996 F.

2d 1155

62 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 769,

63 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 42,642
Delphine Edwards GOLDSMITH, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
CITY OF ATMORE; Howard Shell, individually and in his
official capacity as Mayor of City of Atmore,
Alabama, Defendants-Appellants.
No. 92-6429.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.
Aug. 4, 1993.

Joe Thompson, Brewton, AL, Susan Williams Reeves, Birmingham, AL,

for defendants-appellants.
Ronnie L. Williams, Mobile, AL, for plaintiff-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
Alabama.
Before FAY, Circuit Judge, JOHNSON, Senior Circuit Judge, and
MERHIGE* , Senior District Judge.
JOHNSON, Senior Circuit Judge:

This case arises on appeal following a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiffappellee Delphine Edwards Goldsmith on her claim that her employer, the City
of Atmore ("the City"), and its mayor, Howard Shell, transferred her to a
different employment position in retaliation for her threats to file a
discrimination charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
("the EEOC"). The City and Mayor Shell appeal the district court's entry of
judgment in accordance with the jury verdict. For the reasons that follow, we
reverse the district court's entry of judgment and remand the case back to the
district court for further proceedings.

I. STATEMENT OF THE CASE

A. Factual Background
2

In October 1979, Goldsmith, a black female, began working for the City as a
clerical worker in the City Clerk's Office. In September 1988, the City Council
announced an opening in the position of City Clerk caused by the current City
Clerk's impending retirement. Goldsmith applied for the City Clerk opening,
but the City Council instead awarded the position to a white female.

Upon learning that the City had selected a white female to fill the City Clerk
position, Goldsmith suspected that her application had not been properly
considered because of race discrimination. Goldsmith advised City Councilman
Curtis Harris that she planned to consult an attorney about the possibility of
filing charges with the EEOC. The morning after Goldsmith's conversation
with Councilman Harris, Harris called on Mayor Shell at his office in City Hall.
Immediately after Harris departed, Mayor Shell called Goldsmith into his office
to inform her that the City Clerk position had been filled and "there was
nothing [Goldsmith] could do about it." From this statement, Goldsmith
concluded that Harris had informed Mayor Shell of her plans to file an EEOC
complaint and that Mayor Shell was attempting to discourage her from doing
so.

On the afternoon of Friday, December 2, 1988, approximately three weeks after

Harris met with Mayor Shell, Shell advised Goldsmith that he was transferring
her to a clerical position at the City Library. Mayor Shell told Goldsmith to
clean out her desk and turn in her keys by the end of the day because she would
not be returning to City Hall. The following Monday, Goldsmith began
working at the same salary in the City Library, where she has worked
throughout the pendency of these proceedings.
B. Procedural History

On December 22, 1988, Goldsmith filed an EEOC charge against the City,
alleging that the City racially discriminated against her by failing to award her
the City Clerk position, and that the City then retaliated against her by
transferring her to the City Library when she revealed her intention to take legal
action on the race discrimination claim. The EEOC issued Goldsmith a notice
of her right to institute a civil action on the charge, which Goldsmith received
on June 25, 1990.

On August 20, 1990, Goldsmith, proceeding pro se, filed her EEOC right-tosue notice, together with a memorandum containing a summary of her
allegations against the City, in federal district court. Goldsmith's case was
assigned to a federal magistrate judge who ordered Goldsmith to file a formal
complaint by September 28, 1990.

Goldsmith retained counsel and filed an amended complaint against the City on
September 28, 1990. In her complaint, Goldsmith again raised the race
discrimination and retaliation claims contained in her EEOC charge. Goldsmith
alleged that each of these actions violated her rights under 42 U.S.C.A. 1981
and under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. See 42 U.S.C.A. 1981
(West 1981); 42 U.S.C.A. 2000e-2(a), 2000e-3(a) (West 1981). The City
was served with notice of this complaint on October 11, 1990.

On March 4, 1991, Goldsmith filed a motion to amend her complaint in order to

add (1) Mayor Shell as a defendant on the section 1981 and Title VII claims,
(2) a cause of action against the City and Mayor Shell under 42 U.S.C.A.
1983, and (3) a demand for trial by jury. See FED.R.CIV.P. 15, 39(b). Over the
City's objections, the district court granted Goldsmith's motion to amend her
complaint.

