Building Materials

CE-306

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered

PAINTS ENAMELS & VARNISHES

Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish
2

Introduction

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES

Paint is a liquid surface coating.On drying it forms a thin film (60150

micron) on the painted surface.

Paints are classified as oil paints, water paints, cement paints, bituminous paints and special paints such as fire proof paints, luminous
paints, chlorinated rubber paints (for protecting objects against acid
fumes), etc.

The functions of the paints are: to protect the coated surface against
possible stressesmechanical or chemical; deteriorationphysical or
environmental; decorate the structure by giving smooth and colourful
finish; check penetration of water through R.C.C; check the formation
of bacteria and fungus, which are unhygienic and give ugly look to the
walls; check the corrosion of the metal structures; check the decay of
wood work and to varnish the surface to display it to better advantage.

Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

Composition of Oil Paint

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES

Base: The base, usually a metallic oxide, is the principal constituent

of paint. It makes the paint film opaque, possesses binding properties which reduce shrinkage cracks in film on drying. Some examples
of base are white lead, red lead, zinc white, aluminium powder, iron
oxide, etc. Lead based paints are in general affected by atmosphere
and not recommended for final coats. Zinc white is weather resistant.Aluminium powder is used as base for all aluminium paints.

Vehicle(binder): Vehicle is an oil to which the base is mixed. It holds

the constituents of paint in suspension and helps spread it over the
surface to be painted, imparts durability, toughness and water proofness to the paint film and resistance to weathering and gloss to the
painted surface and forms the body of the paint. examples are natural
drying oils such as linseed oil, nut oil, poppy oil.

Solvents(thinner) are oils used to thin paints, increase spread. They

make paint of workable consistency and evaporate during drying of the
film. Common thinning agents used are petroleum, spirit, naptha and
turpentine oil. Turpentine is used extensively because of high solvent
power, excellent flattening properties and ideal rate of evaporation.

Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

Composition - pigments

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

Pigments are used to hide surface imperfections and impart the desired colour.They protect paint film by reflecting the destructive UV
light, which acts as catalytic agent for destructive oxidation of the
film.They improve impermeability of paint film and enhance its resistance to weathering, affect flow characteristics making it possible
to paint vertical and uneven surfaces smoothly. Pigments are finely
ground mineral, organic substances or metal powders ( size in coatings 0.1-5.0 micron dia).Their properties are covering power, colouring
capacity, fineness, fire resistance, chemical stability and weather resistance. The fine particles of pigments have reinforcing effect on the
paint film. Natural pigments used for preparing limestone and glue
paints, putties and coloured building mortars, include ground natural white chalk, grey graphite, dry yellow ochre. Artificial mineral pigments, obtained by chemical processing of raw minerals, include titanium dioxide, zinc white, lead white, lithophone chrome oxide, red
lead, gas black soot, etc. metal powders (aluminium powder, gold
dust?), synthetic substances of organic origin, possessing high dyeing
capacity. Examples: lamp black, ivory black (Black), Prussian blue, indigo (Blue), chrome yellow, yellow orchre (yellow), burnt umber, burnt
siena (Brown), vermilion, red lead (Red),copper sulphate (Green).

composition - driers & adulterants

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES

Driers also known as plasticizers, are chemicals added to paint for

specific purposes, e.g., as catalyst (accelerate the drying of the vehicle) for the oxidation, Polymerisation and condensation of the vehicle
in paint. The quantity of drier is limited to 8 per cent, excess of it
affects the elasticity of paint leading to flaking failure. Some of the
examples of driers are letharge (oxidized lead, PbO), lead acetate,
red lead (Pb3 O4 ), manganese dioxide and cobalt, zinc and lead chromate. Red lead is the best for primary coat over steel and metal work;
it produces an extremely hard and tough film, almost impervious to air
and moisture, adheres firmly to the metal and is extremely effective in
protecting steel from corrosion. The cost of zinc and lead chromates
is high.

