99 100
112 siva
99
90
SQL> alter table itstudent2 add(total number(5));
Table altered.
SQL> select * from itstudent2;
REGNO NAME
MARK1 MARK2TOTAL
110 arun
99
100
112 siva
99
90
SQL> create or replace procedure p1(sno number,mark1 number,mark2 number) is
2 tot number(5);
3 begin
4 tot:=mark1+mark2;
5 update itstudent2 set total=tot where regno=sno;
6 end;
7 /
Procedure created.
SQL> declare
2 cursor c1 is select * from itstudent2;
3 rec itstudent2 % rowtype;
4 begin
5 open c1;
6 loop
7 fetch c1 into rec;

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8 exit when c1%notfound;

9 p1(rec.regno,rec.mark1,rec.mark2);
10 end loop;
11 close c1;
12 end;
13 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
e)Output:

SQL> select * from itstudent2;

REGNO NAME
MARK1
MARK2TOTAL
--------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------110 arun
99
100
199
112 va
99
90
189
Q2: Write a PL/SQL procedure called MULTI_TABLE that takes two numbers as parameter and
displays the multiplication of the first parameter till the second parameter.
Ans.
//p2.sql
create or replace procedure multi_table (a number, b number) as
mul number;
begin
for i in 1. .b
loop
mul : = a * i;
dbms_output.put_line (a || * || i || = ||
mul); end loop;
end;
//pq2.sql
declare
a number; b number;
begin
a:=&a;
b:=&b;
multi_table(a,b);
end;

e)Output:
SQL> @p2.sql;
Procedure created.
SQL> @pq2.sql;
Enter value for a: 4
old 5: a:=&a;
new 5: a:=4;
Enter value for b: 3
old 6: b:=&b;
new 6: b:=3;
4*1=4
4*2=8
4*3=12
Q3: Consider the EMPLOYEE (EMPNO, SALARY, ENAME) Table.
Write a procedure raise_sal which increases the salary of an employee. It accepts an employee
number and salary increase amount. It uses the employee number to find the current salary from
the EMPLOYEE table and update the salary.
Ans:
//p3.sql

create or replace procedure raise_sal( mempno employee . empno % type,

msal_percent number ) as
begin
update employee set salary = salary + salary*msal_percent /100 where empno = mempno;
end;
/

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//pq3.sql

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declare
cursor c1 is select * from emp;
rec emp % rowtype;
begin
open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into rec;
exit when c1%notfound;
raisal(rec.empno,10);
end loop;
close
c1; end;
/
e)Output:
SQL> @p3.sql;
Procedure created.
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1 10000
2 Arjun
ASP
2 15000
3 Gugan
ASP
1 15000
4 Karthik
Prof
2 30000
5 Akalya
AP
1 10000
SQL> @pq3.sql;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------1 Mathi
AP
1 11000
2 Arjun
ASP
2 16500
3 Gugan
ASP
1 16500
4 Karthik
Prof
2 33000
5 Akalya
AP
1 11000
Q4: Write a PL/SQL function CheckDiv that takes two numbers as arguments and returns the
values 1 if the first argument passed to it is divisible by the second argument, else will return the
value 0;
Ans:
//p4.sql

create or replace function checkdiv (n1 number, n2 number) return number as

res number;
begin
if mod (n1, n2) = 0
then res := 1;
else
res:= 0;
end if;
return res;
end;
/
//pq4.sql
declare
a number;
b number;

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begin
a:=&a; b:=&b;
dbms_output.put_line(result=||checkdiv(a,b));
end;
/

e)Output:
SQL> @p4.sql;
Function created.
SQL> @pq4.sql;
Enter value for a: 4
old 5: a:=&a;
Enter value for b: 2
old 6: b:=&b;
result=1

new 5: a:=4;
new 6: b:=2;

Q5: Write a PL/SQL function called POW that takes two numbers as argument and return
the value of the first number raised to the power of the second .
Ans:
//p5.sql

create or replace function pow (n1 number, n2 number) return number as

res number;
begin
select power ( n1, n2) into res from dual; return res; end;
or
create or replace function pow (n1 number, n2 number) return number as
res number : =1;
begin
for res in
1..n2 loop
res : = n1 * res;
end loop;
return res;
end;
//pq5.sql
declare
a number;
b number;
begin
a:=&a; b:=&b;
dbms_output.put_line('power(n1,n2)='||pow(a,b));
end;
/
e)Output:
SQL> @p5.sql;
Function created.
SQL> @ pq5.sql;
Enter value for a: 2
old 5: a:=&a; new
5: a:=2; Enter
value for b: 3 old
6: b:=&b; new 6:
b:=3;
power(n1,n2)=8

