OSI Reference Model

TCP/IP

Rev 1.0

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Objectives
Data Communication Overview
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

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Computer Network

SOHO

Intranet

Internet

Server

IP Hotel

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Wireless
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Network Protocols
5

Hello! Can I speak

TCP/IP?

Source Host A

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Perfect! I
understand
TCP/IP.

Destination Host B

Network protocols are formal descriptions of equipment

communication rules.
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Datacom Equipment
Cable
Modem
Router
Switch
HUB
Access Servers

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Transmitting Parameters
Bandwidth: describes the information volume of the

network data transmitted from one node to any other

per time unit
Delay: describe the how much time need for

information transmitting from one node to any other

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Characteristic of Data Communication

Low requirement for delay
Accurate transmission
Connectionless

Packet switching

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Common Network Topologies

Topology:
Bus, star and tree
Ring and mesh

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Standardization Organization
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
America National Standard Institute (ANSI)
Electronic Industries Association/Telecom Industries
Association (EIA/TIA)
International Telecom Union (ITU)
INTERNET Action Board (IAB)

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Objectives
Data Communication Overview
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

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What Is TCP/IP
TCP/IP has simple hierarchical design
In clear corresponding relations with OSI reference model.

OSI reference model

7

Application layer

Presentation layer

TCP/IP

Application layer

Conversation layer
Protocol

Transport layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

Physical layer

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Interface

Encapsulation & Decapsulation

Application
Service Information

Data

SI

Application layer

ALH Data

APDU

SI
Transport layer

TLH ALH Data

Segment

SI
Network layer

NLH TLH ALH Data

Packet

Data link layer

DLH NLH TLH ALH Data

Frame

Physical layer

11010101110110101011101011010

Bit Flow

SI

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Structure of TCP/IP System

TCP/UDP
ICMP
IP
ARP/RARP
IP is one of the most important protocols in the TCP/IP family.

There are 3 other protocols used together with IP:

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

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Structure of TCP/IP System

IP provides a globally unified addressing mode, shields the

differences of the physical network addresses and makes

routing possible.
IP provides a globally unified message format, shields the

differences of the network link layers and makes network

interconnection possible.
Upper layer protocols

TCP/IP

Ethernet

Token Ring

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X.25

FR

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ATM
Page 16

PPP/SDH

Data Encapsulation
TELNET
23

FTP
20/21

SMTP
25

TFTP
69

TCP/UDP (Port)
6/17
IP PACKETS (Protocol)
0x0800
FRAMES (Type, VPI/VCI, DLCI, )
BITS
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TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Application Layer

HTTP, Telnet, FTP,

TFTP, Ping, etc

Transport Layer

TCP/UDP

Interconnection
Layer

Provide application
program
network interfaces
Establish terminal to
terminal connection

ICMP
Addressing and routing

IP

ARP/RARP
Data link Layer

Physical Layer

Ethernet, 802.3, PPP,

HDLC, FR, etc
Interfaces and
wires/cables

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Physical media access

Binary data flow

transmission

Page 18

TCP/IP Conceptual Layers

Application

Application

Transport

Transport

Internet

Internet

Internet

Data link layer

Data link layer

Data link layer

Data link layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

Physical layer

Physical layer

Physical layer

Physical layer

LAN switch

End system

End system

Router

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Router

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Internet

Page 19

Peer Layer
If two networks are identical in physical layers, they can

be interconnected with repeaters.

If two networks are different in physical layers but identical

in link layers, they can be interconnected with bridges.

If two networks are different in both physical layers and

link layers, but they are identical in network layers, then

they can be interconnected with routers.
If two networks have identical protocols, they can be

interconnected with protocol converters (gateway).

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Objectives
Data Communication Overview
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

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Physical Layer
Physical layer: defines the voltage, interface, cable

standard and transmission distance etc.

Physical layer cable:
Twisted pair : UTP , STP

Coaxial cable: thin, thick

Fiber
Wireless radio: WLAN

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Physical Layer
LAN and Physical Layer
Cable standard:10Base-T, 100Base-T and 1000Base-SX
etc.;
Network equipment: repeater and hub etc.

WAN and Physical Layer

DTE equipment: router and terminal host etc.;
DCE equipment: WAN switch and Modem etc.;
Common interface:RS-232, V.24 and V.35 etc.

