5

SQL: QUERIES, CONSTRAINTS,

TRIGGERS

Online material is available for all exercises in this chapter on the books webpage at
http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ dbbook
This includes scripts to create tables for each exercise for use with Oracle, IBM DB2,
Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access and MySQL.
Exercise 5.1 Consider the following relations:
Student(snum: integer, sname: string, major: string, level: string, age: integer)
Class(name: string, meets at: string, room: string, d: integer)
Enrolled(snum: integer, cname: string)
Faculty(d: integer, fname: string, deptid: integer)
The meaning of these relations is straightforward; for example, Enrolled has one record
per student-class pair such that the student is enrolled in the class.
Write the following queries in SQL. No duplicates should be printed in any of the
answers.
1. Find the names of all Juniors (level = JR) who are enrolled in a class taught by
I. Teach.
2. Find the age of the oldest student who is either a History major or enrolled in a
course taught by I. Teach.
3. Find the names of all classes that either meet in room R128 or have ve or more
students enrolled.
4. Find the names of all students who are enrolled in two classes that meet at the
same time.
59

60

Chapter 5

5. Find the names of faculty members who teach in every room in which some class
is taught.
6. Find the names of faculty members for whom the combined enrollment of the
courses that they teach is less than ve.
7. For each level, print the level and the average age of students for that level.
8. For all levels except JR, print the level and the average age of students for that
level.
9. For each faculty member that has taught classes only in room R128, print the
faculty members name and the total number of classes she or he has taught.
10. Find the names of students enrolled in the maximum number of classes.
11. Find the names of students not enrolled in any class.
12. For each age value that appears in Students, nd the level value that appears most
often. For example, if there are more FR level students aged 18 than SR, JR, or
SO students aged 18, you should print the pair (18, FR).
Answer 5.1 The answers are given below:
1.

SELECT DISTINCT S.Sname

FROM
Student S, Class C, Enrolled E, Faculty F
WHERE S.snum = E.snum AND E.cname = C.name AND C.d = F.d AND
F.fname = I.Teach AND S.level = JR

2.

SELECT MAX(S.age)
FROM
Student S
WHERE (S.major = History)
OR S.snum IN (SELECT E.snum
FROM
Class C, Enrolled E, Faculty F
WHERE E.cname = C.name AND C.d = F.d
AND F.fname = I.Teach )

3.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE

C.name
Class C
C.room = R128
OR C.name IN (SELECT
FROM
GROUP BY
HAVING

E.cname
Enrolled E
E.cname
COUNT (*) >= 5)

SQL: Queries, Constraints, Triggers

61

4.

SELECT DISTINCT S.sname

FROM
Student S
WHERE S.snum IN (SELECT E1.snum
FROM
Enrolled E1, Enrolled E2, Class C1, Class C2
WHERE E1.snum = E2.snum AND E1.cname <> E2.cname
AND E1.cname = C1.name
AND E2.cname = C2.name AND C1.meets at = C2.meets at)

5.

SELECT DISTINCT F.fname

FROM
Faculty F
WHERE NOT EXISTS (( SELECT *
FROM
Class C )
EXCEPT
(SELECT C1.room
FROM
Class C1
WHERE C1.d = F.d ))

6.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE

7.

SELECT
S.level, AVG(S.age)
FROM
Student S
GROUP BY S.level

8.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY

S.level, AVG(S.age)
Student S
S.level <> JR
S.level

9.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING

F.fname, COUNT(*) AS CourseCount

Faculty F, Class C
F.d = C.d
F.d, F.fname
EVERY ( C.room = R128 )

SELECT
FROM
WHERE

DISTINCT S.sname
Student S
S.snum IN (SELECT E.snum
FROM
Enrolled E
GROUP BY E.snum

10.

DISTINCT F.fname
Faculty F
5 > (SELECT COUNT (E.snum)
FROM
Class C, Enrolled E
WHERE C.name = E.cname
AND
C.d = F.d)

62

Chapter 5
HAVING

COUNT (*) >= ALL (SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM
Enrolled E2
GROUP BY E2.snum ))

11.