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Q6: Write a PL/SQL function ODDEVEN to return value TRUE if the number passed to it
is EVEN else will return FALSE.
Ans:
//p6.sql

create or replace function oddeven (n number) return boolean as

begin
if mod (n, 2) = 0 then
return true;
else
return false;
end if;
end;
/
//pq6.sql
declare
a number;
b boolean;
begin
a:=&a;
b:=oddeven(a);
if b then
dbms_output.put_line('The given number is
Even'); else
dbms_output.put_line('The given number is Odd');
end if;
end;
/
e)Output:
SQL> @p6.sql;
Function created.
SQL> @pq6.sql;
Enter value for a: 5
old 5: a:=&a;
new 5: a:=5;
The given number is Odd
f)Result:
Thus the procedures and function for various operations was developed and executed
successfully.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What is procedure? Write its advantages.
A procedure is a block that can take parameters (sometimes referred to as arguments) and
be invoked. Advantages:
Procedures promote reusability and maintainability.
They can be used in number of applications.
If the definition changes, only the procedure are affected, this greatly simplifies
maintenance.
2. List the three types of argument passed in to the procedure
IN: Specifies that a value for the argument must be specified when calling the procedure
OUT: Specifies that the procedure passes a value for this argument back to its calling
environment after execution ie. used to return values to a caller of the sub-program.
INOUT: Specifies that a value for the argument must be specified when calling the procedure
and that procedure passes a value for this argument back to its calling environment after
execution.
3. Is the function return value?
Yes, functions return value because every function must return a value, this clause is
required.

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Exercise Number: 10

Title of the Exercise : TRIGGER

Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To create triggers for various events such as insertion, updation, etc.,
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a)

Facilities required to do the experiment:

Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity

1
System
1
2
Operating System
Windows XP
3
Front end
VB/VC ++/JAVA
4
Back end
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2
b) PL/SQL Syntax:
TRIGGER
A Trigger is a stored procedure that defines an action that the database automatically take
when some database-related event such as Insert, Update or Delete occur.
TRIGGER VS. PROCEDURE VS CURSOR
TRIGGER
These are named
PL/SQL blocks.
These are invoked
automatically.
These cant take
parameters.
These are stored in
database.

PROCEDURES
These are named
PL/SQL blocks.
User as per need invokes
these.
These can take
parameters.
These are stored in
database.

CURSORS
These are named PL/SQL
blocks.
These can be created both
explicitly and implicitly.
These can take parameters.
These are not stored in
database.

TYPES OF TRIGGERS
The various types of triggers are as follows,
Before: It fires the trigger before executing the trigger statement.
After: It fires the trigger after executing the trigger statement. For
each row: It specifies that the trigger fires once per row.
For each statement: This is the default trigger that is invoked. It specifies that the trigger
fires once per statement.
VARIABLES USED IN TRIGGERS
:new
:old
These two variables retain the new and old values of the column updated in the database.
The values in these variables can be used in the database triggers for data manipulation
Row Level Trigger vs. Statement Level Trigger:
Row Level Trigger
Statement Level Trigger
These are fired for each row affected by These are fired once for the statement
the DML statement.
instead of the no of rows modified by it.
These are used for generating/checking These are used for generated the
the values begin inserted or updated.
summary information.

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Before trigger vs. after trigger

DBMS Lab - LM

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Before Triggers
Before triggers are fired before the
DML statement is actually executed.

After Triggers
After triggers are fired after the
DML statement has finished
execution.

Sytax:
Create or replace trigger <trg_name> Before /After Insert/Update/Delete
[of column_name, column_name.]
on <table_name>
[for each row]
[when
condition] begin
---statement
end;
Q1: Create a trigger that insert current user into a username column of an existing
table c) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
Details of the step

no.
1

Create a table itstudent4 with name and username as arguments

Create a trigger for each row that insert the current user as user name into a table

Execute the trigger by inserting value into the table

d)Program:

SQL> create table itstudent4(name varchar2(15),username varchar2(15));

Table created.
SQL> create or replace trigger itstudent4 before insert on itstudent4 for each row
2 declare
3 name varchar2(20);
4 begin
5 select user into name from dual;
6 :new.username:=name;
7 end;
8 /
Trigger created.
e)Output:

SQL> insert into itstudent4 values('&name','&username');

Enter value for name: akbar
Enter value for username: ranjani
old 1: insert into itstudent4 values('&name','&username')
new 1: insert into itstudent4 values('akbar','ranjani')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: suji
Enter value for username: priya
old 1: insert into itstudent4 values('&name','&username')

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new 1: insert into itstudent4 values('suji','priya')

