CONSTRUCTION INSPECTORS

COURSE MANUAL

SOILS COMPACTION
AND TESTING
2016

Technical Training &

Certification Program

REFERENCE
GUIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

INTRODUCTION AND COURSE OBJECTIVES....................................................1

EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION....................................................................... 3
1.
Soils Classifications.................................................................................... 3
a.
AASHTO Classification.................................................................... 3
b.
Textural Classification...................................................................... 8
2.
Shear Strength............................................................................................ 9
3.
Iowa DOT Material Classifications and Unsuitable Placement

Requirements...............................................................................................9
4.
Soil Sheets................................................................................................ 10
5.
Soil Compaction.........................................................................................12

a. Proctor Density Curve...................................................................12

b. Equipment.....................................................................................14

c. Compaction...................................................................................14
HOW TO CALCULATE MOISTURE CONTENT...................................................16
HOW TO DETERMINE PROCTOR DENSITY.....................................................19
1.
Proctor Density Calculations.....................................................................20
2.
One Point Proctor......................................................................................24

MOISTURE CONTROL REQUIREMENTS .. 25

1.
Moisture Content Limits ... 25
2.
Testing Frequency ..25
3.
Moisture Content Test Procedure....25

MOISTURE AND DENSITY REQUIREMENTS ....26

OTHER POTENTIAL REQUIREMENTS..............................................................26

VOLUME MEASUREMENT....................... 27
DENSITY MEASUREMENT................... 30

APPENDIX
1. Proctor Density Calculation Sample Solutions..........................................37
2. Clay & Silt Identification Information.........................................................39
3. USDA Identification flowchart....................................................................45
4. UGS Soil Classification Tables..................................................................47
5. Soils Certification Review..........................................................................51

PROCTOR DENSITY CALCULATION WORKSHEETS......................................55

GRAPHING PAPER.............................................................................................61

POWERPOINT
1. Introduction...............................................................................................71
2. Soils types, classification, etc...................................................................73
3. Standard Proctor test................................................................................89
4. Compaction...............................................................................................97
5. Common Testing Errors...........................................................................111

IOWA DOT INFORMATION

SPECIFICATIONS
1.
Portion of Section 2102
2.
Section 2107

STANDARD ROAD PLANS

1.
EW-102

IM 309 - Determining Standard Proctor Moisture Density Relationship of Soils

IM 312 - Sampling of Soils for Construction Project

IM 335 - Determining Moisture Content of Soils

IM 540 - Quality Management & Acceptance Embankment Construction

OTHER IMS
1.
IM 204 - Appendix A Roadway & Borrow Excavation & Embankments
2.
IM 208 Materials Laboratory Qualification Program
3.
IM 213 Appendix D Soils Technician Duties
4.
IM 216 Guidelines for Determining the Acceptability of Test Results
5.
IM 334 Determining Moisture Content & Density of Soils, Bases & Sub


bases with a Nuclear Gauge

DOCUMENTATION
1.
Links for various forms
2.
Sample E107
3.
Materials 101 Form - Excavation

Introduction & Course Objectives

Grading work is the foundation building project for the highway. This foundation is usually built only once. Hence, it is very important to build it properly. The foundation must
be strong enough to assure that (1) the pavement will perform; (2) the highway can carry
a certain number of traffic loads; (3) the unnecessary cost and construction delay due to
failure are minimized. Just as when a person is building a dream home, he or she does not
want to see a tilted floor and cracks all over the walls. It is certainly not desirable to have
too many bumps and cracks on the highways. Unfortunately, the soils formation is seldom
uniform. There are many different layers and kinds of soil a person would have to deal with
during a grading project. One may have to ask many questions during a grading project:

How can a person recognize what soil he or she is dealing with?

Why do these soils have different colors but are still the same classification?

Where should a certain soil type be used?

Should this bad soil be right under the mainline or should it be out on the slope?

Should a sheepsfoot roller be used to compact this sandy soil or should it be

something else?

How can a person tell if adequate compaction is achieved or overcompaction has

happened?

An inspector may have many questions in regard to the earthwork. There is nothing wrong
with asking questions. There is only one stupid question, which is the one that could not
be answered because it was never asked. The intent of the training is to provide the inspector (1) a chance to ask questions; (2) a chance to learn, understand, and be ready; (3)
an opportunity to make work more enjoyable. Please do not hesitate to express concerns
or comments.
Primary objectives of this course are to:

Determine moisture content of soil

Determine moisture-density relationship of soil using Standard Proctor Test

Describe how to read a soil plan sheet

Another goal of this course is to provide additional background information that will help you
with your job.
1

Embankment Construction
In order to achieve a quality embankment, it is very important to understand the soils
behavior and their best uses for the project. There is a lot of preliminary work before
the grading project actually starts. Soil boring and testing are the typical requirements.
This section will provide some information on the soil classification, behavior, and
compaction.
1. Soil Classifications
There are several systems of soil classification. In order to simplify this training, only
two systems, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) textural classifications the
Iowa DOT uses will be presented.
a.

AASHTO Classification

This system requires information on sieve analysis, liquid limit, and plasticity index.
Before a soil can be classified, these properties must be determined first. Table 1
shows the AASHTO classifications.
Sieve Analysis: A mechanical
sieve analysis is used for the
sand and gravel fractions (Figure
1). A gradation is done with a
hydrometer for the finer particles
in which the settling velocity of
the particles (spheres) in liquid
is determined by distance of the
hydrometer in the liquid and time.
Particles with larger diameters will
settle more quickly than those with
smaller ones. From this settling
velocity, the particle diameter is
calculated and the silt and clay
contents are determined. Please
see Figure 2. Figure 3 shows the
grain size limits for the different
types of soil.

Figure 1
3

Definitions:
Gravel: Material passing sieve
with 3-in square openings and
retained on the No. 10 sieve.
Coarse sand: Material passing
the No. 10 sieve and retained on
the No. 40 sieve.
Fine sand: Material passing the
No. 40 sieve and retained on the
No. 200 sieve.
Silt-clay: Material passing No.
200 sieve.

Figure 2

Figure 3
4

Liquid Limit: Liquid limit (LL) is the moisture content above which a soil readily
becomes a liquid. In general, the higher the liquid limit, the more compressible the soil
may be and the more volume changes may occur. To run this test a small amount (250
grams) of soil passing the Number 40 sieve is mixed with water to a paste consistency.
It is then placed in a round-bottomed brass cup and the surface is struck off with a
spatula so that the maximum thickness is of an inch (10 mm). The soil is next divided
into two segments by means of a grooving tool. The cup is then raised and dropped
onto a hard rubber block causing the divided soil to flow together. The moisture content
at which it takes 25 blows to close the groove is the liquid limit. Please see Figure 4.

Figure 4
Plastic Limit: In order to determine the plasticity index, the plastic limit (PL) must
be obtained. Plastic limit is the minimum moisture content at which the soil acts as a
plastic solid. To run this test, a small soil-water mixture (soil particles passing No. 40)
is rolled out with the palm of the hand on a glass plate until a thread of soil is formed.
When the thread is rolled to a diameter of of an inch, it is balled up and rolled out
again. The mixture gradually loses moisture in the process. Finally the sample dries
out to an extent that it becomes brittle and will no longer hold together in a continuous
thread. This moisture content is the plastic limit. Please see Figure 5.

Figure 5

Plasticity Index: Plasticity index (PI) is the numerical difference between the liquid
limit and the plastic limit (Figure 6). The plasticity index is a measure of the cohesive
property of the soil. In general, the higher the PI, the softer the soil tends to get in wet
weather.

Figure 6
From the above information, seven main groups of soils from A-1 to A-7 are classified.
Group A-1: The typical material of this group is a well-graded mixture of stone
fragments or gravel, coarse sand, fine sand, and a non plastic or slightly plastic soil
binder.
Group A-2: This group includes a wide variety of granular materials which are at
the borderline between materials falling in groups A-1 and A-3 and silt-clay materials
of groups A-4 through A-7. This group contains the materials with 35 percent or less
passing No. 200 sieve.
Group A-3: The typical material of this group is fine beach sand or fine desert blown
sand without silty or clayey fine, or very small amount of nonplastic silt. The group also
includes stream-deposited mixtures of poorly graded fine sand and limited amounts of
coarse sand and gravel.
Group A-4: The typical material of this group is a nonplastic or moderately plastic silty
soil having 75% or more passing the No. 200 sieve.
Group A-5: The typical material of this group is similar to that of group A-4 except the
liquid limit for this group is higher.
6

Group A-6: The typical material of this group is a plastic clay soil usually having 75
percent or more passing the No. 200 sieve. This group also includes mixtures of fine
clayey soils and up to 64% of sand and gravel retained on the No. 200 sieve.
Group A-7: The typical material of this group is similar to that of group A-6
except the liquid limit is higher.
The original classification had an A-8 group. This A-8 group is mainly a peat or muck
soil. It is characterized by low density, high water content, high organic matter, and high
compressibility. It is very unstable material.
In addition to the group classification, one important property that the inspector should
know is the group index (GI). The group index is the number in parentheses. The
following equation is used to calculate the group index:
Group Index = GI = (F-35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL 40)] + 0.01(F 15)(PI 10)
Where:
F:
LL:
PI:

Percentage passing No. 200 sieve

Liquid limit
Plasticity index

According to the Standard Specifications, when the group index determined by the
1991 method is 30 or higher, the soil is considered unsuitable. However, Soils Design
may make project-specific exceptions to this general rule (typically raising it above 30).
Thus, Soils Design sheets may show soils with a GI above 30 that is still marked as
suitable, and feasibly soils with a GI below that are marked unsuitable.

b. Textural Classification
Another classification that the IDOT uses is the USDA textural classification. From
this method, the soil will be described as loam, silty loam, clay loam, etc. These
descriptions are frequently abbreviated on the soil sheets as L, S. L., C.L., etc. For a
grading project, the soils are classified in 12 common textural classes. The gradation
of the soil is first determined. From the gradation, different classes are defined. This
method does not consider the gravel portion or content. Thus, the sand, silt, and clay
contents are prorated so the sum is 100 percent. In addition, if the gravel content is
10% or more, the term gravelly will be put in front.
Example: The gradation analysis shows the gravel, sand, silt, and clay contents are 4,
31, 44, and 21 respectively. What is the textural class of this soil?

Since the gravel content is not considered in this method, the sand, silt, and clay
contents must be prorated. The prorated contents are:
Sand = 31 * (100/96) = 32%
Silt = 44 * (100/96) = 46%
Clay = 21 * (100/96) = 22%
Figure 7 gives the textural
class as loam.

Figure 7. Textural Classification

2. Shear Strength
What is the shear strength of a soil? It is mainly the ability of a soil to resist shear
failure along a certain rupture plane or zone. The shear strength of a soil comes from
the cohesion, friction, or combination of both. There are two groups of factors that
would affect the shear strength of a given soil. The first group includes the void ratio
of the soil and the confining stresses. The second group includes the size, the shape,
and the gradation of the particles making up the soils. Sand and gravel have no real
cohesion. A cohesive soil, on the other hand, obtains the shear strength mainly from
cohesion. In some instances when a new embankment is constructed, part of the load
will be carried by the water held within a saturated soil. However, as time goes by, the
water escapes from the soil which means that the friction between the particles is more
effective. Thus, the shear strength can increase with time.
3. Iowa DOT Material Classifications and Unsuitable Placement Requirements
Roadway and borrow excavation is divided into the following classifications:

Class 10

- Unsuitable soil

- Suitable soil

Class 12

Class 13

Select Soils

Excerpts from the Standard Specifications Section 2102 (in the Reference Manual)
provide additional information regarding the classifications listed above.
Standard Road Plan EW-102 (in the Reference Manual) shows where unsuitable soils
are allowed to be placed in the roadway. The inspector must be sure that the earthwork
is performed according to the plans and contract requirements.

4. Soil Sheets
The soil sheets are very important to the grading inspector and the contractor. These
sheets should provide the key to building a quality project and production. There is
a lot of information on the soil sheet. Please see the three attached Q-sheets. The
typical information includes cut moisture, cut density, plastic limit, Shelby tube core
data, AASHTO classification and group index, color and textural classification, the
abbreviated color and description, proctor density and optimum moisture content, water
table, etc. The following are some general descriptions and discussions of each term:
Cut Moisture: Moisture of in-place soil at location indicated for core in the boring.
This information should be compared to the proctor density information so that the
inspector would have some idea how wet the soil is and how much discing would need
to be done. It may provide some information on whether or not a backslope subdrain is
needed at the cut area.
Cut Density: Density of in-place soil at location indicated for core in the boring.
Similar to the cut moisture, the cut density may provide some information on shrinkage.
For example, the cut density is 95 pcf and the Proctor density is 105 pcf. Thus, there
should be at least 10% shrinkage if compacted to 100% Proctor. However, the current
practice without any actual testing, this guide is not applicable.
Plastic Limit: This term was defined earlier.
Shelby Tube Core Data: This is an undisturbed Shelby Tube sample. It is usually
taken in an area where a fill is proposed or the soil investigation indicates that there
may be a soft layer that may experience some settlement upon loading. A triaxial test
is run on this sample to determine the cohesion, internal friction angle, consolidation
coefficient, etc. The results are used for slope stability analysis, settlement prediction,
etc. which will determine whether berms, blankets, core-outs, etc. are necessary.
AASHTO Classification and Group Index: These terms were also defined earlier.
Color and Textural Classification: The color and textural description are the preliminary
remarks described by the soil crew during the drilling. Sometimes they are not the
same as the abbreviated textural classification.
Abbreviated Color and Textural Classification: The textural classification was defined
earlier. However, the color of the soil was not discussed. Soil color is a function of
surface coatings which constitute only a small percentage of the soil. For example, an
intense rusty red-brown signifies iron oxide coating. On the other hand, a white crusty
appearance indicates calcium carbonate coating. The water table and air have a lot
to do with the color of the soils. Dark gray or green or blue hues indicate conditions or
greying, which occurs below a permanent water table. When the soils are exposed to
the air, the colors will change.
10

Proctor Density and Optimum Moisture Content: These two terms will be defined in
more detail later in Soil Compaction section. Proctor density is the maximum density
that a given soil can be compacted at the proper or optimum moisture content. This
moisture content provides important information on what moisture content the soil
should be during compaction to obtain adequate compaction.
Water Table: The water table is indicated as the little dash-line with the symbol H2O.
This is what was found during the soil investigation. This water table should give some
good indication on how wet the soil is and whether or not a backslope subdrain is
needed.
Subgrade Treatment: Subgrade treatments are used to provide the best possible
support for the subbase (if needed) and the pavement. The type of subgrade treatment
material used depends on the type and quality and quantity of natural soils available on
the project. Standard subgrade treatment per Standard Road Plan EW-103 is provided
in the Reference Manual.

