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Lecture-4 - Rotational Motion & Work Energy

Rotational motion, torque, angular momentum, moment of inertia, and the conservation of angular momentum are discussed. Torque is defined as the tendency of a force to cause rotation. Angular momentum is the product of linear momentum and the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. Moment of inertia determines the torque needed for angular acceleration and depends on the distribution of mass around the axis of rotation. The document also covers work, energy, and the conservation of energy. Work is the product of force and displacement along the direction of force. Energy exists in different forms including kinetic, potential, chemical, and electrical energy. The principle of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant.

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Emran Hosen
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507 views

Lecture-4 - Rotational Motion & Work Energy

Rotational motion, torque, angular momentum, moment of inertia, and the conservation of angular momentum are discussed. Torque is defined as the tendency of a force to cause rotation. Angular momentum is the product of linear momentum and the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. Moment of inertia determines the torque needed for angular acceleration and depends on the distribution of mass around the axis of rotation. The document also covers work, energy, and the conservation of energy. Work is the product of force and displacement along the direction of force. Energy exists in different forms including kinetic, potential, chemical, and electrical energy. The principle of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant.

Uploaded by

Emran Hosen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rotational Motion

Mahiuddin Ahmed
Lecturer in Physics

Torque:

Torque or moment of force is the tendency of a force to rotate


an object about an axis, fulcrum or pivot.
Mathematically, torque about a chosen axis is defined as
the cross product of the position vector of the point where the
force is applied (distance vector) and the force vector, which
tends to produce rotation.
It is the measure of the turning force on an object.
The symbol for torque is the lowercase Greek letter tau. When
it is called moment of force, it is commonly denoted M.
The SI unit for torque is the Newton meter (Nm)

Angular Momentum:

The turning movement of a particle about the axis of rotation is


called angular momentum of the particle and is measured by the
product of the linear momentum and the perpendicular distance
of the line of action from the axis of rotation.
Symbolically, angular momentum it is denoted L, J, or S. Its SI
unit is Kgm2s-1.

Conservation of angular momentum: L = constant

Moment of Inertia:

The moment of inertia, angular


mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid
body determines the torque needed for a
desired angular acceleration about a
rotational axis.
The moment of inertia of a composite body
about an axis can be defined as the sum of
the product of the mass of each particle
and the square of its distance from the axis
of the rotation.
It is denoted by I, its unit is Kgm2.
Moment of inertia does not depends on
angular velocity of particles, but depends
on distribution of particles about the axis
of rotation.

Rotation of rigid body

Work and Energy

W ork : Work is said to be done on an object when it moves

under the influence of a force. It is defined as the product


of the force and the displacement moved in the direction of
the force.
It is denoted by the symbol W. It is a scalar quantity. Its SI
unit is Newton-meter or Joule (J).
Mathematically, Work done = force x distance. That is, W =
F x S.

Fig-4: Work done by a force when force and displacement are in the same direction.

One (1) joule is defined as the work done by a force of


one Newton which moves an object through a distance
of one meter in the direction of force.
If the direction of force and displacement are not same,
then work done depends on the angle between the
force and the direction of displacement.

Fig-5: Work done by a force when force and displacement are in the different direction.

That is, work done=force x displacement x cosine of the angle


between force and displacement.
Or, W = F x S x cos, where, is the angle between force and
displacement.
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Types of w ork: There are two types of work, namely

positive work and negative work.

Positive work or work done by the force: If the


force has a component in the same direction as the
displacement of the object, then the work done by
the force is positive. Here work is done by the force.

Ex am ple: If a body is allowed to fall from a certain

height, the body being attracted by the force of


gravity will fall towards the ground. Here the body
moves in the direction of the force, so the work done
is positive.
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Negative w ork or w ork done against the force:

If the force has a component in the opposite


direction as the displacement of the object, then the
work done is negative. Here work is done against the
force.
Example: When brake is applied on a car moving
with uniform speed, the car stops after traveling a
certain distance. In this case, force due to brake acts
against the motion of the car. Here force and
displacement are against each other, so work is done
in negative.
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Energy: Anything which is able to do work is said to possess


energy. Thus, energy is defined as the capacity to do work
by something. It is denoted by the symbol E. It is a scalar
quantity. Its SI unit is Newton-meter or Joule (J).

Energy can exist in different form. A list of some form of energy is given
below:

1. Chemical energy: Fuels such as oil, coal, electric cell, food and
explosives.
2. Nuclear energy: Atomic bombs, nuclear reactors, Hydrogen bomb.
3. Radiant energy: Light, X-ray, Gamma ray, Ultraviolet radiation, radio
waves and microwaves.
4. Electrical energy: Energy associated with current in electric drills,
power tools, Fan, bulb, etc.
5. Internal energy: The energy possessed by the atoms or molecules of
matter.
6. Mechanical energy:
1. Kinetic energy: all moving objects
2. Potential energy: all raised object, a water fall, etc.
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Conservation of energy: The principle of

conservation of energy states that Energy can neither


be created nor be destroyed in any process. It can be
converted from one form to another or transferred from
one body to another, but the total amount remains
constant.

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