SELECT DISTINCT S.sname

FROM
Student S
WHERE S.snum NOT IN (SELECT E.snum
FROM
Enrolled E )

12.

SELECT
FROM
GROUP BY
HAVING

S.age, S.level
Student S
S.age, S.level,
S.level IN (SELECT
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING

S1.level
Student S1
S1.age = S.age
S1.level, S1.age
COUNT (*) >= ALL (SELECT
COUNT (*)
FROM
Student S2
WHERE s1.age = S2.age
GROUP BY S2.level, S2.age))

Exercise 5.2 Consider the following schema:

Suppliers(sid: integer, sname: string, address: string)
Parts(pid: integer, pname: string, color: string)
Catalog(sid: integer, pid: integer, cost: real)
The Catalog relation lists the prices charged for parts by Suppliers. Write the following
queries in SQL:
1. Find the pnames of parts for which there is some supplier.
2. Find the snames of suppliers who supply every part.
3. Find the snames of suppliers who supply every red part.
4. Find the pnames of parts supplied by Acme Widget Suppliers and no one else.
5. Find the sids of suppliers who charge more for some part than the average cost of
that part (averaged over all the suppliers who supply that part).
6. For each part, nd the sname of the supplier who charges the most for that part.
7. Find the sids of suppliers who supply only red parts.
8. Find the sids of suppliers who supply a red part and a green part.

63

SQL: Queries, Constraints, Triggers

9. Find the sids of suppliers who supply a red part or a green part.

10. For every supplier that only supplies green parts, print the name of the supplier
and the total number of parts that she supplies.
11. For every supplier that supplies a green part and a red part, print the name and
price of the most expensive part that she supplies.
Answer 5.2 The answers are given below:
1.

SELECT DISTINCT P.pname

FROM
Parts P, Catalog C
WHERE P.pid = C.pid

2.

SELECT S.sname
FROM
Suppliers S
WHERE NOT EXISTS (( SELECT
FROM
EXCEPT
( SELECT
FROM
WHERE

3.

SELECT S.sname
FROM
Suppliers S
WHERE NOT EXISTS (( SELECT
FROM
WHERE
EXCEPT
( SELECT
FROM
WHERE

4.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
AND
AND

5.

SELECT DISTINCT C.sid

FROM
Catalog C

P.pid
Parts P )
C.pid
Catalog C
C.sid = S.sid ))

P.pid
Parts P
P.color = Red )
C.pid
Catalog C, Parts P
C.sid = S.sid AND
C.pid = P.pid AND P.color = Red ))

P.pname
Parts P, Catalog C, Suppliers S
P.pid = C.pid AND C.sid = S.sid
S.sname = Acme Widget Suppliers
NOT EXISTS ( SELECT *
FROM
Catalog C1, Suppliers S1
WHERE P.pid = C1.pid AND C1.sid = S1.sid AND
S1.sname <> Acme Widget Suppliers )

64

6.

Chapter 5
WHERE

C.cost > ( SELECT AVG (C1.cost)

FROM
Catalog C1
WHERE C1.pid = C.pid )

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
AND
AND

P.pid, S.sname
Parts P, Suppliers
C.pid = P.pid
C.sid = S.sid
C.cost = (SELECT
FROM
WHERE

S, Catalog C

MAX (C1.cost)
Catalog C1
C1.pid = P.pid)

7.

SELECT DISTINCT C.sid

FROM
Catalog C
WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT *
FROM
Parts P
WHERE P.pid = C.pid AND P.color <> Red )

8.