11

5. Soil Compaction
Figure 8 shows that soil is made up of solids (soil particles), liquid (water) and gas (air).
Compaction is the act of densifying the soil by pressing soil particles together into close
contact. As a result, air is removed from the soil body.

Figure 8
This increases the strength of the soil and reduces the permeability. In the shear
strength section, it was said void ratio affects the shear strength. This, once again,
indicates the importance of proper compaction of the soil. The most important factors
when it comes to soil compaction are:

Soil type
Moisture content
Lift thickness
Equipment

In order to determine the soil type, the soil classification is done. This topic and the soil
properties were discussed earlier.
Proctor density curve
For moisture content information, a Proctor density relationship should be established.
R. R. Proctor, the Los Angeles County Engineer, discovered an important relationship
between soil density and moisture content. Proctor found that by molding a series of
specimens with different moisture contents, using the same compactive effort for each
specimen, the density on a dry-weight basis would peak out as shown in Figure 9. A
12

Proctor density curve or test should be done when there are some questions about the
soil. The method of running a proctor density is in the appendix. The theory behind this
relationship is that during compaction, moisture or water is needed to provide the lubrication between soil particles and hence improve compaction. However, it is not good to
compact soil too far away from the optimum moisture content. When the moisture is too
low, soil particles are prevented from sliding. Thus, good compaction would be hard to
obtain. On the other hand, when moisture is too high, soil particles cannot come in contact with each other. Unlike gases, water is an incompressible material. Consequently
the compactive effort will rework the soil, shearing it, and reducing its strength.
Over-compaction is a condition which occurs when a large compactive effort is put into
soil which is too wet for proper compaction. The compactive effort causes the wet soil
particles to slide over/across each other into such a configuration where they have a
preferred orientation, which in turn produces weak zones which, along with low density, produce a soft, weak, unstable embankment. For this reason, the hauling pattern
must be considered. If it is possible, the trucks should be running on the shoulder. If
it is not possible, the wheel tracks should spread out across the grade instead of one
location, i.e., not driving in the same wheelpath. When the top of the grade is used for
traffic hauling for a while, it is highly recommended that the top layer be scarified and
recompacted. This will remove the overcompacted layer with shearing zone.

Figure 9 - Sample Proctor Density Curve

13

Equipment
Compaction can be obtained by rollers or devices with different forces. These forces
are pressure, impact, vibration, and manipulation. Figure 10 shows various types of
compactors and the type of material for which they are best suited.
Pressure is mainly the downward force applied by the roller. Impact and vibration are
from series of blows. Manipulation is the kneading action within the soil.
The specification requires the pressure of the roller be not less than 200 psi. It is
important to check the pressure of the roller.

Figure 10
Source: Hyster Compaction Handbook
Compaction
Type A compaction is normally required. This means the lift thickness before
compaction should be 8 inches or less and there will be at least one rolling per inch
depth of each lift. The rolling will be done until the tamping feet penetrate not more than
3 inches into the 8 inch lift. This is the roller walkout requirement.
Once again, since there is no moisture requirement for compaction and the different
soils behave differently, it could be very misleading to require the same pattern and
the same equipment for all soils. With the proper moisture content, the compactive
effort to get good density should be lower. It would be best if the rolling pattern, the
lift thickness, and the approximate moisture content could be determined for the roller
being used with a specific soil. This means that some density be taken at the beginning
to determine the number of passes, the lift thickness, etc. Please keep in mind that the
lift thickness should not be more than two inches thicker than the length of the tamping
feet.
14

For cohesive soils, a sheepsfoot roller should be used (Figure 11). However, for
granular soils, a sheepsfoot is not appropriate and a vibratory roller is the preferred
equipment.

Figure 11
Source: Hyster Compaction Handbook

15

How to Calculate Moisture Content

Moisture content is defined as:
Moisture Content, mc, % = (100 x mass of water in the sample)/(mass of dry soil)
For example:
A pan with a mass of 211.3g was used to dry a wet mass of soil of 564.0 g. Thus, the
mass of the wet soil and the pan is 775.3g.
After drying soil sample on the stove, the mass of the dry soil and the pan is 714.5g.
Thus, the mass of the water in the soil is the difference in mass between the wet and
the dry soil which is 775.3g 714.5g = 60.8g.
The mass of the dry soil by itself without the pan is 714.5g 211.3 g = 503.2g.
Hence, the moisture content in the soil is (100 x 60.8)/(503.2) = 12.1%

Sample Number

XXXX-015

Pan Number

Mcpan-01

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A

775.3g

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B

714.5g

Mass of Pan, C

211.3g

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C

503.2g

Mass of water, E = A - B

60.8g

Moisture content, F = 100 X E / D

12.1%

Please report the percent of moisture content to the nearest 0.1 percent.

16

Moisture Content Calculation

Sample Number

XXXX-021

Pan Number

Mcpan-01

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A

123.3g

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B

110.5g

Mass of Pan, C

33.3g

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C

______g

Mass of water, E = A - B

______g

Moisture content, F = 100 X E / D

______%

Sample Number

XXXX-022

Pan Number

Mcpan-02

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A

222.5g

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B

206.2g

Mass of Pan, C

61.3g

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C

_____g

Mass of water, E = A - B

_____g

Moisture content, F = 100 X E / D

______%

Sample Number

XXXX-023

Pan Number

Mcpan-03

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A

175.4g

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B

151.5g

Mass of Pan, C

42.3g

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C

_____g

Mass of water, E = A - B

_____g

Moisture content, F = 100 X E / D

_____%
17

Sample Number

XXXX-024

Pan Number

Mcpan-04

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A

184.4g

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B

163.2g

Mass of Pan, C

58.2g

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C

_____g

Mass of water, E = A - B

_____g

Moisture content, F = 100 X E / D

_____%

18

How to Determine Proctor Density

Moisture content was discussed previously. The next step is to learn how to calculate
the wet and dry density. Lets read the Iowa Materials IM 309. There are two test
procedures in the IM. One procedure is the multiple points and the other is the one
point. It is recommended that the multiple points be used at first to get some good data
before going to the one point procedure. Also, please recognize that the calculation and
data used are a little different for each method.
Density is defined as:
Density = Mass/ Volume
For example: A boy with help from his father built an one-cubic foot box. He decided
to fill that box with sand. He weighed the sand with his mothers scale and found that it
took 120 pounds of sand to fill the box evenly to the top. Thus, the density of the sand
in this boys box is 120 pounds per cubic foot (120 pounds/1 cubic foot).
The density which is mentioned is usually dry density. Thus, when the density is
checked in the field, it is the wet density. Therefore, the moisture will have to be
accounted for. The relationship between dry density and wet density is defined as:
Dry Density = Wet Density/(1+(Moisture Content/100))
The boy with the curious mind decided to explore a little further with the moist sand.
Using his mothers kitchen scale he weighed 108 grams of sand and put the sand in a
pan. He turned the stove to low heat to dry the moist sand. After drying, he weighed
the dry sand. The scale indicated that the weight was 104 grams. Thus:
Moisture Content in the sand, % = (100 x (108 104))/104 = 3.8%
Hence, the dry density of the sand in the box is:
Dry Density = 120 pcf / (1 + (3.9/100)) = 115.5 pcf
During the testing of the Proctor density, similar calculations will be performed.
The weights for the Proctor mold, Proctor mold with the compacted soil, moisture
content pan, moisture content pan with wet soil, moisture content pan with dry soil will
be recorded for the calculations. Please understand some conversion factors.
To convert from pounds per cubic foot to kg per cubic meter, multiply by 16. For
example 115.5 pcf x 16 = 1848 kg/m3

19

1000g = 1 kg
453.6g = 1 lb.
1 kg = 2.2 lbs.
Proctor mold volume = 1/30 ft3 = 0.000944 m3
The scale will be in metric unit, i.e.: grams. Thus, the weight is in metric but the volume
is in English. In order to come up with pounds per cubic foot at the end, the weight of
the compacted soil in grams will have to be multiplied by 0.06614.
0.06614 =

1
453.6 g/lb * 1/30 ft.3

Calculations
Proctor mold, M = 1350.0g
Proctor mold + soil = 3088.7 g
Proctor Mold mass, G

1350.0g

Soil and Mold mass, H

3088.7g

Soil mass, I = H - G

1738.7g

Wet Density, J = I x 0.06614

115.0 pcf

Wet Density, K = J x 16

1840 kg/ m3

Taking and drying a sample to determine the moisture content, it was found that the
moisture content of the compacted Proctor density sample is 12.1%. Using what was
discussed before on the previous page the dry density is determined as:
Dry Density = Wet Density/(1+(Moisture Content/100))
Dry Density = 115.0/(1+(12.1/100))


= 115.0/(1+(0.121))


= 115.0/1.121


= 102.6 pcf

Wet Density, J

115.0 pcf

Dry Density, L = J / (1 + mc / 100)

102.6 pcf

During the calculations, please report the density to the nearest 0.1 pound per
cubic foot. Final density may be rounded to the whole number.
20

Summary
Pan Number

Mcpan-01

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A

775.3g

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B

714.5g

Mass of Pan, C

211.3g

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C

503.2g

Mass of water, E = A - B

60.8g

Moisture content, F = 100 x E / D

12.1%

Proctor Mold mass, G

1350.0g

Soil and Mold mass, H

3088.7g

Soil mass, I = H - G

1738.7g

Wet Density, J = I x 0.06614

115.0 pcf

Dry Density, L = J / (1 + F / 100)

102.6 pcf

Proctor Density Calculation

Pan Number

Point 1

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A, in grams

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B, in grams
Mass of Pan, C, in grams
Mass of dry soil, D = B - C, in grams
Mass of water, E = A - B, in grams
Moist. Content, F = 100 x E / D , in %
Proctor Mold mass, G, in grams
Soil and Mold mass, H, in grams
Soil mass, I = H - G, in grams
Wet Den, J = I x 0.06614, in pcf
Dry Den, L = J / (1 + F / 100), in pcf
21

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4 Point 5

Proctor Density Calculation

Pan Number

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4 Point 5

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A, in grams

750.3

703.0

701.3

625.4

661.2

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B, in grams

684.0

637.7

624.5

545.3

570.0

Mass of Pan, C, in grams

80.0

112.1

97.4

98.2

95.1

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C, in grams

604.0

525.6

527.1

447.1

474.9

Mass of water, E = A - B, in grams

66.3

65.3

76.8

80.1

91.2

Moist. Content, F = 100 x E / D , in %

11.0

12.4

14.6

17.9

19.2

Proctor Mold mass, G, in grams

1859.3

1859.3

1859.3

1859.3 1859.3

Soil and Mold mass, H, in grams

3610.2

3641.2

3687.0

3743.3 3757.9

Soil mass, I = H - G, in grams

1750.9

1781.9

1827.7

1884.0 1898.6

Wet Den, J = I x 0.06614, in pcf

115.8

117.9

120.9

124.6

125.6

Dry Den, L = J / (1 + F / 100), in pcf

104.3

104.9

105.5

105.7

105.4

Draw the Proctor Density curve using points from the above 5 samples.

22

Proctor Density Calculation Sample #1

Pan Number

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4 Point 5

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A, in grams

392.3

415.8

397.7

388.7

385.7

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B, in grams

356.5

373.9

364.4

345.1

340.5

Mass of Pan, C, in grams

100.1

100.1

100.1

100.1

100.1

Proctor Mold mass, G, in grams

1804.4

1804.4

1804.4

1804.4

1804.4

Soil and Mold mass, H, in grams

3650.5

3709.4

3574.8

3745.7

3732.1

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C, in grams

Mass of water, E = A - B, in grams
Moist. Content, F = 100 x E / D , in %

Soil mass, I = H - G, in grams

Wet Den, J = I x 0.06614, in pcf
Dry Den, L = J / (1 + F / 100), in pcf
Draw the Proctor Density curve using points from the above 5 samples.

Proctor Density Calculation Sample #2

Graph paper is
available at the
Graphing Paper
tab in this binder.