The City and Mayor Shell subsequently filed separate motions for summary
judgment on Goldsmith's claims. Before the district court ruled on the
summary judgment motions, Goldsmith orally abandoned her claim of race
discrimination at the parties' pretrial conference. As a result, the sole issue
remaining on summary judgment was the allegedly retaliatory transfer of
Goldsmith from the City Clerk's Office to the City Library. In her briefs
opposing the motions for summary judgment, Goldsmith asserted that her
complaint alleged only (1) section 1981 and Title VII claims against the City,
and (2) section 1981 and section 1983 claims against Mayor Shell.

10

On December 16, 1991, the district court granted summary judgment in favor
of the City and Mayor Shell on Goldsmith's section 1981 claims, ruling that
claims of retaliation were not cognizable under section 1981. However, the
district court allowed Goldsmith to proceed to trial on her Title VII claim
against the City and on her section 1983 claim against Mayor Shell.1

11

On November 21, 1991, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 ("the 1991 Act") became
law. See Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub.L. No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1071 (1991).
On December 20, 1991, Goldsmith filed a motion for leave to amend her
complaint pursuant to the 1991 Act (1) to claim compensatory and punitive

damages on the Title VII claim against the City, and (2) to reassert the section
1981 claims against the City and Mayor Shell. See id. 101, 102. On January
15, 1992, the district court ruled that the relevant provisions of the 1991 Act
applied retroactively to Goldsmith's claims, and the court therefore granted
Goldsmith's motion to amend her complaint. Goldsmith then filed her final
amended complaint which contained (1) section 1981 and Title VII claims
against the City, and (2) section 1981 and section 1983 claims against Mayor
Shell.
12

The case proceeded to trial on January 27, 1992. At the conclusion of

Goldsmith's presentation of evidence, the City and Mayor Shell moved for
judgment as a matter of law. The district court granted judgment in favor of the
City on Goldsmith's section 1981 claim. In addition, the district court appears
to have deemed Goldsmith's section 1983 claim against Mayor Shell abandoned
based on the representation by Goldsmith's attorney that Goldsmith could not
establish any property interest in her job at the City Clerk's office.2 In any
event, the district court ruled that the "remaining claims"--"this Title 7 claim
against the City and the 1981 claim against the defendant, Shell"--would be
sent to the jury.

13

At the conclusion of trial, the district court instructed the jury on Goldsmith's
Title VII and section 1981 claims. The jury returned a verdict in favor of
Goldsmith on both claims, awarding $15,000 in compensatory damages and
assessing Mayor Shell $25,000 in punitive damages. The district court denied
the defendants' motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and also
denied Goldsmith's request for reinstatement at City Hall.3 After the district
court entered final judgment in accordance with the jury verdict, the City and
Mayor Shell filed this appeal.

II. DISCUSSION
14

On appeal, the City and Mayor Shell challenge the district court's entry of
judgment in favor of Goldsmith. Therefore, the only causes of action at issue in
this appeal are those on which Goldsmith prevailed: (1) the section 1981 claim
against Mayor Shell; and (2) the Title VII claim against the City. The City and
Mayor Shell argue that the district court committed numerous errors in
applying the law governing section 1981 and Title VII claims. We address only
those issues necessary to dispose of this case on appeal.

15

A. The District Court's Retroactive Application of the 1991 Act

16

The City and Mayor Shell contend that the district court committed reversible

16

The City and Mayor Shell contend that the district court committed reversible
error when it allowed Goldsmith to amend her complaint to invoke the
provisions of the 1991 Act. According to the City and Mayor Shell, the 1991
Act does not apply retroactively to cases already pending at the time of its
enactment. The district court's decision to give the 1991 Act retroactive effect is
a conclusion of law subject to this Court's de novo review. See Federal Deposit
Ins. Corp. v. 232, Inc., 920 F.2d 815, 818 n. 4 (11th Cir.1991); Wright v.
Director, Federal Emergency Management Agency, 913 F.2d 1566, 1572-73
(11th Cir.1990).

