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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 14-11750
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:13-cv-00478-JSM-MAP

REGINA WHITE,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
BELTRAM EDGE TOOL SUPPLY, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(June 12, 2015)
Before MARTIN and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges, and COOGLER, * District
Judge.
MARTIN, Circuit Judge:

Honorable L. Scott Coogler, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Alabama, sitting by designation.

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This appeal presents several questions about the proper application of the
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. Regena White 1 sued her former
employer, Beltram Edge Tool Supply, Inc., claiming that it interfered with her
rights under the FMLA by firing her instead of giving her medical leave. The
District Court granted summary judgment for Beltram, finding that Ms. Whites
interference claim failed as a matter of law. The Court also declined to consider
two alternative causes of action because Ms. White had not stated them in her
complaint. After the benefit of oral argument, we conclude that the District Court
erred by dismissing Ms. Whites interference claim and by declining to consider
one of her two alternative causes of action. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
This opinion proceeds in four Parts: Part I outlines the general legal
background; Part II discusses the facts relevant to Ms. Whites appeal; Part III
analyzes the legal questions relevant to Ms. Whites interference claim; and Part
IV considers the two alternative causes of action dismissed by the District Court.
I.

Legal Background

The Family and Medical Leave Act confers several rights on employees,
including two relevant here: the right to take twelve weeks of job leave [b]ecause
of a serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform the

Ms. Whites first name has been spelled at various points in this case as Regina and
Regena. Because she refers to herself as Regena in her brief on appeal, we adopt her
spelling despite our caption.
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functions of her job, 29 U.S.C. 2612(a)(1), (a)(1)(D); and the right to be

reinstated to her original job (or an equivalent) after FMLA leave, id. 2614(a)(1).
To protect these rights, the FMLA creates a private right of action. If an
employer interferes with an employees FMLA rights, she may sue for equitable
relief or money damages. Hurlbert v. St. Marys Health Care Sys., Inc., 439 F.3d
1286, 1293 (11th Cir. 2006). This archetypal FMLA claim is often called an
interference claim, because the employee asserts that [her] employer denied or
otherwise interfered with [her] substantive rights under the FMLA. Id. (emphasis
added) (quotation omitted). An interference claim has two elements: (1) the
employee was entitled to a benefit under the FMLA, and (2) her employer denied
her that benefit. Krutzig v. Pulte Home Corp., 602 F.3d 1231, 1235 (11th Cir.
2010). 2
The first element is the crux of this appeal. There is no dispute about the
second. Beltram clearly denied Ms. White two FMLA benefits when it fired her: it
denied her FMLA leave, see 2612, and it refused to reinstate her, see 2614.
But the District Court held on summary judgment that Ms. White had not shown
that she was entitled to FMLA leave in the first place, so her interference claim
failed. It granted summary judgment for Beltram. We conclude that summary
judgment was not appropriately granted.
2

An employer may be liable for interference despite good intentions; its motives are
irrelevant. Krutzig, 602 F.3d at 1235 (quotation omitted).
3

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II.

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Facts & Procedural History

On summary judgment, we view the facts and draw reasonable inferences

in the light most favorable to the party opposing the summary judgment motion,
here, Ms. White. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378, 127 S. Ct. 1769, 1774
(2007) (quotations omitted) (alteration adopted).
Ms. Whites need for FMLA leave was based on an injury to her knee. She
first injured her knee in April 2010, about ten months before she requested FMLA
leave. At the time, an orthopedist prescribed physical therapy and told her she may
need surgery if her knee remained unstable. She was able to work for nearly the
rest of 2010 despite her knee injury. Ms. White stopped reporting for work on
December 23, but her absences were due to other health issues. She called in to
Beltram over the next few weeks and explained that she was absent because she
was suffering from various maladies: bronchitis, sleep apnea, hypertension,
shortness of breath, chest pain, and anxiety.
On January 27, 2011, still absent from work, Ms. White visited her primary
care physician and reported that she had fallen twice the previous weekend,
reinjuring the same knee. This reinjury and the necessary treatment formed the
basis of her need for FMLA leave. 3