1 row created.
SQL> select * from itstudent4;
NAME
USERNAME
--------------- --------------akbar
SCOTT
suji
SCOTT

Q2: Create a Simple Trigger that does not allow Insert Update and Delete Operations on
the Table
d)Program:
Table used:
SQL> select * from itempls;
ENAME EID SALARY
---------- --------- --------xxx
11 10000
yyy
12 10500
zzz
13 15500
Trigger:
SQL> create trigger ittrigg before insert or update or delete on itempls for each
row 2 begin
3 raise_application_error(-20010,'You cannot do manipulation');
4 end;
5
6/
Trigger created.
e)Output:
SQL> insert into itempls values('aaa',14,34000);
insert into itempls values('aaa',14,34000)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20010: You cannot do manipulation
ORA-06512: at "STUDENT.ITTRIGG", line 2
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'STUDENT.ITTRIGG'
SQL> delete from itempls where ename='xxx';
delete from itempls where ename='xxx'
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20010: You cannot do manipulation
ORA-06512: at "STUDENT.ITTRIGG", line 2
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'STUDENT.ITTRIGG'
SQL> update itempls set eid=15 where ename='yyy';
update itempls set eid=15 where ename='yyy'
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-20010: You cannot do manipulation
ORA-06512: at "STUDENT.ITTRIGG", line 2
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'STUDENT.ITTRIGG'

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Q3: Create a Trigger that raises an User Defined Error Message and does not allow
updating and Insertion
d)Program:
Table used:
SQL> select * from itempls;
ENAME EID SALARY
---------- --------- --------xxx
11 10000
yyy
12 10500
zzz
13 15500
Trigger:
SQL> create trigger ittriggs before insert or update of salary on itempls for each row
2 declare
3 triggsal itempls.salary%type;
4 begin
5 select salary into triggsal from itempls where eid=12;
6 if(:new.salary>triggsal or :new.salary<triggsal) then
7 raise_application_error(-20100,'Salary has not been changed');
8 end if;
9 end;
10 /
Trigger created.

e)Output:
SQL> insert into itempls values ('bbb',16,45000);
insert into itempls values ('bbb',16,45000)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-04098: trigger 'STUDENT.ITTRIGGS' is invalid and failed re-validation
SQL> update itempls set eid=18 where ename='zzz';
update itempls set eid=18 where ename='zzz'
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-04298: trigger 'STUDENT.ITTRIGGS' is invalid and failed re-validation
Q4: develop a query to Drop the Created Trigger
Ans:
SQL> drop trigger ittrigg;
Trigger dropped.
f)Result:
Thus the creation of triggers for various events such as insertion, updation, etc., was
performed and executed successfully.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1.

What is the need for triggers? Or List the requirements needed to design a trigger.
Specifying when a trigger is to be executed.
Specify the actions to be taken when the trigger executes.

2.

What is trigger?
Triggers are statements that are executed automatically by the system as the side effect of
a modification to the database. The triggers can be initiated before the event or after the
event.

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Exercise Number: 11

Title of the Exercise : FRONT END TOOLS

Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To study about various Visual Basic (front end) tools
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No.
1
2
3

Facilities required
System
Operating System
S/W Name

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB

b) Procedure
Object
An object is a type of user interface element you create on a Visual Basic form by using a
toolbox control.
In fact, in Visual Basic, the form itself is also an object.
You can move, resize, and customize objects by setting object properties.
A property is a value or characteristic held by a Visual Basic object, such as Caption or
Fore Color.
Properties can be set at design time by using the Properties window or at run time
by using statements in the program code.
Object. Property = Value
Where
Object is the name of the object youre customizing.
Property is the characteristic you want to change.
Value is the new property setting.
For example,
Command1.Caption = "Hello"
1.The Form Object
The Form is where the user interface is drawn. It is central to the development of
Visual Basic applications.
Form Properties:
o Appearance Selects 3-D or flat appearance.
o BackColor
Sets the form background color.
o BorderStyle Sets the form border to be fixed or sizeable.
o Caption
sets the form window title.
o Enabled
If True, allows the form to respond to mouse and keyboard events;
if False, disables form.
o Font
Sets font type, style, size.
o ForeColor
Sets color of text or graphics.
o Picture
Places a bitmap picture in the form.
o Visible
If False, hides the form.
Form Events:
Activate Form_Activate event is triggered when form becomes the active window.
Click
Form_Click event is triggered when user clicks on form.
DblClick Form_DblClick event is triggered when user doubleclicks on form.
Load
Form_Load event occurs when form is loaded.This is a good place to
initialize variables and set any runtime properties.
Form Methods:
Clears all graphics and text from form. Does not clear any objects.
Cls
Print
Prints text string on the form.