17

In Baynes v. AT & T Technologies, Inc., 976 F.2d 1370, 1372 (11th Cir.1992),
this Court held that the provisions of the 1991 Act which (1) expand the causes
of action under section 1981, (2) grant the right of trial by jury in Title VII
cases, and (3) allow plaintiffs to recover compensatory and punitive damages
for Title VII claims, do not apply retroactively to cases in which the district
court rendered judgment before the 1991 Act became effective. More recently,
this Court concluded that "the reasoning of Baynes ... compels the conclusion
that the same provisions of the Act involved in Baynes are not retroactively
applicable to cases ... which were pending but had not resulted in final
judgment as of the effective date of the Act." Curtis v. Metro Ambulance
Service, Inc., 982 F.2d 472, 473-74 (11th Cir.1993). The provisions of the 1991
Act at issue in this case are identical to those at issue in Baynes. Therefore, we
are bound by precedent to hold that the 1991 Act does not apply to Goldsmith's
claims, and that the district court committed reversible error when it allowed
Goldsmith to amend her complaint to plead the 1991 Act's protection.

18

Because the 1991 Act does not apply retroactively, Goldsmith's claims of
retaliatory transfer under section 1981 and Title VII must be measured by the
law as it stood prior to the enactment of the 1991 Act. We must determine,
then, whether a retaliatory transfer such as the one alleged by Goldsmith is
actionable under section 1981 or Title VII under the law in place before the
1991 Act came into effect.

19

The conduct which forms the basis of Goldsmith's retaliation claims occurred
in December 1988. In June 1989, the Supreme Court held that section 1981
"covers conduct only at the initial formation of the contact and conduct which
impairs the right to enforce contract obligations through legal process."
Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164, 179, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 2374,
105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989). Therefore, the Court ruled that post-formation
conduct, such as conduct affecting "the terms and conditions of continuing
employment," was not actionable under section 1981. Id. This Court has
subsequently held that Patterson applies retroactively, see Vance v. Southern
Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co., 983 F.2d 1573, 1576-77 (11th Cir.1993),4

and that Patterson bars section 1981 actions based on lateral employment
transfers, see Vance, 983 F.2d at 1576; Jones v. Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.,
Inc., 977 F.2d 527, 537 (11th Cir.1992), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct.
2932, 124 L.Ed.2d 682 (1993). Under this array of precedent, we conclude that
Goldsmith's claim of retaliatory transfer is not actionable under section 1981.
Therefore, Mayor Shell is entitled to judgment on Goldsmith's section 1981
claim. 5
20

In contrast, retaliatory employment practices have always been actionable

under Title VII. See 42 U.S.C.A. 2000e-3(a) (West 1981); EEOC v. White
and Son Enterprises, 881 F.2d 1006, 1012 & n. 5 (11th Cir.1989); Pettway v.
American Cast Iron Pipe Co., 411 F.2d 998, 1005-08 (5th Cir.1969). The only
benefits Goldsmith claimed under the 1991 Act with respect to her Title VII
claim were (1) the right to a jury trial and (2) the right to recover compensatory
and punitive damages. See Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub.L. No. 102-166,
102, 105 Stat. 1071, 1072 (1991) (codified at 42 U.S.C.A. 1981a (West
Supp.1993)). Although our holding necessarily precludes Goldsmith from
receiving either of these benefits, Goldsmith's claim of retaliation under Title
VII remains viable under pre-Act law unless the City can establish an
alternative ground entitling it to judgment.6

21

B. The City's Right to Judgment as a Matter of Law on the Title VII Claim

22

The City argues that the district court erred in denying it judgment as a matter
of law on Goldsmith's Title VII claim. The City claims a right to judgment on
the Title VII claim because (1) Goldsmith failed to file her action within 90
days of receiving notice from the EEOC of her right to sue, (2) Goldsmith failed
to establish any retaliatory action for which the City is liable, and (3)
Goldsmith's evidence was legally insufficient to establish a Title VII violation.
We address each of these contentions in turn.

