Three objections to modern physics

Lubomir Vlcek
Rokytov 132, 086 01, Slovak Republic
Email: [email protected]

Abstract
Relationship for kinetic energy derived from the asymmetrical form of the intensity of the moving
charge. To derive it we do not need Lorentz's transformations equations, we do not need SPACETIME.
We do not need local time, or covariant equations or physical simultaneity definition or invariant
interval. In other words, in physics we do not need Einstein's theory of relativity. From the
asymmetrical form of the intensity of the moving charge we can derive Gauss law, Faraday's law and
derive the 4th Maxwell's equation ( fictional by Maxwell and up to now was not derived).Kinetic
energy of a charge moving at the velocity of v has two different values: in direction of motion as own
kinetic energy of charge and against direction of motion of charge represents the wave energy,
which charge creates in transmision medium.
Kaufmann's experiment,
experiments are reviewed.

Fizeau's experiment, Harres's Experiment, Kirchner, Perry, Chaffee

1.Introduction
Three objections to modern physics:
1. Form of the interference field is non-linear,
2.Form of Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric Field is asymmetrical,
3. Kinetic energy of a charge moving at the velocity of v has two different values:
Kinetic energy of electron , (proton)
Tkin id =mc2 [ln |1-v/c|+ (v/c) / (1-v/c) ]

in direction of motion of electron, (proton)

where v is velocity of electron, (proton).

Kinetic energy of electron , (proton)
Tkin ad = mc2 [ln |1+v/c|- (v/c) / (1+v/c) ] against direction of motion of electron, (proton)
where v is velocity of electron, (proton).

2.Theory

2.1. Form of Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric and Magnetic Field
2.1.1 Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric Field

Let us have a system of coordinates (x, y, z) connected with the medium causing propagation
of light. Let the electric field intensity in this medium propagate at speed c in all directions. It
is known from Coulomb's law that intensity of the still standing charge in relation to the
system of coordinates (x, y, z) decreases with the square of distance from that charge then
represented by hyperboles symmetrical to the charge, illustrated in section as follows:

Fig. 2.1. The intensity of the stillstanding charge

r - distance of the hyperbole point from the beginning
Charge q is situated at level yz and in the distance of yq from the beginning in the direction of
axis y.
Let us now examine what would happen with the form of curves representing the intensity of
the electric field, if charge q will move in a uniform straight line motion in the direction of the
axis y at a constant speed v. Let's thus join firmly the system of coordinates (x', y', z') with the
charge q, see fig. 2.2.
r - distance of the hyperbole point from the beginning

Fig. 2.2. The system of coordinates (x', y', z')

Distance r' is measured in direction of axis y' from the charge (or from the beginning O'
respectively), while it is valid
r'=r-vt

(2.1)

At the moment t0=0 both systems become identical.

When
, the charge finding itself at the distance of
would emit intensity
propagating at speed c, which at the moment of t would come to point r in time of
(2.2)
thus
(2.3)

The index id means that is the case of propagation of the electric field intensity in direction of
the charge motion.
Let the
be the distance between the position of the charge at the moment of
(i.e.
when the charge has emitted the intensity to point r) and position of the charge at the moment
t, when the intensity emitted "has reached" the point r.
At the time of

the charge will cover the distance of

(2.4)

This is the distance at which the charge "outrun" the intensity propagated in direction of the
charge motion. Consequently the intensity of the moving charge in relation to the system of
coordinates (x, y, z) will change its form in the respective of various r: it will be deformed
(see fig. 2.3)

Fig. 2.3. The intensity of the moving charge in the direction of the motion
It is evident that with increasing distance ri (i = 1,2,3,...) the respective "retardation of
intensity"

(ri) also increases, as can be seen in equation (2.4.). As the intensity of the

moving charge in the direction of the motion

intensity of the stillstanding charge at point

at point r' and moment t equals the

at the moment of intensity emittance

, then:
(2.5)
From the Coulomb's law:
(2.6)

(2.7)

r are distances of points of hyperbola from the beginning of the non-dashed system, r' are
distances of points of hyperbola from the beginning 0' in a dashed system, r, r' are variables
of the same function
numerically equals

(represented by hyperbolas). In other words, there is distance r, that

distance. Such distance r' numerically equals
distance, both

being variables of the same function

concerns the same Coulomb's law.