In her complaint, Ms. White said that her need for FMLA leave began in December
2010, apparently referring to her health issues unrelated to her knee. But the District Court held,
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The day after reinjuring her knee, January 28, Ms. White spoke with two
Beltram supervisors. She told Jim Reeverts, her direct supervisor, that her knee
gave out and it was painful and [she] could put [sic] any weight on it and received
a referral from [her primary care physician] to go to an orthopedic physician. 4
She also spoke with Xiomara Polewaski, Beltrams Executive Vice President of
Operations, and asked for FMLA paperwork. Ms. Polewaski sent Ms. White a
physicians certification form and told her that it was due fifteen days later, on
February 12. See 29 C.F.R. 825.305(b) (requiring an employee seeking FMLA
leave to give certification of her medical condition to the employer within 15
calendar days after the employers request, unless it is not practicable . . . to do so
or the employer provides more than 15 calendar days).
On February 8, Ms. White saw her orthopedist and signed a consent form for
a knee operation. But she was not able to complete the FMLA paperwork on that
day because her orthopedist was himself taking a leave of absence, and she was
transferred to another doctor. On February 11, one day before the stated deadline
for returning the FMLA paperwork to Beltram, Ms. White contacted Ms.

and Ms. White admits on appeal, that her claims are not based on those earlier health issues. See
Oral Argument at 10:02, White v. Beltram, No. 14-11750 (11th Cir. May 13, 2015).
4

Although Mr. Reeverts testified that he did not recall Ms. White mentioning her knee,
he said he remembered her saying she was planning to visit specialists. On summary judgment,
to the extent there is a dispute about whether Ms. White told Mr. Reeverts about her knee injury,
we accept her testimony.
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Polewaski, explained the situation involving the orthopedists, and asked for an
extension of the fifteen-day deadline. Ms. Polewaski testified that Ms. White said
the FMLA certification would be a couple of days late, so she grant[ed] [Ms.
White] a couple of extra days . . . and . . . told her to get the form [in] as soon as
possible. Ms. Polewaski did not give a specific due date.
At the same time, Ms. Polewaski told Ms. White to send doctors notes
explaining her absences since December 27. Ms. White responded by sending two
doctors notes. On one, completed on January 18, Ms. Whites doctor wrote that
she was under [the doctors] care from 12-28-10 to 1-24-11. The second note,
completed on January 24, indicated that Ms. White would be able to return to
[work] on 1-31-11.
On February 17, shortly after receiving the two doctors notes, Beltram fired
Ms. White.5 Ms. Polewaski, who, along with her supervisor, decided to fire Ms.
White, said she was shocked because the doctors notes appeared to show Ms.
White was cleared to return to work on January 31, but Ms. White had not returned
nearly two weeks later and gave no explanation for her continued absence. Ms.
Polewaski testified that when the decision was made to fire Ms. White, she still
5