1. Goldsmith's Compliance with the 90 Day Rule

23
24

The City argues that Goldsmith is barred from bringing her Title VII claim
because she failed to comply with Title VII's requirement that plaintiffs seeking
to bring civil actions under Title VII must do so within 90 days of receiving
notice of their right to sue from the EEOC. See 42 U.S.C.A. 2000e-5(f)(1).
The parties agree that Goldsmith received her right-to-sue notice from the
EEOC on June 25, 1990. The City insists, however, that Goldsmith's filings
with the district court on August 20, 1990, did not satisfy the pleading
requirements necessary to commence a civil action, and that Goldsmith did not
file a valid complaint until September 28, 1990, four days after the statutory

period had expired.

25

We agree that Goldsmith's filing on August 20, 1990, did not satisfy the
pleading requirements necessary to commence a civil action. Under Rule 8(a), a
complaint must contain "a short and plain statement" of (1) the court's
jurisdiction, (2) the grounds for relief, and (3) the nature of the relief sought.
See FED.R.CIV.P. 8(a). Goldsmith's filing on August 20, 1990, consisted of
her right-to-sue letter and a signed memorandum in which she describes the
factual basis for her claims. Taken together, these documents constitute a "short
and plain statement" of the court's jurisdiction and the grounds for relief. See
Robinson v. City of Fairfield, 750 F.2d 1507, 1511-12 & n. 5 (11th Cir.1985);
Judkins v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 745 F.2d 1330, 1332 (11th Cir.1984).
However, Goldsmith's initial filing failed to satisfy Rule 8(a)(3)'s requirement
that the complaint contain "a demand for judgment for the relief the pleader
seeks." This requirement is not arduous--"any concise statement identifying the
remedies and the parties against whom relief is sought will be sufficient." 5
CHARLES A. WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE
AND PROCEDURE 1255 at 366 (2d ed. 1990). Nevertheless, after having
carefully reviewed the documents initially filed by Goldsmith, and allowing her
the "wide latitude" generally afforded pro se litigants in their pleadings, see
Securities and Exchange Comm'n v. Elliot, 953 F.2d 1560, 1582 (11th
Cir.1992), we have been unable to find a single reference to any requested relief
which would satisfy the minimal requirements of Rule 8(a)(3).

26

Despite this deficiency in Goldsmith's first attempt at filing, we hold that

Goldsmith's action was timely filed under the principles of equitable tolling.
See Suarez v. Little Havana Activities, 721 F.2d 338, 340 (11th Cir.1983) (90
day rule is subject to equitable tolling); Jackson v. Seaboard Coast Line
Railroad Co., 678 F.2d 992, 1007 (11th Cir.1982) (90 day rule is not
jurisdictional). Equitable tolling may be justified where the plaintiff actively
pursued judicial remedies by filing a defective pleading within the statutory
period, see Irwin v. Veterans Admin., 498 U.S. 89, 96, 111 S.Ct. 453, 457-58,
112 L.Ed.2d 435 (1990); Scholar v. Pacific Bell, 963 F.2d 264, 267-68 (9th
Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 196, 121 L.Ed.2d 139 (1992), or
where the plaintiff has been misled by the court into believing that a filing was
effective, see Baldwin County Welcome Center v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 151,
104 S.Ct. 1723, 1726, 80 L.Ed.2d 196 (1984); Hill v. John Chezik Imports, 869
F.2d 1122, 1124 n. 2 (8th Cir.1989). Goldsmith's case falls within both these
categories.

27

First, Goldsmith brought her case to the attention of the district court within the
statutory period by filing her initial defective pleading with the district court on

August 20, 1990. Second, Goldsmith was led by the district court to believe
that her defective filing was effective for purposes of the 90 day rule.
Goldsmith's EEOC notice informed her only that her complaint "must contain a
short statement of the facts of your case which shows you are entitled to relief."
Goldsmith, proceeding pro se, complied with this requirement by filing her
memorandum and a copy of her EEOC right-to-sue letter. The district court did
not inform Goldsmith that her original filings were inadequate for Title VII
purposes, but rather issued an order allowing Goldsmith to file a complaint
"fully setting out her claim in compliance with the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure by September 28, 1990." When Goldsmith complied with this order,
the district court treated the original filing as effective for purposes of the 90
day rule throughout the remainder of the proceedings. Under these
circumstances, 7 we hold that the expiration of the 90 day limitations period was
equitably tolled through September 28, 1990, by virtue of the district court's
order, and that Goldsmith's filing on that date was timely.
2. The City's Liability for Goldsmith's Transfer
28
29