. For detail refer to (2.6) and (2.7). The issue

By substituing of (2.5) and (2.4) we get

(2.8)
Then by utilizing (2.3), (2.6) and (2.7) we calculate

(2.9)

that is

(2.10)

Thus we managed to express the intensity of the moving charge in direction of motion by
means of the intensity of the stillstanding charge in the given point. Analogically we express
the intensity of the electric field of the moving charge against the direction of motion
(indexes ad), see fig. 2.4.

Fig. 2.4. The distance

The charge moving at the speed of v parallel to the axis y is situated (at the moment t) in the
distance of v.t from the axis z.
At the moment
the charge, situated in the distance of
intensity to the point r.

will emit the

This intensity will reach at the moment t just the point r in time of
(2.11)
from where
(2.12)

is the distance between the position of the charge at the moment

i.e. when the
charge emitted the intensity to the point r and the position of the charge at the moment t,
when the emitted intensity "has reached" the point r.

The charge will cover the distance

(2.13)

at time

, while r'<0 and

This is the distance by which the intensity that propagates in the direction opposite to the
movement of the charge, is shifted against the intensity of the stillstanding charge in the
direction away from the charge, see fig. 2.5.
Analogically to equations (2.5)-(2.10) we achieve the following:
(2.14)

(2.15)

(2.16)

(2.17)

(2.18)

(2.19)

The form of intensity for v=0.5c see fig. 2.6.

Fig. 2.5. The intensity of the electric field by means of the moving charge against the
direction of motion Ead

Fig. 2.6. The form of intensity for v = 0.5c

The equations (2.10) and (2.19) are placeable by common equation

(2.20)

where is the angle between the direction of the charge motion (the speed v) and the
direction of propagation of intensity.

At level xy, the section of the intensity hyperboloid is, for the stillstanding charge, the circle
with its centre in the charge, for the moving charge it is the case of all types of Pascal's screw
stocks with the charge at the beginning of the coordinates, see figs. 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 and 2.10.

Fig. 2.7, 2.8. At level (x, y) section of the "hyperoloid" of the intensity for various speeds of
the moving charge have a shape of all types of Pascal's screw stocks with charge at the
beginning of the coordinates

Fig. 2.9, 2.10. At level (x, y) section of the "hyperoloid" of the intensity for various speeds of
the moving charge have a shape of all types of Pascal's screw stocks with charge at the
beginning of the coordinates

2.1.2 Kaufmann's Experiment

In the period from 1901 to 1906, Kaufmann wrote a number of works, the most coherent of
them seems to be [1] : concerning experimental evidence of "the changeability of mass with
speed". We shall revalue his experiment and will prove - on the basis of the theory given in
the preceeding section 2.1.1 - the subject is the influence of intensity of the moving charge on
the magnitude of the deviation of influence of intensity of the moving charge on the
magnitude of the deviation of beta-rays in the crossed electromagnetic field, and not the
changeability of mass with speed.
The attempt is done through a short correct description for sake of qualitative examination of
the experiment, utilising some of the measured and calculated values given by Kaufmann in
[1].
Beta-rays from Ra source, moving at speed
are simultaneously deflected in
the crossed electric and magnetic field, see diagram in fig. 2.11.

Fig. 2.11. Kaufmann's Experiment - diagram

The device is situated in the evacuated glass vessel. The rays go out from the Ra source, pass
the electric screen and create a small spot on a photographic plate.
When the electric field will be created on the condenser plates PP', the additional stripe in the
y- direction will arise apart from the non-diverting middle spot close to 0 (consisting of
gamma and little diverting
).
When the entire device is situated between the poles of the U-shaped magnet (with the electric
field switched off), the stripe will arise in the direction of the axis z.
While at the magnetic field we have the movement of electrons along circles expressed in the
following equations
(2.21*)

were

in the electric field we first have the movement along straight line
(2.22*)
- electrons are emitted from the source under the angles
between the condenser plates along the parabola

then they move

(2.23*)
then again along the straight line
(2.24*)
The points of intersection of straight lines (2.24*) with the level of the photographic spot
will give us the deviation y.