Pan Number

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4 Point 5

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A, in grams

682.2

717.5

679.0

696.2

701.4

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B, in grams

629.6

655.3

611.3

616.3

612.3

Mass of Pan, C, in grams

112.3

112.3

112.3

112.3

112.3

Proctor Mold mass, G, in grams

1955.1

1955.1

1955.1

1955.1 1955.1

Soil and Mold mass, H, in grams

3774.5

3817.5

3880.6

3930.3 3940.6

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C, in grams

Mass of water, E = A - B, in grams
Moist. Content, F = 100 x E / D , in %

Soil mass, I = H - G, in grams

Wet Den, J = I x 0.06614, in pcf
Dry Den, L = J / (1 + F / 100), in pcf
Draw the Proctor Density curve using points from the above 5 samples.
23

One-Point Proctor
Lets go one step further by using the values of wet density and moisture content to
determine dry density using the graph from IM 309.
For example, the wet density for the first point is 115.0 pcf and the moisture content is
12.1 %, from the graph, with roughly 12% at the bottom on the horizontal axis going up
and at 115 pcf on the vertical axis going across, it looks like the two lines should meet
in between Curve 23 and Curve 24. Curve 23 indicates the dry density of 107 pcf at
moisture content of 17.5. Curve 24 indicates the dry density of 106 pcf at moisture
content of 18.0%. Use your judgment call in making the decision. Please do the
following exercise.
Using Test Method 103-D
Wet Density,
(pcf)

Moist.
Content, (%)

118.0

13.8

121.8

15.9

124.6

17.7

125.6

19.6

Curve No.

24

Dry Density,
(pcf)

Moist.
Content, (%)

Moisture Control Requirements

By now it should be clear that in order to improve quality of the earthwork construction,
moisture contents during compaction are important. When the soil is compacted near
the optimum moisture content, the density is high. As the moisture dissipates, the
shear strength will significantly improve. There is a difference between density and
stability. During compaction, for a cohesive soil, the density increases as the moisture
content increases to optimum moisture content. It then decreases as the moisture
content increases. The stability, on the other hand, decreases as the moisture content
increases. From the long term performance, it is better to have good density and
somewhat acceptable stability at first than having good stability at first and later having
settlement problem. Since there are many types of soils, many designers, many
owners, there may be different moisture content limits in different contracts. Please
review the contract documents to insure compliance.
1. Moisture Content Limits
Moisture control limits are usually listed in the tabulation table (Tab 103-6). This tab lists
the moisture control limits as well as locations for the limits. The moisture control limits
sometimes are included in plan notes or estimate reference information. Whatever the
limits are, the moisture content during compaction will have to be within the limits.
2. Testing Frequency
The moisture content will have to be determined for each layer before compaction.
Depending on how large a spread area is, more than one sample may be needed to be
in compliance with the contract documents. Refer to IM 204, Appendix A for sampling
and testing frequencies.
3.

Moisture Content Test Procedure

Refer to IM 204, Appendix A for acceptable test methods to determine moisture content.

25

Moisture and Density Requirements

Sometimes both moisture and density are required. This means that the moisture
content during the compaction must be within the limits that a certain percentage of
the maximum density can be obtained. Also, the compacted layer is checked to insure
compliance with the contract requirements in density. There are two steps to meet the
requirements. First, the moisture content will have to be determined before compaction.
Second, the density of the compacted layer will have to be checked for density
requirement. See section on Density Measurement for how to determine percent
compaction.
Moisture content determination was discussed earlier. Again, different methods could
be used to determine density of the compacted layer. Refer to IM 204, Appendix A for
acceptable test methods to determine in-place density.
Please review the contract documents to insure compliance.

Other Potential Requirements

There is a chance that a stability requirement may be included. This means a degree
of stiffness or penetration resistance is required. One method that is getting popular for
stability is the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) which measures the penetration per
blow into the compacted layer.

26

Volume Measurement
Using a caliper, the following dimensions were recorded for the cylinder used to check
the density of the compacted layer.
Diameter, D = 2.853 inches
Height, H = 2.996 inches
In order to calculate the volume of this cylinder, the following equation must be used:
Volume in cubic inches

= (D/2) x (D/2) x H x 3.1416

= (2.853/2) x (2.853/2) x 2.996 x 3.1416 = 19.1530

Since the volume is in inches, it should be converted to cubic foot. One foot is 12
inches. Thus, the volume in cubic inches has to be divided by 12 three times.
Volume = (19.1530 cubic inches) /12/12/12 = 0.0111 cubic foot.

An easier way
Since the caliper is not that readily available, an easier way to measure the volume is to
use a scale and water. At a temperature around 73 degrees, the density of water is 1.00
gram per cubic centimeter. If a person can measure the weight of water that would need
to fill the cylinder, the volume of that cylinder can be determined. Please follow these
steps:
1. Use plastic and rubber bands to seal off the bottom of the cylinder. Stretch it so
the bottom is flat.
2. Place the cylinder on a piece of glass.
3. Place the glass, the cylinder, and a piece of glass that will be used to check
whether or not the cylinder is filled with water at the top on a scale. Record the
weight as weight empty, WE, in grams.
4. Place the glass with the cylinder on a counter top and carefully fill the cylinder
with water. When it is almost filled, use a squeeze bottle to slowly fill cylinder.
5. Use a piece of glass and go from one side of the cylinder to the other to check
if the cylinder is filled. Add more water if needed or use paper towel to remove
excess water.

27

6. Weigh the cylinder filled with water and the two pieces of glass. Record the
weight as weight full, WF, in grams.
Calculation:
Weight of water, WW, grams = WF WE
The previous cylinder with the two pieces of glass, plastic, and rubber bands weighs
637.6 grams or WE.
This cylinder filled with water weighs 951.6 grams or WF.
WW = 951.6g 637.6g = 314.0g
Conversion:
Since the density of water is 1 g per cubic centimeter, the weight of water in the cylinder
is the also the volume of water in cubic centimeter. Thus volume is 314.0 cubic
centimeters.
The volume in centimeter can be converted to cubic inches by divided this value by 2.54
three times.
Volume in cubic inches = 314.0 / 2.54/ 2.54/2.54 = 19.1615 cubic inches.
Again, the volume in inches should be converted to cubic foot. One foot is 12 inches.
Thus, the volume in cubic inches has to be divided by 12 three times.
Volume = (19.1615 cubic inches) /12/12/12 = 0.0111 cubic foot.
Practice Sample:
Using the caliper:
Diameter, in. = _______________
Height, in. = _________________
Volume = __________________ cubic inches
Volume = __________________ cubic foot

28

Using the water:

Weight Empty, WE, g = ______________
Weight Full, WF, g = ________________
Weight of Water, WW, g = ____________
Volume of Cylinder = ________________ cubic centimeters
Volume of Cylinder = ________________ cubic inches
Volume of Cylinder = ________________ cubic foot

29

Density Measurement
A small cylinder with a volume of 0.0111 cubic foot or 314.0 cubic centimeters was used
to check the density of the compacted layer. The cylinder empty weight (WE) is 243.1
grams. It was driven into the compacted layer and a shovel was used to dig it up. The
excess soil was trimmed off and the cylinder with the soil has the weight (WWS) of
822.05 grams. The density of the compacted layer can be calculated in the following
paths:
For metric unit:
Weight of soil, WS = WWS WE





= 822.1g 243.1g = 579.0g
Wet Density, WD, kg/cubic meter = 1,000*(WS/Vol)





= 1,000*(579.0/314.0)





= 1,844 kg/cubic meter
For English unit:
With the same information as the example above, weight of soil in grams is converted to
pounds by dividing it by 454.
Weight of Soil, WS, in pounds

= 579.0/454 = 1.2753 pounds

With the volume of 0.0111 cubic foot, the wet density is:
Wet Density, WD, pcf




Practice Sample:

= WS/Vol
= 1.2753/0.0111 = 114.9 pcf

WE, grams = 700.4

WWS, grams = 2,508.5
Vol. = 0.0332 cubic foot or 939.8 cubic centimeters.
For metric unit:
Weight of soil, WS = WWS WE



= _____________
Wet Density, WD, kg/cubic meter = 1,000*(WS/Vol)
Wet Density, kg/cubic meter = ____________________
For English unit:
With the same information as the example above, weight of soil in grams is converted to
pounds by dividing it by 454.
Weight of Soil, WS, in pounds

= ___________/454 = ________ pounds

Wet Density, WD, pcf

= WS/Vol

30

= _________________

Another Example:
During the construction of the embankment, a small cylinder with a volume, Vol, of
0.0111 cubic foot was used to check the density of the compacted layer. The weight
of the cylinder, WE, is 1.50 pounds. After the cylinder was driven into the compacted
layer and retrieved, the excess soil was trimmed. The weight of the cylinder with the
compacted soil, WWS, is 2.83 pounds. Thus,
Wet Density, WD, pcf = (WWS-WE)/(Vol) = (2.83-1.50)/(0.0111) = 119.82 pcf.
This is the wet density. However, when density is discussed, normally it is dry density.
Thus, the wet density must be converted to dry density. In order to do this, a sample is
taken and dried out to determine the moisture content. Assume this was done and the
moisture content is 15.6%. Hence, the dry density is:
Dry density = Wet density/(1+(mc/100))

= 119.82 pcf/ (1+(15.6/100)) = 119.82 pcf/ 1.156 = 103.65 pcf

Lets go one step further determining percent compaction:

The moisture control during compaction is minus 1 to plus 3 percent points of optimum
moisture content and the density must be at least 95% of maximum dry density. A
Proctor density was developed with the maximum density of 108 pcf at the optimum
moisture content of 15.8%. Using the density information of the compacted layer from
the above example, what is the compaction percent compared to maximum dry density?
Percent Compaction = 100 * (in place density/maximum density)
Thus:
Percent compaction = 100 * (103.65/108) = 96.0%

31

APPENDIX

Appendix
1.

Proctor Density Calculation Sample Solutions

2.

Clay & Silt Identification Information

3.

USDA Identification flowchart

4.

UGS Soil Classification Tables

5.

Soils Certification Review Solutions

35

Proctor Density Calculation Solution #1

Pan Number

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4 Point 5

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A, in grams

392.3

415.8

397.7

388.7

385.7

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B, in grams

356.5

373.9

364.4

345.1

340.5

Mass of Pan, C, in grams

100.1

100.1

100.1

100.1

100.1

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C, in grams

256.4

273.8

264.3

245.0

240.4

Mass of water, E = A - B, in grams

35.8

41.9

33.3

43.6

45.2

Moist. Content, F = 100 x E / D , in %

14.0

15.3

12.6

17.8

18.8

Proctor Mold mass, G, in grams

1804.4

1804.4

1804.4

1804.4

1804.4

Soil and Mold mass, H, in grams

3650.5

3709.4

3574.8

3745.7

3732.1

Soil mass, I = H - G, in grams

1846.1

1905.0

1770.4

1941.3

1927.7

Wet Den, J = I x 0.06614, in pcf

122.1

126.0

117.1

128.4

127.5

Dry Den, L = J / (1 + F / 100), in pcf

107.1

109.3

104.0

109.0

107.3

Draw the Proctor Density curve using points from the above 5 samples.

37

Proctor Density Calculation Solution #2

Pan Number

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4 Point 5

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A, in grams

682.2

717.5

679.0

696.2

701.4

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B, in grams

629.6

655.3

611.3

616.3

612.3

Mass of Pan, C, in grams

112.3

112.3

112.3

112.3

112.3

Mass of dry soil, D = B - C, in grams

517.3

543.0

499.0

504.0

500.0

Mass of water, E = A - B, in grams

52.6

62.2

67.7

79.9

89.1

Moist. Content, F = 100 x E / D , in %

10.2

11.5

13.6

15.9

17.8

Proctor Mold mass, G, in grams

1955.1

1955.1

1955.1

1955.1

1955.1

Soil and Mold mass, H, in grams

3774.5

3817.5

3880.6

3930.3

3940.6

Soil mass, I = H - G, in grams

1819.4

1862.4

1925.5

1975.2

1985.5

Wet Den, J = I x 0.06614, in pcf

120.3

123.2

127.4

130.6

131.3

Dry Den, L = J / (1 + F / 100), in pcf

109.2

110.5

112.1

112.7

111.5

Draw the Proctor Density curve using points from the above 5 samples.

38

How to define your Soil Texture.

Try this simple exercise:
Take a small sample, moisten it slightly from a water bottle, and work it into a ball between
your thumb and fingers,

How long do you have to work a soil

between your fingers to get it to a puttylike consistency?
Clay soils can take several minutes. Silty
soils can be worked up very quickly.
The first picture is of a silty clay soil. The
soil took a long time to work up so it could
be easily molded. It contained
approximately 40-45% clay.

Will the soil adhere to your thumb as a

ball?
Clay soils cannot be easily flicked from
your thumb. Silty soils can be flicked off
easily.

Does the soil form peaks on your finger

and thumb when you pull it apart?
Clay soils form large peaks between your
finger and thumb. Silty soils do not form
peaks of any significance.
This is a clay soil - see how it peaks
easily?

39

40

Can you clean the soil off your finger when you rub it across with your thumb?
Clay soils leave their color on your finger. Silty soils can be cleaned right off so that all you
see is your finger.

Does the soil feel soapy or buttery when worked up?

Silty soils feel soapy. Clay soils feel buttery.
Try this with a clearly silty soil and a clearly clay soil and you will understand the difference
in touch.

