447 F.

2d 296

Francis M. LANGEVIN et al., Appellants,

v.
CHENANGO COURT, INC., and Robert J. Smith, Deputy
Director of the Federal Housing Administration, Appellees.
No. 1050.
Docket 71-1452.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued June 11, 1971.
Decided July 23, 1971.

Stanley B. Reiter, Waite, Berry & Reiter, Binghamton, N. Y., for

appellants.
Stewart E. Walls, Kramer, Wales, Robinson & McAvoy, Binghamton, N.
Y. (Donald W. Kramer, Binghamton, N. Y., of counsel), for appellee
Chenango Court, Inc.
Raymond D. Battocchi, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C. (L.
Patrick Gray, III, Asst. Atty. Gen., James J. Sullivan, Jr., U. S. Atty., Dept.
of Justice, of counsel), for appellee Robert J. Smith.
Alvin Hirshen and David B. Bryson, Berkeley, Cal., for National Housing
and Economic Development Law Project as amicus curiae.
Before FRIENDLY, Chief Judge, and HAYS and OAKES, Circuit
Judges.
FRIENDLY, Chief Judge:

I.
1

Since 1934 Congress has provided various forms of federal assistance to

housing. Our concern here is with 221 of the National Housing Act. As
enacted in 1954, 68 Stat. 599, this was limited to the grant of federal mortgage

insurance to certain types of nonprofit mortgagors on housing for rental to

persons displaced by urban renewal projects or as a result of other
governmental actions. In 1961 the program was greatly expanded, 75 Stat. 149.
Its design was declared to be "to assist private industry in providing housing for
low and moderate income families and displaced families," 221 (a), 12 U.S.C.
1715l(a).1 The mortgagor could be "a limited dividend corporation (as
defined by the Secretary)," 221(d) (3), 12 U.S.C. 1715l(d) (3). 2
2

The mortgages were to bear below-market interest of approximately 3%, 12

U.S.C. 1715l(d) (5); it was contemplated they would be purchased by the
Federal National Mortgage Association. The amended statute provided, as did
its predecessor, that the mortgagor must be "regulated or supervised under
Federal or State laws or by political subdivisions of States, or agencies thereof,
or by the Secretary under a regulatory agreement or otherwise, as to rents,
charges, and methods of operation, in such form and in such manner as in the
opinion of the Secretary will effectuate the purposes of this section."3

The FHA has implemented the 221 (d) (3) program by extensive regulations,
24 C.F.R. 221.501 et seq. With respect to supervision of rents, the applicable
regulation provides:

Rents and charges. In approving the allowable rents and charges and in passing
upon applications for changes, consideration will be given to the following and
similar factors:

(1) Rental income necessary to maintain the economic soundness of the project;

(2) Rental income necessary to provide a reasonable return on the investment

consistent with providing reasonable rentals to tenants. 24 C.F.R. 221.531(c).4

Defendant Chenango Court, Inc., was organized as a limited dividend

corporation under New York law to construct Countrytowne, a housing
complex of some 255 rental units in Binghamton, New York, with federal
assistance under 221(d) (3). It entered into the standard regulatory agreement
with the FHA under which it covenanted that:

No increase will be made in the amount of the gross monthly dwelling income
for all units as shown on the rental schedule unless such increase is approved
by the Commissioner, who will at any time entertain a written request for an
increase properly supported by substantiating evidence and within a reasonable
time shall:

(1) Approve a rental schedule that is necessary to compensate for any net
increase, occurring since the last approved rental schedule, in taxes (other than
income taxes) and operating and maintenance expenses over which Owners
have no effective control, or

10

(2) Deny the increase stating the reasons therefor.

11

The history of the project has not been a happy one. Since its inception in 1963,
Chenango's investors have received no dividends and Chenango has received
no management fees. During the year ended July 31, 1970, it lost more than
$122,000. Shortly thereafter it defaulted on payments due under the mortgage
and on certain real estate taxes, and the United States instituted a foreclosure
action, which was stayed by stipulation pending an FHA investigation of
Chenango's financial affairs.