The values E used in the calculations

(2.25*)
would give, after substitued into (2.23*) and (2.24*) the deviations
which are almost four times bigger as those acquired (yb) by
Kaufmann.

Considering out theory on

and the values (2.25*) be multiplied by
we achieve
deviations identical with the results of Kaufmann's experiment, see table 1. Thus the theory
under 2.1.1 concerning the intensity of the moving charge of the electric field may be
regarded experimentally confirmed.
Tab. 1.
1631 V

2603 V

3250 V

yb[cm]

0.1236
0.1119

0.1493
0.1302

0.1664
0.1616

y[cm]

0.23626

0.3873

0.4985

yT[cm]

0.0629

0.09947

0.12557

yT-theoretical value (our theory):

[1]

Annalen der Physik, Vierte Folge, Band 19, Leipzig 1906, Verlag von Johann Ambrosius
Barth, page 487-552

2.1.3 The electromagnetic field. Maswell's equations.

Let us take the equation (2.20) in the vector form:

(2.21)

The force acting on the moving electric charge is

(2.22)

whereby

It is known, in line with the classical theory, that a magnetic field is created by the moving
charges and electric currents. The result is that the moving charge creates its own magnetic
field of induction Bq. It continues in this field in motion. According to Lorentz, the force
acting on the moving charge in the electromagnetic field at speed v in the magnetic field of
induction B and in the electric field of the following intensity E it is valid:
(2.23)
Let us compare the equations (2.22) and (2.23).

Intensity E of the electric field according to Lorentz equals to our intensity Estill.
As the forces acting on the acting on the moving charge are equal, it must be valid
(2.24)

With regard to the fact that both the direction Estill and the direction of the vector
identical, for the absolute values it is possible to write

are

i.e.
(2.25)
This means that the charge moving at speed v creates around itself its own magnetic field of

the following induction:

while the vectorial equation is in force

(2.26)
Where from
(2.27)
The intensity of moving charge comprises in itself also the magnetic field induction B created
by the charge moving at speed v.

Based on (2.27), Maxwell's equations which are always valid (not only in static) acquire the
form:
1.
(...Gauss law)

(2.28)

as

(2.29)
2.
there are no magnetic
(2.30)
charges
3.

As in the statics

further
We use (2.29) and except of constant it is valid
(2.31)
Then
(...Faraday's law)

(2.32)

4. Amper's law in statics

(2.33)

Total magnetic field

(2.34)
where
(2.35)
Let's calculate

On the own magnetic field BQ of the charge moving at speed v it is possible to write:
(2.36)

because (2.29),(2.31) and (2.27) are valid and because

(2.37)

i.e.

(2.38)

what represents the 4th Maxwell's equation.

3.Kinetic energy of electron (proton) Tkin id =mc2 [ln |1-v/c|+ (v/c) / (1-v/c) ]
in direction of
motion of electron ( proton), where v is velocity of electron (proton) and m is mass of electron
(proton). It's own kinetic energy of the electron (proton).
Kinetic energy of electron (proton) Tkin ad = mc2 [ln |1+v/c|- (v/c) / (1+v/c) ] against direction of
motion of electron (proton), where v is velocity of electron (proton) and m is mass of electron
(proton. Represents the wave energy, which creates electron (proton) in transmision medium.
Electron (proton) as a source exists if and only if repeatedly speeds up and slows down its
movement in source along ellipse (when blinks).
Electron (proton) as a source, creates in the transmission medium, electromagnetic wave, that
spreads in all directions with the velocity c / n,
regardless of the source movement, where n is the refractive index of the transmission medium.
In other words, electron (proton) , which is the source, can not be a transmission medium and
remain in it.
The main characteristic of the waves is the energy transfer through a transmission medium.
And no transfer of the substance (= of real electron,proton ) from the source to the transmission
medium.
Wave exists if and only if there is not a source.

2.2. The non-linear form of the interference field

Until recently it has been assumed that the shape of the interference field is "linear". The
corresponding fraction of the shift of the interference fringes is directly proportional to the
corresponding part of the wave length. If, for example, the distance of two interference fringes
is divided into 100 divisions and the shift of 23 divisions is detected, we thus assume that the
change occured over a length of

In other words, the shift of the fringes is considered to be equivalent to the change of length.
This view corresponds to the linear form of the interference field, see fig. 2.12.