From http://informedfarmers.com/defining-your-soils-texture/

41

42

43

44

Texture by Feel method (modified from Thiel 1979)

45 Thiel 1979).
Figure 4.29. Texture by Feel method (modified from

46

47

48

24
49

GW

GP

GM
GC
SW
SP
SM
SC
ML

CL

OL
MH

CH
OH
Pt

Well-graded gravels, gravelsand mixtures, little or no

fines

Poorly-graded gravels, gravelsand mixtures, little or no

fines

Silty gravels, poorly graded

gravel-sand-silt mixtures

Clayey gravels, poorly graded

gravel-sand-clay mixtures

Well-graded sands, gravelly

sands, little or no fines

Poorly graded sands, gravelly

sands, little or no fines

Silty sands, poorly graded

sand-silt mixtures

Clayey sands, poorly graded

sand-clay mixtures

Inorganic silts and very fine

sands, rock flour, silty or clayey fine sands with slight plasticity

Inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity, gravelly clays,

sandy clays, silty clays, lean
clays

Organic silts and organic siltclays of low plasticity

Inorganic silts, micaceous or

diatomaceous fine sandy or
silty soils, elastic silts

Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays

Organic clays of medium to

high plasticity

Peat and other highly organic

soils

Note: Modified from Wagner, 1957.

Group
Symbols

Typical Names of Soil Groups

impervious

poor

poor

fair to poor

semipervious to
impervious
impervious

poor

semipervious to
impervious

fair

fair

semipervious to
impervious

impervious

good to fair

good

good

excellent

good to fair

good

good

excellent

high

high

high

medium

medium

medium

low

low

very low

negligible

very low

negligible

negligible

negligible

Shearing Strength Compressibility

when Compacted when Compacted
and Saturated
and Saturated

impervious

semipervious to
impervious

pervious

pervious

impervious

semipervious to
impervious

very pervious

pervious

Permeability
when compacted

Table 1.4 Unified Classification and engineering use.

Unified Classification and engineering use.

poor

poor

poor

fair

good to fair

fair

good

fair

fair

excellent

good

good

good

excellent

Workability as a
Construction
Material

10

Seepage Important

Foundations

14

13

12

11

10

Seepage not
Important

14

13

12

11

10

Frost
Heave not
Possible

Fills

Foundations Roadways

14

13

12

11

10

Frost Heave
Possible

Fills

Roadways

Surfacing

Roadways

50

Soils Certification Review

Pan: 225.7 g
Wet Soil and Pan: 734.9 g
Dry Soil and Pan: 689.5 g
1. What is the moisture content (%)?
(%) = 100
(%) = 100

[( + ) ( + )]
[( + ) ()]

45.4
[(734.9 ) (689.5 )]
= 100
463.8
[(689.5 ) (225.7 )]

(%) = 9.8 %

2. What is the wet density (pcf)?

Proctor Mold: 1548.2 g
Soil and Mold: 3545.5 g
() = [( + ) ()] 0.06614

() = [(3545.5 ) (1548.2 )] 0.06614 = 1997.3 0.06614

() = 132.1 pcf

3. Using answer moisture content from Question 1 and wet density from Question 2,
what is the dry density (pcf)?
() =

132.1
132.1
=
=

9.8
1.098
)
(1 +
(1 + 100)
100

() = 120.3

51

4. Using 1-point proctor curve and moisture content from Question 1 and wet density
from Question 2, what is the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density?
Moisture content 9.8% and wet density of 132.1 pcf
Curve 8
Max. dry density: 122 pcf
Optimum moisture content: 11.7%
5. If dry density in the field is 112 pcf, what is percent compaction compared to
maximum dry density? Use maximum dry density from Question 4.
% (%) =

112

100 =
100 = 91.8%
122

52

PROCTOR DENSITY
CALC WORKSHEETS

Proctor Density Calculation

Pan Number

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4 Point 5

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4 Point 5

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A, in grams

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B, in grams
Mass of Pan, C, in grams
Mass of dry soil, D = B - C, in grams
Mass of water, E = A - B, in grams
Moist. Content, F = 100 x E / D , in %
Proctor Mold mass, G, in grams
Soil and Mold mass, H, in grams
Soil mass, I = H - G, in grams
Wet Den, J = I x 0.06614, in pcf
Dry Den, L = J / (1 + F / 100), in pcf

Proctor Density Calculation

Pan Number
Mass of wet soil + Pan, A, in grams
Mass of dry soil + Pan, B, in grams
Mass of Pan, C, in grams
Mass of dry soil, D = B - C, in grams
Mass of water, E = A - B, in grams
Moist. Content, F = 100 x E / D , in %
Proctor Mold mass, G, in grams
Soil and Mold mass, H, in grams
Soil mass, I = H - G, in grams
Wet Den, J = I x 0.06614, in pcf
Dry Den, L = J / (1 + F / 100), in pcf

55

56

Proctor Density Calculation

Pan Number

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4 Point 5

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Point 4 Point 5

Mass of wet soil + Pan, A, in grams

Mass of dry soil + Pan, B, in grams
Mass of Pan, C, in grams
Mass of dry soil, D = B - C, in grams
Mass of water, E = A - B, in grams
Moist. Content, F = 100 x E / D , in %
Proctor Mold mass, G, in grams
Soil and Mold mass, H, in grams
Soil mass, I = H - G, in grams
Wet Den, J = I x 0.06614, in pcf
Dry Den, L = J / (1 + F / 100), in pcf

Proctor Density Calculation

Pan Number
Mass of wet soil + Pan, A, in grams
Mass of dry soil + Pan, B, in grams
Mass of Pan, C, in grams
Mass of dry soil, D = B - C, in grams
Mass of water, E = A - B, in grams
Moist. Content, F = 100 x E / D , in %
Proctor Mold mass, G, in grams
Soil and Mold mass, H, in grams
Soil mass, I = H - G, in grams
Wet Den, J = I x 0.06614, in pcf
Dry Den, L = J / (1 + F / 100), in pcf

57

58

GRAPHING
PAPER

POWERPOINT

11/10/2015

y Howtodeterminemoisturecontentofsoil
y Howtodeterminemoisturedensityrelationshipof

soilusingStandardProctorTest

y Howtoreadasoilsplansheet

y MelissaSerio,EarthworkEngineer,Officeof

Construction&Materials

y TomBrunscheon,EngineeringTechSenior,

District2

71

11/10/2015

y Name,title,location
y Experiencewithsoils
y Littleknowfactaboutyourself

y Locationsfor..
y Planfortheclass
y SOT

y Phones
y Becuriousandparticipate!

72

Soil Basics
Classifications, Types, and
Specification Requirements

Learning Outcomes
Describe how to identify soil types
Sand
Silt
Clay

What is soil?
Rock broken down into smaller pieces:
Sands
Visible to naked eye, rounded

Silts
Miniature sand, very difficult to distinguish
particles, rounded

Clays
Microscopic, holds water
End product of chemical weathering

73

GRAVEL, SAND, SILT &

CLAY
Gravel > #10 sieve (2 mm)
or > #4 sieve (4.75 mm)
Sand > #200 sieve (0.074
mm)
< -------Naked-eye limit at
#200 sieve
Silt
> 0.002 mm
Clay
< 0.002 mm

GRAVELS, SANDS
(granular or cohesionless soil)

Identification - by eye
Support loads well in compression + shear
Permeable to water, easily drained
Strength largely unaffected by water
Settlement is small and happens right away
Can act more like silts and clays if dirty

74

CLAYS

Cohesive soils
Identification

Plastic: can be molded when wet

Sticky and buttery when wet
Dries hard in chunks
Shrinkage cracks after drying

Strong when dry

BUT loses much of its strength when wet

75

SILTS

Is a transition between sand and clay

Identification
Powdery like talc
Particles have a gritty texture.

Windblown silt common in Iowa is loess

High capillary wicking potential, which
makes it bad for frost action under roadbeds
Low shear strength

How can you tell the difference

between clay and silt?

Learning Outcomes Check - in

What type of soil is clay?
What type of soil is sand?

76

Learning Outcomes
Compare Soil Classification Systems
List tests that are needed

SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Needed because soils are a mix of materials
and sizes
Useful for practical purposes
AASHTO
USDA
Unified

AASHTO M 145
Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate
Mixtures for Highway Construction
Purposes
Gravels and Sands A-1, A-2, A-3
Silts
A-4, A-5
Clays
A-6, A-7
Modifier - second number
A-2-6
Group Index
A-7-6 (30)

77

AASHTO cont.
TESTS NEEDED:
Gradation/sieve analysis:
Sieve gradation above #200 sieve
Passing #200 sieve = (silt + clay)

Atterberg Limits/Plasticity:
Index properties of soil as moisture content
increases
Plastic Limit - PL, Liquid Limit - LL

78

PLASTIC LIMIT (PL)

Percent moisture at which soil becomes
plastic like putty
Defined as the lowest % moisture at which
a 1/8 cylinder can be rolled

79

LIQUID LIMIT (LL)

Percent moisture at which soil starts
flowing
Uses an arbitrary but strict definition of
liquid
Defined as the % moisture at which 25
drops of a calibrated cup will cause 1/2
closure of a separating groove made in a
soil mass

80

LIQUID LIMIT (cont.)

LL gives a good measure of water hunger
of clay
If LL is high, more water was needed to
feed the clays before excess water could
separate particles and start the soil flowing
as a liquid.

81

PI

PLASTIC INDEX (PI)

Also called Plasticity Index
Plastic Index (PI) = (LL - PL)
Example:
LL = 50
PL = 20
PI = 50 - 20 = 30
PI is the water range over which soil will
behave as a plastic

Group Index (GI)

GI = (F-35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL-40)] +
0.01(F-15)(PI-10)
Typically, if GI is 30 or greater, the soil is
considered unsuitable and to have poor
bearing characteristics
F is the % passing #200 sieve

82

10

AASHTO M 145-91
Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate
Mixtures for Highway Construction
Purposes
Gravels and Sands A-1, A-2, A-3
Silts
A-4, A-5
Clays
A-6, A-7
Modifier - second number
A-2-6
Group Index
A-7-6 (30)

Now lets apply this to our jobs!

Find where soils are classified on the Qsheets

83

11

USDA (Texture)

Agricultural use but also used by IDOT

Texture - Relative mix of particle sizes
Sieve analysis done above #200 sieve
% by weight of sand, silt, clay
Gravel is a modifier term (not part of 100%)
and gravelly is added if gravel content is
10% or more
USDA Triangle maps out combinations

Now lets apply this to our jobs!

Find where soils are classified on the Qsheets

84

12

UNIFIED SOIL
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Gravel G
Sand
S
Silt
M
Clay
C
Organic O
Second letter modifiers

L, H, P, W

Low or High liquid limit

Poorly graded or Well graded
Or mixture (minor material)

CL, CH
GP, SW
SC, SM

85

13

Learning Outcomes Check - in

Which types of soil classification are used
on DOT projects?
Name tests that are run for AASHTO
classification

Learning Outcomes
Describe the types of Iowa DOT material
classification
Identify where unsuitable material can be
placed

Iowa DOT Specification

Requirements
Reference:
Section 2102
of the
Standard
Specifications

86

14

Select Soils
The good stuff
Used for subgrade treatment
The best quality granular or cohesive
material for supporting pavements
Can be granular or cohesive or special
backfill material

Suitable Soils
The okay stuff
Soils not meeting the specification
requirements are considered unsuitable

Unsuitable Soils
The bad stuff
Poor pavement support material
To be typically buried deeper in the
embankment
See Standard Road Plan EW-102 on where
material can be placed

87

15

Learning Outcomes Check - in

Where can the following materials be
placed?
A-7-6 (33)
A-7-6 (28) with 120 pcf, LL=35
A-7-6 (28) with 93 pcf

What are the three types of DOT material

classification?
Where can I look to find where unsuitable
material can be placed?

88

16

11/10/2015

DENSITY AND COMPACTION

Learning Outcomes:
y Explain density and moisture relationship
y Describe Standard Proctor Test
y Find optimum moisture and maximum
density

DENSITY AND COMPACTION

Goal with compaction is to increase
density
y Density = Mass / Volume
y Density units
y

Typically use pcf (pounds per cubic foot)

Will be calculating dry density which is

the dry soil per unit volume
y Also, will be calculating wet density
y

DENSITY AND COMPACTION

Compaction generally improves strength
and other useful properties
y Primary purpose is to drive AIR out of
the soil/water/air mix
y

89

11/10/2015

FACTORS AFFECTING
COMPACTION
Moisture content at time of compaction
y Soil type - material and gradation
y Compactive effort - equipment and passes
y Lift thickness - limits compaction depth
y

Effect of Moisture on Soil

Friction between particles is high for soil
in a dry condition.
y As moisture increases, the water acts as a
lubricant and the friction is reduced.
y

90

11/10/2015

So what does this mean???

Too dry.
Too wet.
y Just right.
y
y

STANDARD PROCTOR TEST

y

Finds the best moisture for compaction

the just right area

Find Moisture
Control Limits in
Tabulation 103-6
in the C-sheets
(or CS sheets) in
the project plans

Equipment:
Mold volume of 1/30 cubic foot (4 inches in diameter)
Standard Proctor uses 5.5 lb. hammer, 12 drop,
25 blows per each of 3 lifts

91

11/10/2015

So, how do you get here?

Lets go over the data that is

collected

How to calculate moisture content

Weigh wet sample
y After sample is dried to a constant mass,
weigh dry sample,
y Calculate mass of water in sample
y Moisture content in % =
mass of water in the sample
100 x
mass of dry soil
y

Note: Moisture content is calculated when checking

moisture content and for Standard Proctor Test.

92

11/10/2015

Lets try some sample calculations!

Moisture
Content

How to calculate wet density

y

Calculate soil mass in mold

We know the volume of the mold, so we
can now calculate wet density

Remember: Density = Mass/Volume

How to calculate dry density

Use moisture content previously
calculated
y Use wet density previously calculated
y Dry density =
wet density
(1 + moisture content/100)
y

93

11/10/2015

Lets try some more sample

calculations!