Adulterants bring down the overall cost, reduce the weight and increase the durability. Adultrants also help to reduce cracking of dry
paint and sometimes help to keep the pigment in suspension. Barium
sulphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium silicate and silica are but a
few examples. The best adultrant is barium sulphate. Silica is used
only in the undercoats so as to take the advantage of its roughness in
development of bond with the next coat.

Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

Characteristics of an ideal paint

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction

The requirements are

uniform spread as a thin film

high coverage

good workability

durability

sufficient elasticity to remain unaffected by expansion or contraction of

the surface to be painted or by weathering action of atmosphere.

The paints should also be impervious to air and water

cheap and economical to form a hard surface.

Composition of Oil Paint

Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish
7

Manufacture of Paint

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish
8

Covering Power

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an

The covering power is the capacity, of a given quantity of the paint of the
suitable consistency for application, to cover the extent of area. The covering power, also known as spreading capacity of paints and varnish depends
upon the type of paint and its constituents, type of surface to be painted, and
number of coats to be applied.

ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish
9

Painting New Plastered Surfaces

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.

Painting a new surface: Paint cannot take care of construction defects. Before applying the paint it is ensured that the surface is free
from dust, dirt, loose matter, grease etc. and is rubbed with an emery
paper, to provide a mechanical key between surface and paint for satisfactory adhesion.The primer (first coat) is applied with brush or spray
on the prepared surface. It should be thinned with water or thinner in
the recommended manner and proportion before application. After
drying it is rubbed with emery paper. Dents and cracks, if any, are
filled with putty using a knife applicator. Putty should not be applied
thick. If the required thickness is large, it should be applied in two
coats. After the putty has dried, the whole surface is rubbed down
well in order to smoothen the putty and provide a mechanical key to
the finished coats. Two or three finish coats are applied. Each coat is
allowed to dry before the application of next coat.

Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish
10

Painting Old Plastered Suface

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction

Painting old Surface: Chalking -Clean the surface, rub with an emery
paper so that the chalk is removed. Apply one or two finish coats.

Composition of Oil Paint

Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces

Efflorecence,blistering,cracking, flaking-Scrap off the old paint from affected

areas. Touch up with primer and apply one or two finish coats on effected
areas. Rub the entire surface and apply the finish coats.
Glossy Surface-Remove all gloss by rubbing with emery paper and then apply
the finish coats.
Fungus Growth-Remove the fungus. Apply fungicidal solution liberally and
observe for further growth. If no further growth of fungus is observed apply
the desired paint.

Painting Metal Surfaces

Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish
11

Painting Wood Surfaces

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES

New Wood Work: Wood should be well-seasoned, dried, cleaned and

made smooth with emery paper. Knots in wood excrete resin which
causes defects such as cracking, peeling and brown discolouration.
Knotting is done so that resin cannot exude from knots.The knot is
treated with a coat of hot red lead ground with a strong glue in water.Then a coat of red lead ground in boiled linseed oil is applied.After
knotting priming coat is applied over the entire surface to fill all the
pores. A second priming coat is applied after first has dried. Then
putty is applied to fill pores of the surface and rubbed smooth. Colouring pigment is added to match the shade of finished coat. On drying,
selected paint is applied with brushes to bring smoothness and uniformity in colour. After painting in one direction, the brush is worked
in perpendicular direction to eliminate brush marks. This is known
as crossing. All successive coats are applied after drying and slight
rubbing of previous coats for proper bond.

Old Wood Work: The old paint is removed with a sharp glass piece,
sand paper, paint remover or with a blow lamp. Any smoky or greasy
substance should be washed with lime and rubbed with pumice stone.
The surface is washed with soap, water and dried completely. Then
two coats of paints are applied in a similar way.

Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

12

Painting Metal Surfaces

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES

New Iron Work: The surface should be free from scales, rust and
grease. Scales and rust are cleaned by hard wire brush. Grease
is removed by using petroleum or by hot alkaline solution of Na2 CO3
or NaOH, benzene, and lime water. A priming coat of red lead with
barytes and raw linseed oil is then applied over the prepared surface.
After drying of the priming coat, one or more undercoats with desired
paint are applied. The second coat is given only after the first coat has
dried. The finishing coat is applied carefully to produce a smooth fine
surface.