Beltram insists that it made the decision to fire Ms. White on February 16, not February
17. But Ms. White points out evidence to the contrary. For example, Beltrams termination
report indicates that the effective date of Ms. Whites termination was February 17, and
Beltrams human resources director wrote in a letter to the state and testified under oath in an
unemployment hearing that Ms. White was terminated on February 17. Because we accept Ms.
Whites version of the facts when considering Beltrams motion for summary judgment, we
proceed on the understanding that Ms. White was terminated on February 17.
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had not received Ms. Whites FMLA paperwork, which she had expected by
February 15. But according to Ms. White, she faxed the FMLA form to Beltram
on February 16. The form indicated that Ms. Whites knee injury, the planned
surgery, and post-operative rehabilitation would make her unable to perform her
job from January 28 to April 28a period of almost thirteen weeks.
A letter sent to Ms. White explained why she was fired. It said her doctors
notes indicated she was able to return to work, without restrictions, on January 31,
2011[,] but . . . never did return to work. It went on: Additionally, you have
failed to return, within the 15 calendar days granted by law, the FMLA form that
was e-mailed to you on January 28, 2011. Ms. Polewaski explained to Ms. White
by phone that she was fired because Beltram made a business decision . . .
because [it] did not receive [her] paperwork.
Ms. White underwent knee surgery on March 7. About a year later, on
March 30, 2012, her surgeon signed a letter stating that Ms. White recovered
extremely well from her surgery and could have returned to work on March 28,
2011nearly a month earlier than the original estimate, and well within the twelve
weeks guaranteed by the FMLA.
Ms. White filed suit against Beltram in state court in January 2013. Beltram
removed the case to the District Court for the Middle District of Florida, and
moved for summary judgment. The District Court granted summary judgment for
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Beltram. In its order, the District Court held that Ms. White had failed to create a
genuine dispute of fact showing that she was entitled to leave, so her claim that
Beltram interfered with her FMLA rights failed as a matter of law.
The District Court ruled that Ms. White was not entitled to FMLA leave
and thus could not show the first element of an interference claimfor three
reasons: she did not suffer from a serious health condition; she did not give proper
notice of her need for FMLA leave; and she requested more than twelve weeks of
leave. In addition to dismissing her interference claim, the District Court also
declined to consider two alternative causes of action advanced by Ms. White for
the first time on summary judgment: that Beltram failed to comply with FMLAs
employer-notice requirements, and that Beltram retaliated against her for
exercising her rights under the FMLA. The District Court explained that Ms.
White had not pleaded these two claims in her complaint and could not raise them
for the first time at summary judgment. Ms. White appeals each of these rulings.
We review de novo the District Courts grant of summary judgment. Jurich
v. Compass Marine, Inc., 764 F.3d 1302, 1304 (11th Cir. 2014) (per curiam).
Summary judgment is appropriate if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

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III.

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Interference Claim

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Ms. White, we cannot
agree with the District Court that Beltram was entitled to summary judgment on
Ms. Whites interference claim. This Part, consisting of four Sections, explains
how we part ways with the District Court. We decide that there are disputes of fact
about whether (III.A) Ms. White suffered from a serious health condition; (III.B)
she gave proper notice to Beltram of her need for FMLA leave; and (III.C) her
doctors initial estimate that she would need more than twelve weeks of leave
disqualified her from FMLA leave. We also (III.D) cannot affirm the District
Courts dismissal of Ms. Whites interference claim on a separate ground not relied
upon below.
A.

Serious Health Condition

An employee has the right to take FMLA leave only if she suffers from a

serious health condition that makes her unable to perform the functions of [her]
position. Hurley v. Kent of Naples, Inc., 746 F.3d 1161, 1166 (11th Cir. 2014)
(quotation omitted). The District Court first held that Ms. White was not entitled
to FMLA leave because she did not suffer from a serious health condition at any
point during her absence from Beltram. That was error because there is at least a
dispute of fact on the point.

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A serious health condition is an illness, injury, impairment, or physical or

mental condition that involves, as relevant here, continuing treatment by a health
care provider. 29 U.S.C. 2611(11), (11)(B). Continuing treatment by a health
care provider is [a] period of incapacity of more than three consecutive, full
calendar days, and any subsequent treatment or period of incapacity relating to the
same condition. 29 C.F.R. 825.115(a) (also requiring actual treatment by a
health care provider).6 [I]ncapacity means the inability to work, attend school
or perform other regular daily activities due to the serious health condition,
treatment therefore, or recovery therefrom. Id. 825.113(b).
The District Court held that Ms. Whites knee injury was not a serious health
condition. But in doing so, it failed to view the relevant facts in the light most
favorable to Ms. White. The FMLA certification form completed by Ms. Whites
orthopedist stated quite clearly that her injury qualified as a serious health
condition under the Acts definition. The form asked: Will the employee be
incapacitated for a single continuous period of time due to his/her medical
condition, including any time for treatment and recovery? The doctor checked
Yes. The form also asked the doctor to estimate the beginning and ending dates
for the period of incapacity. The doctor wrote: 1/28/11-4/28/11. On its face,
the certification form indicated that Ms. Whites knee injury was a serious health
6

