Getting Started with

HFSS TM

Floquet Ports

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November 2012

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The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. ANSYS makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this
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Edition

Da te

Software
Ve rs io n

May 2003

June 2005

10

June 2007

11

Sept 2009

12

October 2010

13.0

August 2011

14.0

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Ports

Conventions Used in this Guide

Please take a moment to review how instructions and other
useful information are presented in this guide.

Procedures are presented as numbered lists. A single bullet indicates that the procedure has only one step.
Bold type is used for the following:
- Keyboard entries that should be typed in their entirety
exactly as shown. For example, copy file1 means to
type the word copy, to type a space, and then to type
file1.
- On-screen prompts and messages, names of options and
text boxes, and menu commands. Menu commands are
often separated by carats. For example, click
HFSS>Excitations>Assign>Wave Port.
- Labeled keys on the computer keyboard. For example,
Press Enter means to press the key labeled Enter.
Italic type is used for the following:
- Emphasis.
- The titles of publications.
- Keyboard entries when a name or a variable must be
typed in place of the words in italics. For example,
copy file name means to type the word copy, to type
a space, and then to type a file name.
The plus sign (+) is used between keyboard keys to indicate that you should press the keys at the same time. For
example, Press Shift+F1 means to press the Shift key
and the F1 key at the same time.
Toolbar buttons serve as shortcuts for executing commands. Toolbar buttons are displayed after the command
they execute. For example,
On the Draw menu, click Line
means that you can
click the Draw Line toolbar button to execute the Line
command.

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Ports

Getting Help
ANSYS Technical Support
To contact ANSYS technical support staff in your geographical
area, please log on to the ANSYS corporate website, https://
www1.ansys.com. You can also contact your ANSYS account
manager in order to obtain this information.
All ANSYS software files are ASCII text and can be sent conveniently by e-mail. When reporting difficulties, it is extremely
helpful to include very specific information about what steps
were taken or what stages the simulation reached, including
software files as applicable. This allows more rapid and effective debugging.

Help Menu
To access online help from the HFSS menu bar, click Help and
select from the menu:
Contents - click here to open the contents of the online
help.
Seach - click here to open the search function of the
online help.
Index - click here to open the index of the online help.

Context-Sensitive Help
To access online help from the HFSS user interface, do one of
the following:
To open a help topic about a specific HFSS menu command, press Shift+F1, and then click the command or
toolbar icon.
To open a help topic about a specific HFSS dialog box,
open the dialog box, and then press F1.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction
General Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Floquet Ports in HFSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

2. Array Antennas
Sample Project - Array Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . .
Set Units and Solution Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Create the Unit Cell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Assign Master and Slave Boundaries . . . . . . . .

2-2
2-4
2-4
2-6

Direction of the U-V Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

Assigning Wave Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12

Assign Wave Port with Analytical Mode
Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12

Assign Floquet Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16

Floquet Port Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Floquet Port: Mode Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Floquet Port: Post Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
Floquet Port: 3D Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20

Add Solution Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21

Run Simulation and View Results . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22
Create Variables for Scan Angles . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
Contents-1

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Ports

Use Scan Angles for the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25

Parametric Sweep of Scan Angle . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
Set Up Modes for Parametric Sweep . . . . . . . 2-27
Mode Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Viewing the Results of Parametric Sweep . . . 2-31

Generate Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33

3. Frequency Selective Surface Model

Sample Project - FSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Set Units and Solution Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Create the Unit Cell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Create the Rhombic Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transform 2-D Sheet into a 3D Cell Object . .
Position the Rhombus Appropriately . . . . . . . .
Create the Aperture Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Move the Aperture to the Rhomboid . . . . . . . .

3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8

Assign Master and Slave Boundaries . . . . . . . . 3-9

Assign the Perfect E Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Assign the Floquet Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Omission of Modes with Large Attenuation . 3-17

Setup the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

Add Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
Generating Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23
Phase Transmission Vs Frequency . . . . . . . . 3-23
S Parameters Vs Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25

Port Field Displays for Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26

Contents-2

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Introduction

This document is intented as supplementary material to

HFSS users. We assume you have some experience of
designing projects using HFSS. This document includes
instructions to create, solve, and analyze results of models that use a Floquet port.
This chapter contains the following topics:
General Outline
Floquet Ports in HFSS

Introduction 1-1

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

General Outline
For the projects described in this guide, you will perform the
following tasks in HFSS:

Create the geometric models.

Modify the models design parameters.
Specify solution setup and sweep for the designs.
Validate the design setups.
Run HFSS simulations.
Create 2D x-y plots of S-parameter results.

Floquet Ports in HFSS

The Floquet port in HFSS is used exclusively with planar-periodic structures. Chief examples are planar phased arrays and
frequency selective surfaces when these may be idealized as
infinitely large. The analysis of the infinite structure is then
accomplished by analyzing a unit cell. Linked boundaries most
often form the side walls of a unit cell, but in addition, a
boundary condition is required to account for the infinite
space above. The Floquet port is designed for this purpose.
The Floquet port is closely related to a Wave port in that a set
of modes (Floquet modes) represents the fields on the port
boundary. Fundamentally, Floquet modes are plane waves
with propagation direction set by the frequency, phasing, and
geometry of the periodic structure. Just like Wave modes,
Floquet modes too have propagation constants and experience cut-off at low frequency.
When a Floquet port is present, the HFSS solution includes a
modal decomposition that gives additional information on the
performance of the radiating structure. As in the case of a
Wave port, this information is cast in the form of an S-matrix
interrelating the Floquet modes. In fact, if Floquet ports and
Wave ports are simulataneously present, the S-matrix will
interrelate all Wave modes and all Floquet modes in the project.

