PREPARED BY

PATEL AKASH C.
PARMAR APAR M.
PATEL DHAVAL H.

GUIDED BY
D.M.THAKKAR

This is to certify that Patel Akash

c.
, Parmar Apar M. & Patel
Dhaval h. student of Diploma in
E.C.
of
5 TH
semester
have
completed their project titled
Digital
stop
watch
satisfactorily
as
partial
fulfillment
of
Diploma
Engineering
in
Electronic
&
communication Engineering of
technical
education
board,
Gandhinagar in year 2009 .

Date of submission:Sign of faculty:-

Sign of H.O.D.:-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every achievement is always the
result of sincere work and co-operation of
all people related to it. The satisfaction
that I fill at the successful completion of
project

titled

DIGITAL

STOP

WATCH

would be incomplete if I dont mention all

the people, whose proper guidance and
encouragement

led

to

successful

completion of the project work.

I am greatly indebted to our college
B.S.PATEL POLLYTECHANIC
Which has always supported me in all my
undertaking and completing this project in

fulfillment of Diploma
taken by
Also our
who

Programme under

technical education board.

respected HOD prof. P.R.PATEL

managed

our

journey

smoothly

though out 5th semester.

It is joy to express our gratitude
and respect to all those who inspired and
help us in completion of this project. I
whole heartedly thank our respected guide
Mr. P.R.PATEL who has stimulated our
mind

towards

technical

and

logical

thinking and guidance to make the project

highly

useful

experience.

and

knowledge

base

INDEX

INTRODUCTION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION
COMPONENT LIST
COMPONENT DISCRIPTION
DATA SHEET IC-555
DATA SHEET IC-4013
DATA SHEET IC- 4033
PROTEL CIRCUIT
APPLICATION
REFERENCE

INTRODUCTION
Stop watches is to measure time interval,
which

is

defined

as

the

elapsed

time

between two events. One common example

of a time interval is our age, which is simply
the elapsed time since our birth.
Unlike a conventional clock that display
time of day as hour, minutes and second
from an absolute epoch or starting point, a
stop watch simply measure and displays the
time interval from an arbitrary starting
point that begun at the instant the stop
watch was started.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION
POWER SUPPLY: A 9v battery is suitable for the power supply

need. Current consumption of the circuit. Is

approximately 90mA. It is depends upon
display brightness & display make. Simply
charging

the

value

its

current

limiting

resistor can change brightness. In our ckt

limiting resistor is R1 to R8. Lower the value
of resistor higher the brightness.

CLOCK GENERATOR: Clock generator ckt is build around IC 555,

the most popular timer IC. In this ckt output

of 555 are in millisecond. You can change

this time by simply changing the value of RC
network. Here C=0.1 micf & R=252 kohm.
Counting & display driver ckt.

This ckt is build around IC 4013 & 4033.

4013 is dual d flip-flop and 4033 is decade
counter. The output of 4033 is capable to
driving seven segment display directly. For
more information refer datasheet of

4013

&4033.
Display unit lt-543 the common cathode

display is used to display the output.

FUNCTION OF THE SWITCHES:

Start / Stop switch :This switch is use to start and stop

counting
normally

counting

is

start.

When

clock

enable pin of IC 4033 is held at ground point.

Pin no. 2 of U1, U2, and U3 are at ground

point. But pin no. 2 of U4 is controlling by
output of 4013. When ever clock enable pin
of IC U4 is held at ground point counting
start. When we again press the start switch
the clock enable pin of IC U4 is at high state
and this situation stop the counting. This
way one switch is used for start and stop
function.

Reset switch :-

The digital stop watch is

reset to zero by

bringing the RST terminal high this result a

low output a-b-c-d-e-f-g of IC. The RST input
must be return to ground when counting is to
continue.

Display check switch:-

Pin no. 14 of U1 to U4 is pulled high for display

check. This is the internal facility of IC 4033.