We have afforded deference to this regulation. See Russell v. N. Broward Hosp., 346
F.3d 1335, 1345 (11th Cir. 2003).
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condition involving continuing treatment, because the doctor certified that Ms.
White would be incapacitated for more than three days. See 825.115(a).
Our review of the record shows that the District Court limited its
consideration to only the evidence Ms. White gave to Beltram before she was fired.
It wrote: Whites medical records presented to Beltram from December 27, 2010,
through her date of termination also reflect that White was not incapacitated for
purposes of continuing treatment. (Emphasis added.) But we know of no
authority, and neither the District Court nor Beltram has identified any, suggesting
that, to determine whether an employee had a serious health condition, a court
must limit itself to considering only evidence received by the employer before the
employee was fired. And we see no reason why that should be the case. The fact
questiondid an employee suffer from a serious health condition?is one that,
like any other question on summary judgment, should be answered using all
available evidence.
It may at first seem unfair to the employer, as Beltram argues, to make the
serious-health-condition determination using evidence that the employer did not
see until after it made the termination decision. But, as we discuss later, other
provisions in the FMLA protect employers from being sandbagged by employees
who try to create interference claims after the fact and based on information not
known at the time of termination. For example, the Act requires employees to
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timely notify employers of their need for FMLA leave, see 2612(e)(2)(B), and to
provide prompt certification from their doctors, see id. 2613(a).
The date on which Ms. White gave medical evidence to Beltram has no
bearing on whether, as a factual matter, she had a serious health condition. The
timeliness of her notice and certification may affect whether she met her
obligations under the Act, as we discuss in Sections III.B and D, infra. But the
timeliness of her notice and certification dont decide the question of whether she
suffered from a serious health condition. We conclude that the District Court erred
by holding that Ms. White did not suffer from a serious health condition. She did,
at least for the purpose of Beltrams motion for summary judgment. Her
interference claim therefore does not fail based on her lack of a serious health
condition. But this does not end our analysis.
B.

Notice of Need for FMLA Leave

While suffering from a serious health condition is necessary, it is not

sufficient for an employee to earn FMLA leave. She must also give her employer
notice of her need for leave, see 2612(e), and she can state an interference claim
only if she gave proper notice, Hurley, 746 F.3d at 1167. After finding that Ms.
White did not suffer from a serious health condition, the District Court
alternatively held that she failed to give proper notice to Beltram, thus creating

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another barrier to her interference claim. On this issue too, we come to a different
conclusion.
The District Court predicated this holding on its finding that Ms. Whites
need for leave was foreseeable. This issue of foreseeability is crucial, because the
FMLAs notice requirements are considerably more onerous if an employees need
for leave is foreseeable than if it is unforeseeable. Once it found Ms. Whites need
for leave to be foreseeable, the District Court held that her notice did not meet the
requirements for foreseeable leave. Our conclusion is to the contrary: her need for
leave was unforeseeable, and her notice was adequate under the less stringent
requirements governing notice for unforeseeable leave.
1.

FMLAs Notice Requirements

An employees notice of her need for FMLA leave must satisfy two
criteriatiming and contentboth of which differ depending on whether the need
for leave is foreseeable or unforeseeable. First, timing. If an employees need for
leave is foreseeable, she must give her employer at least 30 days advance notice,
unless giving 30 days notice is impracticable, in which case the employee must
give only such notice as is practicable. 2612(e)(2); see also 29 C.F.R.
825.302(a). If, on the other hand, an employees need for leave is unforeseeable,
the 30-day requirement does not apply. Strickland v. Water Works & Sewer Bd.
of City of Birmingham, 239 F.3d 1199, 1208 (11th Cir. 2001). Again a practical
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standard applies: an employee [whose need for leave is unforeseeable] must