1-2 Introduction

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

For the version 14 release, the following restrictions apply:

Currently, only modal projects may contain Floquet ports.
Boundaries that are adjacent to a Floquet port must be
linked boundaries.
Fast frequency sweep is not supported. (Discrete and
interpolating sweep are supported.)

Introduction 1-3

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

1-4 Introduction

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Array Antennas

This chapter contains the following topics:

Sample Project - Array Antenna
Set Units and Solution Type
Create the Unit Cell Model
Assign Master and Slave Boundaries
Direction of the U-V Vectors
Assigning Wave Ports
Assign Wave Port with Analytical Mode Alignment
Assign Floquet Port
Floquet Port Dialog Box
Add Solution Setup
Run Simulation and View Results
Create Variables for Scan Angles
Use Scan Angles for the Model
Parametric Sweep of Scan Angle
Set up Modes for Parametric Sweep
Viewing Results of Parametric Sweep
Generate Reports

Array Antennas 2-1

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Sample Project - Array Antenna

Figure1 illustrates an infinite array of square aperture antennas in a conducting plane. The elements are fed from below
the plane by square waveguide ports with dominant modal
field aligned in the direction shown.

Figure 1. Array Antenna

When the elements are uniformly excited so that the array

radiates in the broadside direction, the field above the array
is periodic. The relative positions of the periodic points where
field values are equal may be specified by a pair of vectors,
shown in blue and denoted by a and b. These lattice vectors''
describe the geometry of the array but are independent of
the nature of the array elements themselves. The lattice vectors may be parallel-transported anywhere in the array plane
to show corresponding field points.

2-2 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

In the usual way, a unit cell may be analyzed to represent the

entire array and the outline of one possible unit cell is shown
in Figure 1 using dotted lines.
Figure 2 depicts an HFSS model for the unit cell of the infinite
array. The model consists of two boxes. The lower box represents the feeding waveguide and the top box is the unit cell
for the region above the plane. The dimensions and geometry
of the unit cell reflect the lattice vectors of the array. Linked
boundaries are defined on the cell walls and a Wave port provides the array element excitation.

Figure 2. HFSS model of unit cell with lattice vectors

Note A Floquet port is used on the (top) open boundary.

Array Antennas 2-3

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Set Units and Solution Type

You must set the units and solution type for this project
before you design the models.
1 Open a new Project and name it AGW.

2
3
4
5
6

Click Modeler>Units and set the units to meter.

Click OK.
Click HFSS>Solution Type.
Select Driven Modal.
Click OK.

Create the Unit Cell Model

1 Click Draw>Box to create an arbitrary box and set the
fields in the Properties dialog box as in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Command tab of the Properties dialog box

2 Select the newly created box, and edit Transparency to

0.86.
3 Click Draw>Box to create a second arbitrary box, and set
the fields as in Figure 4.

2-4 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 4. Command tab for the second box.

Figure 5. The Unit Cell Model

Array Antennas 2-5

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Assign Master and Slave Boundaries

You will assign boundaries to the box object as follows.
1 Hit F to enter face selection mode.

2 Select the face (see Figure 7) of the first box, and click
HFSS>Boundaries>Assign>Master.
The Master Boundary dialog box appears.

Figure 6. Master Boundary dialog

3 Select New Vector from the U-Vector drop-down menu.

Note Leave the default Name as Master1.
The Measure Data and Create Line dialog boxes appear.
Note Measure Data will show up only if you have checked
Show measure dialog on the Drawing tab of the
Modeler Options (under Tools) dialog box.
4 Click the lower right-most corner of the face and draw the
U vector (red arrow) along the left. See figure 7.
Note Draw the vector from right to left.

2-6 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 7. U Vector drawn.

5 Click OK.
The Master 1 boundary gets assigned. See figure 8.

Figure 8. Boundary applied.

6 Press Alt and rotate the box 180 degrees to access the face
opposite to Master1. See Figure 9.
Note You can also select another face, and hit B to access
the desired face.
Array Antennas 2-7

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

7 Click HFSS>Boundaries>Assign>Slave.
The Slave: General Data dialog box appears.

Figure 9. Face with the prospective Slave1 boundary.

8 Select Master 1 on the Master Boundary drop-down menu.

9 Select New Vector on the U Vector drop-down menu.
Note Leave Name as Slave1.
The Measure Data and the Create Line dialog boxes
appear with the cursor holding the dotted line.
10 Click the left-most corner of the face and drag the cursor
to the right-most corner, click, again.
Note Remember the direction of the U-V vectors for the
Master must be the same for its corresponding Slave.
The Slave: General Data dialog appears with the U and V
vectors applied.
11 Verify that the option Reverse Direction of V-Vector is
checked.
Note The U-Vector field should show as Defined now.
12 Click Next.
The Slave : Phase Delay dialog box appears.
13 Click Finish.
The Slave1 boundary is assigned.
2-8 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 10. The Slave1 boundary is assigned.

14 Right click the face on the right side of Slave1 and select
Assign Boundary> Master from the short-cut menu.
The Master Boundary dialog box appears.
15 Select New Vector on the U-Vector drop-down menu.
16 Click the leftmost corner of the face and drag the cursor
to the rightmost corner to draw the U-Vector.
The U-vector arrow is applied whereas the V-vector arrow
points downwards. See figures 11 and 12.
17 Check V-Vector Reverse Direction as in Figure 12.
Note You need to reverse the direction of the V-Vector to
include it on the box and not outside of it. For more
information, see the next section.