The City also argues that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on
Goldsmith's Title VII claim because it cannot be held liable for the acts of
Mayor Shell. We find this argument to be without merit. Under Title VII, an
"employer" may be found liable for a Title VII violation upon a judicial finding
"that the respondent has intentionally engaged in or is intentionally engaging in
an unlawful employment practice charged in the complaint." See 42 U.S.C.A.
2000e-5(g). Title VII defines a potentially liable "employer" as any "person
engaged in an industry affecting commerce ... and any agent of such a person."
42 U.S.C.A. 2000e(b) (emphasis added).8 Goldsmith predicates her Title VII
claim against the City on the City's liability for the unlawful employment
practices of Mayor Shell as its agent.9

30

Because Title VII does not define the term "agent," we turn to the common law
principles of agency to determine whether Mayor Shell was acting as an
"agent" of the City when he transferred Goldsmith such that the City may be
held liable for his actions. See Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57,
72, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 2408, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986); Sparks v. Pilot Freight
Carriers, Inc., 830 F.2d 1554, 1558 (11th Cir.1987). Under these principles, an
agent is one who agrees to act on behalf of another, subject to the other's
control. See RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY 1 (1958). An
employee is generally considered an agent of his or her employer. See id. at 2.
The City concedes that Mayor Shell acted as a City employee, and therefore as
an agent of the City, in conducting his duties as mayor.10

31

Once an agency relationship has been established, general agency principles

also govern the circumstances in which the principal will be held liable for the
acts of its agents under Title VII. See Vinson, 477 U.S. at 72, 106 S.Ct. at 2408.
At trial, Goldsmith proceeded on the theory that the City was directly liable for
Mayor Shell's transfer decision either because (1) Mayor Shell was acting
within the scope of his employment in making the transfer decision, or (2)
Mayor Shell used his agency relationship with the City to assist him in his
unlawful retaliation. We agree that the City would be directly liable for the
retaliation under Title VII in either situation. See Sparks, 830 F.2d at 1558-59;
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY 219 (1958).

32

At trial, Goldsmith elicited evidence that the City had delegated final authority
to Mayor Shell to make employment decisions within the City Clerk's Office.
The City offered no evidence of any limitations on Mayor Shell's authority in
this regard. On this evidence, a reasonable factfinder could have found the City
liable for Mayor Shell's transfer decision under either of Goldsmith's theories of
direct liability. See Vance v. Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Co., 863
F.2d 1503, 1512-15 (11th Cir.1989); Sparks, 830 F.2d at 1557-60. Therefore,
the district court did not err in submitting the City's liability to the factfinder in
this case.

3. Sufficiency of the Evidence

33

Finally, the City argues that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law
because Goldsmith failed to establish legally sufficient evidence of a Title VII
violation. The burden of proof in Title VII retaliation cases is governed by the
framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93
S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). In order to prevail, the plaintiff must first
establish a prima facie case by showing (1) statutorily protected expression, (2)
adverse employment action, and (3) a causal link between the protected
expression and the adverse action. Weaver v. Casa Gallardo, Inc., 922 F.2d
1515, 1524 (11th Cir.1991); Jones v. Lumberjack Meats, Inc., 680 F.2d 98, 101
(11th Cir.1982). Once a prima facie case has been established, the defendant
may come forward with legitimate reasons for the employment action to negate
the inference of retaliation. Weaver, 922 F.2d at 1525-26; Doyal v. Marsh, 777
F.2d 1526, 1534 (11th Cir.1985). If the defendant offers legitimate reasons for
the employment action, the plaintiff then bears the burden of proving by a
preponderance of the evidence that the reasons offered by the defendant are
pretextual. See Donnellon v. Fruehauf Corp., 794 F.2d 598, 600 & n. 2 (11th
Cir.1986); Jones, 680 F.2d at 101; Whatley v. Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid
Transit Auth., 632 F.2d 1325, 1328 (5th Cir.1980).