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Examples
frmExample.Cls ' clears the form
frmExample.Print "This will print on the form"
2.
CommandButton
The Command Button control is use to create buttons with a variety of uses on a form.
A command button is the most basic way to get user input while a program is running.
By clicking a command button, the user requests that a specific action be taken in
the program.
Visual Basic terms, clicking a command button creates an event, which must
be processed in your program.
Command Button Properties:
Appearance
Selects 3-D or flat appearance.
Cancel Allows selection of button with Esc key (only one button on a form can
have this property True).
Caption String to be displayed on button.
Default Allows selection of button with Enter key (only one button on a form can
have this property True).
Font
Sets font type, style, size.
Command Button Events:
Click Event triggered when button is selected either by clicking on it or by pressing the
access key.
3. Label Boxes
Label, the simplest control in the Visual Basic toolbox, displays formatted text on a user
interface form. Typical uses for the Label control include:
Help text
Program splash screen headings
Formatted output, such as names, times, and dates
Descriptive labels for other objects, including text boxes and list boxes.
Label Properties:
Alignment
Aligns caption within border.
Appearance
Selects 3-D or flat appearance.

AutoSize -If True, the label is resized to fit the text specified by the caption property. If
False, the label will remain the size defined at design time and the text may be clipped.
Determines type of border.
BorderStyle
Caption String to be displayed in box.
Sets font type, style, size.
Font
Label Events:
Click
Event triggered when user clicks on a label.
DblClick Event triggered when user double-clicks on a label.
4. Textbox
A Textbox is used to display information entered at design time, by a user at run-time, or
assigned within code.
The displayed text may be edited.
The Textbox control is one of the most versatile tools in the Visual Basic toolbox.
This control performs two functions:
Displaying output (such as operating instructions or the contents of a file) on a form.
Receiving text (such as names and phone numbers) as user input.
Text Box Properties:
1. Appearance
: Selects 3-D or flat appearance.
2. BorderStyle
: Determines type of border.
3. Font
: Sets font type, style, size.
4. MaxLength
: Limits the length of displayed text (0 value indicates unlimited length).
5. MultiLine : Specifies whether text box displays single line or multiple lines.
6. PasswordChar :Hides text with a single character.

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7. ScrollBars :Specifies type of displayed scroll bar(s).

8. SelLength :Length of selected text (run-time only).
9. SelStart :Starting position of selected text (run-time only).
10.SelText :Selected text (run-time only).
11.Tag
: Stores a string expression.
12.Text
:Displayed text
Text Box Events:
1. Change :Triggered every time the Text property changes.
2. LostFocus :Triggered when the user leaves the text box. This is a good place to
examine the contents of a text box after editing.
3. KeyPress :Triggered whenever a key is pressed. Used for key trapping, as seen in last class.
5. Check Boxes
Check boxes provide a way to make choices from a list of potential candidates.
Some, all, or none of the choices in a group may be selected
Check Box Properties:
Caption :Identifying text next to box.
:Sets font type, style, size.
Font
Value
:Indicates if unchecked (0, vbUnchecked), checked (1,vbChecked), or grayed
out (2, vbGrayed).
Check Box Events:
Click :Triggered when a box is clicked. Value property is automatically changed by
Visual Basic.
6. Option Buttons
Option buttons provide the capability to make a mutually exclusive choice among
a group of potential candidate choices.
Hence, option buttons work as a group, only one of which can have a True (or selected)
value.
Option Button Properties:
Caption :Identifying text next to button.
:Sets font type, style, size.
Font
Value
:Indicates if selected (True) or not (False). Only one option button in a group
can be True. One button in each group of option buttons should always be initialized to
True at design time.
7. List Boxes
A list box displays a list of items from which the user can select one or more items.
If the number of items exceeds the number that can be displayed, a scroll bar is
automatically added.
List Box Properties:
1. Appearance
:Selects 3-D or flat appearance.
2. List
:Array of items in list box.
3. ListCount
:Number of items in list.
4. ListIndex
:The number of the most recently selected item in list.If no item is
selected, ListIndex = -1.
5. MultiSelect
:Controls how items may be selected (0-no multiple selection allowed,
1-multiple selection allowed, 2-group selection allowed).
6. Selected
:Array with elements set equal to True or False, depending on whether
corresponding list item is selected.
7. Sorted
:True means items are sorted in 'Ascii' order, else items appear in order added.
8. Text
: Text of most recently selected item.
List Box Events:
Click
:Event triggered when item in list is clicked.
:Event triggered when item in list is double-clicked.Primary way used to
DblClick
process selection.