Array Antennas 2-9

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 11. The V-Vector pointing downwards.

Figure 12. Master Boundary

18 Check V Vector: Reverse Direction.

19 Click OK.
The direction of the V-Vector is reversed and the boundary
Master2 is applied.
2-10 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

20 Rotate the box 180 degrees to access the face opposite

to Master 2.
21 Right click>Assign Boundary>Slave.
The Slave: General Data dialog box appears.
22 Select Master2 as the Boundary and New Vector as the U
Vector.
The Create Line and Measure Data boxes occur.
23 Click the rightmost corner of the face and drag the cursor to the left most corner, click and then, release.
The Slave: General Data dialog box appears.
24 Click Next.
The Slave: Phase Delay dialog box appears.

Figure 13. Phase Delay

25 Accept the default settings and click Finish.

The Slave2 boundary is assigned.

Direction of the U-V Vectors

HFSS uses the U-V vectors to set up a local co-ordinate system. A point on the Master boundary must correspond to that
on the Slave. A point on the Slave needs to be paired on the
Master so that a one-to-one correspondence can be established. Such a co-ordinate system should be constructed and
aligned properly in the same direction so that the mapping is
Array Antennas 2-11

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

accomplished successfully. Therefore, when the V-vector is

directed downwards, you must check the Reverse Direction option to keep it on the face of the box and not pointing
outside of it.

Assigning Wave Ports

HFSS offers you both Integration lines and a localized co-ordinate system to assign Wave ports. When assigning a wave port
HFSS generates a Wave Port: Modes dialog box with options
to help set-up the Mode Alignment and Polarity. A portion of
this dialog box is shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14. Portion of the Wave Port: Mode dialog box

Note This dialog box will appear only while you assign Wave ports.

For this particular design i.e. the cell model with emphasis on
Floquet ports, we recommend you assign the Wave port with
analytical mode alignment. The last radio button in Figure 14
should be selected for this project.
Note For more information, see online help.

Assign Wave Port with Analytical Mode

Alignment
A Wave port boundary will be assigned to the bottom surface
of the feeding waveguide to model the energy injected into
the array element.
1 Select the bottom face of the lower box. See Figure 16.

2 Right-click, and from the shortcut menu, select Assign

Excitations>Wave Port.
The Wave Port: General dialog box appears.
3 Enter aWaveport in the Name field and click Next.
The Wave Port: Modes dialog box appears.
2-12 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

4 Make the following entries:

Enter Number of Modes as 2.
Note Because the feeding waveguide has a square cross
section, two waveguide modes must be specified.
Select the radio button Align Modes analytically
using co-ordinate system.
Select New Vector from the U Axis drop-down
menu.

Figure 15. Wave Port: Modes Dialog Box - see blue-ink that highlights the radio button.

The cursor with a dotted line appears.

5 Click the mid point of a side (nearest to the X axis) of the
Array Antennas 2-13

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

bottom face.
A small opaque triangle and mini axes appear.
6 Draw the line by following the horizontal mini axis (perpendicular to the X axis and therefore, parallel to the Y
axis. See figure 16.

Figure 16. Wave Ports assigned on the bottom face.

The Wave Port: Modes dialog box appears.

7 Select Reverse V Direction.
V vector points in the direction of the positive Y-axis.
8 Click Next on the Wave Port: Modes dialog box.
The Wave Port: Post Processing dialog box appears.
9 Verify that the default settings are as shown in Figure 17.
2-14 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 17. Wave Port: Post Processing

10 Click Finish.
The excitation is assigned and aWaveport occurs under
Excitations on the Project Manager window.

Figure 18. Wave Ports assigned

Array Antennas 2-15

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Assign Floquet Port

To assign the Floquet port perform the following steps.
1 Select the top face of the upper box.

2 Right click, and select Assign>Excitation>Floquet Port

from the shortcut menu.
The Floquet Port: General dialog box appears and the top
face gets labeled as FloquetPort1.

Figure 19. Floquet Port: General dialog box

3 On the Lattice Coordinate System, select New Vector for

the A Direction.
The cursor with the new dotted line appears on the Modeler window.
4 Draw the A-Direction vector parallel to the X-axis with the
the arrow in the same direction that of the positive x-axis.
The a vector is drawn and the Floquet Port: General
dialog appears.

2-16 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

.

Figure 20. Floquet ports assigned.

5 Select New Vector from the B-Direction drop-down.

6 Draw the B vector perpendicular to the A vector.
The Floquet Port: General dialog box showing both the
vectors as Defined recurs.
Note The lattice vectors a and b must have a common
origin.
7 Click Next.
The Floquet Port: Modes Setup dialog box appears.

Array Antennas 2-17

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 21. Modes Set-up

8 Click Next.
The Post Processing dialog box appears.

Figure 22. Post Processing

9 Verify that the Deembed box is unchecked and click Next.

The 3 D Refinement dialog box appears.

2-18 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 23. Floquet Port: 3-D Refinement

10 Click Finish.
The Floquet port is assigned and FloquetPort1 appears in
the Project Manager window under Excitations.

Figure 24. Floquet Port Assigned

Floquet Port Dialog Box

While assigning the Floquet Ports, you used the different
options available on the Floquet Port dialog box. The following sections describe the settings on each of these tabs.