12

Chenango then filed an application with the FHA under the regulatory
agreement for an increase in rents. On December 11, 1970, the FHA approved
increases of from 15% to 18%, effective only upon the expiration of existing
leases, conditioned on no decrease in services, and subject to reductions at any
time in the FHA's sole discretion. Chenango notified the tenants accordingly.
Many tenants failed to pay. At a meeting with regional FHA officials they
sought all information submitted by Chenango or developed by the FHA
relevant to the rent increases. They also sought an opportunity to present
opposing material. The FHA officials declined, and Chenango rejected a tenant
proposal to escrow the amounts of rent increases pending an opportunity to be
heard. Chenango then initiated a suit in the New York courts for the rents due
or the eviction of tenants who had not paid them.

13

Plaintiffs countered with this action in the District Court for the Northern
District of New York against Chenango and Robert J. Smith, Deputy Director
of the FHA.5 They sought a temporary restraining order preventing Chenango
from enforcing the rent increases or proceeding with the evictions,6 a
declaration that approval of the increases violated the National Housing Act
and the Due Process clause of the Fifth Amendment, and an injunction
preventing Chenango and the FHA from enforcing the proposed increases or
effecting any further increases except after procedures generally conforming to
those prescribed for "adjudication" by 5 and 7 of the Administrative
Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 554 and 556.

14

Chenango moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of jurisdiction over the
subject-matter in that no tenant had a claim in excess of $10,000, as required by

28 U.S.C. 1331, and aggregation could not be permitted under Snyder v.

Harris, 394 U.S. 332, 89 S.Ct. 1053, 22 L.Ed.2d 319 (1969), and that the
complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Plaintiffs
cross-moved for summary judgment. The judge granted Chenango's motion to
dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and denied plaintiffs' motion. Later he denied a
motion to amend the complaint so as to add claims concerning the alleged
unconscionability of certain provisions in the leases and to assert additional
jurisdictional grounds. This appeal followed.
II.
15

We are met at the outset by two jurisdictional problems, one concerning our
own appellate jurisdiction, the other relating to that of the district court.

16

The FHA, without pressing the point, has raised the question whether the judge
dismissed the complaint with respect to all the defendants or only with respect
to Chenango. If he did the latter, the order would not be appealable as from a
final decision under 28 U.S.C. 1291, in the absence of a certificate from the
district judge, doubtless readily forthcoming, under F.R.Civ.P. 54(b). However,
as we read the order, the judge meant to dismiss the complaint against both
defendants. In any event, since the plaintiffs sought an injunction against
Chenango and this prayer for relief was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction, an
appeal would lie under 28 U.S.C. 1292(a) (1). See Western Geophysical
Company of America, Inc. v. Bolt Associates, Inc., 440 F.2d 765, 769-770 (2
Cir. 1971) and cases there cited.

17

The issue with respect to the jurisdiction of the district court has been eased by
what we deem an appropriate concession by the Government that plaintiffs'
claim of entitlement to a hearing before the FHA is an "action in the nature of
mandamus to compel an officer or employee of the United States or any agency
thereof to perform a duty owed to the plaintiff," 28 U.S.C. 1361, which has no
requirement of jurisdictional amount. Since jurisdiction thus existed as to
defendant Smith, Chenango was properly joined as a defendant under
F.R.Civ.P. 19(a). We therefore proceed to the merits, which the district court,
because of its views as to lack of jurisdiction, did not reach.

III.
18

Appellants' contention that the denial of a "trial-type" hearing on the proposed

rent increases violated their statutory rights is readily answered. Under 5 of
the APA, 5 U.S.C. 554, such a hearing is demanded only in a "case of
adjudication required by statute to be determined on the record after

opportunity for an agency hearing." Section 221(d) (3) of the National Housing
Act contains no such requirement; the statute leaves it open to the Secretary to
deal with rents by "a regulatory agreement or otherwise," thus according him
the widest latitude of procedural choice.7 Any argument that at least the rulemaking procedures of 4 of the APA, 5 U.S.C. 553, were demanded would
be answered by the exception in 553(a) for "a matter relating to agency
management or personnel or to public property, loans, grants, benefits, or
contracts." In all this we are in accord with Hahn v. Gottlieb, 430 F.2d 1243,
1247 fn. 4 (1 Cir. 1970).
19