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List Box Methods:

AddItem :Allows you to insert item in list.
:Removes all items from list box.
Clear
RemoveItem :Removes item from list box, as identified by index of item to remove.
Examples
lstExample.AddItem "This is an added item" ' adds text string to list
lstExample.Clear ' clears the list box
lstExample.RemoveItem 4 ' removes lstExample.List(4) from list box
8.Combo Boxes
The combo box is similar to the list box.
The differences are a combo box includes a text box on top of a list box and only
allows selection of one item.
In some cases, the user can type in an alternate response.
Combo Box Properties:
Combo box properties are nearly identical to those of the list box, with the deletion of the
MultiSelect property and the addition of a Style property.
Appearance
Selects 3-D or flat appearance.
Array of items in list box portion.
List
Number of items in list.
ListCount
ListIndex
The number of the most recently selected item in list.If no item is
selected, ListIndex = -1.
True means items are sorted in 'Ascii' order, else items appear in order added.
Sorted
Style
Selects the combo box form.Style = 0, Dropdown combo; user can
change
selection.Style = 1, Simple combo; user can change selection. Style = 2,
Dropdown combo; user cannot change selection.
Text
Text of most recently selected item.
Combo Box Events:
Click
Event triggered when item in list is clicked.
DblClick Event triggered when item in list is double-clicked. Primary way used to
process selection.
Combo Box Methods:
AddItem
Allows you to insert item in list.
Removes all items from list box.
Clear
RemoveItem Removes item from list box, as identified by index of item to remove.
Examples
cboExample.AddItem "This is an added item" ' adds text string to list
cboExample.Clear ' clears the combo box
cboExample.RemoveItem 4 ' removes cboExample.List(4) from list box
9.Horizontal and Vertical Scroll Bars
Horizontal and vertical scroll bars are widely used in Windows applications.
Scroll bars provide an intuitive way to move through a list of information and make
great input devices.
Scroll Bar Properties:
1. LargeChange Increment added to or subtracted from the scroll bar Value property
when the bar area is clicked.
2. Max
The value of the horizontal scroll bar at the far right and the value of the
vertical scroll bar at the bottom.Can range from -32,768 to 32,767.
3. Min
The other extreme value - the horizontal scroll bar at the left and the
vertical scroll bar at the top. Can range from -32,768 to 32,767.
4. SmallChange The increment added to or subtracted from the scroll bar Value property
when either of the scroll arrows is clicked.
5. Value
The current position of the scroll box (thumb) within the scroll bar. If you
set this in code, Visual Basic moves the scroll box to the proper position.

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10.Picture Boxes
The picture box allows you to place graphics information on a form.
It is best suited for dynamic environments - for example, when doing animation.
Picture boxes lie in the top layer of the form display.
They behave very much like small forms within a form, possessing most of the
same properties as a form.
Picture Box Properties:
1. AutoSize
If True, box adjusts its size to fit the displayed graphic.
2. Font
Sets the font size, style, and size of any printing done in the picture box.
3. Picture
Establishes the graphics file to display in the picture box.
Picture
Box
Events:

Click
Triggered when a picture box is clicked.

DblClick Triggered when a picture box is double-clicked.

Example
picExample.Picture = LoadPicture("c:\pix\sample.bmp")
11. Frames
Frames provide a way of grouping related controls on a form. And, in the case of option
buttons, frames affect how such buttons operate.
Option buttons within a frame work as a group, independently of option buttons in other
frames.
Option buttons on the form, and not in frames, work as another independent group.
That is, the form is itself a frame by default.
It is important to note that an independent group of option buttons is defined by physical
location within frames, not according to naming convention.
That is, a control array of option buttons does not work as an independent group just
because it is a control array.
It would only work as a group if it were the only group of option buttons within a frame
or on the form.