Floquet Port: Mode Setup

See Figure 21. Floquet modes are specified by two modal indices and a polarization setting. These designations resemble

Array Antennas 2-19

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

the textbook notation for rectangular waveguide modes, such

as "TE10''. The Floquet field patterns are different, however.
The Floquet modes in the modes table both have modal indices m and n equal to zero. They are sometimes called "specular" modes. In this project, the specular modes consist of two
orthogonally-polarized plane waves propagating normal to the
plane of the array.
Specular modes are always an essential part of the Floquet
mode set. However, sometimes due to electrical symmetry,
one of the two polarizations may be omitted.
The final column of the mode table is labeled "Attenuation".
The attenuation of the mode is measured in the direction normal to the plane of the array.
The value given for the specular modes is 0 dB since they are
propagating. Higher-order modes will experience attenuation
if they are cut off. The value of attenuation is greater than
zero.
Note The default specular pair of modes is sufficient for this simulation.

Floquet Port: Post Processing

See Figure 22. This tab lets you specify a de-embedding distance. Just as in a Wave port, de-embedding is an optional
post processing step employed when the phase of the Sparameter elements is of interest. The interface for deembedding a Floquet port is the same as that for a Wave port.
For this example, we omit specifying any de-embedding.

Floquet Port: 3D Refinement

See Figure 23. The 3D Refinement tab controls which Floquet
modes participate in 3D adaptive mesh generation.
The default settings are such that Floquet modes will not participate in 3D adaptive refinement.
In any model with Wave, Lumped, or Floquet ports, there is a
3D modal field pattern associated with each defined mode.
This is the 3D field pattern corresponding to stimulation of
the one mode, with all other modes match terminated. The
2-20 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

3D mesh that is created by HFSS on subsequent adaptive

passes is actually a compromise designed to adequately represent all modal field patterns simultaneously.
When a specific modal field pattern is of interest, greater
solution efficiency is achieved by adapting only on the basis of
the one field pattern. In the case at hand, the modal pattern
corresponding to excitation of the Wave port is of prime interest. Hence, the default setting of the 3D refinement tab
which ignores the Floquet modal field patterns in adapting
the 3D mesh.

Add Solution Setup

You must add a Solution Setup for your model.
1 Right click Analysis in the Project tree, and select Add
Solution Setup.
The Solution Setup dialog box appears.

Figure 25. Solution Setup: General

2 Enter the settings as shown in Figure 25.

3 Click Options.
4 Enter the settings as in Figure 26.

Array Antennas 2-21

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 26. Solution Setup: Options

5 Click OK to accept the settings.

Run Simulation and View Results

Now that you have completed the entire set-up you are ready
to analyze it. Before that, be sure to save the project.
1 Click HFSS>Analyze All.
The Progress Window indicates HFSS is running the simulations. The Message Manager indicates normal completion
of the simulation if everything went off well.
2 Right click Results icon in the Project tree, and select
Solution Data.

2-22 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 27. HFSS Design Solutions

The Figure 27 shows the post-simulation matrix data panel.

Since phase is unimportant for this case, only magnitudes are
shown. You can select Magnitude from the drop-down menu
under Z Matrix checkbox. There are several things to note.

The S-matrix is a 44 matrix and interrelates the Waveport modes with the Floquet modes.
The Floquet modes in the S-matrix are listed next in the
order specified in the Floquet port setup panel. By referring to this panel, we are therefore reminded that
FloquetPort1:1 refers to the TE00 Floquet mode and
FloquetPort1:2 refers to the TM00 Floquet mode.
The first column of the matrix gives the modal amplitudes
for a unit stimulation of the Wave port, i.e. the array acting in "transmit mode". The first entry, 0.22227, is the
magnitude of the active reflection coefficient of the unit
cell. The third and fourth (row) entries give the power
coupled into each of the two Floquet modes. Virtually all
the non-reflected power is coupled into the first Floquet
mode. The excited Floquet mode represents a plane wave
Array Antennas 2-23

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

leaving the face of the array.

The third and fourth columns of the S-matrix indicate the
power couplings for individual excitation of each of the
Floquet modes. The physical picture of an exciting Floquet
mode is a plane wave incident on the infinite array from
above. In the case at hand, each Floquet mode transfers
most of its power to the Wave-port mode with the same
polarization. In these cases think of the array acting in
"receive mode".

Create Variables for Scan Angles

Array antennas have the unique ability to redirect (scan) their
energy without mechanical motion. To include the effects of
scanning in the HFSS simulation, this section will discuss
parameterizing the simulation using scan angles.
1 On the menu bar, click Project>Project Variables.
The Properties dialog box appears.
2 Click Project Variables and then, the Add... button.
The Add Property dialog box appears.

Figure 28. Add Property dialog box

3 Set Name to $phi_scan, and Value = 90 deg.

4 Click OK.
The Add Property dialog box closes and the variable
$phi_scan gets added on the Project Variables window.
5 Click the Add button.
The Add Property dialog box appears again.
6 Set Name to $theta_scan and Value = 0 deg.
7 Click OK.
The Add Property dialog box closes and the variable
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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

$phi_scan gets added on the Project Variables dialog box.

Figure 29. Project Variables dialog box

8 Click OK to close the project Properties window.

Note When using scan angles in unit cell models, the plane of periodicity (here the
array plane) should be parallel to the global coordinate x-y plane. Although not
absolutely mandatory, adhering to this natural convention insures the simplest and
clearest relationship between scan angles and the structure being modeled.