COMPONENT LIST
RESISTOR:-

R1 TO R29 .220ohm
R30, R31, R32 .10kohm
R33 1Mohm
R34 330Kohm

CAPACITOR:-

C1 ..10kpf(103/0.01microf)
C2 ..100kpf(104/0.1microf)

SEMICONDUCTOR:-

U1, U2, U3, U4 CD4033IC

U5 .CD4013IC
U6 .NE555

 DS 1 TO DS 4 ..common cathode
display(LT543)

MISCELLANEOUS:-

8 PIN IC SOCKET ..1pcs

14 PIN IC SOCKET ..1pcs
16 PIN IC SOCKET ..4pcs
40 PIN IC SOCKET ..1pcs
Tack switch 3pcs
Battery snap ..1pcs

COMPONENT DISCRIPTION

RESISTOR

CAPACITOR

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

RESISTOR
How to read Resistor Color Codes
First the code
Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White
0

The mnemonic
Bad Boys Ravish Only Young Girls but Violet Gives Willingly PC fascists
Black is also easy to remember as zero because of the nothingness common to both.
(Please don't add or change the mnemonic - it will only get reverted -admin)
How to read the code

First find the tolerance band, it will typically be gold (5%) and
sometimes silver (10%). Starting from the other end, identify the
first band - write down the number associated with that color; in
this case Blue is 6.Now 'read' the next color, here it is red so write
down a '2' next to the six. (You should have '62' so far.)

Now read the third or 'multiplier exponent' band and write down
that as the number of zeros.

In this example it is two so we get '6200' or '6,200'. If the

'multiplier exponent' band is Black (for zero) don't write any zeros
down.

If the 'multiplier exponent' band is Gold move the decimal point

one to the left. If the 'multiplier exponent' band is Silver move the
decimal point two places to the left. If the resistor has one more
band past the tolerance band it is a quality band.

Read the number as the '% Failure rate per 1000 hour' this is rated
assuming full wattage being applied to the resistors. (To get better
failure rates, resistors are typically specified to have twice the
needed wattage dissipation that the circuit produces). Some
resistors use this band for temco information. 1% resistors have
three bands to read digits to the left of the multiplier. They have a
different temperature coefficient in order to provide the 1%
tolerance.

At 1% the temperature coefficient starts to become an important

factor. at +/-200 ppm a change in temperature of 25 Deg C causes a
value change of up to 1%

CAPCITOR
The capacitor's function is to store
electricity, or electrical energy.
The capacitor also functions as a filter,
passing alternating current (AC), and
blocking direct current (DC).
This symbol

is used to indicate a

capacitor in a circuit diagram.

The capacitor is constructed with two electrode plates facing each other, but
separated by an insulator.
When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on each
electrode. While the capacitor is charging up, current flows. The current will stop
flowing when the capacitor has fully charged.
When a circuit tester, such as an analog meter set to measure resistance, is
connected to a 10 microfarad (F) electrolytic capacitor, a current will flow, but
only for a moment. You can confirm that the meter's needle moves off of zero, but
returns to zero right away.
When you connect the meter's probes to the capacitor in reverse, you will note that
current once again flows for a moment. Once again, when the capacitor has fully
charged, the current stops flowing. So the capacitor can be used as a filter that
blocks DC current. (A "DC cut" filter.)
However, in the case of alternating current, the current will be allowed to pass.
Alternating current is similar to repeatedly switching the test meter's probes back
and forth on the capacitor. Current flows every time the probes are switched.
The value of a capacitor (the capacitance), is designated in units called the Farad
(F).The capacitance of a capacitor is generally very small, so units such as the

microfarad (10-6F), nanofarad (10-9F), and picofarad (10-12F) are used.