provide notice to the employer as soon as practicable under the facts and
circumstances of the particular case. 29 C.F.R. 825.303(a).
Second, content. As a general rule, an employee need not explicitly mention
the FMLA when giving notice to her employer. See Cruz v. Publix Super Mkts.,
Inc., 428 F.3d 1379, 1383 (11th Cir. 2005) (An employee is not required to assert
expressly her right to take leave under the FMLA.). But the FMLA and its
regulations do require that the notice convey certain information. Again, the
content requirement differs depending on whether an employees need for leave is
foreseeable or unforeseeable. If the need for leave is foreseeable, an employee
must give her employer notice that is sufficient to make the employer aware that
the employee needs FMLA-qualifying leave, and [of] the anticipated timing and
duration of the leave. 825.302(c). If the need for leave is unforeseeable, an
employee need only provide sufficient information for [her] employer to
reasonably determine whether the FMLA may apply to the leave request.
825.303(b).
2.

Ms. Whites Need for Leave Was Unforeseeable

Our task is made more difficult because neither the FMLA nor its
implementing regulations defines the terms foreseeable and unforeseeable.

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We must divine, with little textual or precedential guidance, whether Ms. Whites
need for leave was foreseeable or unforeseeable.
Courts usually speak in terms of whether the need for leave itself was
foreseeable. See, e.g., Hurley, 746 F.3d at 1167 ([A]n employee is required to
provide notice when the need for leave is foreseeable. (emphasis added)); Cruz,
428 F.3d at 1382 (The FMLA requires employees to provide 30 days advance
notice of the leave, when the need to take leave is foreseeable. . . . [I]f the need for
leave is not foreseeable . . . . (emphasis added)). But the FMLA itself is a bit
more specific: it requires 30 days advance notice if the need for leave is
foreseeable based on planned medical treatment. 2612(e)(2) (emphasis added);
see also 825.302(a) (same); cf. 2612(e)(2)(B) (requiring only such notice as is
practicable if the date [of the employees] treatment requires leave to begin in
less than 30 days (emphasis added)). This gives us a clue: an employees need for
leave is foreseeable if it is based on planned medical treatment. The question
was Ms. Whites need for leave foreseeable?can be reframed as follows: was
Ms. Whites knee surgery a planned medical treatment?
The District Court found Ms. Whites need for leave to be foreseeable.
While it did not expressly mention planned medical treatment, its finding
appears to be based, at least implicitly, on a belief that her knee surgery was that
kind of treatment. The Court explained that Ms. White knew as far back as April
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2010, when she first injured her knee, that surgery was an option. It pointed to
the testimony of the orthopedist who performed her knee surgery: Dr. Okun
testified that Whites surgery was something that could be scheduled in advance
and planned for. Indeed, he testified that the surgery was elective.
But the District Court did not view the evidence in the light most favorable
to Ms. White. When she first injured her knee, her doctor prescribed physical
therapy and discussed surgery only as an eventuality. And she was able to work
for eight months despite the initial injury. While it is true that she knew surgery
was an option in April 2010, viewing the facts in her favor compels the
conclusion that she had no intention (or need) to undergo surgery until she
reinjured her knee in January 2011.
It is also true that Dr. Okun responded affirmatively when asked whether the
knee surgery was something that could be scheduled in advance and planned for.
But his response was not a simple yes; he said: Yes. It [the surgery] was
elective. And just a few questions later, he gave a fuller explanation of the term
elective, and the general nature of Ms. Whites knee surgery:
Its . . . elective in that it doesnt have to be done right away in the
middle of the night. Thats an orthopedic emergency. Its a relatively
urgent procedure, because if itssomething isnt done[,] the knee is
going to keep buckling out and giving out . . . , but its not a true
emergency where youre going to lose your leg if it isnt done right
away.