The question whether denial of a hearing was consistent with due process is a
closer one. In contrast to Judge Coffin's opinion in Hahn, supra, 430 F. 2d at
1248, we find it impossible to deny that the material the tenants sought to
develop before the FHA constituted what Professor Davis terms "adjudicative
facts," that is, "facts about the parties and their activities, businesses, and
properties," as distinguished from "general facts which help the tribunal decide
questions of law and policy and discretion." Administrative Law Treatise,
7.02 at 413 (1958). Normally, when a civilian executive or administrative
agency is about to take action adverse to a citizen, on the basis of "adjudicative
facts," due process entitles the citizen at some stage to have notice, to be
informed of the facts on which the agency relies, and to have an opportunity to
rebut them, Londoner v. Denver, 210 U.S. 373, 28 S.Ct. 708, 52 L.Ed. 1103
(1908); Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 90 S.Ct. 1011, 25 L. Ed.2d 287
(1970); Escalera v. New York City Housing Authority, 425 F.2d 853, 862 (2
Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 853, 91 S.Ct. 54, 27 L.Ed.2d 91 (1970), unless the
circumstances indicate he has agreed otherwise or he is unable to make a
required preliminary showing of grounds that would warrant a hearing, see
Pfizer, Inc. v. Richardson, 434 F.2d 536, 542-543 (2 Cir. 1970). As shown by
the two cases first cited, any escape from this constitutional mandate based on
the point that the FHA's approval looked only to the future and thus was
"quasi-legislative," see Baer Bros. Mercantile Co. v. Denver & Rio Grande R.
R., 233 U.S. 479, 486, 34 S.Ct. 641, 58 L.Ed. 1055 (1914), has long since gone
to a deserved repose. Whether the "hearing" need always be the traditional
"trial-type" is another matter. Cf. R. B. Jarts, Inc. v. Richardson, 438 F.2d 846
(2 Cir. 1971).

20

Defendants' case on the due process issue must therefore turn on its being a
sufficient distinction that here the Government did not itself increase the rents
but simply allowed the landlord to institute an increase upon the termination of
existing tenancies, as the landlord would have been legally free to do but for its
regulatory agreement with the FHA.8 We think, along with the First Circuit,
that the distinction is a significant one. Congress has made clear not only in the

statutory language, 221(a), which we have quoted, but in a relevant

committee report, that the purpose of the 221(d) (3) program was to promote
"the construction of housing by private enterprise" S.Rep. No. 281, 87th Cong.,
1st Sess., p. 3 (1961). By leaving rent control in such projects to "a regulatory
agreement" between the Secretary and the mortgagor if no Federal, State or
local law required more, see fn. 7, Congress indicated its belief that a
mandatory provision for subjecting all rent increases in such projects to what
would amount to a full-fledged public utility rate proceeding, with the expense
and delay necessarily incident thereto, might well kill the goose in "solicitude
for the eggs." Hahn v. Gottlieb, supra, 430 F.2d at 1246. 9 Congress might
reasonably think that, in an inflationary era, construction on the basis of
distributions limited to 6% of equity investment, with all the other restrictions
imposed on landlords of such projects, would be decidedly unattractive, even
with a 3% interest rate on the mortgage, if rent increases "necessary to
compensate for any net increase, occurring since the last approved rental
schedule, in taxes * * * and operating and maintenance expenses over which
Owners have no effective control," the only basis recognized in the standard
regulatory agreement, can be held up for months during a trial-type hearing,
with discovery of the owner's records, the taking of testimony, and written
findings by an examiner. The due process clause does not forbid Congress from
deciding, if it wishes, that federal assistance to "private industry in providing
housing for low and moderate income families and displaced families" in the
form of insurance and purchase of low interest mortgages need not be
conditioned on the granting of an evidentiary hearing with respect to rent
increases, but, in the absence of some governmental scheme of rent control,
whether general or particularized, may instead be confided to the decision of
the experienced staff of the FHA, which has been instructed to subject rent
increase applications to thorough investigation to the end that tenants should
not be imposed upon. The complementary objectives of Congress, admittedly
constitutional and laudable, were to encourage private enterprise to undertake
the construction of housing for low and moderate income and displaced
families, thereby dispensing with the use of governmental funds for equity
investment, and to see that an appropriate share of the benefits of the federal
assistance went to the tenants. Within this framework Congress has power to
decide or to authorize the FHA to decide what procedural mix will best
accomplish its aims.
21

None of the foregoing is meant to indicate that we are happy about what
plaintiffs claim to be the brush-off they received here. While there may be
countervailing considerations of which we are not aware, we would not think
undue delay would be caused if, for example, the FHA required the landlord of
a 221(d) (3) project to inform the tenants of an application for an increase