Recently, a new capacitor with very high capacitance has been developed. The
Electric Double Layer capacitor has capacitance designated in Farad units. These
arek nown as "Super Capacitors."
Sometimes, a three-digit code is used to indicate the value of a capacitor. There
are two ways in which the capacitance can be written. One uses letters and
numbers, the other uses only numbers. In either case, there are only three
characters used. [10n] and [103] denote the same value of capacitance. The
method used differs depending on the capacitor supplier. In the case that the value
is displayed with the three-digit code, the 1st and 2nd digits from the left show the
1st figure and the 2nd figure, and the 3rd digit is a multiplier which determines
how many zeros are to be added to the capacitance. Picofarad (pF) units are
written this way.
For example, when the code is [103], it indicates 10 x 103, or 10,000pF = 10
nanofarad (nF) = 0.01 microfarad (F).
If the code happened to be [224], it would be 22 x 104 = or 220,000pF = 220nF =
0.22F. Values under 100pF are displayed with 2 digits only. For example, 47
would be 47pF.
The capacitor has an insulator (the dielectric) between 2 sheets of electrodes.
Different kinds of capacitors use different materials for the dielectric.
Breakdown voltage When using a capacitor, you must pay attention to the
maximum voltage which can be used. This is the "breakdown voltage." The
breakdown voltage depends on the kind of capacitor being used. You must be
especially careful with electrolytic capacitors because the breakdown voltage is
comparatively low. The breakdown voltage of electrolytic capacitors is displayed
as Working Voltage.
The breakdown voltage is the voltage that when exceeded will cause the dielectric
(insulator) inside the capacitor to break down and conduct. When this happens, the
failure can be catastrophic.
I will introduce the different types of capacitors below.

Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical type capacitors)

Aluminum is used for the electrodes by using a thin oxidization membrane.
Large values of
capacitance can be
obtained in
comparison with the
size of the capacitor,
because the
dielectric used is
very thin.
The most important
characteristic of
electrolytic
capacitors is that they have polarity. They have a positive and a negative electrode.
[Polarized] This means that it is very important which way round they are
connected. If the capacitor is subjected to voltage exceeding its working voltage,
or if it is connected with incorrect polarity, it may burst. It is extremely dangerous,
because it can quite literally explode. Make absolutely no mistakes.
Generally, in the circuit diagram, the positive side is indicated by a "+" (plus)
symbol. Electrolytic capacitors range in value from about 1F to thousands of F.
Mainly this type of capacitor is used as a ripple filter in a power supply circuit, or
as a filter to bypass low frequency signals, etc. Because this type of capacitor is
comparatively similar to the nature of a coil in construction, it isn't possible to use
for high-frequency circuits. (It is said that the frequency characteristic is bad.)
The photograph on the left is an example of the different values of electrolytic
capacitors in which the capacitance and voltage differ.
From the left to right:

1F (50V) [diameter 5 mm, high 12

mm]
47F (16V) [diameter 6 mm, high 5
mm]
100F (25V) [diameter 5 mm, high 11
mm]
220F (25V) [diameter 8 mm, high 12
mm]
1000F (50V) [diameter 18 mm, high 40 mm]
The size of the capacitor sometimes depends on the manufacturer. So the
sizes shown here on this page are just examples.
In the photograph to the right, the mark indicating the negative lead of the
component can be seen.
You need to pay attention to the polarity indication so as not to make a mistake
when you assemble the circuit.

Tantalum Capacitors

Tantalum Capacitors are

electrolytic capacitors that are
use a material called tantalum
for the electrodes. Large values
of capacitance similar to
aluminum electrolytic capacitors
can be obtained. Also, tantalum
capacitors are superior to
aluminum electrolytic capacitors in temperature and frequency characteristics.
When tantalum powder is baked in order to solidify it, a crack forms inside. An
electric charge can be stored on this crack.
These capacitors have polarity as well. Usually, the "+" symbol is used to show
the positive component lead. Do not make a mistake with the polarity on these
types.
Tantalum capacitors are a little bit more expensive than aluminum electrolytic
capacitors. Capacitance can change with temperature as well as frequency, and
these types are very stable. Therefore, tantalum capacitors are used for circuits
which demand high stability in the capacitance values. Also, it is said to be
common sense to use tantalum capacitors for analog signal systems, because the
current-spike noise that occurs with aluminum electrolytic capacitors does not
appear. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are fine if you don't use them for circuits
which need the high stability characteristics of tantalum capacitors.
The photograph on the left illustrates the tantalum capacitor.
The capacitance values are as follows, from the left:
0.33 F (35V)
0.47 F (35V)
10 F (35V)

The "+" symbol is used to show the positive lead of the component. It is written
on the body.