SELECT DISTINCT C.sid

FROM
Catalog C, Parts P
WHERE C.pid = P.pid AND P.color = Red
INTERSECT
SELECT DISTINCT C1.sid
FROM
Catalog C1, Parts P1
WHERE C1.pid = P1.pid AND P1.color = Green

9.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
UNION
SELECT
FROM
WHERE

DISTINCT C.sid
Catalog C, Parts P
C.pid = P.pid AND P.color = Red
DISTINCT C1.sid
Catalog C1, Parts P1
C1.pid = P1.pid AND P1.color = Green

10.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING

S.sname, COUNT(*) as PartCount

Suppliers S, Parts P, Catalog C
P.pid = C.pid AND C.sid = S.sid
S.sname, S.sid
EVERY (P.color=Green)

11.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE

S.sname, MAX(C.cost) as MaxCost

Suppliers S, Parts P, Catalog C
P.pid = C.pid AND C.sid = S.sid

SQL: Queries, Constraints, Triggers

65

GROUP BY S.sname, S.sid

HAVING
ANY ( P.color=green ) AND ANY ( P.color = red )

Exercise 5.3 The following relations keep track of airline ight information:
Flights(no: integer, from: string, to: string, distance: integer,
departs: time, arrives: time, price: real)
Aircraft(aid: integer, aname: string, cruisingrange: integer)
Certied(eid: integer, aid: integer)
Employees(eid: integer, ename: string, salary: integer)
Note that the Employees relation describes pilots and other kinds of employees as well;
every pilot is certied for some aircraft, and only pilots are certied to y. Write each
of the following queries in SQL. (Additional queries using the same schema are listed
in the exercises for Chapter 4.)
1. Find the names of aircraft such that all pilots certied to operate them have
salaries more than $80,000.
2. For each pilot who is certied for more than three aircraft, nd the eid and the
maximum cruisingrange of the aircraft for which she or he is certied.
3. Find the names of pilots whose salary is less than the price of the cheapest route
from Los Angeles to Honolulu.
4. For all aircraft with cruisingrange over 1000 miles, nd the name of the aircraft
and the average salary of all pilots certied for this aircraft.
5. Find the names of pilots certied for some Boeing aircraft.
6. Find the aids of all aircraft that can be used on routes from Los Angeles to
Chicago.
7. Identify the routes that can be piloted by every pilot who makes more than
$100,000.
8. Print the enames of pilots who can operate planes with cruisingrange greater than
3000 miles but are not certied on any Boeing aircraft.
9. A customer wants to travel from Madison to New York with no more than two
changes of ight. List the choice of departure times from Madison if the customer
wants to arrive in New York by 6 p.m.
10. Compute the dierence between the average salary of a pilot and the average
salary of all employees (including pilots).

66

Chapter 5

11. Print the name and salary of every nonpilot whose salary is more than the average
salary for pilots.
12. Print the names of employees who are certied only on aircrafts with cruising
range longer than 1000 miles.
13. Print the names of employees who are certied only on aircrafts with cruising
range longer than 1000 miles, but on at least two such aircrafts.
14. Print the names of employees who are certied only on aircrafts with cruising
range longer than 1000 miles and who are certied on some Boeing aircraft.
Answer 5.3 The answers are given below:
1.

SELECT DISTINCT A.aname

FROM
Aircraft A
WHERE A.Aid IN (SELECT C.aid
FROM
Certied C, Employees E
WHERE C.eid = E.eid AND
NOT EXISTS ( SELECT *
FROM
Employees E1
WHERE E1.eid = E.eid AND E1.salary < 80000 ))

2.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING

3.

SELECT DISTINCT E.ename

FROM
Employees E
WHERE E.salary < ( SELECT MIN (F.price)
FROM
Flights F
WHERE F.from = Los Angeles AND F.to = Honolulu )

C.eid, MAX (A.cruisingrange)

Certied C, Aircraft A
C.aid = A.aid
C.eid
COUNT (*) > 3

4. Observe that aid is the key for Aircraft, but the question asks for aircraft names;
we deal with this complication by using an intermediate relation Temp:
SELECT Temp.name, Temp.AvgSalary
FROM
( SELECT
A.aid, A.aname AS name,
AVG (E.salary) AS AvgSalary
FROM
Aircraft A, Certied C, Employees E
WHERE
A.aid = C.aid AND
C.eid = E.eid AND A.cruisingrange > 1000
GROUP BY A.aid, A.aname ) AS Temp

SQL: Queries, Constraints, Triggers

67

5.