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12.Shape Tool
The shape tool can create circles, ovals, squares, rectangles, and rounded squares
and rectangles.
Colors can be used and various fill patterns are available.
Shape Tool Properties:
1. BackColor
Determines the background color of the shape (only used when FillStyle
not Solid.
2. BackStyle
Determines whether the background is transparent or opaque.
3. BorderColor Determines the color of the shape's outline.
4. BorderStyle
Determines the style o the shape's outline. The border can be
transparent, solid, dashed, dotted, and combinations.
5. BorderWidth Determines the width of the shape border line.
6. fillColor
Defines the interior color of the shape.
7. FillStyle
Determines the interior pattern of a shape. Some choices are: solid,
transparent, cross, etc.
8. Shape
Determines whether the shape is a square, circle, or some other choice.
13. The Line Control
Like the shape control, the line control is a graphical control.
Line is use it to display horizontal, vertical, or diagonal lines in a form.
We can use these controls at design time as a design element or at runtime to alter the
original line you drew.
It can also change a line at runtime by changing its X1, X2, Y1, and Y2 properties.
Line Tool Properties:
BorderColor Determines the line color.
BorderStyle
Determines the line 'shape'. Lines can be transparent, solid, dashed,
dotted,and combinations.
BorderWidth Determines line width.
14.The Timer Control
You use a timer control when you want to execute code at specific intervals.
Many times, especially in using graphics, we want to repeat certain operations at
regular intervals.
The timer tool allows such repetition. The timer tool does not appear on the form
while the application is running.
The Timer Properties:
Enabled Used to turn the timer on and off. When on, it continues to operate
until the Enabled property is set to False.
Interval Number of milliseconds between each invocation of the Timer Event
c) Result:
Thus the study of various Visual Basic tools was done.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
1.What is meant by front end tools?
Front end tools: are the tools which are used to design the user interface of
the application Example Visual basic, .Net,Java,C,C++ etc.
2.What is meant by back end tools?
Back End tools: are the tools which are used to design data base(storage design) of the
application Example SQL,Ms-Access,Oracle,DB2,SyBase etc.

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Exercise Number: 12

Title of the Exercise

Date of the Exercise

: FORM
:

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT

To design and implement a form using visual basic
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
d)

Facilities required to do the experiment:

Sl.No.
1
2
3

e)

Facilities required
System
Operating System
S/W Name

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB

Procedure for doing the experiment:

Step
no.

Details of the step

Create a new project in visual basic using the option file---> new project.
In the form use the front end tools in the toolbox like textbox, label, and command button and
create a front end Design for the simple calculator.

Open the properties window for the tools and select properties. Now
3

the

properties window is opened. Set properties for each tool in the form like caption, name, etc.
Delete the default values of the text box
Double click each and every tool to open the project code window. write the
code for the events of the tools

Double click the buttons and write the code for buttons

Write the code for the simple operations in the calculator like Addition, subtraction,
6

multiplication and division. The code is Automatically compiled at the end of each line while
pressing the Enter key.

f)

Now execute the code by click the F5 button in the keyboard or select
Run--->start.
After successfully executing the project create the executable file by
the option file---> make file.exe.

Program:

Private Sub Command1_Click()

Text3.Text = Val(Text1.Text) + Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
Text3.Text = Val(Text1.Text) - Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Text3.Text = Val(Text1.Text) * Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub Command4_Click()
Text3.Text = Val(Text1.Text) / Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub

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Private Sub Command5_Click()
End
End Sub
g)

Output:

h)

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of a form using visual basic was performed.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.

2.

What does meant by ByRef argument in Procedure inVB?

ByRef sends a reference indicating where the value is stored in memory, allowing
the called procedure to actually change the arguments original value.
Give the steps required to convert a project into an .exe file
1. After completing project save it.
2. Then click on file menu.
3. In file menu there is an sub menu Make Project.
4. After clicking on Make Project sub menu it will open a save dialog box to locate

the path where .exe file will be created. Select the location and click on Ok then your project will
be converted into .exe file at specified location.
3. What are objects and properties? How are they related to each other?
Objects:
Think of objects as a thing, or a noun. Examples of objects are forms and controls.
Forms are the windows and dialog boxes you place on the screen; controls are the elements that
you place inside a form, such as text boxes, command buttons, and list boxes.
Properties:
Properties tell something about an object, such as name, color, size, location, or how it
will behave. You can think of properties as adjectives that describes objects. When you refer to a
property, you must first name the object, add a period, and then name the property. For example,
refer to caption property of form called Form1 as Form1.Caption (say Form1.Caption).

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Exercise Number: 13

Title of the Exercise

Date of the Exercise

: MENU DESIGN
:

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT

To design and implement a menu design using Visual Basic
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required
1
System
2
Operating System
3
S/W Name
Procedure for doing the experiment:

b)

Step
no.
1

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB

Details of the step

Create a new project in VB

In the form window place the controls like Labels , text boxes in form

Go to Tools

In the Menu Editor dialog box enter the values for caption, name and shortcut.

Select next to add a new menu item and delete to remove a menu item.

To add a sub menu select the right button in the Menu Editor dialog box and then
add the sub menus caption, name and shortcut.
Use - in the name field to add a separator line inside a menu. After adding all
menu items select the OK button.
Double click the menu items in the form window to add the corresponding codes.
Similarly the codes are given to the text boxes and labels.

7
8
9

Menu Editor or right click on the form and select Menu Editor.

Execute the project by selecting Run

Start.