Ceramic Capacitors
Ceramic capacitors are constructed with materials such as titanium acid barium
used as the dielectric. Internally, these capacitors are not constructed as a coil, so
they can be used in high frequency applications. Typically, they are used in
circuits which bypass high frequency signals to ground.
These capacitors have the shape of a disk. Their capacitance is comparatively
small.
The capacitor on the left is a 100pF capacitor with a diameter of about 3 mm.
The capacitor on the right side is printed with 103, so 10 x 103pF becomes 0.01
F. The diameter of the disk is about 6 mm.
Ceramic capacitors have no polarity.
Ceramic capacitors should not be used for analog circuits, because they can distort
the signal.

Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

The multilayer ceramic capacitor has a many-layered dielectric. These capacitors
are small in size, and have good temperature and frequency characteristics.
Square wave signals

used in digital circuits can have a comparatively high

frequency component included.

This capacitor is used to bypass the high frequency to ground.
In the photograph, the capacitance of the component on the left is displayed as
104. So, the capacitance is 10 x 104 pF = 0.1 F. The thickness is 2 mm, the height
is 3 mm, and the width is 4 mm.
The capacitor to the right has a capacitance of 103 (10 x 103 pF = 0.01 F). The
height is 4 mm, the diameter of the round part is 2 mm.
These capacitors are not polarized. That is, they have no polarity.

Polystyrene Film
Capacitors
In these devices, polystyrene
film is used as the dielectric.
This type of capacitor is not for
use in high frequency circuits,
because they are constructed
like a coil inside. They are used well in filter circuits or timing circuits which run
at several hundred KHz or less.
The component shown on the left has a red color due to the copper leaf used for
the electrode. The silver color is due to the use of aluminum foil as the electrode.
The device on the left has a height of 10 mm, is 5 mm thick, and is rated 100pF.
The device in the middle has a height of 10 mm, 5.7 mm thickness, and is rated
1000pF.The device on the right has a height of 24 mm, is 10 mm thick, and is
rated 10000pF.
These devices have no polarity.

Electric Double Layer Capacitors

(Super Capacitors)
This is a "Super Capacitor," which is quite a wonder.
The capacitance is 0.47 F (470,000 F).
I have not used this capacitor in an actual circuit.
Care must be taken when using a capacitor with such a large capacitance in power
supply circuits, etc. The rectifier in the circuit can be destroyed by a huge rush of
current when the capacitor is empty. For a brief moment, the capacitor is more like
a short circuit. A protection circuit needs to be set up.
The size is small in spite of capacitance. Physically, the diameter is 21 mm; the
height is 11 mm.
Care is necessary, because these devices do have polarity.

Polyester Film Capacitors

This capacitor uses thin polyester film as the
dielectric.
They are not high tolerance, but they are
cheap and handy. Their tolerance is about
5% to 10%.
From the left in the photograph
Capacitance: 0.001 F (printed
with 001K)
[the width 5 mm, the height 10
mm, the thickness 2 mm]
Capacitance: 0.1 F (printed
with 104K)
[the width 10 mm, the height 11
mm, the thickness 5mm]
Capacitance: 0.22 F (printed with .22K)
[the width 13 mm, the height 18 mm, the thickness 7mm]
Care must be taken, because different manufacturers use different methods to
denote the capacitance values.

Here are some other polyester film capacitors.

Starting from the left

Capacitance: 0.0047 F (printed with 472K)
[the width 4mm, the height 6mm, the thickness 2mm]
Capacitance: 0.0068 F (printed with 682K)
[the width 4mm, the height 6mm, the thickness 2mm]
Capacitance: 0.47 F (printed with 474K)
[the width 11mm, the height 14mm, the thickness 7mm]

These capacitors have no polarity.