Fig. 2.12. The "linear" form of the interference field

What justifies us our assumption that the interference field is linear? Is the assumption
correct?
In physics we are used to picture the experimental results through curves which are not "sawtooth" as is the case with the linear interference field, but which have a nicely rounded shape.
Let us replace the "saw-tooth" linear interference field by some rounded non-linear
interference field.
Let us choose sinusoides or semi-circles instead of the sawtooth abscissas. In case of semicircles according to fig. 2.13 we get:

Fig. 2.13. The non-linear form of the interference field

in the 3rd quadrant:

, as

(2.46)

In the shifted 1st quadrant

(2.47)

2.2.1. Fizeau's Experiment

Let us revalue the results of the Fizeau's experiment from the aspect of non-linear interference
field. Fizeau [3] used light of wave length
, two tubes, each L=1.4875 m long in
which water flowed at speed u=7.059 m/s. As the experiment is generally known, we shall not
describe it in detail. We shall only reassess its results.

The relation
corresponds to equal values of the shift of fringe supposing the
interference field to be linear. In reality the experimentally observed values from the interval
ranged from 0.167 to 0.307 in the average of
. That was explained by Fresnel's
theory of partial drag of ether with the drag coefficient . Should we consider the non-linear
form of the interference field, then according to (2.46) we get

which is in line with the experimentally observed mean value . We do not need any
coefficient . Fizeau's experiment confirms also that the interference field has a non-linear
form.

2.2.2. Harres's Experiment

Harres [4] used two wavelengths of light

which were passing through ten firmly fastened prisms in a rotating apparatus at speed 400600 revolutions/min. According to [4], if the drag coefficient
is not included

were
, z - is the number of sideral time seconds required by the apparatus to
make 50 revolutions.
After the arrangement
(2.48)

(2.49)

The average value

Substituing

(tab. 1) after substitution in (2.48) gives

to (2.46) we get

According to the experiment

is again in line with the theory of the non-linear
interference field. The comparison of Harres's experimental values that do not include the
drag coefficient with both linear and non-linear form of the interference field, as well as the
results of Fizeau's experiment, are shown in figs. (2.14)-(2.21).
Fig. 2.14.-2.21. The comparison of Harre's experimental values which do not comprise the
drag coefficient with both linear and non-linear form of the interference field, as well as the
results of Fizeau's experiment.

Fig. 2.14. Fizeau's experiment [3] p. 392

Fig. 2.15. [4] Tab. 1., 1. Reihe

Fig. 2.16. [4] Tab. 1., 2. Reihe

Fig. 2.17. [4] Tab. 1., 3. Reihe

Fig. 2.18. [4] Tab. 1., 4. Reihe

Fig. 2.19. [4] Tab. 2., 1. Reihe

Fig. 2.20. [4] Tab. 2., 2. Reihe

Fig. 2.21. [4] Tab. 2., 3. Reihe

This is simultaneously proves that the drag coefficient always equals one and the interference
field has a non-linear form. Consequently, the interference fields are identical only for the
shift of the interference fringes about 0 and/or 100 and 50 divisions.

3. Calculation of the kinetic energy of a body moving at the velocity of v

For the sake of simplicity let us consider for instance the gravitational field of the Earth.
Analogically to (2.20), for the intensity of the gravitational field one could write:

(3.1)

Let us consider the physical processes in which kinetic energy is transformed into potential
one and potential energy is transformed into kinetic one. There is a state in which the potential
energy equals total energy of the body (while the kinetic energy equals zero) and the state in
which kinetic energy equals the total energy of the body (while the potential energy equals
zero). These extreme will help us to calculate the kinetic energy of body. For the potential
energy we have
(3.2)

By integrating and utilizing of the relation (3.1) we have

By substituting

we get

(3.3)

Solving by substitution
we get

(3.4)

while
For

isnt

we have the kinetic energy in the direction of motion

(3.5)

For

we have the kinetic energy against the direction of motion

(3.6)