SELECT DISTINCT E.ename

FROM
Employees E, Certied C, Aircraft A
WHERE E.eid = C.eid AND
C.aid = A.aid AND
A.aname LIKE Boeing%

6.

SELECT A.aid
FROM
Aircraft A
WHERE A.cruisingrange > ( SELECT MIN (F.distance)
FROM
Flights F
WHERE F.from = Los Angeles AND F.to = Chicago )

7.

SELECT DISTINCT F.from, F.to

FROM
Flights F
WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT *
FROM
Employees E
WHERE E.salary > 100000
AND
NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM
Aircraft A, Certied C
WHERE A.cruisingrange > F.distance
AND E.eid = C.eid
AND A.aid = C.aid) )

8.

SELECT DISTINCT E.ename

FROM
Employees E
WHERE E.eid IN ( ( SELECT C.eid
FROM
Certied C
WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT A.aid
FROM
Aircraft A
WHERE A.aid = C.aid
AND
A.cruisingrange > 3000 )
AND
NOT EXISTS ( SELECT A1.aid
FROM
Aircraft A1
WHERE A1.aid = C.aid
AND
A1.aname LIKE Boeing% ))

9.

SELECT F.departs
FROM
Flights F
WHERE F.no IN ( ( SELECT F0.no

68

Chapter 5
FROM
WHERE

Flights F0
F0.from = Madison AND F0.to = New York
AND F0.arrives < 18:00 )

UNION
( SELECT F0.no
FROM
Flights F0, Flights F1
WHERE F0.from = Madison AND F0.to <> New York
AND F0.to = F1.from AND F1.to = New York
AND F1.departs > F0.arrives
AND F1.arrives < 18:00 )
UNION
( SELECT F0.no
FROM
Flights F0, Flights F1, Flights F2
WHERE F0.from = Madison
AND F0.to = F1.from
AND F1.to = F2.from
AND F2.to = New York
AND F0.to <> New York
AND F1.to <> New York
AND F1.departs > F0.arrives
AND F2.departs > F1.arrives
AND F2.arrives < 18:00 ))
10.

SELECT Temp1.avg - Temp2.avg

FROM
(SELECT AVG (E.salary) AS avg
FROM
Employees E
WHERE E.eid IN (SELECT DISTINCT C.eid
FROM Certied C )) AS Temp1,
(SELECT AVG (E1.salary) AS avg
FROM
Employees E1 ) AS Temp2

11.

SELECT E.ename, E.salary

FROM
Employees E
WHERE E.eid NOT IN ( SELECT DISTINCT C.eid
FROM
Certied C )
AND E.salary > ( SELECT AVG (E1.salary)
FROM
Employees E1
WHERE E1.eid IN
( SELECT DISTINCT C1.eid
FROM
Certied C1 ) )

12.

SELECT

E.ename

SQL: Queries, Constraints, Triggers

69

FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING

Employees E, Certied C, Aircraft A

C.aid = A.aid AND E.eid = C.eid
E.eid, E.ename
EVERY (A.cruisingrange > 1000)

13.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING

E.ename
Employees E, Certied C, Aircraft A
C.aid = A.aid AND E.eid = C.eid
E.eid, E.ename
EVERY (A.cruisingrange > 1000) AND COUNT (*) > 1

14.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING

E.ename
Employees E, Certied C, Aircraft A
C.aid = A.aid AND E.eid = C.eid
E.eid, E.ename
EVERY (A.cruisingrange > 1000) AND ANY (A.aname = Boeing)