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Objectives
Data Communication Overview
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

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Data Link Layer Overview

Application

Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI
HDLC
PPP
ATM
Frame Relay
X.25

Transport
Network
Data link
Hardware

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Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer divided into two sublayer:
The LLC sublayer
The MAC sublayer

The Function of Data Link Layer:

Physical address definition
Network topology
Link parameter
Error verification
Physical media access

Flow control (optional)

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LAN and Data Link Layer

IEEE802 Standard: the most popular LAN standard

nowadays
IEEE802.1 Common LAN Conceptions
IEEE802.2 Definition of LLC Sub-Layer

IEEE802.3 Ethernet Standard

IEEE802.4 Token Bus Network
IEEE802.5 Token Ring Network

Ethernet switch

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WAN and Data Link Layer

WAN data link layer standard:
HDLC
PPP
ISDN

Frame Relay

WAN data link layer equipment

Modem and ISDN terminal adaptor
CSU/DSU and WAN switch

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MAC Address
24 bits

Unicast

24 bits

Vender Code

Serial Number

00E0FC 012345

Broadcast (All bits equal 1: 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF)

Multicast (8th bit equal 1):
00000001

10111011

00111010

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10111010

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10111110

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10101000

Objectives
Data Communication Overview
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

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Network Layer Overview

Internet Protocol (IP)

Application
Transport
Internet
Network
Interface
Hardware

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Internet Control Message

Protocol (ICMP)
Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol (RARP)

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Flat Network

A
B

MAC

PORT

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2
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IP Forwarding (Routing)

N4

N2.H1

N1.H1

N1.H2
N3.H1

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IP Addressing

32 Bits

Network
8 Bits

Host
8 Bits

8 Bits

10000000 00000001 11111111

128 .

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1.

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8 Bits

11111110

255 .

Page 34

254

IP Forwarding Process

Router

Router

IP

IP

ETH PPP
E1/0 S2/0

LAN 1

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encapsulation

decapsulation

Routing
(selecting path)

PPP ETH
S2/1 E0/1

WAN

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LAN 2

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Address Resolution Protocol

PC B
PC A

Who has 10.1.1.5, tell 10.1.1.2

(00E0-FC01-2345)
LSW

IP:10.1.1.3
MAC: 00E0-FC01-6789

IP:10.1.1.2
MAC: 00E0-FC01-2345
PC C

IP:10.1.1.5
MAC: 00E0-FC01-ABCD
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Address Resolution Protocol

PC B
PC A
LSW

IP:10.1.1.3
MAC: 00E0-FC01-6789

IP:10.1.1.2
MAC: 00E0-FC01-2345
PC C
I have 10.1.1.5 (00E0-FC01-ABCD)

IP:10.1.1.5
MAC: 00E0-FC01-ABCD
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ICMP
Echo Request
Echo Reply

10.1.1.0/24

.2

129.6.1.0/24

.1
E0/0

.1
E0/1

10.2.2.0/24

.2
E1/0

.1
E1/1

GW:10.1.1.1

.2
GW:10.2.2.1

ping 10.2.2.1
Reply from 10.2.2.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=252
Dest./Mask

NextHop

Interface

Dest./Mask

NextHop

Interface

10.1.1.0/24

10.1.1.1

E0/0

10.1.1.0/24

129.6.1.1

E1/0

10.2.2.0/24

129.6.1.2

E0/1

10.2.2.0/24

10.2.2.1

E1/1

129.6.1.0/24

129.6.1.1

E0/1

129.6.1.0/24

129.6.1.2

E1/0

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ICMP
Echo Request
Echo Reply

10.1.1.0/24

.2

129.6.1.0/24

.1
E0/0

.1
E0/1

10.2.2.0/24

.2
E1/0

.1
E1/1

GW:10.1.1.1

.2
GW:10.2.2.1

ping 10.2.2.1
Reply from 10.1.1.1: Destination host unreachable
Dest./Mask

NextHop

Interface

Dest./Mask

NextHop

Interface

10.1.1.0/24

10.1.1.1

E0/0

10.1.1.0/24

129.6.1.1

E1/0

129.6.1.0/24

129.6.1.1

E0/1

10.2.2.0/24

10.2.2.1

E1/1

129.6.1.0/24

129.6.1.2

E1/0

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Objectives
Data Communication Overview
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

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Transport Layer Overview

Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)

Application
Transport

User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)

Internet

SCTP (Session Control

Transmission Protocol)

Network Interface
Hardware

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Transport layer provides end-to-end data

transfer.
TCP provides a reliable exchange of
information and UDP is not.
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TCP and UDP

TCP:
connection-oriented
reliable transmission.
The relevant application layer protocols include TELNET,
FTP and HTTP.
UDP:
connectionless
unreliable transmission.