(even by such an easy means as posting a notice), directed him to make the data
which he submits to the FHA available for tenants' inspection, afforded a short
opportunity for written submissions by them, and then made some statement,
however brief and informal, of the reasons for granting approval, as its
regulations require it to do when denying one. Such a procedure not only would
aid the FHA to make a better informed decision but, what is almost as
important, would render one adverse to the tenants more nearly acceptable to
them. We hold only that even such a procedure, however desirable, was not
mandated by any relevant statute or by the due process clause of the Fifth
Amendment.9a
IV.
22

Plaintiffs' related claim is that the FHA's action should be subject to judicial
review. 10 In this respect the posture of our case differs somewhat from Hahn
where, due to an initial injunction by the district judge which he subsequently
reversed, there was a hearing of sorts and a record was consequently before the
court. In light of our holding that a hearing was not required, the sole issue
before the district court on remand, if we were to find the FHA's approval order
to be judicially reviewable, would thus be whether, even on the showing before
it, the FHA abused its discretion in allowing the increase.

23

Appellants' statutory case with respect to judicial review is stronger than that
with respect to a trial-type hearing. For reasons best known to themselves, the
revisers of Title 5 of the United States Code did a particularly extensive
surgical job on the judicial review provisions of the APA, 10. The governing
statute, 5 U.S.C. 702, the former 10(a), now declares in the broadest terms:

24

A person suffering legal wrong because of agency action, or adversely affected

or aggrieved by agency action within the meaning of a relevant statute, is
entitled to judicial review thereof.

25

However, under 5 U.S.C. 701(a), reviewability does not exist "to the extent"11
that "statutes preclude judicial review," or "agency action is committed to
agency discretion." As can be seen, the revision did nothing to resolve the
ambiguity in the second exception that has created extensive debate among
scholars12 and troubled many courts, including this one.13 The difficulty is that
if the exception were read in its literal breadth, it would swallow a much larger
portion of the general rule of reviewability than Congress could have intended,
particularly in light of 5 U.S.C. 706(2) (A) which directs a reviewing court to
set aside agency actions found to be "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law"; yet to read the exception

out completely would do violence to an equally plain Congressional purpose.

Recognizing the intractable nature of the problem, Professor Davis has arrived
at the formulation "that administrative action is usually reviewable unless either
(a) congressional intent is discernible to make it unreviewable, or (b) the
subject matter is for some reason inappropriate for judicial consideration."
Administrative Law Treatise, 1970 Supplement, 28.16 at 965.
26

In holding unreviewable an FHA decision to allow the landlord of a 221(d)

(3) project to increase rents on the expiration of existing leases, the First Circuit
relied in part on Professor Davis' second "unless." Hahn v. Gottlieb, supra, 430
F.2d at 1249-1250. While this may find some support in the inscrutable opinion
in Panama Canal Co. v. Grace Line, Inc., 356 U.S. 309, 317, 78 S.Ct. 752, 2
L.Ed.2d 788 (1958), we fail to see why a court is any worse equipped to pass
on the reasonableness of a rent increase approval than it is to consider what was
characterized as "an order that readjusts the class rates of the whole country
barring only the territory west of the Rockies," New York v. United States, 331
U.S. 284, 352, 67 S.Ct. 1207, 91 L.Ed. 1492 (dissenting opinion) (1947),14 an
order granting or refusing an increase in liability insurance premiums, or, for
that matter, orders made in the administration of local rent control programs.
This is especially true when rent increases are limited by the regulatory
agreement to those "necessary to compensate for any net increase, occurring
since the last approved rent schedule, in taxes * * * and operating and
maintenance expenses over which Owners have no effective control."
Assessing the reasonableness of an increase which is to be governed by such a
standard does not seem beyond judicial competence.

27

Nevertheless, we reach the same conclusion of nonreviewability as the First

Circuit, on the basis of Professor Davis' first "unless." Assuming as we do that
the FHA's approval constitutes "agency action" within the broad definition of 5
U.S.C. 551(13), it would be most unusual for Congress to subject to judicial
review discretionary action by an agency in administering a contract which
Congress authorized it to make. Other factors tending in the direction of
nonreviewability are the managerial nature of the responsibilities confided to
the FHA, cf. Ferry v. Udall, 336 F.2d 706 (9 Cir. 1964), cert. denied, 381 U.S.
904, 85 S.Ct. 1449, 14 L.Ed.2d 286 (1965), the need for expedition to achieve
the Congressional objective, which we have already discussed, and the quantity
of appeals that would result if FHA authorizations to increase rents were held
reviewable, see Saferstein, supra, 82 Harv.L.Rev. at 384-86, 390-93.15 In all
these respects the case differs from Norwalk CORE v. Norwalk Redevelopment
Agency, 395 F.2d 920, 932-937 (2 Cir. 1968), where Congress itself had
enunciated a standard with considerable specificity. Like the First Circuit, "we
do not reach the question whether courts may intervene in those rare cases