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(Emphasis added.) Dr. Okun testified that the surgery was elective only in the
sense that it would not result in amputation if not performed immediately. His
testimony indicates that the surgery was relatively urgent, and that Ms. Whites
knee would keep buckling and giving out until she had surgery. When viewed in
the light most favorable to Ms. White, this surgery was not a planned medical
treatment. Her need for leave was thus unforeseeable, and she was not required to
give 30 days advance notice.7
3.

Ms. Whites Notice Was Adequate

Because Ms. Whites need for leave was unforeseeable, she was required to
give notice only as early as was practicable, 825.303(a), and her notice had to
contain only sufficient information for [Beltram] to reasonably determine whether
the FMLA may apply to the leave request, id. 825.303(b). She did, and it did.
Ms. White fell and reinjured her knee around January 26, 2011. The very
next day she spoke to her direct supervisor and told him that she injured her knee,
she could not put any weight on it, and that she had made an appointment to see an
orthopedic surgeon.

In the alternative, even if the surgery could have been planned in advance, Ms. Whites
reinjury of her knee would certainly qualify as a change in circumstances that exempted her
from the 30-day notice requirement altogether. See 825.302(a) (If 30 days notice is not
practicable, such as because of . . . a change in circumstances, or a medical emergency, notice
must be given as soon as practicable. (emphasis added)). Giving notice (to Mr. Reeverts) only
one day after the reinjurythat is, one day after the change in circumstancesis well within
the realm of giving notice as soon as practicable.
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This satisfies the FMLAs two notice criteria. Giving notice the very next
day assuredly meets the timing standard of practicability. And the content of Ms.
Whites notice was also sufficient. She told her direct supervisor that her knee
gave out, that it was painful, that she could [not] put any weight on it, and
that she had received a referral to an orthopedic surgeon. That is plenty of
information for an employer to reasonably determine whether Ms. White may have
needed FMLA leave due to a serious medical condition. For purposes of Beltrams
motion for summary judgment, Ms. Whites notice was sufficient and did not
disqualify her from taking FMLA leave.
C.

Estimating More than Twelve Weeks of Leave

The FMLA gives employees the right to be reinstated to their original job (or

an equivalent) after returning from FMLA leave. 2614(a)(1). But the FMLA
guarantees only twelve weeks of leave, 2612(a)(1), and if after twelve weeks the
employee cannot perform an essential job function, she is not entitled to
reinstatement, 29 C.F.R. 825.216(c).
The District Court held that even if Ms. White was entitled to FMLA
leaveeven if she had a serious health condition and gave adequate noticeshe
was not entitled to be reinstated to her job because she requested more than the
twelve weeks of leave guaranteed by the FMLA. The Court observed that Ms.
Whites FMLA certification form identified [her] period of incapacity as lasting

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from January 28, 2011, to April 28, 2011, a period of nearly thirteen weeks. The
Court held that this certification form disqualified Ms. White from restoration. If
she was not entitled to job restoration, then Beltram did not interfere with her
FMLA rights by firing her. Once more, we come to a different conclusion.
The District Court was correct as a legal matter that an employee who
cannot perform after twelve weeks of FMLA leave is not entitled to be restored to
her job. See 825.216(c). And it is also true that Ms. Whites doctors
certification form indicated a disability lasting (slightly) longer than twelve weeks.
But we see two problems with the District Courts reliance on that form as
justification for Beltrams decision to fire Ms. White. First, as a factual matter
Beltram itself insists that it decided to fire Ms. White before it received the
certification form. It says it made the decision to fire Ms. White on February 16
and got the form on February 18.
Second, and perhaps more importantly, that form was only an estimate of the
length of Ms. Whites leave. See 2613(b)(2) (providing that an employee must
give her employer certification only of the probable duration of the condition
necessitating leave (emphasis added)). And Ms. White points to contradictory
evidence tending to show that she actually could have returned to her job in fewer
than twelve weeks. About a year after her surgery, her orthopedic surgeon signed
a form that retroactively cleared her to return to work on March 28, 2011only
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eight weeks after the beginning of her requested leave periodbecause she did
extremely well in the immediate postoperative period. 8 These competing pieces
of evidence create a dispute as to whether Ms. White could have returned to work
within twelve weeks. The District Court erred by resolving this dispute in favor of
Beltram.
*