After the debugging and successful execution of the project save the project and
make an executable file(*.exe) of it using the File menu.

c) Program:
Private Sub Green_Click(Index As Integer)
Shape1.FillColor = RGB(0, 255, 0)
End Sub
Private Sub Oval_Click(Index As Integer)
Shape1.Shape = 2
End Sub
Private Sub Rect_Click(Index As Integer)
Shape1.Shape = 0
End Sub
Private Sub Red_Click(Index As Integer)
Shape1.FillColor = RGB(255, 0, 0)
End Sub
Private Sub Solid_Click(Index As Integer)
Shape1.FillStyle = 0
End Sub

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Private Sub Square_Click(Index As Integer)

Shape1.Shape = 1
End Sub
Private Sub Transparent_Click(Index As Integer)
Shape1.FillStyle = 2
End Sub
d) Output:

e) Result:
Thus the menu design using Visual Basic was successfully designed and implemented.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1.

Define menus
Menus consist of a menu bar with menu names, each of which drops down to
display a list of menu commands. You can use menu commands in place of or addition to
command buttons to active procedures. Menu commands are actually controls; they have
properties and events. Each event has name property and click event, similar to action
command buttons.
2. Define submenus.
The drop down list of commands below a menu name is called a menu. When a
command on the menu has another list of commands that pops up, the new list is called
submenu. The filled triangle to the right of the command indicates a menu command has a
sub menu.

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Exercise Number: 14

Title of the Exercise : REPORT GENERATION

Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To generate report for employee details using VB.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a)

Facilities required to do the experiment:

Sl.No. Facilities required

1
System
2
Operating System
3
Front end
4
Back end
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB/VC ++/JAVA
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2

Step
Details of the step
no.
1
Create a new VB project as data project.
Right click connection1 of the data environment click the property, set the provider

c)

as Oracle provider for OLEDB and click next then type user name as scott and password as
tiger. Check whether the connection is established using test connection button.

Right click connection, click the Add command for the connection1 and set database object as table
and object name as scott.emp

Drag command1and drop it in the data reports detail section1. Two items will
appear for each object. The first label for heading information. Move this label into
page header section. The label is used to store the actual value of the object.

In data report1 properties set data source data environment1 and the data member as command1.
Place a button in the form write coding to view the report.

Program:
Private Sub Command1_Click()
DataReport1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub

d) Output:

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e)

Result:
Thus the report generation of employee details using Visual Basic was successfully
developed.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1.

Name the at least three types of common dialog boxes

2.

1. Color Dialog Box

2. Font Dialog Box
3. Save Dialog Box
What does meant by ByVal in procedure in VB?
The ByVal sends a copy of the arguments value to the procedure cannot alter
the original value.

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Exercise Number: 15

Title of the Exercise : DATABASE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

PAY ROLL PROCESSING
Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To create a database for payroll processing system using SQL and implement it using VB
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a)

Facilities required to do the experiment:

Sl.No.
1
2
3
4

b)

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB/VC ++/JAVA
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2

Procedure for doing the experiment:

Step
no.
1

Details of the step

Create a database for payroll processing which request the using SQL

Establish ODBC connection

In the administrator tools open data source ODBC

Click add button and select oracle in ORA home 90,click finish

A window will appear given the data source home as oracle and select TNS source
name as lion and give the used id as SWTT
ADODC CONTROL FOR SALARY FORM:-

6
7
8
c)

Facilities required
System
Operating System
Front end
Back end

The above procedure must be follow except the table ,A select the table as
salary
Write appropriate Program in form each from created in VB from each from
created in VB form project.

Program:

SQL>create table emp(eno number primary key,enamr varchar(20),age number,addr

varchar(20),DOB date,phno number(10));
Table created.
SQL>create table salary(eno number,edesig varchar(10),basic number,da number,hra number,pf
number,mc number,met number,foreign key(eno) references emp);
Table created.
TRIGGER to calculate DA,HRA,PF,MC
SQL> create or replace trigger employ
2 after insert on salary
3 declare
4 cursor cur is select eno,basic from salary;
5 begin
6 for cur1 in cur loop
7 update salary set
8 hra=basic*0.1,da=basic*0.07,pf=basic*0.05,mc=basic*0.03 where hra=0;
9 end loop;

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10 end;
11 /
Trigger created.
PROGRAM FOR FORM 1
Private Sub emp_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub salary_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
PROGRAM FOR FORM 2
Private Sub add_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew
MsgBox "Record added"
End Sub
Private Sub clear_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = ""
Text6.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub delte_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Delete
MsgBox "Record Deleted"
If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub main_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub modify_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub
PROGRAM FOR FORM 3
Private Sub add_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew
MsgBox "Record added"
End Sub
Private Sub clear_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = ""
Text6.Text = ""

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End Sub
Private Sub delte_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Delete
MsgBox "Record Deleted"
If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub main_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub modify_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub
d) Output:

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e)

Result:
Thus the design and implementation of payroll processing system using SQL, VB
was successfully done.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.