Multiple
Point
Proctors

Plot is made of dry density vs. moisture content

Drawing curves
y

Lets practice!

94

11/10/2015

Learning Outcomes Check-in

y

Explain the density moisture relationship

Does density always increase as moisture
content increases?

What equipment is needed for a Standard

Proctor Test?
y After proctor curve is plotted, how do
you find optimum moisture content and
maximum dry density?
y

One-Point Proctors Another

option
Learning

outcomes:
Determine optimum moisture content and
maximum dry density using One-Point
Proctor curve

Reference
IM 309

95

11/10/2015

One-Point Test Procedure

Prepare sample with an estimated moisture
content of zero to 3% below optimum
moisture
y If point falls outside of the Range of
Confidence, recompact another specimen
at an adjusted moisture content that will
place the point within the range
y Not accurate for certain granular materials,
black soils or soils with considerable amount
of aggregate
y

96

HOW DO WE APPLY
COMPACTION REQUIRMENTS
TO OUR PROJECTS?
Learning Outcomes::
Review Standard Specifications 2107
Show and Explain Different
Types of Testing Methods
Moisture Content & Density

Compaction Requirements
Compaction with Moisture Control:
Moisture of soils lift needs to be within moisture limits.
Compaction with Moisture & Density Control:
This means project also has a % density requirement.
Density of soil compacted in the field is compared to a
maximum density determined by lab tests (maximum
dry density).
DOT projects typically require Compaction with
Moisture Control, but always check the bid items!

Lets also
look
in the
specifications
for
compaction
requirements

97

Be sure you use the

correct specifications!
Check the letting date
and use the correct GS
version.

Section 2107: Embankments

Requirements also typically include:
Type of equipment
Number of passes, and
Roller walk-out.

Specifications 2107.03

From Article 2001.05

98

Specifications 2107.03

What happens if lift thickness is too

large?

99

Specifications 2107.03

Specifications 2107.03

What are the projects compaction requirements?

100

Specifications 2107.03

What are the projects compaction requirements?

TABLE 103-6

101

HOW DO WE TEST
MOISTURE???

IM 335 Determining Moisture

Content of Soils
Provides for 3 test methods of drying:
Drying oven
Microwave
Direct heat

OVEN DRYING
MOST ACCURATE
TAKES THE LONGEST

In most cases, drying a test specimen overnight (at

least 16 hours) is sufficient.

102

MICROWAVE

FASTEST
NEED A MICROWAVE

Typically, specimen placed in microwave for 3

minutes. Stir specimen and return to microwave.
Reheat for 1 minute.

DIRECT HEAT (HOT PLATE,

BURNER, ETC.)
FASTER THAN DRYING OVEN
NEED A HOT PLATE OR BURNER

TIPS FOR DRYING

1. Do not use this test method if specimen contains
flammable contaminants.
2. Dry specimen to a constant weight (i.e. dry until
change in mass would have an insignificant effect on
calculated water content). In most specimens, a change
of 0.1% or less of wet soil mass in last two checks
would be acceptable.
3. Make sure none of specimen is lost when stirring.

103

TIPS FOR DRYING

4. Do not overheat specimen. This can cause a higher
than actual moisture content to be determined. Use
incremental drying!
5. Make sure the same pan is used for each weighing.
6. Specimens used in this test should not be used for
any other tests after drying.

HOW DO WE TEST
COMPACTION?

Density Tests

Nuclear gauge
Sand cone density test
Balloon density test
Soil core (drive cylinder)

104

NUCLEAR GAUGE FOR

MOISTURE & DENSITY
TESTING
(IM 334)
Gamma rays are emitted from the source and interact with
electrons in the soil through absorption, Compton scattering,
and the photoelectric effect. A Geiger-Mueller detector
(situated in the gauge opposite from the handle) counts
gamma rays that reach it from the source. Soil density is
then correlated to the number of gamma rays received by the
detector.

Moisture/Density Measurements
By
Nuclear Gauge

105

SAND CONE DENSITY TEST

(AASHTO T191 &
ASTM D1556)

106

10

BALLOON DENSITY
TEST
(ASTM D2167)

TEST FOR DENSITY BY SOILS CORES BY

DISPLACEMENT (DRIVE CYLINDER)
ASTM D2937
Wet density = (mass of cylinder + wet soil) (mass of cylinder)
Volume of cylinder

IM 326 & AASHTO T233

Drive Cylinder Example

Mass of cylinder + wet soil: Say 2.5 lb.

Mass of cylinder: Say 1.3 lb.
Volume of cylinder: Say 0.01 ft.3
What is in-place wet density?

107

11

Drive Cylinder Example

Lets say you took a moisture content sample

and determined moisture content to be 14%.
What is in-place dry density?

% Density Requirements
Learning Outcomes:
Calculate required density when a %
requirement is given

Example of % density requirement

Say maximum dry density is 115 pcf and
specifications require in-place density to be
95% of maximum dry density
What is the dry density that contractor must
obtain in the field?

108

12

Heres how its done!

Known:
Maximum dry density is 115 pcf
Density is required to be 95% of maximum
dry density

Contractor must obtain 95% of 115 pcf

= 0.95 x 115 pcf = 109 pcf

Higher than Maximum Density

It is possible to achieve a higher density in
the field than what was calculated in the lab,
if the unit weight exerted in the field is
higher than that exerted in the lab.
So, if you get a compaction of over 100%,
this may be why.

Learning Outcomes Check-in

Lets say contract requires 90% of maximum dry
density
You run proctor test and come up with the
following:
Maximum dry density is 112 pcf
Optimum moisture content is 14.5%
What dry density do you need in the field?

0.90 x 112 pcf = 101 pcf

109

13

Learning Outcomes Check-in

Lets say You run proctor test and come up with the
following:
Maximum dry density is 120 pcf
In-place dry density is 113 pcf
What is percent compaction?
In-place dry density / Maximum dry density
= 113 pcf / 120 pcf = 94.2%

HOW OFTEN DO
WE TEST?

Material IM 204, Appendix A

110

14

11/10/2015

MoistureDensity
Relationship
of 7 Soils

Standard Proctor vs. Modified

Proctor
y Standard uses 5.5 lb hammer with 12-

inch drop

y Modified uses 10 lb hammer with 18-

inch drop

y Standard uses 3 lifts

y Modified uses 5 lifts

111

11/10/2015

Common Testing Errors

y Wrong number of blows
y Lifts vary in thickness
y Soil not thoroughly mixed
y Sample not dried properly or moisture

content improperly taken

y Manual hammer not held vertically

y Mold is out of calibration tolerance

Common Testing Errors (contd)

y Compaction block or foundation is not

stable

y Points are not plotted correctly on graph

y Compaction hammer is not properly

cleaned

y Compaction hammer is out of calibration

y Final lift is not high enough

112

11/10/2015

Common Testing Errors (contd)

y Wrong mold is used for test

WARNING: DOT method uses 4-inch

diameter mold. Be sure not to use a 6inch mold.
y Wrong compaction hammer is used
Use the Standard Proctor compaction
hammer: 5.5 lb with 12-inch drop
y Compaction hammer is not lifted to the
top

From M-TRAC presentation

113

114

CLASS
HANDOUTS

SPECIFICATIONS

STANDARD
ROAD PLANS

Original Ground

3.0' Min.

Original Ground

See Type "A", "B", or "C" Placement

for Placement Areas for Unsuitable Soil

HEIGHT OF EMBANKMENT > 20 FEET

See Type "A", "B", or "C" Placement

for Placement Areas for Unsuitable Soil

20.0' Max.

Foreslope
Top of Subgrade

Normal

Finished Gradeline

Foreslope

C
L

Full Shoulder Width of Roadway

Placement Area for Unsuitable Soil

Original Ground

TYPE "B" PLACEMENT

SHEET 1 of 1

APPROVED BY DESIGN METHODS ENGINEER

OF UNSUITABLE SOIL

ALLOWABLE PLACEMENT

IN EMBANKMENTS

10-20-15

REVISION

EW-102

REVISIONS:Replaced the DOT logo in the title block with the new version.

STANDARD ROAD PLAN

will be allowed below that 20 foot depth.

Select, Suitable Class 10, or Type 'C' Unsuitable material

In new embankments greater than 20 feet in height, only

Placement Area for Unsuitable Soil

Foreslope
5.0' Min.

Normal

Finished Gradeline

Foreslope

C
L

Full Shoulder Width of Roadway

sections and soil survey sheets for additional information.

methods other than those shown. Refer also to plan cross

require placement of topsoil or other unsuitable soil by

Project plan details or specific directions of the Engineer may

described in Section 2102 of the Standard Specifications.

Place unsuitable soil as detailed for the particular type of soil

Normal

Top of Subgrade

Proposed Pavement

Normal

Proposed Pavement

TYPE "C" PLACEMENT

Top of Subgrade

Foreslope

Finished Gradeline
Normal

C
L

Foreslope

Proposed Pavement

Full Shoulder Width of Roadway

TYPE "A" PLACEMENT

(8'' Max. thickness)

Placement Area for Unsuitable Soil

Normal

Original Ground

Suitable Material (8'' Min. thickness)

5.0' Min.

Foreslope

Top of Subgrade

Foreslope

Finished Gradeline
Normal

C
L

Normal

Proposed Pavement

Full Shoulder Width of Roadway

IM 309
PROCTOR DENSITY

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 16, 2013

Office of Construction & Materials

Matls. IM 309

DETERMINING STANDARD PROCTOR

MOISTURE DENSITY RELATIONSHIP OF SOILS
SCOPE
This test is used to determine the relationship between the moisture content and density of soils
or base materials compacted according to a modification of standard procedure, AASHTO T99,
Method C. This test method is the field procedure for Laboratory Test Method 103. The sampling
procedure to obtain soils used for this test is given in IM 312.

PROCEDURE
A. Apparatus
1. Cylindrical metal mold 4-in. in diameter and 4.584 in. high having a capacity of 1/30 cubic
foot with base plate and collar.
2. Scale, capable of weighing at least 5000 grams and sensitive to 0.5 grams
3. Manual compaction device complying with AASHTO T99. Compaction should be
performed on a rigid, uniform, and stable concrete foundation or base.
4. A rigid steel straight edge, 9-in. long, with one beveled cutting edge
5. Drying equipment, such as an oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 230F 9F,
a microwave, or a hot plate.
6. Mixing equipment. A stainless steel mixing (dish) pan, long handled spoon, rubber or
rawhide mallet, putty knife, graduate, and tared weighing scoop
7. Sample extruder, lever or hydraulic type
8. Tared moisture pans
B. Calibration
Check the rammer diameter (2.00 0.01 in.) and the free-dropping-height of the rammer
(12.00 0.06 in.) by measurement with a 0.01-in. steel rule. Visually check the condition of
the rammer.
1. Check the internal diameter of the mold (4.00 0.02 in.) and the height of the mold (4.58
0.01 in.) with the 0.01-in. steel rule.

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 16, 2013

Matls. IM 309

C. Sample Preparation
1. Quarter the field sample to a representative sample of about 5000 grams. Spread out and
allow to dry to a moisture content at least 5% below the estimated optimum moisture
content.
2. Screen the sample over a 3/4-inch sieve and replace the aggregate retained with an equal
weight of No. 4 to 3/4 in. aggregate from the same source, or break up the material larger
than to pass the sieve and return it to the sample.
D. Test Procedure
1. Pulverize the prepared sample so that at least 90% of all non-aggregate material will pass
the No. 4 sieve. Place the sample in the mixing pan and sprinkle sufficient water to
dampen it to approximately 4% below optimum moisture content. The sample is ready for
test when, after thorough mixing, a handful of soil squeezed tightly in the palm will barely
hold together when pinched between the fingers.
2. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the mold in three approximately
equal layers. Weigh in a tared scoop, and place loose soil in the assembled mold and
spread into a layer of uniform thickness. Lightly tamp the soil prior to compaction until it is
not in a loose state. Place the mold under the hammer for compaction. Deliver twenty-five
uniformly distributed blows. Measure to determine if there is a deviation from the needed
1/3 height in the mold. Adjust the weight of soil taken for the second layer as needed to
give the desired height, and compact the same as with the first layer. Following
compaction of each of the first two layers, any soil adjacent to the mold walls that has not
been compacted or extends above the compacted surface shall be trimmed. Repeat this
process for a third layer. During this entire operation, do not allow sample to accumulate
on the bottom of the hammer. After compaction of the final layer, the sample should
extend 0.1 to 0.4 in. above the height of the mold.
3. Move the mold and contents to a table, remove the collar with a twisting motion and cut
off the excess sample in thin layers with the straightedge. If the soil projects more than
0.4 in. above the mold or if the mold is not completely filled, the compactive effort is
incorrect and the compacted specimen must be extruded, pulverized, and returned to
the mixing pan. After remixing, adjust the weight for each layer as needed and
recompact by the same procedure. Replace any small aggregate, which are pulled from
the surface with finer hand tamped material. Leave in place large, well-embedded
aggregate, and finish the top to arrive at a surface that will average level full.
4. Detach the mold from the base plate and determine the weight of the mold and compacted
soil. Extrude the specimen from the mold. Slice vertically through the center of the
specimen. Place into a weighted pan at least a 500 gram moisture sample from one of the
cut faces. Follow IM 335 to determine moisture content. Pulverize the remaining portion
of the specimen and return to the mixing pan.