Use Scan Angles for the Model

Now that you created the scan angle variables, you will apply
them to the model. To use them in the model, perform the
following steps.
1 Double-click Slave1 from the Project Tree.
The Slave: General Data dialog box appears.
2 Click Phase Delay and set the fields as shown in Figure 30.

Figure 30. Use Scan Angles

3 Click OK.
The scan angles are set and copied in the settings for
Slave2.
Note Ignore the following informational message that will appear in the Message
Manager window - Solutions have been invalidated. Undo to recover.
Array Antennas 2-25

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Parametric Sweep of Scan Angle

To illustrate more aspects of the Floquet port interface, we
now seek the active reflection coefficient of the array as a
function of scan angle. When the scan direction is in the Eplane of the array, the array exhibits a nice example of scan
blindness at an angle of 27.5 degrees. To demonstrate this
and other phenomena, we will set up a parametric sweep to
make an E-plane scan from broadside (scan = 0) to endfire
(scan = 90 degrees).
To setup a parametric analysis:
1 Right click Optimetrics and select Add>Parametric.
The Setup Sweep Analysis dialog box appears.
2 Click Add on the Sweep Definitions tab.
The Add/Edit Sweep dialog box appears.

Figure 31. Add/Edit Sweep dialog box

3 Make the entries as in Figure 31.

4 Click Add >> to include the settings.
5 Click OK.
The Setup Sweep Analysis dialog box lists the $theta_scan
variable and its description.
6 Click General to verify the settings are as in Figure 32.
2-26 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

.

Figure 32. Setup Sweep Analysis

7 Click Options.
8 Set the fields as shown in Figure 33.

Figure 33. Options

9 Click OK to close the dialog box.

Parametric Setup1 is listed under Optimetrics.

Set Up Modes for Parametric Sweep

1 Double-click FloquetPort1 under the Excitations.
2
3

4
5

The Floquet Port dialog box appears.

Click Modes Setup.
Note A pair of modes is adequate for broadside scan. For
larger scan angles, additional modes are required.
Click Modes Calculator.
Note The inputs for mode selection do not affect the
model set up and so the choices can be varied to explore
different scenarios.
Enter 10 for Number of modes for the port. See Figure 34.
Note Requesting so many modes will give you an idea
what modes are necessary and what are not.
Set the Frequency to 299.97 MHz, which is the actual
frequency of simulation.
Note If the problem setup contained one or more
Array Antennas 2-27

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

frequency sweeps, usually this value is set to the highest

frequency to detect higher-order propagating modes.
6 Enter phi scan angle as 90 degrees in both the Start and
Stop fields.
Note To create a set of modes that will be adequate for
every scan direction in the parametric sweep, the scan
angles of the sweep are entered in a start-stop-step
format. The entered angles are spherical polar angles of
the global coordinate system.
7 Enter the same values for the Theta fields with Step Size
as 0.5. See figure 34.

Figure 34. Mode Table Calculator

8 Click OK.
The calculator closes and displays the results in the modes
table. See Figure 35.
9 Re-enter 4 in the Number of Modes field.
The table gets trimmed to only 4 modes. The reasoning for
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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

trimming the modes is given in the next section.

10 Click OK.
11 Right-click ParametricSet-up1 and select Analyze.
HFSS runs the Parametric Sweep.
Note This will take some time.

Figure 35. Floquet Port dialog open on Modes Setup

Mode Selection
In the previous section, you set up the modes using the Modes
Calculator which resulted in the table in Figure 35. This section describes the table and the criteria for mode selection.
The attenuation (db/length) depends upon the scan angle you
you set in the Mode Table Calculator. Refer to Figure 35 and
note the following details about the results.
The original pair of specular modes, TE00 and TM00 remain

Array Antennas 2-29

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

at the top of the list.

The attenuation for each of TE00 and TM00 is 0 dB meaning
that these modes are propagating unattenuated in at least
one scan direction among those selected in Figure 34.
A second pair of modes, the TE0-1 and TM0-1 are also propagating unattenuated in at least one scan direction.
The six remaining modes experience attenuation of 60 dB
dB per meter over the set of specified scan directions.
Any Floquet modes generated within the 3D portion of the
model and propagating toward the Floquet port must be
accounted for in the modes table. Since the first four
listed modes reach the Floquet port unattenuated, we will
retain them.
The remaining modes, with large non-zero attenuation can
be excluded from the table. Eliminating unneccessary
modes increases simulation efficiency and eases interpretation of results. The next point provides a quantitative
justification for the omission of the modes with non-zero
attenuation.
Because the length of the unit cell is 1.25 meters, any of
the last six modes that are generated at the rectangular
aperture experience a minimum attenuation of 1.25 * 60
= 75 dB by the time they reach the Floquet port plane. In
most simulations this is small enough so that you can
neglect such modes.

2-30 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 36. Selected Modes

If you compare the last two figures, the list is trimmed from
the bottom up and now only the TE00, TM00, TE0-1, and TM0-1
remain.
Note You can increase the modes by entering a number more than 4 for the exact
number to reappear in the list. Remember to always use the minimum number of
modes to ensure simulation efficiency.