Exercise 5.4 Consider the following relational schema. An employee can work in
more than one department; the pct time eld of the Works relation shows the percentage of time that a given employee works in a given department.
Emp(eid: integer, ename: string, age: integer, salary: real)
Works(eid: integer, did: integer, pct time: integer)
Dept(did: integer, dname: string, budget: real, managerid: integer)
Write the following queries in SQL:
1. Print the names and ages of each employee who works in both the Hardware
department and the Software department.
2. For each department with more than 20 full-time-equivalent employees (i.e., where
the part-time and full-time employees add up to at least that many full-time
employees), print the did together with the number of employees that work in
that department.
3. Print the name of each employee whose salary exceeds the budget of all of the
departments that he or she works in.
4. Find the managerids of managers who manage only departments with budgets
greater than $1 million.
5. Find the enames of managers who manage the departments with the largest budgets.
6. If a manager manages more than one department, he or she controls the sum of all
the budgets for those departments. Find the managerids of managers who control
more than $5 million.

70

Chapter 5

7. Find the managerids of managers who control the largest amounts.

8. Find the enames of managers who manage only departments with budgets larger
than $1 million, but at least one department with budget less than $5 million.
Answer 5.4 The answers are given below:
1.

SELECT E.ename, E.age

FROM
Emp E, Works W1, Works W2, Dept D1, Dept D2
WHERE E.eid = W1.eid AND W1.did = D1.did AND D1.dname = Hardware AND
E.eid = W2.eid AND W2.did = D2.did AND D2.dname = Software

2.

SELECT
FROM
GROUP BY
HAVING

3.

SELECT E.ename
FROM
Emp E
WHERE E.salary > ALL (SELECT D.budget
FROM
Dept D, Works W
WHERE E.eid = W.eid AND D.did = W.did)

4.

SELECT DISTINCT D.managerid

FROM
Dept D
WHERE 1000000 < ALL (SELECT D2.budget
FROM Dept D2
WHERE D2.managerid = D.managerid )

5.

SELECT E.ename
FROM
Emp E
WHERE E.eid IN (SELECT D.managerid
FROM
Dept D
WHERE D.budget = (SELECT MAX (D2.budget)
FROM Dept D2))

6.

SELECT D.managerid
FROM
Dept D
WHERE 5000000 < (SELECT SUM (D2.budget)
FROM Dept D2
WHERE D2.managerid = D.managerid )

W.did, COUNT (W.eid)

Works W
W.did
2000 < ( SELECT SUM (W1.pct time)
FROM
Works W1
WHERE W1.did = W.did )

71

SQL: Queries, Constraints, Triggers

sid

sname

rating

age

18
41
22
63

jones
jonah
ahab
moby

3
6
7
null

30.0
56.0
44.0
15.0

Figure 5.1

An Instance of Sailors

7.

SELECT DISTINCT tempD.managerid

FROM
(SELECT DISTINCT D.managerid, SUM (D.budget) AS tempBudget
FROM
Dept D
GROUP BY D.managerid ) AS tempD
WHERE tempD.tempBudget = (SELECT MAX (tempD.tempBudget)
FROM
tempD)

8.

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
HAVING

E.ename
Emp E, Dept D
E.eid = D.managerid GROUP BY E.Eid, E.ename
EVERY (D.budget > 1000000) AND ANY (D.budget < 5000000)

Exercise 5.5 Consider the instance of the Sailors relation shown in Figure 5.1.
1. Write SQL queries to compute the average rating, using AVG; the sum of the
ratings, using SUM; and the number of ratings, using COUNT.
2. If you divide the sum just computed by the count, would the result be the same
as the average? How would your answer change if these steps were carried out
with respect to the age eld instead of rating?
3. Consider the following query: Find the names of sailors with a higher rating than
all sailors with age < 21. The following two SQL queries attempt to obtain the
answer to this question. Do they both compute the result? If not, explain why.
Under what conditions would they compute the same result?
SELECT S.sname
FROM
Sailors S
WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT *
FROM
Sailors S2
WHERE S2.age < 21
AND S.rating <= S2.rating )
SELECT *
FROM
Sailors S