where the FHA has ignored a plain statutory duty, exceeded its jurisdiction, or
committed constitutional error," 430 F.2d at 1251, including cases where it is
alleged that the agency decision clearly "rested on an impermissible basis such
as an invidious discrimination against a particular race or group." Wong Wing
Hang v. I.N.S., 360 F.2d 715, 719 (2 Cir. 1966). We hold only that a mere
claim of error, even of gross error, is not enough to escape the second exception
in 5 U.S.C. 701(a). And, whatever bounds the due process clause may set
upon nonreviewability of agency action, see 4 Davis, Administrative Law
Treatise 28.18 and 28.19; Jaffe, Judicial Control of Administrative Action
381-89 (1965), no case goes to the extent of holding that due process mandates
judicial review of an order approving on the basis of an ex parte submission
of facts a rent increase to a landlord who has benefited from a federal aid
program. As already indicated, our decision leaves room for court review of
questions as to agency jurisdiction and compliance with constitutional and
statutory demands. See Crowell v. Benson, 285 U.S. 22, 54, 52 S.Ct. 285, 76
L.Ed. 598 (1932).
V.
28

We come finally to the order refusing to permit the complaint to be amended so

as to introduce new issues regarding the unconscionability of the leases. Grant
of leave to amend after dismissal of the complaints lies within the sound
discretion of the district court. 3 Moore, Federal Practice 15.10 (1968). We
find no abuse of discretion here. The proposed amendment endeavored to
introduce an issue bearing no relation to that first alleged, save in the sense that
it concerned the plaintiffs' tenancies with Chenango.16 Since there is no
contention that the leases violated the regulatory agreement or any applicable
federal regulation, it is hard to see how the new issues even asserted a federal
claim. Cf. McGuane v. Chenango Court, Inc., 431 F.2d 1189 (2 Cir. 1970).
Moreover, a claim of unconscionability of the leases could not be considered
"pendent" to the mandamus claim for a hearing on the rent increases asserted
under 28 U.S.C. 1361, see Hahn v. Gottlieb, supra, 430 F.2d at 1245 n. 1.
Also plaintiffs did not make any contention that the allegedly offending clauses
were being enforced to their detriment. In any event their rights to assert any
claims in this regard in an appropriate court remain unimpaired.

29

The order of the district court dismissing the complaint is affirmed, not for
want of jurisdiction but on the merits.

Notes:

The definition of eligible families was left to the Federal Housing

Administration. Statement of Senator Sparkman, 107 Cong.Rec. 9908 (1961).
See 24 C.F.R. 221.3, 221.537

The FHA has limited the rate of per annum distributions from surplus cash in
such limited distribution corporations to 6% of the mortgagor's initial equity
investment, 24 C.F.R. 221.532

In 1964 the list of eligible mortgagors was expanded further to include any
"mortgagor approved by the Commissioner," 78 Stat. 778, thereby embracing
individuals and partnerships. Senator Sparkman stated that "the FHA would
place the same limitations upon their operations and return on investment as it
now places on limited dividend corporations," 110 Cong.Rec. 17597. At the
same time the mortgage amount available to limited profit mortgagors was
limited to 90% of that available to non-profit, public, or corporate mortgagors

Instructions issued by the FHA to its regional offices contain provisions,

stretching over many pages, prescribing the method for handling applications
for rent increases. See Project Mortgage Servicing, Part C 64205 and
64205.2

The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development was later added as a

defendant

This branch of the case was temporarily settled by the tenants paying the rent
increases to their attorney to be held in escrow, and Chenango's withdrawing
eviction proceedings against those who did. After dismissal of the complaint,
the district judge released the amounts held in escrow and directed payment of
the increased rents to Chenango. We refused to stay this, but required Chenango
to furnish an appropriate bond and expedited the appeal

We do not agree with the FHA's contention that, by virtue of the subsequent
clause declaring that the regulation of the mortgagor may be "in such form and
in such manner as in the opinion of the Secretary will effectuate the purposes of
this section," the Secretary was free to dispense entirely with supervision of
rents in a case where there was no regulation or supervision by Federal, State or
local laws. We think the statute contemplates regulation, either by some federal,
state or local governmental body, or, in default of this, by the FHA. The
question of rents was not to be left simply to landlord-tenant negotiation

This, rather than the degree of injury to the plaintiffs, seems to us the
significant distinction ofEscalera.