If

(i.e. v<<c)

utilizing the series

the equations (3.5) and (3.6) will be changed in the equation

Kinetic energy of electron (proton) Tkin id =mc2 [ln |1-v/c|+ (v/c) / (1-v/c) ] in direction
of motion of electron ( proton), where v is velocity of electron (proton) and m is mass of
electron (proton). It's own kinetic energy of the electron (proton).
Kinetic energy of electron (proton) Tkin ad = mc2 [ln |1+v/c|- (v/c) / (1+v/c) ] against direction of
motion of electron (proton), where v is velocity of electron (proton) and m is mass of electron
(proton. Represents the wave energy, which creates electron (proton) in transmision medium.
Electron (proton) as a source exists if and only if repeatedly speeds up and slows down its
movement in source along ellipse (when blinks).
Electron (proton) as a source, creates in the transmission medium, electromagnetic wave, that
spreads in all directions with the velocity c / n,
regardless of the source movement, where n is the refractive index of the transmission medium.
In other words, electron (proton) , which is the source, can not be a transmission medium and
remain in it.
The main characteristic of the waves is the energy transfer through a transmission medium.
And no transfer of the substance (= of real electron,proton ) from the source to the transmission
medium.

Wave exists if and only if there is not a source.

Tab. 2. Calculation of the kinetic energy Tkin of a body moving at the velocity of v
Vlcek s theory
v/c

Tkin ad =

Vlcek s theory

Einstein s
theory

Tkin id =
Tkin

mc2[ln |1+v/c|- (v/c)/(1+v/c)]

0.1 0.00439 mc2
0.2 0.0156 mc2
0.3 0.0316 mc2
0.4 0.0508 mc2
0.5 0.0722 mc2
0.6 0.0950 mc2
0.7 0.1174 mc2
0.8 0.1434 mc2
0.9 0.1680 mc2
0.99 0.1906 mc2
1.0 0.1931 mc2

mc2[ln |1-v/c|+ (v/c)/(1-v/c)]

0.0057 mc2
0.0268 mc2
0.0719 mc2
0.1558 mc2
0.3068 mc2
0.5837 mc2
1.1293 mc2
2.3905 mc2
6.6974 mc2
94.3948 mc2
infinite

0.0050 m c2
0.0200 m c2
0.0480 m c2
0.0910 m c2
0.1550 m c2
0.2500 m c2
0.4010 m c2
0.6670 m c2
1.2930 m c2
6.9200 m c2
infinite

Direct measurement of the speed in the experiments Kirchner[7], [8], Perry, Chaffee [9]
for v/c = 0.08-0.27.

References

[1] KAUFMANN, W.: Annalen der Physik, Vierte Folge, Band 19, Leipzig, 1906 Verlag von Johann
Ambrosius Barth p. 487-552
[2] EINSTEIN, A.: Sobranie naunych trudov v etyrech tomach pod redakciej I. E. TAMMA, Ja. A.
SMORODINSKOGO, B. G. KUZNECOVA, Izdatestvo "Nauka", Moskva 1966
[3] FIZEAU, M. H.: Sur les hypothses relatives a lther lumineux. Ann. de Chim. et de Phys., 3e srie,
T. LVII. (Dcembre 1859) Prsente lAcademie des Sciences dans sa sance du 29 septembre
1851.
[4] KNOPF, O.: Annalen der Physik, Vierte folge, Band 62, 1920 :"Die Versuche von F. Harress uber die
Geschwindigkeit des Lichtes in bewegten Korpern, von O. Knopf. p. 391 - 447
[5] PURCELL, E. M.: Electricity and magnetism. In: Berkley physics courses (Russian translation).
Moskva, Nauka 1971.
[6] FEYNMAN, R. P. - LEIGHTON, R. B. - SANDS, M.: The Feynman lectures on physics (Russian

translation) Moskva, Mir 1965-1966.

[7] F. Kirchner : ber die Bestimmung der spezifischen Ladung des Elektrons aus
Geschwindigkeitsmessungen, Ann. d. Physik [5] 8, 975 (1931)
[8] F. Kirchner : Zur Bestimmung der spezifischen
Geschwindigkeitsmessungen , Ann. d. Physik [5] 12, 503 (1932)

Ladung

des

Elektrons

aus

[9] Ch. T. Perry, E.L. Chaffee : A DETERMINATION OF e/m FOR AN ELECTRON BY DIRECT
MEASUREMENT OF THE VELOCITY OF CATHODE RAYS , Phys.Rev.36,904 (1930)