Polypropylene Capacitors
This capacitor is used when a higher tolerance is necessary than polyester
capacitors offer. Polypropylene film is used for the dielectric. It is said that there is
almost no change of capacitance in these devices if they are used with frequencies
of 100KHz or less. The pictured capacitors have a tolerance of 1%.
From the left in the photograph
Capacitance: 0.01 F (printed with 103F)
[the width 7mm, the height 7mm, the thickness 3mm]
Capacitance: 0.022 F (printed with 223F)
[the width 7mm, the height 10mm, the thickness 4mm]
Capacitance: 0.1 F (printed with 104F)
[the width 9mm, the height 11mm, the thickness 5mm]
When I measured the
capacitance of a 0.01 F
capacitor with the meter
which I have, the error was
+0.2%.
These capacitors have no
polarity.

The Seven-Segment LED

Introduction
One common requirement for many different digital devices is a visual numeric display.
Individual LEDs can of course display the binary states of a set of latches or flip-flops.
However, we're far more used to thinking and dealing with decimal numbers. To this end,
we want a display of some kind that can clearly represent decimal numbers without any
requirement of translating binary to decimal or any other format.
One possibility is a matrix of 28 LEDs in a 74 array. We can then light up selected LEDs
in the pattern required for whatever character we want. Indeed, an expanded version of this
is used in many ways, for fancy displays. However, if all we want to display is numbers,
this becomes a bit expensive. A much better way is to arrange the minimum possible
number of LEDs in such a way as to represent only numbers in a simple fashion.
This requires just seven LEDs (plus an eighth one for the decimal point, if that is needed).
A common technique is to use a shaped piece of translucent plastic to operate as a

specialized optical fiber, to distribute the light from the LED evenly over a fixed bar shape.
The seven bars are laid out as a squared-off figure "8". The result is known as a sevensegment LED.
We've all seen seven-segment displays in a wide range of applications. Clocks, watches,
digital instruments, and many household appliances already have such displays. In this
experiment, we'll look at what they are and how they can display any of the ten decimal
digits 0-9 on demand.

Seven-Segment Display Layout

The illustration to the right shows the basic layout of the segments in a seven-segment
display. The segments themselves are identified with lower-case letters "a" through "g,"
with segment "a" at the top and then counting clockwise. Segment "g" is the center bar.
Most seven-segment digits also include a decimal point ("dp"), and some also include an
extra triangle to turn the decimal point into a comma. This improves readability of large
numbers on a calculator, for example. The decimal point is shown here on the right, but
some display units put it on the left, or have a decimal point on each side.

In addition, most displays are actually slanted a bit, making them look as if they were in
italics. This arrangement allows us to turn one digit upside down and place it next to
another, so that the two decimal points look like a colon between the two digits. The
technique is commonly used in LED clock displays.

Seven-segment displays can be packaged in a number of ways. Three typical packages are
shown above. On the left we see three small digits in a single 12-pin DIP package. The
individual digits are very small, so a clear plastic bubble is molded over each digit to act as
a magnifying lens. The sides of the end bubbles are flattened so that additional packages of
this type can be placed end-to-end to create a display of as many digits as may be needed.
The second package is essentially a 14-pin DIP designed to be installed vertically. Note that
for this particular device, the decimal point is on the left. This is not true of all sevensegment displays in this type of package.
One limitation of the DIP package is that it cannot support larger digits. To get larger
displays for easy reading at a distance, it is necessary to change the package size and shape.
The package on the right above is larger than the other two, and thus can display a digit that
is significantly larger than will fit on a standard DIP footprint. Even larger displays are also
available; some digital clocks sport digits that are two to five inches tall.
Seven-segment displays can be constructed using any of a number of different
technologies. The three most common methods are fluorescent displays (used in many linepowered devices such as microwave ovens and some clocks and clock radios), liquid
crystal displays (used in many battery-powered devices such as watches and many digital
instruments), and LEDs (used in either line-powered or battery-powered devices).
However, fluorescent displays require a fairly high driving voltage to operate, and liquid

crystal displays require special treatment that we are not yet ready to discuss. Therefore, we
will work with a seven-segment LED display in this experiment.