72

Chapter 5
WHERE

S.rating > ANY ( SELECT S2.rating

FROM
Sailors S2
WHERE S2.age < 21 )

4. Consider the instance of Sailors shown in Figure 5.1. Let us dene instance S1 of
Sailors to consist of the rst two tuples, instance S2 to be the last two tuples, and
S to be the given instance.
(a) Show the left outer join of S with itself, with the join condition being sid=sid.
(b) Show the right outer join of S with itself, with the join condition being
sid=sid.
(c) Show the full outer join of S with itself, with the join condition being sid=sid.
(d) Show the left outer join of S1 with S2, with the join condition being sid=sid.
(e) Show the right outer join of S1 with S2, with the join condition being sid=sid.
(f) Show the full outer join of S1 with S2, with the join condition being sid=sid.
Answer 5.5 The answers are shown below:
1.

SELECT AVG (S.rating) AS AVERAGE

FROM
Sailors S
SELECT SUM (S.rating)
FROM
Sailors S
SELECT COUNT (S.rating)
FROM
Sailors S

2. The result using SUM and COUNT would be smaller than the result using AVERAGE if there are tuples with rating = NULL. This is because all the aggregate
operators, except for COUNT, ignore NULL values. So the rst approach would
compute the average over all tuples while the second approach would compute the
average over all tuples with non-NULL rating values. However, if the aggregation
is done on the age eld, the answers using both approaches would be the same
since the age eld does not take NULL values.
3. Only the rst query is correct. The second query returns the names of sailors with
a higher rating than at least one sailor with age < 21. Note that the answer to
the second query does not necessarily contain the answer to the rst query. In
particular, if all the sailors are at least 21 years old, the second query will return an
empty set while the rst query will return all the sailors. This is because the NOT
EXISTS predicate in the rst query will evaluate to true if its subquery evaluates
to an empty set, while the ANY predicate in the second query will evaluate to
false if its subquery evaluates to an empty set. The two queries give the same
results if and only if one of the following two conditions hold:

73

SQL: Queries, Constraints, Triggers

sid

sname

rating

age

sid

sname

rating

age

18
41
22
63

jones
jonah
ahab
moby

3
6
7
null

30.0
56.0
44.0
15.0

18
41
22
63

jones
jonah
ahab
moby

3
6
7
null

30.0
56.0
44.0
15.0

(b)

sid
18
41
22
63

sname
jones
jonah
ahab
moby

rating
3
6
7
null

age
30.0
56.0
44.0
15.0

sid
18
41
22
63

sname
jones
jonah
ahab
moby

rating
3
6
7
null

age
30.0
56.0
44.0
15.0

(c)

sid
18
41
22
63

sname
jones
jonah
ahab
moby

rating
3
6
7
null

age
30.0
56.0
44.0
15.0

sid
18
41
22
63

sname
jones
jonah
ahab
moby

rating
3
6
7
null

age
30.0
56.0
44.0
15.0

4. (a)

The Sailors relation is empty, or

There is at least one sailor with age > 21 in the Sailors relation, and for
every sailor s, either s has a higher rating than all sailors under 21 or s has
a rating no higher than all sailors under 21.

Exercise 5.6 Answer the following questions:

(d)

(e)

(f)

sid
18
41

sname
jones
jonah

rating
3
6

age
30.0
56.0

sid
null
null

sname
null
null

rating
null
null

age
null
null

sid

sname

rating

age

sid

sname

rating

age

null
null

null
null

null
null

null
null

22
63

ahab
moby

7
null

44.0
15.0

sid

sname

rating

age

sid

sname

rating

age

18
41
null
null

jones
jonah
null
null

3
6
null
null

30.0
56.0
null
null

null
null
22
63

null
null
ahab
moby

null
null
7
null

null
null
44.0
15.0