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 16, 2013

Matls. IM 309

5. Sprinkle the sample with water, not to exceed 2% of the remaining sample weight, and
thoroughly mix until moisture uniformity is reached. The compaction and moisture
determination for this moisture content is the same as for the first. Repeat this procedure
of adding water, compacting a specimen and taking a moisture sample while increasing
the moisture content until a compacted weight is reached that is no more than 20 grams
higher than the preceding one. This signifies that the resultant moisture density curve is
past the optimum percent moisture. Since the proctor curve is based on dry density, each
2% moisture increase is the equivalent of approximately 30 grams for a proctor specimen.
Thus if the last specimen is only 20 grams heavier than the previous (2% drier) point, this
will show a reduced dry density.
E. Calculations
% Moisture

Example:

(Wet soil pan) - (Dry soil pan)

(100)
(Dry soil pan) - (pan)

% Moisture

500 - 460
(100) 13.8%
460 - 170

Compacted Dry Density for kg/m3

Net Wet Mass compacted soil x 0.06614
(100)
(% Moisture 100)

Example:
Compacted Dry Density for lb./ft.3
(1983)(0.06614)
(100 ) 115.2 lb./ft.3
(13.8 100)

F. Moisture-Density Relationship
1. Make the preceding calculations for each compacted specimen at each corresponding
moisture content.
2. Using these results, plot points with densities (dry weight per cubic foot) as ordinates
(vertical) and percent of moisture as abscissas (horizontal).
3. Use the resulting points to draw a smooth curve. The peak of the curve will give the
maximum, or Proctor density and the corresponding optimum moisture content.

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 16, 2013

Matls. IM 309

G. One-Point Procedure
1. Grade material other than crushed stone, gravel, black soils, or soils containing a
considerable amount of aggregate may be tested for maximum density and optimum
moisture according to this procedure. Those excluded above shall be run as in "D", "E",
and "F" above.
2. Moisten a representative sample of approximately 3000 grams to an estimated moisture
content of two to three percentage points below Proctor optimum moisture.
3. Following the procedure outlined in D2 through D4, compact and obtain net wet weight of
a single specimen at the moisture content in G2. Determine the moisture content and wet
density (in pounds per cubic foot) for this single compacted specimen.
4. In the family of curves, plot the point of intersection of the above wet weight and moisture.
If the plotted point falls outside the "Range of Confidence," recompact another specimen
at an adjusted moisture content that will place the plot within these bounds.
5. Using the number of the nearest curve, obtain the dry Proctor density and optimum
moisture values from the attached table.
H. Calculations for One-Point Test
Calculate the moisture content and wet weight of sample per cubic foot as follows:
w

A -B
x 100
B-C

W2 W1 (0.066143 )

Where:
w = Percentage of moisture in the specimen, based on oven dry weight of soil.
A = Weight of moisture pan plus wet soil.
B = Weight of moisture pan plus dry soil.
C = Weight of moisture pan.
W 1 = Wet weight, in grams, of compacted specimen.
W 2 = Wet weight, in pounds per cubic foot of compacted specimen.

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 16, 2013

Matls. IM 309

Maximum Density Curve

117

Maxim um Density = 115.2 lb/ft 3

115

Opt. Moist. Content = 13.8%

Dry Density (Lb/ft 3)

116

114
113
112
111
110
109
9

10

11

12

13

Moisture (%)

14

15

16

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 16, 2013

Matls. IM 309

PROCTOR DENSITY CURVES

Curve No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

Dry Wt.

% Moisture

129
128
127
126
125
124
123
122
121
120
119
118
117
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
85

9.8
10.1
10.4
10.7
11.0
11.2
11.5
11.7
12.0
12.3
12.6
12.9
13.2
13.6
14.1
14.5
15.0
15.5
15.9
16.3
16.7
17.1
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.6
20.2
20.7
21.2
21.7
22.2
22.7
23.2
23.7
24.3
25.0
25.6
26.2
26.9
27.5
28.1
28.7
29.4
30.0

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 16, 2013

Matls. IM 309

IM 312
SAMPLING

Office of Materials

April 16, 2013

New Issue

Matls. IM 312

****THIS IS A NEW IM. PLEASE READ CAREFULLY.****

SAMPLING OF SOILS FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
GENERAL
This method describes the procedure for sampling soils on construction sites. The obtained
sample will be used for the proctor test (IM 309), for the measurement of moisture content (IM
335), or nuclear gauge moisture correction (IM 334).
The intent of sampling is to obtain a suitable amount of soils from the earth with as little
disturbance as possible to the natural density, moisture content, and structural arrangement of
the particles. A representative sample of soil shall be a combination of the various particles in
the same proportion as they exist in the natural ground, roadway or pit. Representative samples
should also contain only materials of like color and texture, and should not be a composite of
materials apparently different in character.
Soil samples can be collected by using a spade, shovel, or auger, depending on the terrain, the
soil type, and the depth of material below the surface.
SAMPLING PROCEDURE FOR THE PROCTOR TEST
The sample consists of a composite of four approximately equal volume samples from select
locations within the area under investigation. The recommended minimum sample size is 25
pounds which is sufficient for a four-point test in field.

Select four representative locations within the sampling area.

Identify the layer of soils needed to be sampled.
Remove soils above the sampling layer.
Take approximately a quarter of the sample from each the selected locations by using a
proper tool.
Place the four obtained samples into a bag or other acceptable container. These
samples will be combined into a composite sample.
Label the sample with a proper ID.

SAMPLING PROCEDURE FOR THE MOISURE TEST

The recommended minimum sample size is 3.0 pounds.

Select a random location in the sampling area. Sample will be comprised of soil from
three locations at this station, the center and the points from each side of the center.
Identify the layer of soils needed to be sampled.
Remove soils above the sampling layer.
Take approximately one-third of the sample from each the selected locations by using a
spade or shovel.
Composite the soils taken from these three locations.

April 16, 2013

New Issue
Matls. IM 312
______________________________________________________________________________

Before performing the test, reduce the sample size to 1.1 lbs by quartering or other
acceptable method.
Place the obtained sample in a proper bag or container to prevent moisture loss if the
test is not immediately performed.
Label the sample with a proper ID.

Because moisture content may vary significantly over a project site, several samples and tests
may be needed in order to obtain more realistic result of moisture content.

IM 335
MOISTURE CONTENT

Office of Materials

April 16, 2013

Supersedes April 17, 2012

Matls. IM 335

DETERMINING MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOILS

SCOPE
This method describes several field procedures for determining moisture content of soil. The
sampling procedure to obtain soils used for this test is given in IM 312.

PROCEDURE A DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOIL BY DIRECT HEAT

A. Apparatus
1. Balance having a capacity of at least 5,000 grams accurate to at least 0.5 grams.
2. Direct heat source hot plate, electric or gas stove or burner, or other heat source. Direct
application of heat by open flame to specimen is not appropriate.
3. Containers suitable container made of material resistant to corrosion and not subject to
change in mass or disintegration upon repeated heating, cooling, or cleaning.
4. Miscellaneous (as needed) Mixing tools such as spatula, spoons, etc. for cutting and
stirring the specimen.

B. Preparation of Test Sample

1. Obtain a test sample of at least 500 grams.
2. To avoid moisture loss due to evaporation, the weighing should be done immediately after
obtaining the test sample. Also avoid any excessive manipulation of the soil, prior to
weighing, which could cause a loss of moisture.
C. Test Procedure
1. Weigh a clean, dry container, and record mass.
2. Place the moisture content sample in the container, and immediately determine and record
the mass of soil and container.
3. Apply heat to the soil specimen and container, taking care to avoid localized overheating.
Continue heating while stirring and breaking up the specimen to obtain even heat
distribution. Continue application of heat until the specimen first appears dry. (Note: A
piece of dry, light-weight paper or tissue placed on the surface of the apparently dry soil will
curl or ripple if the soil still contains significant water or a mirror will fog up when placed over
the sample.)
4. After initial heating period has been completed and soil appears dry, remove the container
and soil from the heat source. Determine and record the mass of the soil and container.

April 16, 2013

Supersedes April 17, 2012

Matls. IM 335

5. Return the container and soil to the heat source for an additional application of heat.
6. With a small spatula or knife, continue to carefully stir and mix the soil, taking care not to
lose any soil.
7. Repeat above steps 3 to 6 until the change between the two consecutive mass
determinations would have an insignificant effect on the calculated water content. A change
of 0.1% or less of the initial wet mass of the soil should be acceptable for most specimens.
8. Use the final dry mass determination in calculating water content.
D. Calculation
1. Calculate the moisture content, to the nearest 0.1 percent as follows:

% Moisture

(Wet soil pan) - (Dry soil pan)

(100)
(Dry soil pan) - (pan)

PROCEDURE B DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT BY MICROWAVE

A. Apparatus
1. Balance having a capacity of at least 5,000 grams accurate to at least 0.5 grams.
2. Microwave oven.
3. Containers suitable container made of nonmetallic, nonabsorbent material resistant to
thermal shock, and not subject to changes in mass or disintegration upon repeated heating,
cooling, or cleaning. Porcelain evaporating dishes and standard borosilicate glass dishes
perform satisfactorily.
4. Heat Sink a material or liquid placed in the microwave to absorb energy and avoid
overheating the specimen after the moisture has been driven from test specimen (e.g.
glass beaker filled with water).
5. Miscellaneous (as needed) Mixing tools such as spatula, spoons, etc. for cutting and
stirring the test specimen. Glass rods have been found useful for stirring and may be left in
specimen container during the testing, reducing the possibility of specimen loss due to
adhesion to stirring tool.

B. Preparation of Test Sample

1. Obtain a test sample of at least 500 grams mass.
2. To avoid moisture loss due to evaporation, the weighing should be done immediately after

April 16, 2013

Supersedes April 17, 2012

Matls. IM 335

obtaining the test sample. Also avoid any excessive manipulation of the soil, prior to
weighing, which could cause a loss of moisture.
C. Test Procedure
1. Weigh a clean, dry container, and record mass.
2. Place the moisture content sample in the container, and immediately determine and record
the mass of soil and container.
3. Place the soil and container in a microwave oven with the heat sink and turn the oven on
for 3 minutes. If experience with a particular soil type, specimen size, or microwave oven
indicates shorter or longer initial drying times can be used without overheating, the initial
and subsequent drying times may be adjusted.
4. After the set time has elapsed, remove the container and soil from the microwave oven.
Determine and record the mass of the soil and container.
5. With a small spatula or knife or glass rod, carefully stir and mix the soil, taking care not to
lose any soil.
6. Return the container and soil to the microwave oven and reheat for 1 minute.
7. Repeat above steps 4 to 6 until the change between the two consecutive mass
determinations would have an insignificant effect on the calculated water content. A
change of 0.1% or less of the initial wet mass of the soil should be acceptable for most
specimens.
8. Use the final dry mass determination in calculating water content
D. Calculation
1. Calculate the moisture content, to the nearest 0.1 percent as follows:

% Moisture

(Wet soil pan) - (Dry soil pan)

(100)
(Dry soil pan) - (pan)

April 16, 2013

Supersedes April 17, 2012

Matls. IM 335

PROCEDURE C DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT BY DRYING OVEN

A. Apparatus
1. Balance having a capacity of at least 5,000 grams accurate to at least 0.5 grams
2. Drying oven thermostatically controlled, capable of being heated continuously at a
temperature of 230F 9F (110 C 5C).
3. Containers suitable container made of material resistant to corrosion, and not subject to
change in mass or disintegration upon repeated heating, cooling, or cleaning.
B. Preparation of Test Sample
1. Obtain a test sample of at least 500 grams.
2. To avoid moisture loss due to evaporation the weighing should be done immediately after
obtaining the test sample. Also avoid any excessive manipulation of the soil, prior to
weighing, which could cause a loss of moisture.
C. Test Procedure
1. Weigh a clean, dry container, and record mass.
2. Place the moisture content sample in the container, and immediately determine and record
the mass of soil and container.
3. Place the soil and container in a drying oven overnight (at least 16 hours).
4. Remove the container and soil from the oven. Determine and record the mass of the soil
and container.
5. Use the final dry mass determination in calculating water content.
D. Calculation
1. Calculate the moisture content, to the nearest 0.1 percent as follows:

% Moisture

(Wet soil pan) - (Dry soil pan)

(100)
(Dry soil pan) - (pan)

IM 540
QMA EC

October 20, 2015

Supercedes April 15, 2014

Office of Construction & Materials

Matls. IM 540

QUALITY MANAGEMENT & ACCEPTANCE EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION

GENERAL
This IM describes the Quality Control Program (Embankment Construction) and quality assurance
procedures for soils used in embankment construction that require moisture control or moisture
and density control.
SAMPLING
The Contractor shall sample the soil per Materials IM 312.
TESTING
The Contractor shall use test procedures per Materials IM 204, Appendix A.
A. Proctor
The Contractor shall determine optimum moisture content and maximum density by Proctor
testing for each type of excavated or mixed soil which varies as to change the expected
AASHTO classification, or if directed by the Engineer.
With Engineers approval, and for soils that can be identified during excavation, the
Contractor may use the optimum moisture content and maximum density as shown on the
soils 'Q' sheets in the contract documents. In lieu of using values from the 'Q' sheets, the
Contractor may choose to determine optimum moisture and maximum density from a field
sample.
If the Engineer deems the optimum moisture and maximum density of material being
excavated and/or mixed is not represented by that shown on the 'Q' sheets, the Contractor
shall determine optimum moisture and maximum density from a field sample.
When determined from a field sample at the option of the Contractor or at the Engineers
request, the optimum moisture and maximum density values from the field sample prevail
over that shown on the 'Q' sheets.
B. Moisture Content and Density
The Contractor shall test and verify that moisture content of material placed is within
optimum moisture content range and if required, greater than or equal to required minimum
density. Upper and lower control limits for field moisture content of embankment material will
be shown in the contract documents.
C. Frequency.
The Contractor shall test for proctor optimum moisture content and embankment moisture
content and density at minimum frequencies in Materials IM 204, Appendix A. Samples will
be randomly selected.
If source of excavation and moisture have been consistent and within moisture control limits
and density has been greater than or equal to minimum density (if required), testing of each
lift will be waived for areas less than 1300 cubic yards, or for embankment placed as median
dikes or safety dikes. Where testing per lift is waived, the contractor shall test randomly