This danger is rather vividly illustrated in the instant case where long

postponement of rent increases would doubtless have led to mortgage

foreclosure and evictions by a purchaser
9a. While the dissent refers to the fact that the tenants in Hahn "were permitted
to present to the FHA evidence on construction defects and the reasonableness
of the landlord's rate of return," 430 F.2d at 1245, this was pursuant to Judge
Wyzanski's initial injunction which he subsequently reversed. Plainly the First
Circuit did not mean to require this for the future.
10

Although we have difficulty in seeing how 28 U.S.C. 1361 would create

federal jurisdiction over this claim, we treat it as "pendent" to the claim that a
hearing was required

11

This is a revision of the former preamble to 10, which used the words "so far
as" rather than "to the extent that." If Congress intended any difference by the
latter wording, it did not speak with sufficient clarity to get its message through
to us

12

Notably Professor Davis and Raoul Berger. Their many articles are cited in
Saferstein, Nonreviewability: A Functional Analysis of "Committed to Agency
Discretion," 82 Harv.L.Rev. 367, 372-73, notes 28 and 29 (1968)

13

See, e. g., United States ex rel. Schonbrun v. Commanding Officer, 403 F.2d
371, 375 n. 2 (2 Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 929, 89 S.Ct. 1195, 22
L.Ed.2d 460 (1969); Cappadora v. Celebrezze, 356 F.2d 1 (2 Cir. 1966);
Kletschka v. Driver, 411 F.2d 436 (2 Cir. 1969); Wong Wing Hang v. I. N. S.,
360 F.2d 715 (2 Cir. 1966)

14

The majority opinion, written by the same Justice who had authored the
opinion holding Panama Canal tolls not proper for judicial review, stretches
over more than 60 pages of the U. S. reports

15

Judge Coffin's opinion in Hahn v. Gottlieb also relies on these factors, 430 F.2d
at 1250. We suppose there would rarely be a rent increase which some tenant
would not challenge in court if he could

16

We have the impression that the new claims were added mainly in an effort to
overcome the judge's difficulties with respect to jurisdictional amount an
issue eliminated in this court by the Government's concession that jurisdiction
existed under 28 U.S.C. 1361
OAKES, Circuit Judge (dissenting):

30

I respectfully dissent. The majority opinion very persuasively disposes of the

30

I respectfully dissent. The majority opinion very persuasively disposes of the

issues of district court and appellate jurisdiction, statutory rights to a hearing
and indeed of judicial review. I disagree only with that portion of the opinion
which denies the tenants in an FHA assisted (by mortgage insurance for longterm low-interest mortgages) housing project a fair administrative hearing, as a
matter of due process of law.1 To my mind, a tenant in a project financed with
the use of public funds at subsidized interest rates should stand in no worse
shoes than the tenants in, say, city housing authority projects. Escalera v. New
York City Housing Authority, 425 F.2d 853 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S.
853, 91 S.Ct. 54, 27 L.Ed.2d 91 (1970). The distinction advanced by the
majority, that here the Government did not itself increase the rents but simply
allowed the landlord to institute an increase, is to me a distinction without a
difference. Cf. Evans v. Newton, 382 U.S. 296, 86 S.Ct. 486, 15 L.Ed.2d 373
(1965) (private park with municipal purpose subject to equal protection clause);
Public Utilities Comm'n of District of Columbia v. Pollak, 343 U.S. 451, 462,
72 S.Ct. 813, 96 L.Ed. 1068 (1952) (regulation of District of Columbia bus
company by Congressional agency subjects company's radio broadcasting
service to Fifth Amendment).