Old Iron Work: The surface is prepared by scraping properly all the
scales and rust with emery paper. The greasy substances are removed with lime water. The old paint may be burned with a blow lamp
or by suitable solvents. After this the surface is brushed with hot linseed oil and painted as for new iron work.

Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

13

Paints for Structural Steel Work

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES

The major problem to overcome in painting iron and steel is corrosion

due to electrolysis caused by the presence of air and moisture.

Red lead is considered to be the best priming coat; it produces a tough

elastic film, impervious to air and moisture. Pure linseed oil priming
coat is detrimental in that it stimulates corrosion. The linseed oil film
is rendered more impervious by the use of spar varnish.

Graphite paint used for black colour, is very durable and is not affected
by sulphur films, ammonia or chlorine gases. Silica-graphite paints are
best; they do not crack and blister in course of time. Aluminium paint is
also gaining popularity because of its shining and contrast properties
and heat and chemical resistance. Bituminous paints may be very
well adopted to paint inside of pipes, iron under waters, piles, ships
and boats; they are unsatisfactory when exposed to sunlight. Lead or
zinc paint should never be applied directly over the iron surface as it
encourages galvanic action destroying the paint.

Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

14

Defects

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES

Blistering/Peeling: Swelling of paint film due to localized loss of

adhesion between coatings or between primer and parent surface.
Swelling due to oil/grease on surface-blistering; due to moisturepeeling. Occurs in nonporous coatings eg. oil based paints,
enamels.Special heat-resisting paint should be used for hot surfaces
eg.radiators.Occurs due to moist air,oily surface,imprisoned gases between surface and paint film, which expand under heat. Emulsion
paints provide porous coating & allow moisture to pass.

Checking: Mild form of cracking. If hair cracks produced enclose small

area - crazing. If enclosed area is large-crocodiling.Caused when
paint film lacks in tensile strength, occurs when paint is applied during
very cold weather, insufficient drying of undercoat. When cracks are
very small and do not enlarge with time, top coating is flattened with
emery paper and a fresh coat of paint applied.

Cracking: The cracks extend throughout the entire paint system extending right down to original surface. Causes: Cracks in plaster or
masonry do not let paint to remain intact, paint applied on glossy surface, premature application of top coat before previous coat has completely dried, painting improperly seasoned wood.

Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

15

contd.

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES

Flaking: is detachment of paint film from the surface. The moisture

penetrates through the cracks on the coatings and the bond between
surface and paint film is lost.

Chalking: Paint film becomes powder due to insufficient oil in primer.

Wrinkling or crawling appears when the paint film is quite thick or the
oil in the paint is more than required. The lower portion of the paint
does not dry due to greater thickness of the paint film which shrinks
due to drying in course of time.

Running and Sagging: Paints applied over smooth and glossy surface
do not stick and flow back or towards the unpainted area. This is
known as running and sagging. The surface to-be painted should,
therefore, be rubbed with an emery paper before painting.

Bloom: is identified as dull patches on the finished, polished or painted

surface due to defect in the quality of paint or poor ventilation.

Flashing: is characterized by the appearance of certain glossy

patches on the painted surface. The reasons attributed to this defect
are weathering actions, use of cheap paint, and poor workmanship.

Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

16

Effects of Weather

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint

The paint film is subjected to chemical attack of atmosphere, sunlight and

heat, all deteriorating it. Special chemical resistant paints should be applied
in industrial areas. Alkali resistant paints weather well in coastal areas. Blue
and green colours tend to fade when exposed to bright light. In addition the
fierce heat of sun may breakdown the paint film because of the disintegration
of the material itself and also because of the thermal movement.

Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish
17

Enamels

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered

Enamels consists of bases like zinc oxide, etc. ground in varnish. If desired
colouring pigments may be added. They dry quickly and furnish a hard glossy
surface. Enamel can be used for internal as well as external works and are
generally recommended for application on wood work. Theses are acid resistant, not affected by alkalis, gases and, are waterproof.
The surface of the wood is rubbed with a sand paper and cleaned. A primer
coat consisting of titanium white in pale linseed oil is followed by two to three
coats of enamel paint.

Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish
18

Distemper

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface

Distempers are applied in the following manner:

The surface is thoroughly rubbed and cleaned. In case of a new plastered
surface, the surface is kept exposed, to weather, for drying before the application of distemper. If an existing (old) distempered surface is to be redone,
surface is cleaned with profuse watering. The efflorescence and patches, if
any, should be wiped out by a clean cloth. Cracks, etc. if any should be filled
with putty.
A priming coat as recommended by the manufacturer is applied on the prepared surface. Two or three coats of distemper are applied. Each coat should
be applied only after the previous coat has dried.

Painting Wood Surfaces

Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish
19

Water Wash and Colour Wash

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES
Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered

Fresh lime slaked with water is mixed thoroughly with water in a tub and then
screened through a fine, clean cloth. Thereafter glue, dissolved in water, is
added to it. The surface is cleaned and the white wash is applied with jute
brushes. A white wash when mixed with colouring pigment such as yellow
earth is called colour wash.
1. Lime is toxic for germs, for which white wash is good from hygiene considerations. 2. A bright surface is provided at a very low cost. They are generally
recommended for low and medium class houses; ceilings are white washed
and walls are generally colour washed.

Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish
20

Varnish

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES

Varnish is a nearly homogeneous solution of resin in oil, alcohol or

turpentine. The type of solvent depends upon the type of resin used.
The oil dries with time and the other solvents evaporate leaving behind
a solid transparent resin film over the surface. For rapid drying, driers
such as letharage, lead accetate, etc. are used.

Varnishes provide a protected coating and gloss to the surface and

intensify the wood grains.

The objects of varnishing a surface are to: 1. Brighten the appearance

of the grain in wood. 2. Render brilliancy to the painted surface. 3.
Protect painted surface from atmospheric actions.

Characteristics of an ideal varnish: 1. It should render the surface

glossy. 2. It should dry rapidly and present a finished surface which is
uniform in nature and pleasing in appearance. 3. The colour of varnish
should not fade away when the surface is exposed to atmospheric
actions. 4. The protecting film developed by varnish should be tough,
hard and durable. 5. It should not shrink or show cracks after drying.

Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

21

French and Wax Polish

PAINTS ENAMELS &

VARNISHES

French Polish:It is a type of spirit varnish, prepared by dissolving resin

in methylated spirit at room temperature for use on hardwood substances to hide the grain defects. The surface is made smooth by rubbing. A filler mixed with desired colour is prepared to the consistency
of a paste applied to the cracks, pores, etc. The surface is rubbed after
drying and dusted off. Two coats of polish are then applied. The filler
material is prepared by mixing 2 kg of whiting in 1.5 litres of methylated
spirit or by mixing Plaster of Paris, red ochre and linseed oil.

Wax Polish: It consists of bees wax dissolved in turpentine and is

used for highlighting the grain over wooden surfaces. The polish is
rubbed over the surface with rag until a bright appearance is obtained.
Generally two coats are applied. It may also be used over marble with
1 part of was dissolved in 4 parts of hot turpentine or by mixing wax,
linseed oil, turpentine oil and varnish in the ratio 2 : 1.5 : 1 : 05, by
weight.

Introduction
Composition of Oil Paint
Composition - pigments
composition - driers &
adulterants
Characteristics of an
ideal paint
Manufacture of Paint
Covering Power
Painting New Plastered
Surfaces
Painting Old Plastered
Suface
Painting Wood Surfaces
Painting Metal Surfaces
Paints for Structural
Steel Work
Defects
contd.
Effects of Weather
Enamels
Distemper
Water Wash and Colour
Wash
Varnish
French and Wax Polish

22