The District Court held that Ms. Whites interference claim failed as a matter
of law because she was not entitled to FMLA leave. It gave three reasons why she
was not entitled to leave: she did not suffer from a serious health condition, she did
not give proper notice of her need for leave, and she requested more than twelve
weeks of leave. At least when considering Beltrams motion for summary
judgment, we come out differently for all three. None of these three reasons
disqualifies Ms. White from taking FMLA leave.
D.

Timely Return of Physicians Certification

Nevertheless, Beltram asks us to affirm the District Courts dismissal of Ms.

Whites interference claim on a fourth ground that was not decided below: that Ms.
8

Beltram strenuously objects to the use of this letter. It is true that the letter is not based
on an in-person exam, is self-serving, uncorroborated, and gives clearance only retroactively.
But it contradicts her physicians certification, which in any event, as just discussed, gave only
an estimate of how long she would be incapacitatedan estimate made before she underwent
surgery. Even the one case Beltram cites in support of this position actually undermines it. In
Edgar v. JAC Products, Inc., 443 F.3d 501 (6th Cir. 2006), the Sixth Circuit instructed district
courts to consider all of the medical evidence bearing on the employees ability to timely return,
not just the evidence available at the time of the adverse employment action. Id. at 512
(emphasis added).
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White did not timely return the physicians certification form within 15 days, as
required by the FMLA. See 825.305(b). We decline to do so because there is a
dispute of fact about whether Beltram granted her an extension beyond 15 days.
See id. (providing that an employee must return the certification form within 15
days unless . . . the employer provides more than 15 calendar days to return the
requested certification).
On February 11, one day before the initial 15-day deadline, Ms. White called
in to Beltram and told Ms. Polewaski that she needed extra time to complete the
certification form. She told Ms. Polewaski that her orthopedist, who she had asked
to complete the form, was taking a leave of absence. She told Ms. Polewaski that
she was seeing another orthopedist on February 15. In response, Ms. Polewaski
told Ms. White to get the form [to her] as soon as possible. (Emphasis added.)
Viewing this conversation in the light most favorable to Ms. White, a reasonable
jury could find that the vague response by Ms. Polewaskiget it in as soon as
possibleimplied an extension based on the February 15 appointment date. That
is to say, a reasonable jury could find that Ms. Polewaski gave her assent to Ms.
White to return the certification on February 16, a mere one day after Ms. Whites
appointment with her orthopedist. 9

As with the timeliness of Ms. Whites notice, see supra note 7, we alternatively hold
that it was impracticable for Ms. White to return the physicians certification form within 15
days. The regulations provide that certification can still be timely, even if returned after the
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We must reverse the District Courts grant of summary judgment for

Beltram and remand Ms. Whites interference claim for further proceedings.
IV.

Unpleaded Claims

Finally, the District Court declined to consider two additional causes of

action alleging independent violations of the FMLA by Beltram: failure to give
proper notice to employees about their rights and obligations under the FMLA, 10
and retaliation against Ms. White for exercising her FMLA rights. 11 The District

usual 15-day deadline, if it is not practicable under the particular circumstances . . . despite the
employees diligent, good faith efforts. 825.305(b). Ms. White visited her orthopedist on
February 8well within the 15-day deadline. She gave the FMLA certification form to her
doctor and said she needed it within two to three days so she could return it to Beltram.
However, the orthopedists office called her on February 11just one day before the 15-day
deadlineand told her that her orthopedist was going on medical leave and she would have to
see another doctor. She scheduled an appointment for February 15, called Ms. Polewaski and
apprised her of the situation, and returned the form only one day after her February 15
appointment. For purposes of Beltrams motion for summary judgment only, we conclude that
the delay was beyond Ms. Whites control, and she acted with diligence to return the certification
form as quickly as possible. She thus satisfied the regulations impracticability standard.
10