31

Another distinction, equally without substance, is that the Escalera case

involved a state public housing project, while this is federal. See Public Utilities
Comm'n of District of Columbia v. Pollak, supra. Similarly, eviction because of
inability to pay higher rent here is no different from eviction for having a dog
in violation of project rules in Escalera; one supporting affidavit submitted
below was from a former tenant who had to move because of a 10 per cent rent
increase. Appellant's App. pp. 27-28. Nor is there any substantial difference
here from Escalera on the basis that some of the tenants here are those who
have incomes too high for public low-rent housing, in view of the Congress's
concern for "the realization as soon as feasible of the goal of a decent home and
a suitable living environment for every American family," Housing Act of 1949
2, 42 U.S.C. 1441 (1964), reaffirmed by the Housing and Urban
Development Act of 1968 2, 12 U.S.C. 1701t.2

32

The FHA regulations give the FHA supervisory powers during the life of an
insured mortgage through a regulatory agreement or otherwise. 24 C.F.R.
221.529. Specifically as to rents the regulations require consideration to "the
following and similar factors":

33

(1) Rental income necessary to maintain the economic soundness of the project;

34

(2) Rental income necessary to provide a reasonable return on the investment

consistent with providing reasonable rentals to tenants. 24 C.F.R. 221.531(c)

(emphasis supplied).
35

The FHA insuring manual, by which the agency's own procedures for
processing a landlord's application for a rental increase are to be governed, calls
for "shelter rents * * * at levels that will provide reasonable charges to tenants
and a fair return to the mortgagor, and proper maintenance of equipment and
services to be provided by the landlord" (emphasis supplied). Project Mortgage
Servicing, Part C, 64205.2 and 64205.2 (c). The basic regulatory agreement
between the landlord and the FHA calls for rent control by the FHA. Provision
4, FHA Form No. 1730 (Rev. Oct. 1969).3

36

Decent housing in the United States is, to the extent that due process may be
required, just as basic and integral a part of life and liberty as opportunities for
employment, Greene v. McElroy, 360 U. S. 474, 79 S.Ct. 1400, 3 L.Ed.2d 1377
(1959), for education, Slochower v. Board of Higher Education, 350 U.S. 551,
76 S.Ct. 637, 100 L.Ed. 692 (1956), or for welfare benefits, Goldberg v. Kelly,
397 U.S. 254, 90 S.Ct. 1011, 25 L.Ed.2d 287 (1970). While the urgency of the
national housing crisis is known by all and denied by none, the relation
between shelter, poverty, urban problems and hence life and liberty is very
clear. See, e. g., Legislative History, Housing and Urban Development Act of
1970 (P.L. 91-609), 3 U.S.C.Cong. & Adm. News 5582 (1970). Accordingly I
believe that the tenants at Chenango Court ought at least to be afforded the
minimum procedural fairness afforded by notice of the proposed rent increase
and a meaningful hearing at which they would have an opportunity to present
their complaints, if any, of the unreasonableness of the proposed rents,4 any
failure of the landlord to maintain equipment and services required of him5
under the basic lease and Regulatory Agreement, as well as to confront and
cross-examine witnesses substantiating the landlord's financial case for a rent
increase.6 See Goldberg v. Kelly, supra. This is not to propose any inflexible
full-scale hearing in the form of a judicial or quasi-judicial trial. Cafeteria &
Restaurant Workers Union Local 473, A.F.L.-C.I.O. v. McElroy, 367 U.S. 886,
895, 81 S.Ct. 1743, 6 L.Ed.2d 1230 (1961). Rather, once the principle of
affording minimal due process is established, sufficient safeguards to permit
full administrative review are not that difficult to establish. Ratepayers to a
public utility are entitled to question the individual financial situation of the
business regulated, as well as to make proof of inadequate service provided.
Petition of New England Tel. & Tel. Co., 115 Vt. 494, 66 A.2d 135 (1949),7
just as the utility itself is permitted to contest regulatory action, as a matter of
due process of law. Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n, 301 U.S.
292, 304, 57 S.Ct. 724, 81 L.Ed. 1093 (1937). See Jordan v. American Eagle
Fire Ins. Co., 83 U.S.App.D.C. 192, 169 F.2d 281, 287-289 (1948).

37

Like the tenants here, to paraphrase the majority opinion, to utility rate payers it
makes no difference whether the Government itself increases the rates or
permits the utility to increase them. Arguments as to landlord financial
problems and agency administrative inconvenience seem to me beside the
point. "There can be no compromise on the footing of convenience or
expediency, or because of a natural desire to be rid of harassing delay, when
that minimal requirement [of the right to a hearing as a rudiment of `fair play']
has been neglected or ignored." Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n,
supra, 301 U.S. at 305, 57 S.Ct. at 731.