October 20, 2015

Supercedes April 15, 2014

Matls. IM 540

selected samples at a minimum frequency of one test per compacted volume of 1300 cubic
yards.
DOCUMENTATION
The Contractor shall document changes in soil type, fill placement procedures/locations, and
test results on a weekly basis. Submit copies of field moisture and density tests and
corresponding proctor tests to the Engineer weekly. Submit original testing records (raw field
and lab data sheets) to the Engineer in a neat and orderly manner within five calendar days
after completion of the project.
QUALITY ASSURANCE.
A. Required Testing.
The Contractor shall retain split samples of Materials IM 309 testing when requested by the
Engineer. The Engineer may select any or all Contractor-retained split samples for
independent assurance testing.
The Engineer will determine the random location of moisture and (if required) density
verification tests and will test at the minimum frequencies in Materials IM 204, Appendix A.
The Contractor shall obtain a sample at the same location as directed by the Engineer and
provide results to the Engineer. Verification test results will be provided to the Contractor
within one working day after the Contractor's quality control test results have been reported.
The Engineer will periodically witness field testing being performed by the Contractor. If the
Engineer observes quality control field tests are not being performed according to the
applicable test procedures, the Engineer may stop production until corrective action is taken.
The Engineer will notify the Contractor of observed deficiencies, promptly, both verbally and
in writing. The Engineer will document witnessed testing.
B. Verification and Independent Assurance Testing.
The Contractors quality control test results will be validated by the Engineers verification
test results using the criteria in Materials IM 216. If Engineers verification test results
validate the Contractors test results, the Contractors results will be used for material
acceptance.
In the event that the Contractors results cannot be validated, Engineer will investigate the
reason immediately. Engineer's investigation may include:

Testing of other locations,

Observations of Contractor's testing procedures and equipment, and
Comparison of test results of Contractor with those of the Engineer.

Personnel and laboratories performing tests used in acceptance of material shall participate
in the independent assurance program covered in Materials IM 205.
C. Referee Testing.

October 20, 2015

Supercedes April 15, 2014

Matls. IM 540

If a difference in procedures for sampling and testing and/or test results exists between the
Contractor and the Engineer which they cannot resolve, the Iowa DOTs Central Materials
Laboratory will provide referee testing. The Engineer and Contractor will abide by results of
referee testing.
ACCEPTANCE
The Engineer will base final acceptance of tests and materials on results of the Contractor's
quality control testing as verified by Engineer's quality assurance.

OTHER IMS

Other IMs

I.

IM 204 Appendix A Roadway & Borrow Excavation & Embankments

II.

IM 208 Materials Laboratory Qualification Program (pages with soils items)

III.

IM 213 Appendix D Soils Technician Duties

IV.

IM 216 Guidelines for Determining the Acceptability of Test Results

V.

IM 334 Determining Moisture Content & Density of Soils, Bases & Subbases with a Nuclear
Gauge

IM 204
Appendix A

335, 334

Moisture

CONTR

CONTR

CONTR

CONTR

CONTR

SAMPLE
BY

1/lift/1500 ft (for
max of 1300 cy)
(6)
1/ soil class

1/ soil class

IM 545

FREQ.

3 lb

25 lb

3 lb

25 lb

IM 545

SAMPLE
SIZE

CONTR

CONTR

CONTR

CONTR

CONTR

TEST
BY

QUALITY CONTROL

1/lift/1500 ft.(for
max of 1300 cy)
(6)
326 & 334, ASTM D2937, CONTR
1/lift/1500 ft (for
D2167, D1556, &
max of 1300 cy)
AASHTO T191 & T233
(6)
Cert- Certification Statement

309

Proctor

335, 334

Moisture

496.01
545

209

309

AS

Quality

209
209,210

METHOD OF
ACCEPTANCE
&
RELATED IMs

Proctor

AS

AS

Quality

TESTS

Field Book &

Test Report

Field Book &

Test Report

Field Book &

Test Report

Field Book &

Test Report

IM 545 & Cert

REPORT

Section 2102 & 2107

V (7)

IA (4)

IA (4)
V (7)

V (7)

IA (4)

V (7)

S&T
TYPE

DME
CONTR/
RCE
CONTR/
DME
RCE (2)

CONTR/
RCE
CONTR/
DME
RCE (2)

RCE/
CONTR

SAMPLE
BY

1/ 10 reqd QC
tests (min. 1)(5)
Witness 1/proj.
1/ 10 reqd QC
tests (min. 1)(5)
1/proj.

1/ 10 reqd QC
tests (min. 1)(5)
1/proj.

1/10 QC tests

FREQ.

25 lb.

25 lb.

3 lb.

25 lb.

25 lb.

35 lb.

SAMPLE
SIZE

INDEPENDENT ASSURANCE
& VERIFICATION S&T

ROADWAY & BORROW EXCAVATION & EMBANKMENTS

RCE/
DME
CTRL

RCE

RCE/
DME
CTRL

CTRL

TEST
BY

Test Report

Field Book

Field Book

Test Report

Field Book

Test Report

REPORT

Note 4

REMARKS

Matls. IM 204
Appendix A (US) Units

1/ 10 reqd QC
3 lb.
RCE
Field Book
tests (min. 1)(5)
IA (4)
DME
Witness 1/proj.
In-place
As reqd
CONTR
Field Book &
V (7)
RCE/
1/10 reqd QC
RCE/
Field Book
Density
by test
Test Report
DME
tests (min. 1)(5)
DME
IA (4)
DME
Witness 1/proj.
AS-Approved Source
RCE-Resident Construction Engineer/Project Engineer
IA-Independent Assurance
ASD-Approved Shop Drawing
DME-District Materials Engineer
V-Verification
S&T-Sampling & Testing
CTRL-Central Materials Office
CONTR-Contractor
Note 1: When Contractor QC testing is not required in the contact documents. The RCE will perform verification testing at the frequency listed for QC.
Note 2: RCE will direct the Contractor to take a moisture sample beside the RCE verification sample location.
Note 4: For earthwork quantities of less than 50,000 Yd3, no IA will be required.
Note 5: If no QC tests are required, then no verification or independent assurance tests are required.
Note 6: If source of excavation and moisture have been consistent and within moisture control limits and density has been greater than or equal to minimum density (if required), testing of each lift will be
waived. Minimum frequency will be 1 per 1300 Yd3.
Note 7: For earthwork quantities of less than 1300 Yd3, no verification tests will be required.

Moisture & Density

Control, including Special
Compaction of Subgrade
(2109.03C),
(QC by Contractor)
Note 1

SOURCE INSPECTION
Special Backfill, Crushed
Stone (4132.02),
Gravel (4132.03)
Crushed Concrete
(4132.02), RAP (2303.02)
Granular Backfill
(4133, 4134)
Engr. Fabric (4196)
Contractor Furnished
Borrow
GRADE INSPECTION
Moisture Control,
(QC by Contractor)
Note 1

MATERIAL OR
CONSTRUCTION
ITEM

April 21, 2015

Supersedes October 21, 2014

Sampling & Testing Guide-Minimum Frequency

IM 208

April 21, 2015

Supersedes April 16, 2013

Office of Construction & Materials

Matls. IM 208

MATERIALS LABORATORY QUALIFICATION PROGRAM

GENERAL
The FHWA has outlined a Laboratory Qualification Program in the Federal-Aid Policy Guide
update published as 23 CFR 637 on June 29, 1995. The updated guide has requirements for
laboratories performing testing on Federal-Aid highway projects.
In order to avoid an appearance of a conflict of interest, any qualified non-DOT laboratory shall
perform only one of the following types of testing on the same project: Verification testing,
quality control testing, IA testing, or dispute resolution testing.
LABORATORIES TO BE QUALIFIED
The following laboratories are included in the qualification program for all Federal-Aid projects:
Central Materials Laboratory
6 District Laboratories
District Area Laboratories
Resident Construction Laboratories*
Aggregate Producer Laboratories
Soils Field Laboratories*
* May be qualified at the time of a project.

Ready Mix Laboratories

PCC Contractor Laboratories
HMA Contractor Laboratories
Consultant and Commercial Laboratories *
City and County Laboratories *

LABORATORY QUALIFICATION PROCESS

A two-level qualification system is required by the FHWA. Laboratories are either accredited or
qualified. The accreditation process is more rigorous than the qualification process.
Accredited Laboratory Process
The Central Materials Laboratory and the six District Laboratories will be accredited as outlined
in the 23 CFR 637 guide. The Central Materials Laboratory is accredited through the AASHTO
Materials Reference Laboratory Program. The District Materials Laboratories will be accredited
by using the Central Materials Staff and equipment to check testing and testing procedures and
by using the same calibration and training documentation process. Laboratories will be
accredited for a two-year period. In addition, an annual review will be made by the Central
Office Staff. Appendix A contains the procedures for accrediting the District Materials
Laboratories.
Qualified Laboratory Process
The remaining laboratories will be qualified as outlined below:
The District Materials Offices will qualify laboratories. Laboratories will be qualified for a twoyear period. In addition, an annual review will be made by District Staff. Appendix B contains the
procedures for qualifying materials laboratories.
Four laboratory types will be qualified, aggregate laboratories, PC Concrete laboratories, soils
field laboratories, and Hot Mix Asphalt laboratories.
Qualified laboratories will have the following:

April 21, 2015

Supersedes April 16, 2013

Matls. IM 208

1. Current manuals and test methods to perform the qualified testing available
2. A technician certified by the Iowa DOT to perform the qualified testing
3. Proper equipment to perform the qualified testing (calibrated or checked annually according
to Appendix B)
4. Satisfactory project and proficiency test results
5. Documentation of equipment calibrations, equipment checks, and proficiency results
The District may elect to accept qualifications, accreditations, or inspections from other
government agencies or Laboratory inspection agencies. The AASHTO Materials Reference
Laboratory (AMRL) and Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory are 2 common Laboratory
inspection programs. The links are:
http://www.amrl.net/amrlsitefinity/default/aap/r18labs.aspx
http://www.ccrl.us/Lip/LabListReport.pdf
Accredited Laboratories for Testing Soil Samples for Contractor Borrow
Laboratories for testing soil samples for contractor borrow shall be accredited for performing the
following tests:

Atterberg Limits (AASHTO T89 and T90, or ASTM D4318)

Percent gravel, sand, silt, and clay (AASHTO T88 or ASTM D422)
Proctor density and optimum moisture (AASHTO T99, ASTM D698)
Hydrometer particle size analysis of soils (AASHTO T88 or ASTM D422)

The accreditation could be AMRL, A2LA, Army Corp of Engineers, or other acceptable
accreditation program.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE PROCESS
The Central Materials Laboratory will be responsible for implementation and operation of the
Laboratory Qualification Program. The Central Materials Laboratory will accredit the District
Laboratories. The District Materials Offices will qualify laboratories.
NON-COMPLIANCE/DISPUTE RESOLUTION
A laboratory that does not meet the requirements of the IM is subject to elimination from the
qualification program.
Disputes concerning calibration and correlation of equipment will be resolved by the office
responsible for the qualification. For disputes that cannot be resolved at the District, the Central
Materials Laboratory will be the final authority.

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 21, 2015

Matls. IM 208
Appendix B

LABORATORY QUALIFICATION PROGRAM

The District Materials Office will qualify the other laboratories and maintain records of the
qualification for three years. The District Staff will check the following prior to qualifying a
laboratory:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Establish the type of laboratory (Aggregate, Hot Mix Asphalt, Soils Field, PC Concrete).
Check for current manuals and test procedures covering the qualified testing.
Check the certification of the testing personnel.
Document that proper equipment is available to perform qualified testing.
Check documentation system.

Scheduling of the qualification review will be discussed with the laboratories seeking
qualification. The District staff performing the qualification review should have the appropriate
certification (IM 213) for the type of laboratory and tests being reviewed. The District Materials
Engineer should be contacted for laboratories that have been qualified in other states. The
District Materials Office may qualify a laboratory based on an acceptable qualification report and
qualification program from another state transportation agency.
Table 1 and the pages following cover the list of items to be reviewed.
An oral close out on any deficiencies will be held with the testing personnel. Written notice will
be sent within two weeks of the inspection. District personnel will re-inspect after correction of
any deficiencies.
A form showing the laboratory type, the date qualified, and the expiration date will be issued by
the District Materials Engineer.
NON-COMPLIANCE/DISPUTE RESOLUTION
A laboratory that does not meet the requirements of the IM is subject to elimination from the
qualification program.
The office responsible for the qualification will resolve disputes concerning calibration and
correlation of equipment. For disputes that cannot be resolved at the District level, the Central
Materials Laboratory will be the final authority.
Table 1 - Laboratory Qualification Checklist

Tester Qualifications-Proper Iowa DOT certifications

Current Test Procedures
Current Calibration Procedures & Records
Documentation of correlation results and corrective
actions taken for previous construction season.

Calib./Verif.
Interval

Calib./Verif.
Procedure

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 21, 2015

Matls. IM 208
Appendix B

Soils Field Laboratory

Balances
Sieves- wear, tear, size
Mold, Base, and rammer condition

12 months
12 months
(a)

IM 309

Aggregate Laboratory
Balances
Sieves- wear, tear, size, and opening size
Splitter- condition
Mechanical Shakers- condition (if used)

12 months
12 months
12 months
12 months

(b)
Iowa 1506
(Visual)
Iowa 1502

HMA Laboratory
Balances- and water bath
Sieves- wear, tear, size, and opening size
Splitter- condition
Mechanical Shakers- condition (if used)
Rice equipment- vacuum and flask
Thermometers
Ovens- temperatures
Gyratory Compactor and molds

12 months
12 months
12 months
12 months
12 months
12 months
12 months
12 months

(b)
Iowa 1506
(Visual)
Iowa 1502
IM 350
Iowa 1607
Iowa 1501
Iowa 1522

(b)

PCC Laboratory
Balances
12 months
(b)
Sieves- wear, tear, size, and opening size
12 months
Iowa 1506
Splitter- condition
12 months
(Visual)
Mechanical Shakers- condition (if used)
12 months
Iowa 1502
Air Meter
12 months
IM 318
Slump Cone and equipment-condition
12 months
Flexural Strength Apparatus
12 months
Central Lab
(a) The mold, base or rammer should be checked if the condition warrants.
(b) For checking the calibration either use the scale calibration firms procedure or Iowa 917.
LABORATORY ITEMS
PCC Portable Paving Plant
The following list contains, as a minimum, what is required for a qualified PCC paving plant
laboratory. The test equipment to perform each of the required tests is contained in the
respective IM.

Field Lab of suitable size for workspace, space to perform tests, and sample storage. Locate
the Field Lab so it is convenient to the plant, but outside the influence of plant vibration.
Air-conditioned
Personal computer
Phone
All in one printer

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 21, 2015

Matls. IM 208
Appendix B

SOILS FIELD LABORATORY INSPECTION

QUALITY CONTROL CHECKLIST
Contractor/Producer:

Location:

Certified Technician:

Certification No:

Balances

Yes

(Iowa Test Method 917)

Updated balance calibration records available?
Check balance using 500 gm & 1000 gm calibrated weights?
Is balance accurate to 0.1%?

Sieves
Are the sieves in good condition (no loose frames, holes, or tears)?

Mold, Base, and Rammer

(IM 309)

Are they in good condition. Mold round and the base flat?
If not, check the dimensions for out-of-tolerance.

Rigid Foundation
Do they have a concrete pad or floor or other rigid foundation to
compact the specimen on?

Comments
:

cc: District Materials Engineer

Contractor/Producer
Ames
File

Inspected By:
Date Inspected:

No

IM 213
Appendix D

April 21, 2015

Supersedes April 15, 2014

Matls. IM 213
Appendix D

SOILS TECHNICIAN DUTIES

A certified Soils Technician is required for all projects with Compaction with Moisture Control,
Compaction with Moisture and Density Control, or Special Compaction of Subgrade (including
for Recreation Trails). Refer to contract documents for Contractor QC testing requirements.
Duties of the Soils Technician consist of, but are not limited to the following:
A. Sampling: Obtain samples at required frequencies per IM 204.
B. Proctor Testing
C. Other Testing as Required
1. For projects with Compaction with Moisture Control: Determine moisture content per
frequencies in IM 204.
2. For projects with Compaction with Moisture and Density Control or Special Compaction
of Subgrade: Determine moisture content and in-place density per frequencies in IM
204.
D. Sampling & Testing Equipment
1. Clean and check testing sieves for defects.
2. Assure scale accuracy.
3. Check and maintain other testing equipment.
E. Evaluate the test data.
1. For projects with Compaction with Moisture Control: Confirm soils are being placed
within required moisture content range.
2. For projects with Compaction with Moisture and Density Control or Special Compaction
of Subgrade: Confirm soils are being placed within required moisture content range and
soil is compacted to density equal to or greater than density requirement.
F. Documentation and Communication
1. Document test data. A copy is sent to the Project Engineer.
2. Relay test results to appropriate supervisory personnel.
3. Notify the Project Engineer if any test results do not meet contract requirements and
assure corrective actions are taken.

14

IM 216

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 21, 2015

Matls. IM 216

Office of Construction & Materials

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE ACCEPTABILITY OF TEST RESULTS

GENERAL
Criteria for determining the acceptability of test results is an integral part of the Quality Assurance
Program. The comparison between two different operators results is used in the independent
assurance program and sometimes in the validation process. The tolerances in this IM are for
comparing individual test results except in the case of the profile index where averages are used.
When criteria for comparing tests results is not established in this IM or any other IM, use of the
AASHTO or ASTM test procedure precision criteria is appropriate for determining acceptability of
test results.
When the tolerances are exceeded, an immediate investigation must be made to determine
possible cause so that any necessary corrections can be made. Below are some steps that may
be used to identify the possible cause:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Check all numbers and calculations.

Review past proficiency and validation data.
Review sampling and testing procedures.
Check equipment operation, calibrations and tolerances.
Perform tests on split samples or reference samples.
Involve the Central Materials Laboratory.

TOLERANCES
TEST NAME

TEST METHOD

TOLERANCE

Slump of PC Concrete
1 or less on IA or Verification
More than 1 on IA or Verification

IM 317

1/4 in.
3/4 in.

Air Content of PC Concrete

IM 318

0.4%

Length of Concrete Cores

IM 347

0.10 in.)

NDT Pavement Thickness (MIT)

<=0.15 in.

Free Moisture in Aggregate, by Pycnometer

IM 308

0.2%

Specific Gravity of Aggregate, by Pycnometer

IM 307

0.02

Moisture in Aggregate, by Hot Plate

0.3%

Moisture in Soil

IM 335, IM 334

1.5%

Proctor Optimum Moisture Content

IM 309

2.0%

Proctor Maximum Dry Density

IM 309

5.0 lb./ft3

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 21, 2015

Matls. IM 216

In-Place Wet Density, Soils & Bases

IM 334, 326,
other approved

2.0 lb./ft

Gmm Maximum Specific Gravity

IM 350

0.010

Gmb Density of HMA Concrete, by Displacement

IM 321

0.020

G*/Sin Delta

T315

10% of mean

% Binder, Ignition Oven

IM 338

0.3%

Gsa Apparent Specific Gravity

IM 380

0.010

Gsb Bulk Specific Gravity

IM 380

0.028

Percent Absorption

IM 380

0.37%

Fine Aggregate Angularity

T304

2.0%

Sand Equivalency

T176

10 % of mean

Pavement Profile Index (0.2 blanking band)

Verification Profile Index Test Result
Inches/mile
6.0 or less
6.1 to 20.0
20.1 to 40.0
More than 40.0

IM 341

Pavement Profile Index (0.0 blanking band)

Verification Profile Index Test Result
Inches/mile
25.0 or less
25.1 to 40.0
More than 40.0

IM 341

Bridge Profile Index (0.2 blanking band)

Verification Profile Index Test Result
Inches/mile
6.0 or less
6.1 to 20.0
20.1 to 40.0
More than 40.0

IM 341

Pavement International Roughness Index (IRI)

Verification IRI Test Result
Inches/mile
50.0 or less
50.1 to 150.0
More than 150.0

IM 341

1.0 in./mi.
2.0 in./mi.
3.0 in./mi.
5.0 in./mi.

3.0 in./mi.
4.0 in./mi.
5.0 in./mi.

2.0 in./mi.
3.0 in./mi.
4.0 in./mi.
6.0 in./mi.

10.0% of mean
8.0% of mean
7.0% of mean

IM 334

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 15, 2015

Office of Construction & Materials

Matls. IM 334

DETERMINING MOISTURE CONTENT & DENSITY OF SOILS,

BASES & SUBBASES WITH A NUCLEAR GAUGE
SCOPE
This test method describes the procedure used in determining the in-place density and moisture
content of soils, cold-in-place recycled asphalt pavement, soil aggregate sub-base, soil lime subbase, and cement treated granular base or sub-base by the use of nuclear method.
OPERATOR QUALIFICATION
In addition to complying with IM 206 (as applicable), an operator, to determine the moisture content
and density of soils, bases, and sub-bases with a nuclear gauge, must first demonstrate knowledge
and proficiency in various related areas that may affect the test result. The specific areas will be
determined by and demonstrated to the satisfaction of the District Materials Engineer or an
authorized representative.
PROCEDURE
A. Apparatus
1. A recognized nuclear moisture-density gauge containing a radioisotope, detectors and
related circuitry. The gauge shall be capable of determining densities by either the
backscatter or direct transmission methods.
2. A reference standard for the purpose of taking standard counts, and for checking
equipment operation.
3. A drill rod and combination guide-scraper plate for preparing the testing site.
4. Manufacturer Instructional Manual.
B. Standard Counts
1. Place the reference standard in a position recommended by the manufacturer to obtain
standard counts.
2. Allow the gauge to warm up as suggested by the manufacturer.
3. Take one automatic four-minute standard count per manufacturer instructions. This count
should be within 1% of the latest standard count established for the gauge. In the event
the standard count varies by more than 1%, make a note of that number, reject that
count on the gauge and then obtain another standard count. The two standard count
numbers just obtained should be within 1% of each other and within 2% of the latest
established standard count. If so, retain and record the last standard count taken.
4. If the day-to-day shift in the standard count varies more than 2% for moisture or 1% for
density, reset the gauge on the standard and repeat the procedure in B3.
5. Keep a log of the gauge standard counts.

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 15, 2015

Matls. IM 334

6. Standard counts should be taken twice a day to detect any shift during daily use.
C. Site Preparation
1. Select a random location in the testing area. Test will be run at three locations at this
station, the center and the points from each side of the center. Moisture and density
determinations will be based on the average of the readings from the three locations.
Test locations should be such that the gauge will be a least 6 in. away from any vertical
projection. Be sure the vehicle is at least 10 ft. away from the test site.
2. Remove all loose and disturbed material, and remove additional material as necessary to
reach the top of the compacted lift to be tested.
3. Prepare a horizontal area, sufficient in size to accommodate the gauge, using the scraper
plate supplied with the gauge; by planing to a smooth condition so as to obtain maximum
contact between the gauge and material being tested. Make sure the gauge sits solidly on
the site without rocking.
4. The maximum depressions beneath the gauge shall not exceed 1/8 in. Use native fines or
fine sand to fill voids and level the excess with the scraper plate. The total area thus filled
with native fines or sand should not exceed ten percent of the bottom area of the gauge.
D. Moisture Determination
1. Prepare test site as described in C.
2. Obtain a one-minute moisture count.
3. The moisture measurement is based upon the thermalization of fast neutrons by hydrogen
atoms. Because some materials may contain hydrogen other than free water or may
contain thermalizing elements other than hydrogen, the moisture content value should be
verified by comparison with Materials IM 335. If the moisture differential between the two
tests is greater than 1.5%, then not less than four moisture samples should be oven dried
to determine the moisture correction factor. Refer to gauge manufacturer instructions for
correcting gauge-derived moisture content values. Typically, if the gauge reading is higher
than the values obtained by oven dry samples, the error is due to hydrogen containing
materials. If the gauge reading is lower than that obtained by oven drying, the error is likely
due to materials which absorb thermalized neutrons. Note: Moisture correction is not
typically required for embankment materials.
E. Density Determination - Direct Transmission
1. Place the guide plate on the site for the moisture determination and drive the drive pin
through the guide to a depth at least 2 in. below the depth of material to be measured.
Remove the drive pin by pulling straight up in order to avoid disturbing the access hole.
2. Place the gauge over the access hole and push the index handle down until the source has
reached the desired depth.
3. With the source at the desired depth, pull the gauge so that the probe is in contact with the

October 20, 2015

Supersedes April 15, 2015

Matls. IM 334

near side of the hole, take and record a one-minute wet density count.
4. Generally no corrections for density need be made due to soil compositional error,
however, if a soil has a mean atomic weight higher than limestone, the gauge may indicate
a high density. If it is felt that the gauge is indicating an unrealistic high density, two
undisturbed soil cores shall be obtained. These two cores should be sent to the Central
Materials Laboratory and be tested for density using Iowa Test Method 102. A correction
factor should be obtained based on the density measured by the Central Materials
Laboratory. This factor should be applied to the field nuclear densities.
F. Calculations
When determining the moisture correction described in D4, refer to gauge manufacturers
instructions for moisture correction calculations.
G. General Notes
1. Do not attempt to operate a nuclear gauge before thoroughly reading the Instruction
Manual.
2. Do not attempt to operate a nuclear gauge before thoroughly reviewing the radiological
safety precautions described in Office of Materials IM 206, "Nuclear Test Equipment."

DOCUMENTATION

Links for various forms:

E107 Field Moisture Test

www.iowadot.gov/Construction_Materials/inspection_tools/englishforms/E107.xlsx

E108 Proctor Tests

www.iowadot.gov/Construction_Materials/inspection_tools/englishforms/e108.xlsx

Form 821258 Nuclear Test Report

forms.iowadot.gov/FormsMgt/External/821258.pdf

Proctor Density Calculation Spreadsheet

www.iowadot.gov/Construction_Materials/earthwork_erosion/Proctor%20Density%20Calculation%20Sheet.xlsm

Random Sampling Worksheet

www.iowadot.gov/Construction_Materials/earthwork_erosion/Embankment_random_sample_locations.xlsx