The relevant application layer protocols include RIP,

SNMP, RADIUS and VOD.

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TCP/UDP Header Format

0

24

16

8
16 bits source port

16 bits destination port

16 bits UDP length

16 bits UDP checksum

31

Data
0

UDP header format

16

16 bits source port

24

16 bits destination port

32 bits sequence number

32 bits acknowledge number
FIN

SYN

RST

PSH

ACK

Reserved(6 bits

URG

offset

16 bits TCP checksum

16 bits window size

16 bits urgent pointer

Options

Data
TCP header format
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31

End to End Communication

Transport Layer Virtual Circuit

Host

WWW.HUAWEI.COM
FTP.HUAWEI.COM

Application

FTP

Transport

21 1028 Data

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WWW

80 1027 Data

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TCP Connection
Internet
client

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server

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Acknowledgement Technology
Transport Layer Virtual Circuit
Source Equipment

Destination Equipment

Host

Host

Send 1,2,3

Send 4,5,6

Send 5,6,7

1
2
3

Acknowledge 4

4
5
6

Acknowledge 5

5
6
7

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Flow Control
Three method of flow control:
Buffering: burst data buffered, forward when idle.
Source quench message: send the source quench message
by ICMP
windowing: use to control how many data be sent at one time

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Slide Window

To modify the
widows size

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The sender
is too fast

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Why SCTP TCP defects

TCP---- connection-oriented and
transmission-reliable

UDP---- connectionless, packet-based,

and without transmission-reliable

SCTP-- connection-oriented, packetbased, and transmission-reliable

TCP Defects

Line header block

Poor real-time ability

Difficult multi-homing implementation

Vulnerable to denial of service (DOS)
attacks
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Comparison of UDP, TCP and SCTP

Connection-oriented, packet-based, optimized

real-time performance
Use streams to solve line header block
Adopt 4-step startup to avoid DOS attack
Supports the multi-homing function
appropriate congestion avoidance behavior and

resistance to flooding and masquerade attacks

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SCTP Terminology

SCTP Endpoint A

SCTP Endpoint B
SCTP
stream
(uni-directional)

Multiple

IP/SCTP-port

Multiple

SCTP connection

Pairs are available

IP/SCTP-port

Pairs are available

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SCTP Functions
Sequenced delivery within streams

User data fragmentation

Association
startup
and
takedown

Acknowledgement and congestion avoidance

Chunk bundling

Packet validation

Path management

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Association Startup

endpoint A

endpoint Z
INIT(Tag_A)

T1-init
INITACK
COOKIE ECHO+ DATA
T3-rtx

T1-cookie

COOKIE ACK+ DATA+ SACK

established

SACK

established

Avoid attack of DOS and IP address cheating

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SCTP Delivery in Streams

Example: There are two streams in the association from A

to B. And there are 4 data package: A,B,C,D to send. The

arrangement is like this: A on stream 1, B on stream 2, C
on stream 1, D on stream 2. D is quite big so its divided
to D1 and D2.

A, B, C, D

TSN=3,SSN=2

TSN=1,SSN=1

Stream1

TSN=5,SSN=2

TSN=4,SSN=2

TSN=2,SSN=1

D2

D1

Stream2
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SCTP Delivery in Streams

TSN (Transmission Sequence Number)
A 32-bit sequence number assigned by an endpoint, which is based on

an initial TSN, to each data chunk sent by the local end to permit the
receiving SCTP endpoint to acknowledge its receipt.
TSN is maintained on the basis of association.

SSN (Stream Sequence Number)

A 16-bit stream sequence number assigned by SCTP to each data chunk
sent in a stream by the local end, to ensure sequenced transmission in the
stream.

The assignments of TSN and SSN are independent to each other.

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SCTP Delivery in Streams

Message Structure

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SCTP Delivery in StreamsDATA

Message Structure
0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1

Type = 0

Reserve U B E

Length

TSN
Stream ID

SSN

Payload Protocol Identifier

User Data

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SCTP Delivery in StreamsDATA

Message Structure
U bit: The unordered bit, if set to 1, indicates that this is an

unordered DATA chunk, and there is no stream sequence number

assigned to this DATA chunk.
B bit: The beginning fragment bit.
E bit: The ending fragment bit.
B

Meaning

First piece of a fragmented user message

Middle piece of a fragmented user message

Last piece of a fragmented user message

Unfragmented message

Length: from the beginning of the type field to the end of the user

data field
TSN: 0~4294967295
Stream Identifier
Stream sequence number: 0 to 65535
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SCTP Acknowledgement
Sender

Receiver
Data (TSN=1)
Data (TSN=2)
Data (TSN=3)

Cumulative TSN Ack: 2

Number of Gap Ack Blocks: 2

Data (TSN=4)

Gap 1: start=4, end=5

Data (TSN=5)

Gap 2: start=7, end=9

Data (TSN=6)

When sender received 4 such

Data (TSN=7)

SACK continually, resend will

start.