38

Moreover, without a hearing at which the tenants might question the landlord's
case, it is difficult to see how the FHA may make an informed decision. This
the majority opinion points out in conceding unhappiness at the "brush-off"
claimed by the plaintiffs here. It suggests a procedure both "to aid the FHA"
and also to make a decision to grant a rent increase "more acceptable" to the
tenants. Such a procedure, I think, is required by constitutional law 8 once the
status of a tenant in an FHA assisted project is examined closely. I do not
believe that Escalera v. New York City Housing Authority, supra, should so
lightly be distinguished away. Hahn v. Gottlieb, 430 F.2d 1243 (1st Cir. 1970),
is different from this case to the extent that there tenants were permitted to
present to the FHA evidence on construction defects and the reasonableness of
the landlord's rate of return, 430 F.2d at 1245; the "legislative"-"adjudicative"
reasoning of Hahn, 430 F.2d at 1248, is rightly discarded by the majority here.
I would decline to follow it and would follow Escalera and accordingly reverse
and remand.

Notes:
1

"Limited distribution" project sponsors also receive governmental assistance by

tax advantages. Internal Revenue Code of 1954 167(b), 167(c), 1231, 1250

In connection with the 221(d) (3) [12 U.S.C. 1715l(d) (3)] program here
involved, the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency had the following to
say:
For families with incomes that do not permit home-ownership at current
construction costs and at market interest rates, but who have incomes too high
for public low-rent housing, this section of the bill would also establish a new
program of FHA-insured, long-term, low-interest-rate mortgage loans for
moderate-rental housing. Existing institutions available to help achieve the

national housing policy of "a decent home and suitable living environment for
every American family * * *" are inadequate. It is evident that families of lowand moderate-income cannot be housed decently, within the foreseeable future,
unless new programs for this purpose are fostered by the Federal Government,
or by State and local governments, or by all levels of government. S.Rep. No.
281, 87th Cong., 1st Sess. (1961).
3

"4. The Owners covenant and agree that:

*****
(f) The rent charged for each unit shall not exceed the upper limit of the range
shown for such type of unit on the rental schedule approved in writing by the
Commissioner, and shall include the reasonable use of all utilities shown on
said schedule, but in no event shall the total gross monthly rents for all dwelling
units exceed the gross monthly dwelling income for all units approved by the
Commissioner on the rental schedule;
(g) No increase will be made in the amount of the gross monthly dwelling
income for all units as shown on the rental schedule unless such increase is
approved by the Commissioner, who will at any time entertain a written request
for an increase properly supported by substantiating evidence and within a
reasonable time shall:
(1) Approve a rental schedule that is necessary to compensate for any net
increase, occurring since the last approved rental schedule, in taxes (other than
income taxes) and operating and maintenance expenses over which Owners
have no effective control, or
(2) Deny the increase stating the reasons therefor;
* * * * * * *"

One of the plaintiffs, a 74 year old widow living on a fixed income, had her one
bedroom apartment rent raised from $109 to $125 per month, with FHA
approval. Appellant's App. pp. 26-27

There have apparently been numerous sewer backups and overflows despite
City Code enforcement and tenant complaints. Appellant's App. p. 51

The tenants here were not even permitted to examine any of the landlords'
submissions to the FHA. Appellant's App. pp. 49-51

A fair return to investors (or landlords) is not necessarily fair to consumers (or
tenants). FPC v. Natural Gas Pipeline Co., 315 U.S. 575, 62 S.Ct. 736, 86 L.Ed.
1037 (1942). See also Bluefield Water Works & Improvement Co. v. Pub.
Serv. Comm'n of West Virginia, 262 U.S. 679, 692, 43 S.Ct. 675, 67 L.Ed.
1176 (1923); Barnes, The Economics of Public Utility Regulation 293; Pub.
Util. Comm'n v. New England Tel. & Tel. Co., P.U.R. C 207 (1926)

When the appellate court is unhappy at the procedure below but nevertheless
affirms, one is reminded of Judge Frank's happy phrase: "`The deprecatory
words we use in our opinions on such occasions are purely ceremonial.'" Frank,
J., dissenting in United States v. Antonelli Fireworks Co., 155 F.2d 631, 661
(2d Cir. 1946)