Viewing the Results of Parametric Sweep

Once the simulation is over, the S-matrix elements as a function of scan angle can be examined in the Matrix Data panel
or the Reporter. In Figure 37, the design variation is set for
$phi_scan=90 deg and $theta_scan=15 deg. You can click the
ellipsis to the right of the Design Variation field and select 15
deg for $theta_scan from the Set Design Variation dialog
box.
The first column of the S-matrix consists of the array element
active reflection coefficient and the coupling of the Wave
port to the various Floquet modes. By viewing the matrix elements for a sampling of scan angles, it will be immediately
noted that the couplings to the TE00 and TE0-1 modes are very
small.
Array Antennas 2-31

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 37. Solutions: Matrix Data

2-32 Array Antennas

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Generate Plots
This section describes how to generate reflection and tranmission plots. To create a report showing the (active) reflection and the TM transmission magnitudes plotted as a function
of scan angle:
1 Right click Results in the Project tree, and from the short
cut menu select Create Modal Solution Data
Report>Rectangular Plot.
The Report dialog box appears.
2 Set the fields as shown in Figure 38.

Figure 38. Report dialog box

3 Click New Report.

The new report is displayed.
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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Note The plot should resemble the one in Figure 39.

Figure 39. the plot and the legend

Note Observe that the active reflection coefficient shows

the scan blindness condition at 27.5 degrees. Also note
that the TM0-1 mode becomes propagating at about 30
degrees and represents the onset of a grating lobe. Beyond
this point, power is about equally split between the TM00
and TM0-1 modes until the endfire condition is approached.
2-34 Array Antennas

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Frequency Selective
Surface Model

This chapter contains the following topics:

Sample Project - FSS
Set Unit and Solution Type
Create the Unit Cell Model
Create the Rhombic Sheet
Transform 2D Sheet into 3D Cell Object
Position the Rhombus Appropriately
Create the Aperture
Move the Aperture to the Rhomboid
Assign Master and Slave Boundaries
Assign the Perfect E-Boundary
Assign the Floquet Ports
Setup the Analysis
Add Frequency Sweep
Run the Simulation
Generate the Reports
Phase Transmission Vs Frequency
S-Parameters Vs Frequency
Port Field Display for Modes

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Sample Project - FSS

You can construct unit cells for frequency selective surface
(FSS) simulations using linked boundaries and two Floquet
ports, with one port above the plane of the structure and the
other port under it. The applied excitations are the Floquet
modes themselves, usually one or both specular modes. As a
direct result of the field solution, the reflection and transmission properties of the FSS are cast in terms of the computed
S-matrix entries interrelating the Floquet modes.
This is somewhat in contrast to the simulation setup when
PMLs or radiation boundaries are used to terminate the unit
cell. In these cases, in addition to the boundary setup, one or
more incident waves are defined separately as the excitation.
The transmission and reflection properties of the FSS are then
automatically computed for the user as a post-processing
operation on the field solution.
We will consider a conducting screen containing a rhombic
lattice of circular apertures. The lattice geometry is shown in
Figure 1 in which, a pair of lattice vectors are drawn in blue.
The angle between the lattice vectors is 60 degrees.

Figure 1. The Lattice Geometry

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Consider a plane wave incident normally on the screen with

polarization aligned as indicated by the red arrows in the figure. The transmission loss magnitude and phase as a function
of frequency are the quantities of interest. The frequency
band is 8 to 20 GHz.

Figure 2. Unit cell for rhombic lattice

Set Units and Solution Type

You must set the units and solution type for this project
before you design the model.
1 Open a new Project and name it rhombicArray.

2
3
4
5
6

Click Modeler>Units and set the units to cm.

Click OK.
Click HFSS>Solution Type.
Select Driven Modal.
Click OK.

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Create the Unit Cell Model

A simple unit cell model has been created and is shown in Figure 2. The lengths of the side walls are 1.73 cm, the circular
aperture diameter is 1.2 cm, and the cell is 4 cm high. The
unit cell clearly is a rhombic object. The section below
describes exactly how to draw this rhomic object.

Create the Rhombic Sheet

1 Click Draw>Line, click an abritrary point to set the starting point, and then, click three more arbitrary points.

2 Return to close the line by clicking again on the starting

point.
3 Right click and select Done from the short-cut menu.
The Properties dialog box appears.
4 Click OK.
This creates an initial polyline object.
5 Double-click the first CreateLine on the history tree.
First CreateLine Properties dialog box

Figure 3. Segment tab (1).

6 Enter Point1 and Point2 co-ordinates as in Figure 3.

This moves the first polyline segment, and gives it the
dimensions required.
7 Repeat this process with the next three CreateLines in the
history tree, and edit their Point1 and Point2 co-ordinates
as in figures 4 through 6.
This creates the rhombic sheet for the rhombic cell. You
may want to make a copy of the object as a first step in
creating the aperture object.

3-4 Frequency Selective Surface Model

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Second CreateLine Properties dialog box

Figure 4. Segment tab (2).

Third CreateLine Properties dialog box

Figure 5. Segment tab (3).

Fourth CreateLine Properties dialog box

Figure 6. Segment tab (4).

Transform 2-D Sheet into a 3D Cell Object

We recommend, you make a copy of the 2-D sheet because
you will need it when you create an aperture later.
1 Click Polyline1 in the tree to highlight the 2-D sheet.

2
3
4
5

Do Ctrl+C.
Click Polyline to highlight it again.
Click Draw>Sweep>Along Vector.
Input the first point of the sweep vector in the status bar
as follows: X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 0.
6 Input the second point of the sweep vector as follows:
dx = 0, dy = 0, dz = 4
The Sweep Along Vector dialog box appears.