34

The City first challenges Goldsmith's prima facie case as insufficient to

establish the "causal link" between her protected statement to Councilman
Harris and her transfer to the City Library. The City argues that Goldsmith
failed to establish causation because she did not prove that Mayor Shell even
knew of her conversation with Councilman Harris at the time of her transfer.11

35

In order to establish the requisite "causal link" required as part of a prima facie
case, a plaintiff need only establish that "the protected activity and the adverse
action were not wholly unrelated." See EEOC v. Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.,
988 F.2d 1564, 1571-72 (11th Cir.1993); Bigge v. Albertsons, Inc., 894 F.2d
1497, 1501 (11th Cir.1990); Simmons v. Camden County Bd. of Educ., 757
F.2d 1187, 1189 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 981, 106 S.Ct. 385, 88
L.Ed.2d 338 (1985). At a minimum, a plaintiff must generally establish that the
employer was actually aware of the protected expression at the time it took
adverse employment action. See, e.g., Weaver, 922 F.2d at 1525; Simmons,
757 F.2d at 1189. The defendant's awareness of the protected statement,
however, may be established by circumstantial evidence. Cf. Tyler v.
Bethlehem Steel Corp., 958 F.2d 1176, 1183 (2d Cir.1992) (quoting Visser v.
Packer Engineering Assoc., Inc., 924 F.2d 655, 659 (7th Cir.1991) (en banc))
(noting that "all knowledge is inferential"), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct.
82, 121 L.Ed.2d 46 (1992).

36

We conclude that Goldsmith offered sufficient circumstantial evidence that

Mayor Shell was aware of her conversation with Councilman Harris to satisfy
the causal link requirement of her prima facie case. Goldsmith testified that at
the time she informed Councilman Harris of her intention to look into the
possibility of filing an EEOC complaint, Councilman Harris urged her not to do
so and told Goldsmith he would go talk to Mayor Shell about the Mayor's
handling of announcements concerning the City Clerk position. The next
morning, Councilman Harris did in fact visit Mayor Shell in his office at City
Hall. Goldsmith testified that immediately after Councilman Harris departed,
Mayor Shell called her into his office to inform her that the City Clerk position
had been filled and there was nothing she could do about it. Goldsmith replied
that she would see if there was anything she could do about it when she talked
to her lawyer. Three weeks later, Mayor Shell abruptly transferred Goldsmith to
the City Library. This evidence was sufficient to satisfy Goldsmith's initial
burden to show a "causal link" between her statements and her transfer.12 See
Yartzoff v. Thomas, 809 F.2d 1371, 1376 (9th Cir.1987) (evidence that
employer knew of employee's protected activities, combined with a proximity
in time between protected action and the allegedly retaliatory action, is
sufficient to establish prima facie case of retaliation); Donnellon, 794 F.2d at
600-01 (fact that plaintiff was discharged only one month after filing complaint

with the EEOC "belies any assertion by the defendant that the plaintiff failed to
prove causation").
37

The City also argues that Goldsmith failed to establish that the legitimate
reasons it offered for transferring Goldsmith were pretextual. The legitimate
reasons offered by the City at trial for Goldsmith's transfer included various
deficiencies in Goldsmith's performance at City Hall, and Mayor Shell's
suspicion that Goldsmith had been regularly rummaging through his desk.
Goldsmith sought to establish these purported justifications as pretextual
through evidence that (1) Goldsmith had never been informed of any
deficiencies in her job performance in all her time at City Hall, (2) Goldsmith's
superiors at the City Library were completely satisfied with her job
performance there, (3) Goldsmith had only been through Mayor Shell's desk
once under justifiable circumstances, and Mayor Shell did not mention this as a
basis for the transfer until after the EEOC investigation began, and (4) Mayor
Shell had originally cited economic reasons for the transfer but retreated from
this position in the face of evidence that the transfer actually increased City
expenditures. This evidence was sufficient to create a genuine issue of material
fact as to pretext. See Sparks, 830 F.2d at 1564 (the implausibility of asserted
justifications creates a genuine issue of material fact sufficient to preclude
judgment as a matter of law). Thus, the district court did not err in denying the
City's motion for judgment as a matter of law.

III. CONCLUSION
38

For the foregoing reasons, the district court's entry of judgment is REVERSED
and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings on the Title VII claim,
and with instructions to enter judgment in favor of Mayor Shell on the section
1981 claim.