Data (TSN=8)
Data (TSN=9)
SACK

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Usually, receiver will send a

SACK every two data package

or after 200ms on receiving.
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SCTP Acknowledgement SACK Message Structure

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SCTP Delivery Mechanism

Sliding window:
Receiver window (RWND)
Congestion window (CWND)

Cumulative and selective acknowledgement

Packet retransmission

Multi-homing function
Actually, except multi-homing function and

selective acknowledgement, SCTP has similar

features as TCP.

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SCTP Delivery Real-time

Feature
Package-based feature. Normally message will be delivered

immediately without being bundled. The bundle usually used

in retransmission case.
SCTP can deliver message in sequence or with no sequence.

In no sequence case, the receiver can report the data to

upper layer immediately after receiving.
SCTPs sequence delivery is acted in the stream. If disorder

happened in one stream, the stream will wait till all packages
in order before reporting to next section. And this wont
effect other stream.
So SCTP ensures the real-time feature on sender and

receiver.

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SCTP Delivery Sliding Windows

Receiver window (RWND): indicates the size of the receivers inbound buffer in

an association.
The two RWND values will vary with data transmission and
acknowledgement.

If the RWND is equal to 0, the data sender can always have one packet in
flight to the receiver.
Before sending packages, SCTP will check the number of unacknowledged
package to sure its smaller than RWND.
The retransmission data has higher priority than new data.
Congestion window (CWND):

maintained on the basis of each destination address and will be adjusted

according to the network condition.
Once the length of the unacknowledged message sent from the destination
address is greater than the CWND value, the endpoint will stop transmitting
data to this address.
RWND and CWND are maintained on different object.

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SCTP Delivery Retransmission

SCTP starts a T3 timer for each destination

address (or each package).

After receiving SACK, if all data are acknowledged, T3 will
be stopped. If only partial acknowledged, then SCTP will

restart T3 timer.
If T3 timeout, SCTP will check the PMTU, then bundle all
unacknowledged data into one package, send it to
destination address and start T3.

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SCTP Delivery Multi-homing

An SCTP association might include several

paths but has only one primary path.

CWND, T3 timer are based on transmission address
An endpoint should always transmit SCTP packets
through the primary path from a local transport address

A to the peer endpoint.

The acknowledgement will always choose the original
source address as the destination address first.
Retransmission may choose a different address if
possible.
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SCTP Congestion Avoidance

SCTP congestion controlling is similar with TCP:
Slow start-up
Congestion avoidance
Congestion control
Fast retransmission

Actually, except fast retransmission, the other

three methods are describing CWND.

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SCTP Path Management

Managing the state of the SCTP association (endpoint)
There is a counter for each endpoint. The counter records the number of
retransmission. If there are multi-address, then all the retransmission times are
included. If the counter exceeds Association.Max.Retrans, then the endpoint
will be regarded as unreachable and SCTP will enter CLOSED state with a
report to upper layer. The counter will be reset when one data is acknowledged
by the receiver.

Managing the state of the path

A counter for each transmission address records the T3-expiring-number and
the number of heartbeat without response. If the counter exceeds
Path.Max.Retrans, then this address will be regarded as unreachable. If the
acknowledgement of data or heartbeat are received on this address, then the
counter will be reset.

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SCTP Path Management

Hearbeat
When a path is idle, the local SCTP user requires the
SCTP to generate a heartbeat message and sends the
message through that path to the peer endpoint which
must immediately return a heartbeat acknowledgement
message.
This mechanism serves to precisely measure the roundtrip time (RTT) and helps to monitor the reachability of
the association as well as holding the active state of the
SCTP association.
The interval of heartbeat can be configured.

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Objectives
Data Communication Overview
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

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Application Layer Overview

Application

Transport

Network
Data link

File Transfer
- TFTP
- FTP
E-Mail
- SMTP
Remote Login
- Telnet
Network Management
- SNMP
Name Management
- DNS
Routing
- OSPF
- BGP

Hardware

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Thank you
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