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 7. Sweep Along Vector

7 Verify that the Draft angle = 0 and Draft type = Round and
click OK.
The Properties dialog box appears.

Figure 8. Properties dialog box

8 Verify that your settings match the ones in Figure 8.

9 Click OK.
This completes the sweep converting the 2 D sheet object
into a 3-D solid.

Position the Rhombus Appropriately

1 Do Ctrl+D to fit the object into the 3-D Modeler window.
2 Select the object.
3 Click the Move icon on the toolbar.
This lets you enter values in the status bar.
4 Input the reference point of the move vector:

X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 0.

5 Input the target point of the move vector:

dx = 0, dy = 0, dz = -2.0
6 Press Enter.
The Properties dialog box appears.
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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 9. Move Vector properties

7 Click OK.
This moves the rhomboid to the proper position.

Create the Aperture Object

If the copy of the Ployline that you created before transforming the sheet to a solid, still exists in the computer memory,
then if you go to Edit and click Paste, the sheet will appear in
the center of the 3-D object. If it does not exist, then, repeat
Steps 1 through 7 from the section Create Rhombic Sheet.
Now perform the following steps to create the aperture.
1 Click Draw>Circle.

2 Click the center of the rectangle to produce a round dot

under the cursor.
3 Drag the cursor towards the edge of the rectangle and
click to draw the circle.
The Properties window opens.
4 Click OK.
5 Double-click CreateCircle on the project tree to open the
Properties dialog box and set the radius as 0.6 cm.

Figure 10. Circle properties

6 Verify that the circle settings are the same as in Figure 10.
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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

7 Select both the circle and the rectangle (Polyline2), and

click Modeler>Boolean>Subtract.
The Subtract dialog box appears.

Figure 11. Subtract dialog box.

8 Verify that Polyline2 is in the Blank Parts and Circle1 in

the Tool Parts.
9 Click OK to close the dialog box.
The circle is subtracted from the rectangle to create the
aperture.

Move the Aperture to the Rhomboid

To be sure that the placement of the aperture inside the
rhomboid object is accurate, you can move the aperture and
enter the appropriate values in the Properties dialog box for
the move vector.
1 Select the aperture and click Move from the toolbar.

2 Drag the aperture object inside the rhomboid.

3 Double-click Move on the project tree.
The Properties dialog box for the move vector opens.
4 Enter 0, 0, 0 in the Move Vector field.

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Figure 12. Move Vector properties

Assign Master and Slave Boundaries

You have drawn the geometry for the FSS and now you can
assign the Master and Slave boundaries to the rhomboid
object as follows. Refer to Figure 13 to get a sense of the
faces where the U and V vectors are drawn.
1 Hit F to enter Face Selection mode.

2 Select the face shown in figure 13, and click HFSS>Boundaries>Assign>Master.

Figure 13. The Master and Slave boundaries applied.

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

The Master Boundary dialog box appears.

Figure 14. Master Boundary dialog box

3 Leave Name as Master1.

4 Select New Vector from the drop-down menu for U.

6
7
8

The Measure dialog box and a the Create Line prompt

appear.
Click the lower left corner as the starting point on the
selected face, and drag the cursor to the right corner and
click.
U-vector is drawn, the V-vector points away from the box,
and the Master Boundary dialog box appears again.
Check Reverse direction for the V-vector, click OK to
close the dialog box.
Select the opposite face.
Click HFSS>Boundaries>Assign Slave.
The Slave dialog box appears.

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Figure 15. Slave dialog box after Slave is applied

9 Select Master1 as the Master Boundary and New Vector

for U Vector.
10 Draw the U Vector as shown.
Note The U-Vector of the Slave1 will be along the same
direction as the U of Master1 (from the bottom right-most
corner of the face to the leftmost corner.)
11 Leave the scan angles at 0 each for Phi and Theta and
click Finish.
The Master1 and Slave1 boundaries are created.
12 Repeat the procedure for the Master2 and Slave 2 boundaries, as shown.
Note Make sure you reverse the direction of the V vector
as needed. The tail of the U-vector of Master2 coincides
with the head of the U of Master1. Remember that the Uvector of Slave2 must be along the same direction as that
of Master2.

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 16. Master2 and Slave2

Assign the Perfect E Boundary

You will now assign a Perfect E boundary to the aperature.
1 Hit O to enter Object Selection mode.

2 Select the aperture.

3 Select HFSS>Boundaries>Assign>Perfect E.
4 Leave the Name as PerfE1, Infinite Ground Plane deselected and click OK to close the dialog box.
The PerfE1 boundary appears on the aperture as shown in
Figure 17.

3-12 Frequency Selective Surface Model

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 17. PerfE1 applied.

Assign the Floquet Ports

You are all set to assign the Floquet ports to the top and bottom faces of the model.
1 Select the top face of the model, and click HFSS>Excitations>Assign>Floquet Port
The Floquet Port wizard appears.
2 For the Lattice Coordinate System, from the drop down
menu for A direction, select New Vector.
The Measure Data dialog appears, and the Create Line dialog tells you to draw the A lattice vector on the plane of
the face.

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 18. Floquet Port applied.

3 Draw the a vector parallel to the X axis and then, click.

Note Click the corner along the Z-axis first and then,
draw the a vector.
The Floquet Port dialog box appears.
Note When you make the second click to complete the
vector, the Measure Data and Create line dialogs
disappear, and the Floquet Port wizard reappears,
showing that the a vector is Defined.
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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

4 Select New Vector from the B Direction drop-down menu

and draw the b vector as shown.
Note The b vector should be perpendicular to a and
parallel to Y axis.
The b vector is drawn and the Modes Setup tab opens.
5 Click Modes Calculator for assistance in setting up the
modes.