What is the purpose of Visual Basic file types: .vbp, .frm, .bas, and .ocx?
Visual Project consist of at least two, and usually more, files as follows:

.vbp file: This file is called the project file, is a small text file that holds the names of the
other files in the project, as well as some information about the VB environment.
.frm file: Each of your form in the project is saved in a file with extension. To begin your project
your project will have only one form. Later you can expect your projects to have several forms, with
one .frm file for each form. A from holds the description of all objects and their properties for each
form, as well as the basic code that you have written to respond to the events. These
are also referred as form modules.

.bas file: Optionally your project can have this file. These file holds basic statements that can be
accessed from any form. As soon as you begin .bas file are called standard code modules.
.ocx file: additional controls, called custom controls, are stored with a file .ocx extension. If you
include controls in your projects that are not part of the standard control set, the .ocx file names
will be included in the project.
2.

What is ODBC?
Open Data Base Connectivity is an administrative tool which is used to connect
different types of databases through data source name.
3. What is use of ADODC?
ActiveX Data Object Data Control is a data control which is used to connect Visual basic
controls to a database. That is, it connects the front end data with the back end.

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Exercise Number: 16

Title of the Exercise : BANKING SYSTEM

Date of the Exercise :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT
To develop a mini project for banking system.
FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE
a) Facilities required to do the experiment:
Sl.No. Facilities required
1
System
2
Operating System
3
Front end
4
Back end
b) Procedure for doing the experiment:
Step
no.
1
2
3
4
5

7
c)

Quantity
1
Windows XP
VB/VC ++/JAVA
Oracle11g,my SQL, DB2

Details of the step

Create the DB for banking system source request the using SQL
Establishing ODBC connection
Click add button and select oracle in ORA home 90 click finished
A window will appear give the data source name as oracle and give the user id as
scott
Now click the test connection a window will appear with server and user name give
user as scott and password tiger Click ok
VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION: Create standard exe project in to and design ms from in request format
To add ADODC project select component and check ms ADO data control
click ok
Now the control is added in the tool book
Create standard exe project in to and design ms from in request format
ADODC CONTEOL FOR ACCOUNT FROM:Click customs and property window and window will appear and select ODBC data
source name as oracle and click apply as the some window.

Program:

CREATE A TABLE IN ORACLE

SQL>create table account(cname varchar(20),accno number(10),balance number);
Table Created
SQL> insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance);
Enter value for cname: Mathi
Enter value for accno: 1234
Enter value for balance: 10000
old 1: insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance)
new 1: insert into emp values('Mathi',1234,10000)
1 row created.
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM1
Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub

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Private Sub TRANSACTION_Click()

Form3.Show
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 2
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
End Sub

Private Sub DELETE_Click()

Adodc1.Recordset.DELETE
MsgBox "record deleted"
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext
If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub HOME_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub INSERT_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew
End Sub
Private Sub TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
Private Sub UPDATE_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
MsgBox "record updated successfully"
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 3
Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub DEPOSIT_Click()
Dim s As String
s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deposited")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) + Val(s)
A = Text2.Text
MsgBox "CURRENT BALANCE IS Rs" + Str(A)
Adodc1.Recordset.Save
Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE

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End Sub
Private Sub EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub

Private Sub HOME_Click()

Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub WITHDRAW_Click()
Dim s As String
s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deleted")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) - Val(s)
A = Text2.Text
MsgBox "current balance is Rs" + Str(A)
Adodc1.Recordset.Save
Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
End
Sub d) Output:

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e) Result:
Thus the mini project for banking system by using VB,SQL was done.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What is a purpose of image control and how can it be created?
An image control holds a picture. You can set an image picture property to file with
an extension of .bmp, GIF, .JPEG etc.
First place the image control on a form and then select its picture property in the properties
window. Click on the properties button to display load picture dialog box were you can select a
filename. You can use any picture file (with the property format) that you have available.
Set the Stretch property of image control to true to make the picture enlarge to filled the
control You can set the visible property to false to make the image disappear. The letter
prefix for naming an image is image.
For Example, to make an image invisible at run time, use this code
statement: imgLogo. Visible = False
2. How can you make groups of option buttons?
Option Button allows user to select one of several choices. Unlike CheckBoxes,The
user can select one and only one option button at a time.
After selecting one option button if the user click another option button. VB deselect the
previously selected option button and select the one the user click not that option but is also
called as Radio Button.

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