Honorable Robert R. Merhige, Jr., Senior U.S. District Judge for the Eastern
District of Virginia, sitting by designation

Based on the parties' arguments on summary judgment and on the terms of the
pretrial order, the district court construed the section 1983 claim as a claim to
enforce Goldsmith's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment

Goldsmith has not appealed the district court's disposition of her section 1981
claim against the City or her section 1983 claim against Mayor Shell

The district court denied Goldsmith's request for reinstatement on the grounds

that Goldsmith would be adequately compensated for her injuries by the

compensatory and punitive damages awarded by the jury
4

Goldsmith argues that there is no reason to apply Patterson retroactively in this

case because (1) defendants acting prior to Patterson could not have relied on
its holding, and (2) the 1991 Act amends section 1981 to restore pre-Patterson
law. In Vance, this Court considered and rejected this same argument, and we
are not at liberty to reconsider the issue in this case. See Vance, 983 F.2d at
1576-78; id. at 1578-80 (Fay, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); cf.
Sherry Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Towel King of Fla., Inc., 822 F.2d 1031, 1034 n. 3
(11th Cir.1987) (decision by panel of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals
binds all subsequent panels absent reconsideration en banc or a contrary
decision by the United States Supreme Court)

Mayor Shell also contends that the district court erred in (1) rejecting his
statute of limitations defense, (2) refusing to address his claim of qualified
immunity, (3) granting Goldsmith's motion to make an untimely jury demand,
(4) reinstating Goldsmith's section 1981 claim after summary judgment had
been granted, and (5) giving the jury defective instructions on the section 1981
claim. In light of our conclusion that Goldsmith does not have a cognizable
section 1981 claim against Mayor Shell, we find it unnecessary to address these
alternative grounds for reversal

Because we hold that Goldsmith was not entitled to a jury trial or to

compensatory damages on her Title VII claim, we find it unnecessary to
address the City's alternative arguments that (1) the district court abused its
discretion in granting Goldsmith's untimely motion to make a jury demand, and
(2) Goldsmith's evidence of damages was too speculative to support the jury's
award

The City does not claim any prejudice which would result from the application
of equitable tolling in this case

In turn, Title VII describes a "person" as incorporating "governments" and

"political subdivisions." See 42 U.S.C.A. 2000e(a)

We therefore reject the City's suggestion that Goldsmith conceded the City's
non-liability at trial. At trial, Goldsmith testified that, "The city did not retaliate
against me; the Mayor did." This statement is entirely consistent with
Goldsmith's theory of liability--namely, that the City was liable for Mayor
Shell's actions as the actions of its agent

10

The City suggests that Title VII's definition of "employee," see 42 U.S.C.A.
2000e(f), governs the scope of agency liability under Title VII. Title VII defines

"employee" to limit the class of workers entitled to protection against unlawful

employment practices, specifically excluding "any person elected to public
office" from Title VII protection. See, e.g., Starrett v. Wadley, 876 F.2d 808,
820-22 (10th Cir.1989); Teneyuca v. Bexar County, 767 F.2d 148, 150-53 (5th
Cir.1985). Because Title VII's definition of "employee" exempts elected
officials from Title VII protection, the City argues that Mayor Shell should also
be exempt from Title VII liability. We reject this argument. Title VII's
definition of "employer" incorporates liability for the act of "any agent" subject
only to separate limitations not at issue in this case. See 42 U.S.C.A. 2000e(b)
(emphasis added)
11

The City also asserts that Goldsmith's statements were not protected expression
under Title VII because they were made in the course of a "private
conversation." This argument was not raised before the district court, and we
find it to be without merit. See Rollins v. State of Fla. Dep't of Law
Enforcement, 868 F.2d 397, 400 (11th Cir.1989) (informal complaints of
discrimination are protected expression under Title VII)

12

Although Mayor Shell and Councilman Harris both denied any mention of
Goldsmith during their meeting, Mayor Shell was impeached by his prior
deposition testimony in which he stated that he may have spoken with
Councilman Harris about Goldsmith's complaints prior to her transfer. We find
no error in the district court's decision to submit this disputed evidence to the
trier of fact