Schematic Diagram

As shown in the two schematic diagrams above, the LEDs in a seven-segment display are
not isolated from each other. Rather, either all of the cathodes, or all of the anodes, are

connected together into a common lead, while the other end of each LED is individually
available. This means fewer electrical connections to the package, and also allows us to
easily enable or disable a particular digit by controlling the common lead. (In some cases,
the common connections are made to groups of LEDs, and the external wiring must make
the final connections between them. In other cases, the common connection is made
available at more than one location for convenience in laying out printed circuit boards.
When laying out circuits using such devices, you simply need to take the specific
connection details into account.)
There is no automatic advantage of the common-cathode seven-segment unit over the
common-anode version, or vice-versa. Each type lends itself to certain applications,
configurations, and logic families. We'll learn more about this in later experiments. For the
present, we will use a common-cathode display as our experimental example.

Parts List
To construct and test the seven-segment LED display on your breadboard, you will need
the following experimental parts:

(1) Common-cathode seven-segment LED display (Texas Instruments

TIL322A or equivalent).

Orange hookup wire.

Black hookup wire.

Constructing the Circuit

Select an area on your breadboard socket that is clear of other circuits. You'll need one set
of five bus contacts for this project. Then refer to the image and text below and install the
parts as shown.

Starting the Assembly

Since your original breadboard socket is full, or has had its circuitry transferred
elsewhere, we will not specify the lengths of jumpers for the assembly of this
project; you will need to select an appropriate length for each jumper for yourself,
as well as make the appropriate +5 volt and ground connections. The location we
have shown for the construction of this project, to the right of the center of your
breadboard socket, is selected to leave room for subsequent projects that will
expand on this one.
Click on the `Start' button below to begin. If at any time you wish to start this
procedure over again from the beginning, click the `Restart' button that will replace
the `Start' button.

0.3" Black Jumper

Locate or prepare a 0.3" black jumper and install it in the location shown in the
assembly diagram to the right.
Click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Common Cathode 7-Segment LED Display

Locate your 7-segment LED display and look closely at the top surface. Along with
the main segments, you'll find a small round element that is the decimal point to

the right of one of the horizontal segments. If you are substituting a different
display type, you may also find a similar element to the left.
Install the display so that the decimal point is closest to you, in its normal position
for a decimal number. Be sure the display is centered between the available
contacts on the bus strips of your breadboard socket. The black jumper should
ground the center pin among the five under the top edge.
Click on the image of the led display you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper
Locate or prepare an orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the
location shown to the right. Connect the other end to S0.
Click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper
Locate or prepare a second orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the
location shown in the assembly diagram. Connect the other end to S1.
Again, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper
Locate or prepare another orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the
location shown to the right. Connect the other end to S2.
As before, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper
Locate or prepare another orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the
location shown in the assembly diagram. Connect the other end to S3.
Again, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue .

Orange Jumper
Locate or prepare another orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the
location shown to the right. Connect the other end to S4.
As usual, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper
Locate or prepare another orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the
location shown in the assembly diagram. Connect the other end to S5.
As before, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper
Locate or prepare another orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the
location shown to the right. Connect the other end to S6.
Again, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper
Locate or prepare one more orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the
location shown in the assembly diagram. Connect the other end to S7.
Once more, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Assembly Complete
This completes the construction of your experimental circuit. Check your assembly
carefully against the figure to the right, and correct any errors you might find. Then,
proceed with the experiment on the next part of this page.

Performing the Experiment

Set all eight logic switches to logic 0, and turn on
power to your experimental circuit. At this point, all
LED segments should be off. Step 1. Set S7 to logic 1
and note the result on your LED display. Referring to
the figure to the right, which segment is controlled by
S7? When you have determined this, set S7 again to
logic 0. Locate the appropriate segment letter in the
table to the right, and fill in the digit 7 (for S7) in the Segment
cell immediately to the right (under the column headed
a
"Normal").Repeat this action for each of the remaining
logic switches. Take note of which switch controls each