An employer-notice cause of action alleges that an employer failed to comply with one
or more of various regulations requiring notice to its employees about their rights and obligations
under the FMLA. See 29 C.F.R. 825.300(a)(1) (employer must post a conspicuous and
prominent notice explaining the FMLAs provisions and procedures); id. 825.300(a)(3)
(employer should include notice about FMLA rights in an employee handbook or other written
materials distributed to new employees); id. 825.300(b)(1) (employer must give employee
notice of her FMLA eligibility within five days of learning that she may be entitled to FMLA
leave); id. 825.300(c)(1) (employer must notify employee of the specific expectations and
obligations of the employee related to FMLA leave and the consequences of failing to satisfy
those expectations and obligations); see also id. 825.300(e) (providing that an employers
failure to satisfy the FMLAs notice requirements gives rise to an interference claim).
11

A retaliation cause of action alleges that the employer discriminated against [the
employee] because [s]he engaged in an activity protected by the [FMLA]. Pereda v. Brookdale
Senior Living Cmtys., Inc., 666 F.3d 1269, 1272 (11th Cir. 2012). An employee must show
that (1) [she] engaged in statutorily protected conduct, (2) [she] suffered an adverse
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Court held that Ms. White had not stated these causes of action in her complaint
and advanced them for the first time on summary judgment. Based on its view that
her complaint did not apprise Beltram that she intended to pursue these theories of
liability, and because she did not move to amend her complaint to add those
theories, the Court concluded that she could not raise them for the first time on
summary judgment. The District Court properly dismissed the first cause of
action, but dismissing the second was error.
A complaint must contain a short and plain statement of the claim showing
that the pleader is entitled to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Despite the liberal
pleading standard for civil complaints, plaintiffs may not raise new claims at the
summary judgment stage. Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d 1312,
1314 (11th Cir. 2004) (per curiam). At the summary judgment stage, the proper
procedure for plaintiffs to assert a new claim is to amend the complaint . . . . Id.
at 1315. A plaintiff may not amend her complaint through argument in a brief
opposing summary judgment. Id.
Ms. Whites complaint was a short three pages. It did not explicitly state an
employer-notice claim, or a retaliation claim, or, for that matter, even an
interference claim. It stated only one count, which was labeled Violation of the

employment action, and (3) there is a causal connection between the two. Krutzig, 602 F.3d at
1234.
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Family and Medical Leave Act. In total, the counts two substantive paragraphs
read as follows:
11. Defendant violated the Family and Medical Leave Act by
refusing to designate leave as FMLA protected leave and terminating
[Plaintiff] for taking leave, thereby failing to provide reinstatement
under the FMLA.
12. The actions of Defendant were willful.
The half-page fact section contained no information about the notice given by
Beltram to its employees. Again, in full, it reads as follows:
8. In December 2010, Plaintiff was diagnosed with a serious
medical condition which required her to undergo surgery and caused
her to be absent from work.
9. Plaintiff specifically informed her supervisors of the specific
nature of the condition, that it required surgery, and that should [sic]
would be absent from work due to the surgery.
10. On February 17, 2011, she was terminated for unexcused
absences.
The District Court was correct to hold that there was no basis for Beltram to
have understood from the complaint that Ms. White was alleging an employernotice cause of actioni.e., that it failed to give notice to its employees about the
FMLA as required under the Act. Ms. Whites complaint contains no mention of
the notice (or lack thereof) given by Beltram to its employees, or the FMLAs
employer-notice requirements. But her allegation that Beltram terminat[ed] her
for taking leave put Beltram on notice that she was stating a retaliation cause of

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action. Ms. Whites retaliation claim must return to the District Court for
consideration alongside her interference claim.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, and REMANDED.

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