Figure 19. Mode Table Calculator

The Modes calculator appears.

6 Enter the settings as shown in Figure 19.
7 Click OK to close the Calculator.
This fills out the table with calculated values.

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 20. Calculated Attenuation values

8 Re-enter 14 in the Number of Modes field.

Note The reasoning for trimming the modes is given in
the next section.
9 Click Next.
The Post Processing dialog box appears.
10 Check the box for Deembed, and specify the Distance as
2.0 cm.

3-16 Frequency Selective Surface Model

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Figure 21. Post Processing

11 Click Next for the 3D Refinement page.

12 For Mode 1, click the Affects Refinement checkbox.
13 Click Finish.
The first Floquet port appears under the Excitations icon
in the Project tree.
14 Select the bottom face of the model, and repeat the process to setup the second Floquet port.
Note Verify that the information from the first Floquet
port is copied over.
Omission of Modes with Large Attenuation
In the previous section, we trimmed the table (in Figure 20)
from 20 to 14. Since the attenuation for more than 14 modes
is significantly high, we eliminated those modes. For Deembed distance = 2cm, the total attenuation from the aperture
to the port = (51.53db/cm)*(2cm) = 103.06db. This is very
large and so we neglect modes through 15 to 20.

Setup the Analysis

1 Right click Analysis in the project tree, and select Add
Solution Setup.
This opens the Solution Setup dialog.

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Figure 22. Solution Setup

2 Enter the settings as shown in Figure 22.

3 Click Options and enter the setting as shown in Figure 23.

3-18 Frequency Selective Surface Model

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 23. Options tab

4 Click OK.

Add Frequency Sweep

1 Right-click Setup1 in the Project tree, and select Add Frequency Sweep.
The Edit Sweep dialog box appears.

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Figure 24. Edit Sweep dialog box

2 Enter the field settings as shown in Figure 24.

3 Click Interpolation and set fields as in Figure 25.

Figure 25. Interpolation tab

4 Click Advanced Options.

Interpolating Sweep Advanced Options dialog appears.

3-20 Frequency Selective Surface Model

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 26. Interpolating Sweep Advanced Options

5 Enter the fields as shown in Figure 26.

6 Click Select Entries.
The Interpolation Basis Convergence dialog box opens.
7 Select All for fields Entry and Mode Selections.
8 Scroll down to select the row FloquetPort2:1, and set the
value in the FloquetPort1:1 column on that row to ON.

Frequency Selective Surface Model 3-21

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 27. Interpolation Basis Convergence

9 Click OK to close the Interpolation Basis Convergence

dialog box, OK to close the Interpolating Sweep
Advanced Options dialog box, and OK to close the Edit
Sweep dialog box.
10 Click HFSS>Validation Check.
The validation check should yield correct results.
Note For most HFSS projects, do not be alarmed if you
see any warnings in the Message Manager window. Some of
these warnings are informational messages only. They may
not always require you to perform any action to deal with
the messages. However, for these projects, the Message
Manager must not display any error or warning messages;
the Validation Check dialog box must show a tick near
each of the listed options, in which case, you can analyze
the design.
11 Right-click Sweep in the Project tree and click Analyze
on the shortcut menu.
The simulation starts and finishes after some time.

3-22 Frequency Selective Surface Model

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Generating Reports
Now that you solved your design, you can generate reports for
further analysis of the transmission and reflection of the wave
through FSS.

Phase Transmission Vs Frequency

1 Right click Results and click Create Modal Solution Data
Report>Rectangular Plot from the project tree.
The Report dialog box appears.
2 The Context portion of the dialog box should resemble the
entries in Figure 28.
3 Enter the fields for Trace as in Figure 29 so that the Y axis
is populated with the expression for phase transmission.
4 Leave the Default value of X at Freq.

Figure 28. Context part of the Report dialog box

5 Click New Report.

Frequency Selective Surface Model 3-23

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 29. Trace part of the Report dialog box

HFSS generates the plot for Phase Transmission versus Frequency. See Figure 30. Clearly, from the plot we can infer
that phase changes as the wave passes through the FSS.

Figure 30. Phase Transmission Vs Frequency

3-24 Frequency Selective Surface Model

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

S Parameters Vs Frequency
1 Right-click click Create Modal Solution Data
Report>Rectangular Plot from the project tree.

2 Select S Parameter from Category.

3 Set Y= dB(S(FloquetPort1:1,FloquetPort1:1)) in the
Report dialog box.
4 Set the Function as dB.
5 Click New Report.
The transmission curve is generated.
6 Change Y to dB(S(FloquetPort1:1,FloquetPort2:1))

Figure 31. Transmission & Reflection Vs Frequency

7 Click Add Trace.

Frequency Selective Surface Model 3-25

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

The second curve is added to the existing trace. Note the

strong transmission through the FSS at 18GHz.

Port Field Displays for Modes.

If you double-click the Mode under Floquet Port1 or Floquet
Port2 on the Project Tree you can view the field display for
the corresponding mode selected.

Figure 32. Mode 1 Port Display

Figure 33. Mode 2 Port Field Display

3-26 Frequency Selective Surface Model

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

Figure 34. Mode 3 Port Field Display

Figure 35. Mode 4 Port Field Display

Frequency Selective Surface Model 3-27

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Getting Started with HFSS: Floquet Port Models

3-28 Frequency Selective Surface Model

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