Normal

Reversed

segment as you verify that all segments of the display

work properly. Fill in the switch numbers in the table to
the right, matching up each segment with its
controlling switch.
Step 2. Now, set S5 and S4 to logic 1, and all other

dp

switches to logic 0. How does this affect the LED

display? Step 3. Without changing anything else,
carefully remove the LED display from your
breadboard socket and reverse it, end-for-end. This will
put the decimal point in the upper left corner of the
display. Re-insert it into the same location on your
breadboard socket in its new, reversed orientation.
What is the resulting display? Step 4. Set S7, S6, S3,
S2, and S1 to logic 1. This should leave only S0 set to
logic 0. Note the resulting LED configuration. Now
remove and reverse the LED display as you did before,
thus returning it to its original orientation. What effect
does this have on the displayed digit? Step 5. Set S7 to
logic 0 and S0 to logic 1. How does this change the
working display? Step 6. Reverse the LED display
once again, so that the dp is again at the upper left
instead of at the lower right. Using the general segment
identifications for the reversed display as shown at the
top of the table (segment "a" is still at the top of the
display), test each switch one by one, and fill in the
table under the column headed "Reversed." Compare
your findings for the normal and reversed display
orientations. Can you think of any reason for arranging
it this way? Restore the LED display to its original
orientation. Step 7. Which segments would you turn on

to display the digit 2? Try it and verify your

conclusion. Try generating each of the digits 0 through
9 by turning various segments on and off. Verify that
all ten digits can be displayed and easily recognized.
When you have made your determinations, turn off the
power to your experimental circuit and compare your
results with the discussion below.
Discussion
When you tried out the various logic switches, you found that S7 controlled the decimal
point and that S6 through S0 controlled segments a through g in order. This allows easy
correlation between switches and segments .When you turned on segments b and c (S5 and
S4), the display responded with the digit 1. Logically, we could use either segments b and c
or segments e and f for the digit 1, but standard practice is to put this digit on the right.
When you reversed the LED display and re-installed it, the digit 1 still appeared, and still
on the right hand side of the display. Thus, connections to these segments must be in the
same places, although we didn't determine at this point which switch controlled which of
the two segments in this orientation. When you turned on every switch except S0, you saw
a digit 8, where all seven segments were turned on. However, when you reversed the LED
display unit again, you saw a digit 0 with the decimal point turned on. This indicated that
the decimal point and segment g are connected to opposite but corresponding pins. To
verify this and all other connections, you reversed the LED display once more and then
identified which switch controls which segment in the inverted position. You discovered
that S6 through S1 still controlled segments a through f, whether the LED display is right
side up or upside down. Only segment g and the decimal point are interchanged. This
arrangement is deliberate. It often simplifies the layout of printed circuit boards. In
addition, a common technique used in digital clock displays is to turn the tens of minutes
digit upside down and use its decimal point in tandem with the hours digit decimal point to
form a colon. Most single-digit 7 segment displays are set up this way, with the segment

connections symmetrical. In some cases, however, the common connection is not shared
among all LEDs. Rather, multiple common connections (common cathode for this
experiment) must sometimes be linked externally to enable all segments. In the case of the
LED display we specified for this experiment, all LED cathodes are connected together,
and to the center pins at the top and bottom of the package. The black jumper grounded the
cathodes regardless of the orientation of the display. The actual pin connections to the
specified display unit are ('K' represents the common cathode):

You should also have found that it's not hard to form all ten digits using the 7-segment
display. Digit 2, for example, requires segments a, b, d, e, and g. Digit 3 removes segment e
from that list, and adds segment c. The two digits 6 and 9 have two possibilities each. Digit
6 can be made with or without segment a, and digit 9 can be made with or without segment
d. You can choose either method, but for consistency you should treat both digits the same
way. Except for that possible variation, your ten digits should have looked like this:

When you have completed this experiment, make sure power to your experimental circuit
is turned off. Remove all of the orange jumpers from your breadboard socket and put them
aside for later use. Leave the 7-segment LED display and its black jumper in place for the
next experiment.

DATA SHEET OF IC 555

DATA SHEET OF IC 4013

DATA SHEET OF 4033

PROTEL CIRCUIT

APPLICATION

It is use in precision timing.

It is use in sequential timing.
It is use in medical electronics.

REFERNCE
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PROTEL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM