ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / g]kfn

g]kfn ;/sf/
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvf
@)^(

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / g]kfn

k|yd ;+:s/0f M
bf];|f] ;+:s/0f M
t];|f] ;+:s/0f M
k'gM k|sfzg M
rf}yf] ;+:s/0f M
kfFrf}F ;+:s/0f M

@)^@
@)^#
@)^$
@)^%
@)^^
@)^( -k"0f{ kl/dflh{t / cBfjlws_

;jf{lwsf/ M g]kfn ;/sf/, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf ;'/lIft .

k|sfzs M
g]kfn ;/sf/,
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvf
l;+xb/af/, sf7df08f}, g]kfn,
kmf]g M g+= $@!!$#!, $@!!^!^, $@!!$^)

dGtJo
/fli6o cy{tGqnfO{ cGt/f{li6o cy{tGq;Fu cfa4 u/L d'n'ssf] j:t' tyf
;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ yk k|lt:kwL{ agfpFb} v'nf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6
clwstd cfly{s nfe lng] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;g\ @))$ df ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] ;b:o ag]sf] xf] . lgoddf cfwfl/t ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6
cfly{s ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug] ck]Iffsf ;fy
g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf cfa4 ePsf] cf7 jif{ k"/f eO;s]sf] 5 .
;7gsf] ;b:otfkl5 ef}uf]lns tyf cfly{s b'j} b[li6n] ;fgf] /fi6 g]kfnsf]
klg cGo /fi6s} ;/x cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf ;Gbe{df y'k|} clwsf/x
;'lglZrt ePsf 5g\ eg] ;7gsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otdf s]xL bfloTjx
;d]t l;h{gf x'gk'u]sf 5g\ .
;b:otf k|flKtkl5sf jif{xdf ;7gdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfadf]lhd d'n'ssf]
cy{jfl0fHo If]q;Fu ;Da4 gLlt tyf sfg"gxnfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf
cfwf/e"t l;4fGt cg's"n x'g] u/L kl/dfh{g tyf ;+zf]wg ug]]{ bfloTjnfO{
qmdzM k"/f ub{} nluPsf] 5 . k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f, ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4
/ Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf;h:tf lqmofsnfkxnfO{ klg qmdzM cufl8
a9fpFb} :jtGq / :jR5 kdf Jofkf/ ;~rfng x'g] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0ftkm{
klg ljz]if hf]8 lbOFb} cfOPsf] 5 . o;} cfly{s jif{leq ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otdf ug{'kg{] Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIffsf] sfo{ klg
;kmntf;fy ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnon] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gdf cfa4 ePkl5 ;7g / o;l;t ;Da4 dxjk"0f{ kIfxdf
;j{;fwf/0f ;a}df ;TotYo hfgsf/L ;Dk|]if0f ug{] p2]Zon] o:tf] k'l:tsf
k|sfzg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . of] k'l:tsf o; qmddf gofF ;+:s/0f xf] .

-c_

ljutsf] ;+:s/0fsf] t'ngfdf o; k'l:tsfdf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf

dxjk"0f{ / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf ;Gbe{df pkof]uL b]lvPsf w]/}
ljifoxnfO{ ;d]6L lj:tfl/t kdf of] k'l:tsf k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k'l:tsfn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf d'Vo kIfxdf k|sfz kfg{'sf
;fy} g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o aGg] qmddf u/]sf] tof/Lb]lv
xfn;Ddsf] cjlwdf lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf] ;DaGwdf klg ;+lIfKtdf
hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . of] k'l:tsf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / o;;Da4
ljleGg kIfdf hfgsf/L lng rfxg] kf7sxsf nflu pkof]uL cWoog
;fdu|L x'g] ck]Iff lnOPsf] 5 .
cGTodf, o:tf] pkof]uL k'l:tsfsf] n]vg, ;Dkfbg / k|sfzgdf ;+nUg
x'g'x'g] dGqfnosf ;a} sd{rf/L ;fyLxnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

@)^( c;f/

-nfndl0f hf]zL_
;lrj
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

-cf_

k|fSsyg
ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0faf6 l;lh{t cj;/xnfO{ /fi6sf]
cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf lglDt pkof]u ug{] p2]Zon] g]kfnn] cf7 jif{ klxn] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf lnPsf] lyof] . ;7gsf] ;b:otf;Fu} d'n'ssf]
j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf If]qdf cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL b'j} l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ . ;7gdf
cfa4 ePsf] sf/0f g]kfnnfO{ Psflt/ cGt/f{li6o ahf/df ;xh kx'Fr /
k|fljlws ;xof]unufotsf ;'ljwf k|fKt x'gk'u]sf 5g\ eg] csf{tkm{ :jb]zL
j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ cGt/f{li6o ahf/df yk k|lt:kwL{ / u'0ffTds agfpg'kg{]
r''gf}tL;d]t l;h{gf x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 plrt
nfe lng ljleGg gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf pkqmdxnfO{ klg
;doa4 kdf cufl8 a9fpg'kg{] bfloTj yk x'g cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf u/]sf k|lta4tfxnfO{ /fli6o lxtnfO{
dWogh/ u/L qmdzM sfof{Gjogdf ptfb}{ nu]sf] 5 . o; qmddf d'n'ssf
Jofkf/;Da4 gLlt, sfg"g tyf k|lqmofxnfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcg's"n
x'g] u/L ;'wf/sf k|of;xnfO{ ;3gtf;fy cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . eG;f/
tyf u}/ eG;f/hGo b'j} k|s[ltsf cj/f]wxnfO{ qmdzM Go"g agfpFb} :jtGq
Jofkf/sf] k|j4{gdfkm{t cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ b|'tt/ / ;dfj]zL agfpg g]kfn
k|oTgzLn 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6sf]
gftfn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;fgf /fi6sf] lxtdf clwstd pkof]u
ug{] lbzfdf g]kfnn] cfgf k|of;xnfO{ s]lGb|t ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
dGqfnon] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o alg;s]kl5 o; ;DaGwdf eP
u/]sf sfo{xnfO{ ;d]6L ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu ljutb]lv g}
k'l:tsf k|sfzg ub{} cfPsf]df of] jif{ kfFrf}+ ;+:s/0f k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ;+:s/0fdf ljut ;+:s/0fsf] t'ngfdf yk gofF ;fdu|Lx ;dfj]z
-O_

ul/Psf 5g\ . o; k'l:tsfdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ljleGg kIfx, g]kfnn]

;7gsf] ;b:otf lng u/]sf sfo{xb]lv xfn;Dd k|lta4tf k"/f ug{]
;Gbe{df ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{x, ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf g]kfnh:tf clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/sf ljifox / xfn ;Demf}tf jftf{sf
qmddf /x]sf] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f nufotsf ;d;fdlos / dxjk"0f{
ljifox ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . of] k'l:tsf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] af/]df
cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxg] k|fl1s ;d'bfo, cg';GwfgsdL{, sd{rf/L /
ljBfyL{ju{b]lv ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L lng rfxg];Dd ;a}sf nflu pkof]uL /
k7gLo x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf 5f}F .
k|:t't k'l:tsf tof/ ug{ k|]/0ff / dfu{lgb{]z lbg'x'g] dGqfnosf cfb/0fLo
;lrjHo"k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{} k'l:tsf tof/L / k|sfzg ug{ cys kl/>d
ug{'x'g] of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvfsf ;a} ;xsdL{
sd{rf/L ;fyLxdf wGojfb JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . k'l:tsfnfO{ lg/Gt/ cBfjlws
/ kl/dfh{g ub{} hfg] dGqfnosf] ;f]r /x]sf] ;Gbe{df o; ;+:s/0fdf s'g}
q'l6x /xg k'u]sf] eP cf}FNofO{ cfufdL ;+:s/0fdf ;'wf/ ug{] df}sf k|bfg
ul/lbg'x'g ;DalGwt ;a}df ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5' .

@)^( c;f/

-tf]ogf/fo0f 1jfnL_
;x;lrj
of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvf
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

-O{_

ljifoqmd
qm=;+=

ljifo

k[i7 ;+Vof

kl/R5]b!
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g M P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, ljsf;qmd, k|d'v sfo{ tyf
l;4fGtx
!=!
!=@
!=#
!=$
!=$=!
!=$=@
!=$=#
!=$=$
!=$=%
!=$=^
!=$=&
!=$=*
!=$=(
!=%
!=^
!=&

P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld
la|6gp8\; ;Dd]ng / Uof6
p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{ / ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] kl/ro, p2]Zo tyf sfo{x
kl/ro
;+/rgf tyf lg0f{o k|lqmof
;lrjfno
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf p2]Zox
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf sfo{x
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] sfo{If]q / k|d'v ;Demf}tfx
Uof6 / ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gaLrsf] leGgtf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf l;4fGtx
;b:otf k|flKtsf] k|lqmof / ;b:otfsf] k|sf/
ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL
Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngx

!
@
%
&
&
*
!)
!!
!@
!@
!#
!%
!(
@)
@@
@$

kl/R5]b@
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx
@=!
@=@
@=#
@=#=!
@=#=@
@=#=#

j:t' Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx

;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/
af}l4s ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f / ;+/If0f cjlw
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL
;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftf / kmfObfx

-p_

@(
$)
$$
$$
$%
$^

kl/R5]b#
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf g]kfnsf] cfa4tf
#=!
#=@
#=#
#=$
#=%
#=^
#=&

tTsfnLg Uof6df ;b:otfsf] nflu kxn

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ;b:otfsf] nflu cfj]bg /
;lDdng
;7gsf] ;b:o aGg'k"j{ ul/Psf gLltut tyf ;+:yfut
;'wf/sf k|of;x
g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfsf]
cfjZostf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o aGg' k5fl8sf p2]Zox
;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g;Sg] ;'ljwf,
kmfObf tyf cj;/x
;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 l;lh{t r'gf}tLx

$&
$&
%)
%!
%#
%#
%%

kl/R5]b$
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx / sfof{Gjog l:ylt
$=!
$=@
$=#
$=$
$=%

sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg / g]kfnsf k|lta4tfx

j:t' Jofkf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx /
sfof{Gjog l:ylt
;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx /
sfof{Gjog l:ylt
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn]
u/]sf k|lta4tfx / sfof{Gjog l:ylt
;7gdf JoQm ul/Psf k|lta4tfxsf] sfof{Gjogaf6
ljleGg If]qdf kg{;Sg] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f

%&
%*
^@
&)
&!

kl/R5]b%
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\ g]kfnn] ;DkGg u/]sf k|dv
' sfo{x
%=!
%=@
%=#
%=$
%=%
%=^

gLltutsfg"gL ;'wf/x
;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f
k|fljlws ;xof]u kl/rfng
hgr]tgf j[l4 Pj+ cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / ;f] cGtu{tsf d~rxdf
g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf

-pm_

&(
*!
*$
*%
*&
*&

kl/R5]b^
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6x
^=!
^=@
^=#
^=#=!
^=#=@
^=#=#
^=$
^=$=!
^=$=@
^=%

&=!
&=@
&=#
&=$
*=!
*=@

clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6o

kxnx
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf]
Jofkf/;Da4 k|d'v d'2f tyf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{t ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd
ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ pknAw 5"6, ;x'lnot tyf
;'ljwfx
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;Demf}tfxdf /x]sf ljsf;zLn
/fi6sf] kIfsf k|fjwfgx
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;lrjfnoaf6 pknAw x'g]
k|fljlws ;xfotfx
Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;ldlt (Trade and
Development Committee)

clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu ;7g

cGtu{t ul/Psf Joj:yfxsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f
lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf (Enhanced Integrated

Framework)

(@
(#
!)#
!)$
!)&
!)&
!)*
!)*

Jofkf/sf] nflu ;xof]u (Aid for Trade)

;7gdf cfa4 clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] eljiosf]
sfo{lbzf

!!!
!!#

bf]xf ljsf; Ph]08f

Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f
Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f
If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf

!!^
!@*
!#)
!#@

kl/R5]b&
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf 5nkmn / ;Demf}tfsf r/0fdf /x]sf s]xL gofF
tyf cGt/;Da4 ljifox

kl/R5]b*
ljljw

g]kfnn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng

cfufdL lbgdf rfNg'kg{] sbdx
pk;+xf/
cg';"rLx

-P_

!#%
!$!
!$&!%#

kl/R5]b!
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g M P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, ljsf;qmd, k|d'v sfo{
tyf l;4fGtx
!=! P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld M
cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf] Oltxf; /fHosf] pTklQ hlQs} k'/fgf] eP klg cfw'lgs, :jtGq
/ pbf/ Jofkf/sf] Oltxf; eg] Tolt k'/fgf] 5}g . cfw'lgs / t'ngfTds kdf
:jtGq cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf] cjwf/0ff !( cf}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ cfP/ o"/f]kaf6
k|f/De ePsf] xf] . cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] hggL b]z a]nfotn] ;g\ !*%# / ;g\ !*^)
df j:t' Jofkf/nfO{ k|ToIf kdf k|efljt ug{] s/ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L ljb]zL
Jofkf/df nufOPsf] ;+/If0ffTds pkfoxnfO{ x6fO{ klxnf]kN6 :jtGq Jofkf/sf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] . o;df P8d l:dy -;g\ !&@#!&()_, 8]le8
l/sf8f{] -;g\ !&&@!*@@_, hf]g :6'c6{ ldn -;g\ !*)^!*&#_ h:tf To;a]nfsf :jtGq
Jofkf/ / cx:tIf]k gLlt (Laissez Faire Policy) sf k|jt{s tyf pbf/ cfly{s gLltsf
kIfw/ cy{zf:qLxsf] ljrf/sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf lyof] . o"/f]kdf ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] z'?b]lv
c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] dWo;Dd -;g\ !%))!&%)_ rn]sf] jfl0fHojfbL (Mercantilist)
cfly{s ljrf/wf/fn] d'n'ssf] cfly{s sNof0f / ;d[l4sf] nflu cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/nfO{
pRr dxj lbPsf] eP klg ;f] ljrf/wf/f :jtGqeGbf ;+/If0ffTds Jofkf/k|0ffnLsf]
kIfdf lyof] . of] cfly{s ljrf/wf/fn] ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] k|f/Deb]lv c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf]
dWo;Dd o"/f]ksf a]nfot, k|mfG;, hd{gL, cli6of nufotsf y'k|} o'/f]k]nL b]zsf
;/sf/nfO{ ;+/If0ffTds Joj:yf cLsf/ ub{} j}b]lzs Jofkf/ cl3 a9fpg pTk|]l/t
u/]sf] lyof] .
jfl0fHojfbL ljrfwf/fsf] cjnDagn] z'?df o'/f]k]nL b]zxnfO{ Plzof, clk|msf
/ blIf0f cd]l/sf;Dd cfgf] pklgj]z lj:tf/ ug{ / cfly{s ;fd|fHo km}nfpg
d2t k'u]sf] eP klg sfnfGt/df o"/f]kleq} ljleGg b]zxaLrdf ljleGg cj/f]w
/ ;+/If0ffTds pkfoxsf] sf/0f Jofkf/ ug{ sl7g x'Fb} uof] . o;}a]nf :jtGq
cy{tGqsf kIfw/ cy{zf:qLxsf] ljrf/n] jfl0fHojfbL ljrf/wf/fnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg
yfn] . kmntM v's'nf] / :jtGq Jofkf/ gLltxsf] cjnDagaf6 cy{tGqnfO{ ult lbg
o"/f]kdf a]nfoth:tf b]zn] ;+/If0ffTds Joj:yfdf qmdzM ;'wf/ ub{} hfg yfn] .

-1-

kl/0ffd:jk pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] dWob]lv klxnf] ljZjo'4 -;g\ !(!$!*_ z'? x'g'k"j{
ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnL t'ngfTds kdf cToGt pbf/ /xgk'Uof] . t/ of] qmd w]/} ;do;Dd
/xg kfPg . klxnf] ljZjo'4sf] ;dflKt;Fu} /fi6xn] lj:tf/} j}b]lzs Jofkf/df k'gM
c'zx nufpFb} hfg yfn]sf] / ;g\ !(#) sf] bzsdf ljZj cy{tGqdf vf;u/L o"/f]k
/ cd]l/sfdf 5fPsf] dxfdGbL (Great Economic Depression) kl5 cfGtl/s cy{tGqnfO{
dGbLaf6 d'Qm t'Nofpg j}b]lzs Jofkf/df ljleGg vfnsf cj/f]wx l;h{gf ug{] sfdn]
ult lnof] . o; nuQ} 36]sf] bf];|f] ljZj o'4sf] 36gfn] ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ Wj:t
k|foM dfq agfPg k'gM;+/If0ffTds Jofkf/k|0ffnL nfu" ug{]tkm{ o"/f]k / cd]l/sfnfO{
afWo agfof] . o;/L bf];|f] ljZjo'4 -!(#*!($$_ sf] ;dflKt;Dd cfOk'Ubf j}b]lzs
Jofkf/df cg]s k|sf/sf cj/f]wxsf] pkl:yltsf sf/0f o;df ;'wf/ ck]lIft x'g
cfPsf] lyof] .
!=@ la|6gp8\; ;Dd]ng / Uof6 M ;g\ !(#) sf] cfly{s dGbL / bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 Wj:t
k|foM ePsf] ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ k'ghL{jg lbg, cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/df /x]sf ljleGg cj/f]w
/ ;+/If0ffTds k|aGwxnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub{} pbf/ / cj/f]w/lxt Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf]
:yfkgfdfkm{t cfly{s j[l4nfO{ ult lbg] / df}lb|s l:y/tf sfod /fVg] nufotsf p2]Zo
k|flKtsf nflu cd]l/sfsf] Go" XofDk;fo/l:yt la|6gp8\; (Bretton woods) eGg] :yfgdf
;g\ !($$ sf] h'nfO{ dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;ftfdf Ps cGt/f{li6o ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf eof] .
;f] ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf $% /fi6sf pRr k|ltlglwxsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf
pkl:yt k|ltlglwxn] Jofks 5nkmn kZrft\ ljZj cy{tGqsf] k'g?Tyfg, df}lb|s
l:y/tf / cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu b]xfosf tLgj6f cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfx
:yfkgf ug{] lg0f{o u/] .
k'glg{df{0f tyf ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6o a} (International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development: IBRD)

cGt/f{li6o d'b|f sf]if (International Monetary Fund: IMF)

cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;7g (International Trade Organization: ITO)
oL tLg ;+:yfxdWo] ljZj a} (IBRD) / cGt/f{li6o d'b|f sf]if (IMF) ;g\ !($% sf]
l8;]Da/df :yfkgf eof], t/ cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;7g (ITO) :yfkgf ug{] ljiforflxF
;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sfnufotsf /fi6xsf] ;xdlt x'g g;Sbf cf]em]ndf kof] .

-2-

otf la|6]gp8\; ;Dd]ngn] lg0f{o u/]adf]lhd ITO :yfkgf x'g g;s]kl5 cGt/f{li6o
Jofkf/nfO{ tLj|tfsf ;fy pbf/Ls/0f ug{ / k|rlnt ;+/If0ffTds Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
Nofpgsf nflu k|d'v cfly{s zlQmsf kdf /x]sf b]zxaf6 kxn z'? eof] . o;
qmddf ;g\ !($% sf] l8;]Da/df !% /fi6xsf] ;d"xn] ldn]/ Ps cfk;df Jofkfl/s
sf/f]af/ x'g] j:t'xsf] eG;f/ b/x 36fpg] tyf ;Ldfg ug{] p2]Zon] jftf{ k|f/De
u/] . klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{df Jofkf/sf lgodx to ug{] / em08} $%,))) j:t'sf]
eG;f/ dx;'ndf s6f}tL ug{] lg0f{o eof] . em08} !) ca{ 8n/ a/fa/ d"Nosf] Jofkfl/s
sf/f]af/nfO{ ;d]6]sf] o;n] tTsfnLg ljZj Jofkf/sf] kfFr efusf] Ps efu cf]u6]sf]
lyof] . o; qmddf ;d"xsf] ;b:o ;+Vofdf j[l4 eO{ @# k'Uof] . jftf{df ;+nUg tL @#
;b:o /fi6xn] ITO :yfkgf geP;Ddsf nflu ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ tby{
kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] p2]Zon] #) cS6f]a/ !($& df eG;f/ / Jofkf/;DaGwL
;fdfGo ;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: GATT) df x:tfIf/ u/] .
;f] ;Demf}tf ! hgj/L, !($* b]lv ;+ljbfsf/L /fi6x (GATT Contracting Parties)
aLrdf sfof{Gjogdf cfof] . o;sf eG;f/ ;x'lnot;DaGwL k|fjwfgxrflxF #) h'g,
!($* af6 sfof{Gjogdf cfP .
Uof6 ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] em08} Ps dlxgfkl5 ITO :yfkgf ug{] ;DaGwdf
So"jfsf] xjfgfdf ;g\ !($& sf] gf]e]Da/df cfof]hgf ePsf] Jofkf/ tyf /f]huf/;DaGwL
;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo ;Dd]ngsf cj;/df a8fkq (Charter) sf] d:of}bf tof/ ul/of] h'g
lgs} dxjfs+fIfL lyof] . o;n] ljZj Jofkf/sf lgodxnfO{ dfq g;d]6]/ /f]huf/L,
cGt/f{li6o nufgL / ;]jf Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug{] tyf lgoGq0ffTds Jofkf/ cEof;nfO{ Go"g
ug{] nufotsf ljifonfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] lyof] . Tolta]nf ITO nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf]
Pp6f ljlzi6Ls[t Ph]G;Lsf] kdf :yfkgf ug{] ;f]r lnOPsf] lyof] . cGttM xjfgf
;Dd]ngaf6 cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;7g (ITO) sf] :yfkgfsf] nflu a8fkq klg hf/L
ul/of] . t/ ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL %) /fi6xdWo] s]xL /fi6sf] Joj:yflksf vf;u/L
cd]l/sL ;+;baf6 ;f] a8fkq cg'df]bg x'g g;Sbf ;7g :yfkgf ug{] sfo{n] tTsfn
d"t{ k lng;s]g . To;kl5 xjfgf ;Dd]ngdf efu lng] %) /fi6dWo] @# /fi6xn]
Uof6 ;Demf}tfnfO{ c:yfoL kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofP . o;/L ! hgj/L, ;g\ !($*
b]lv lnP/ ! hgj/L, ;g\ !((% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g (World Trade Organization:
WTO) sf] :yfkgf gx'Fbf;Ddsf] em08} $& jif{sf] cjlwsf nflu Uof6n] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;~rfng / lgodg ug{] ;+oGqsf kdf sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] .

-3-

Uof6 (GATT) d"ntM j:t' Jofkf/nfO{ ;xh agfpg ;3fp k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ul/Psf]
of}6f cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tf lyof] h;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;+ljbfsf/L /fi6xaLr j:t'
Jofkf/sf ;Gbe{df nfUb} cfPsf] eG;f/ cj/f]wxnfO{ qmdzM Go"g ub{} cGt/f{li6o
Jofkf/nfO{ ;+/If0fjfbL k|0ffnLaf6 pbf/Ls/0ftkm{ 8f]ofpg' / ;xh agfpg' lyof] . Uof6df
;+ljbfsf/L kIfxnfO{ pRr cfoftsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{
Go"g ug{ s]xL u}/eG;f/ pkfosf] cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf klg lyof] . em08} kfFr
bzs;Dd sfof{Gjogdf /xFbf Uof6sf cfwf/e"t sfg"gL k|0ffnLx pxL g} /x] eg] o;n]
r/0fa4 kdf ;DkGg ljleGg Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf dfkm{t ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf
lgod tyf zt{xnfO{ yk v's'nf] / lj:t[t agfpg] tyf ;dofg's"n kl/isf/ ug{]
sfo{ klg ub{} cfof] . o; qmddf ;g\ !($& b]lv ;g\ !(($ ;Dd Uof6sf ljleGg
cf7 r/0fsf ;Demf}tf jftf{ ;DkGg eP . logdf z'?sf kfFr r/0f;Ddsf jftf{x
d'VotM j:t'sf] eG;f/ 36fpg] s'/fl;t ;Da4 lyP eg] 5}6f}F s]g]8L r/0fkl5sf tLg
r/0fsf ;Demf}tf jftf{xn] eG;f/sf cltl/Qm u}/eG;f/hGo pkfoxnfO{ klg ;d]6\g]
sfo{ u/]sf lyP . kl5Nnf r/0fsf jftf{xdf PG6L8lDk, ljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;t
/fi6xsf nflu ljleGg 5"6 tyf ljz]if ;x'lnotx pknAw u/fpg];DaGwL k|fjwfgx
h:t} Generalized System of Preference (GSP), Enabling Clause cflb nfO{ klg Uof6
cGtu{t ;dfj]z ug{] kxn ePsf lyP . vf;u/L ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf cfP/ Uof6df
Jofkf/ / ljsf; zLif{sdf s]xL k|fjwfg ;d]l6P eg] w]/} ljsf;zLn /fi6xn] Uof6sf]
;b:otf klg lnP . ;g\ !(&) df cfP/ Uof6df cg]s kIfLo ;Demf}tf (Plurilateral
Agreements) -:j}lR5s kdf dfGg] ;b:oxsf xsdf dfq nfu" x'g]_ klg ylkof]] .
;fy}, eG;f/ dx;'n b/nfO{ yk 36fpg] sfo{ klg kl5Nnf r/0fdf cfP/ tLj| eof] .
cf7f}F r/0f -!(*^!((#_ sf] jftf{ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf Uof6sf] ;b:o ;+Vof !@# k'Uof] eg]
eG;f/sf cltl/Qm u}/ eG;f/hGo k|fjwfgxnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L o;n] lj:t[t
;Demf}tfsf] k lngk'Uof] . ;b:o /fi6xaLrdf j:t'sf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/nfO{ qmdzM
36fO{ cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug{, ;b:o /fi6xsf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ tLj| agfpg
/ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ ult lbg Uof6n] pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] .
Uof6sf ljleGg r/0fsf jftf{ cfof]hgf ePsf] jif{, jftf{n] ;d]6]sf ljifoj:t' / ;xefuL
;b:oxsf] ;+Vof tn tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

-4-

Uof6sf ljleGg r/0fsf jftf{x

jif{
!($&
!($(
!(%!
!(%^
!(^)^!

7fpF / b]z
h]g]ef, l:j6h/Nof08
Pg];L, k|mfG;
6f]s{], ;+o'Qm clw/fHo
h]g]ef, l:j6h/Nof08
h]g]ef, -l8nf]g
/fp08_
!(^$^&
h]g]ef -s]g]8L
/fp08_
!(&#!(&( h]g]ef -6f]lsof]
/fp08_
!(*^!(($ h]g]ef -pUj]
/fp08_

jftf{sf] d'Vo ljifo j:t'

eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg]
eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg]
eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg]
eG;f/ eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg]
eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg]

;xefuL
d'n'sx
@#
!#
#*
@^
@^

eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg] / PG6L

8lDk;DaGwL Joj:yf
eG;f/, u}/ eG;f/;DaGwL
Joj:yf / k|m]djs{ ;Demf}tf
eG;f/, u}/ eG;f/hGo
lgodx, ;]jf If]q, af}l4s
;DklQ clwsf/, ljjfb
;dfwfg, j:q, s[lif / ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgf

^@
!)@
!@#

!=# p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{ / ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgf

Uof6sf] cf7f}F r/0fsf] jftf{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] Oltxf;df cToGt dxjsf] /x]sf]
5 . o;} r/0fsf] cGTodf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgf ug{] P]ltxfl;s lg0f{o ePsf]
lyof] . of] jftf{ ;g\ !(*^ sf] ;]K6]Da/df p?Uj]sf] k'G6f 8] :6]6 eGg] :yfgaf6
z'? eP/ ljleGg cf7 7fpFdf u/L cGTodf ;g\ !((# sf] l8;]Da/df h]g]efdf cfP/
6'lPsf] lyof] . To; a]nf;Ddsf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf nfdf]
r/0fsf] jftf{sf] kdf lrlgPsf] of] jftf{ ;DkGg x'g sl/a ;f9] ;ft jif{ hlt
nfu]sf] lyof] eg] o;df !@# ;b:o ;+nUg lyP . o; aLrdf of] jftf{ k'G6f 8] :6]6,
dlG6on, h]g]ef, a|;]N;, k'gM h]g]ef, jfl;6g l8=l;=, 6f]lsof] / cGTodf k'gM h]g]efdf
u/L cf7 7fpFdf cfof]hgf eO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg ljifodf ;xdlt /
;dembf/L sfod ul/Psf] lyof] . cGttM p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{sf qmddf ;xdlt ePsf
ljifoxnfO{ PsLs[t ;Demf}tf (Single Undertaking) sf] kdf ljsf; u/L ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] PsLs[t clGtd sfg"g (Final Act) sf kdf tof/ ul/of] . o;

-5-

qmddf j:t' Jofkf/sf cltl/Qm ;]jf Jofkf/ / af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] Jofkf/nfO{
klg ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{t Pp6} 5ftfleq ;~rfng ug{] u/L ;xdlt eof] .
o; cltl/Qm Jofkf/;Da4 ljjfbnfO{ lgk0f ug{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/k|0ffnL cGtu{t
k|efjsf/L ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug{] s'/fdf klg ;xdlt sfod eof] . s[lif
Pj+ j:q tyf tof/L kf]zfssf] Jofkf/nfO{ k'gM Uof6sf] kl/lwleq NofOof] . ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g / lgodg ug{ tyf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dofg's"n
kl/dfh{g u/L ul/a tyf ljsf;zLn /fi6xnfO{ klg ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf] d"n k|jfxdf
;dflxt ug{] p2]Zosf nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g (World Trade Organization) gfds
Ps cGt/f{li6o ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{] klg ;xdlt eof] . o;sf] kl/0flt:jk ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lgodg ug{] clGtd sfg"gL b:tfj]h (Final Act) c+u|]hL, k|]m~r /
:k]lg; efiffdf tof/ u/L !% clk|n, !(($ df df]/Ssf]sf] df/fs]z eGg] :yfgdf !@#
d'n's tyf o'/f]k]nL ;d'bfo ! u/L hDdf !@$ ;b:oxaf6 klf/t ul/of] . clGtd
sfg"gL b:tfj]hn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g (WTO) :yfkgf ug{] ;DaGwL df/fs]z ;Demf}tf
(Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization) / o;sf d'Vo
rf/j6f cg';"rLxnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . df/fs]z ;Demf}tfdf !^ j6f wf/fx (Article)
/x]sf]df wf/f ! n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgf ;DaGwL s'/fnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
;Demf}tfsf] cg';"rL ! leq # j6f pkcg';"rL 5g\ . oL tLgj6f pkcg';"rLx qmdzM
j:t' Jofkf/, ;]jf Jofkf/ / af}l4s ;DklQsf] Jofkf/;DaGwL ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tfl;t
;Da4 5g\ . cg';"rL @ df Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfb lgk0f;DaGwL ;+oGq / sfo{ljlw
(Dispute Settlement Mechanism & Procedures) af/] pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] cg';"rL
# df Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ;+oGq (Trade Policy Review Mechanism) ;DaGwL
ljifo pNn]v ePsf] 5 . cg';"rL $ df cg]skIfLo -Plurilateral_ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf
ljifo ;dflji6 5g\ . of] ;Demf}tf ;a} ;b:osf nflu nfu" geP/ :j}lR5s kdf o;sf]
kfngf ug{ OR5's ;b:oxaLr dfq nfu" x'G5 . o; cGtu{t z'?df gful/s poogsf]
Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, ;/sf/L vl/b;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, cGt/f{li6o b'Uw;DaGwL
;Demf}tf / cGt/f{li6o uf]df+;;DaGwL ;Demf}tf u/L rf/j6f ;Demf}tf /x]sf]df ;g\
!((& df kl5Nnf @ j6f ;Demf}tf vf/]h eO{ xfn b'O{j6f ;Demf}tf dfq afFsL /x]sf
5g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{t cGt/f{li6o Jofkfl/s ultljlw ;~rfngsf nflu
@( j6f ;Demf}tfx / %) eGbf a9L dlGq:t/Lo 3f]if0ff, lg0f{o tyf ;dembf/L /x]sf
5g\ . o;k|sf/ ;g\ !($$ df kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;7g (ITO) n]
%) jif{kl5 ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g (WTO) sf] kdf d"t{ k lng ;kmn eof] .

-6-

p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df w]/}h;f] ljifodf ;dembf/L / ;Demf}tf sfod eP klg Jofkf/
;Demf}tf jftf{sf] qmd 6'lPsf] 5}g . To;dfly Jofkf/ Ps ultzLn If]q ePsf] /
;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu} ljZj cy{tGqdf b]vfkg{] ljleGg kl/l:yltsf] ;Gbe{df Psk6s
;xdlt eO;s]sf] ljifo s]xL jif{kl5 k'gM ;+zf]wg jf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo aGg;Sg]
x'Fbf Jofkf/;Da4 ;Demf}tfx klg ultzLn k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/nfO{ yk pbf/, k|lt:kwL{ / Jojwfg/lxt agfpg] ;Gbe{df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g
cGtu{t clxn] klg ljleGg ljifodf jftf{ / ;Demf}tfsf] qmd rln/x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L
p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt ug{ afFsL ljifonfO{ kl5Nnf r/0fsf jftf{df ;dfj]z
ub{} hfg] ;xdltcg';f/ clxn] klg ;Demf}tfsf pkqmd rln/x]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf
;g\ !((& df p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt x'g afFsL /x]sf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{
yk pbf/ agfpg] ;DaGwdf ^( ;b:oxn] ;Demf}tf u/]sf 5g\ . ;f]xL jif{ $)
;b:oxn] ;"rgf k|ljlwhGo pTkfbgdf eG;f/d'Qm Jofkf/ ug{] ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf
u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L &) ;b:oxn] (% eGbf a9L If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ljQLo
;]jfsf] sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ . h; cGtu{t a}l, aLdf,
lwtf]kq / ljQLo ;"rgfh:tf ;]jf Jofkf/sf dxjk"0f{ If]q ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ .
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;g\ @))) df s[lif / ;]jf Jofkf/sf If]qdf gofF
jftf{x z'? ul/P . oL ljifoxnfO{ clxn] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f (Doha Development
Agenda: DDA) cGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ @))! sf] gf]e]Da/df stf/sf]
/fhwfgL bf]xfdf ;DkGg ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] rf}yf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] p?Uj]
r/0fsf] jftf{df 6'lg g;s]sf ljifo tyf ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ljsf;zLn / sd
ljsl;t ;b:oxsf] lx:;fnfO{ a9fpg tyf sdhf]/ d'n'sxsf] Jofkf/ IfdtfnfO{
psf:g ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o u/]cg';f/ xfn o; cGtu{t
ljleGg ljifodf ;b:oxaLr 5nkmn, k/fdz{ rln/x]sf] 5 . oBlk jftf{ cem}
lgisif{df k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .
!=$ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] kl/ro, p2]Zo tyf sfo{x
!=$=! kl/ro
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgf ! hgj/L, !((% df ePsf] xf] . o; ;7gsf] :yfkgf;Fu}
tTsfnLg Uof6 :jtM lj:yflkt x'g k'Uof] eg] Uof6 cGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfx ;d;fdlos
;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{gsf ;fy o;} ;7g cGtu{t nfu" x'g] u/L Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
Uof6sf] pQ/flwsf/L ;+:yfsf] kdf /x]sf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt,
lgod tyf lg0f{ok|lqmof nufotsf clwsf+z ljifox tTsfnLg Uof6s} k|fjwfgcg'k
-7-

/x]sf 5g\ . t/ sfo{If]q, ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL cflbsf] ;Gbe{df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g
Uof6eGbf w]/} k|ultzLn / Jofks 5 . ;a}eGbf dxjk"0f{ km/s Uof6n] j:t' Jofkf/nfO{
dfq ;d]6]sf] lyof] eg] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] j:t' Jofkf/sf cltl/Qm ;]jf Jofkf/ /
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t cfgf] sfo{If]qleq ;d]6]sf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g lgoddf cfwfl/t, ;b:oxsf] ;femf k|of;af6 ;~rflnt ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lgodg ug{] Ps dfq cGt/f{li6o ;+:yf xf] . o;n] ;b:oxaLr
;7gcGtu{t ePsf cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / lg0f{oxnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{
;3fp k'ofpFb5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;b:o d'n'sxaLr x'g] Jofkf/nfO{ ;Dej
eP;Dd ;xh, k"jf{g'dfgLo / :jtGq 9n] ;~rfng ug{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{' xf] .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{tsf ;Demf}tf tyf lgodx ;a} ;b:osf lglDt sfg"gL
kdf afWofTds x'G5g\ . t/ ;7g cfkm}Fn] gLlt, lgod agfpg] geO{ o;n] ;b:o
/fi6xaLr jftf{ eO{ cg'df]lbt ;Demf}tf tyf lgodxnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] sfo{
ub{5 . ;fy}, :jLs[t ;Demf}tf ljk/Lt s'g} ;b:on] cfr/0f u/]df To;af6 dsf{ kg{]
;b:on] ph"/L u/]sf] v08df To:tf] ljjfbsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ul/lbg] sfo{ klg ;7gsf]
If]qflwsf/leq kb{5 .
!=$=@ ;+/rgf tyf lg0f{o k|lqmof
-s_ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;+/rgf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ rf/ txdf afF8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . logdf ;a}eGbf dfly
klxnf] txdf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng /x]sf] 5, h;sf] a}7s ;fdfGotM k|To]s b'O{ jif{df
Psk6s a:5 . of] ;7gsf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{] ;a}eGbf pRr lgsfo xf] . dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngn] ;7g cGtu{tsf s'g} klg ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lng;S5 . dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngsf] cGt/fndf ;7gsf] b}lgs sfo{;~rfngsf nflu
;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ (General Council) sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . of] bf];|f] txsf] ;+/rgf
xf] . o;n] b}lgs sfo{;~rfngsf cltl/Qm dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf lg0f{oxsf]
sfof{Gjog ug{] sfo{ klg ub{5 . kl/ifb\df ;b:o b]zsf /fhb"t jf pRr ;/sf/L
txaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'G5 / o;sf] a}7s lgoldt kdf cfof]hgf x'G5 . kl/ifb\sf]
a}7sdf oL k|ltlglwxn] cleJoQm u/]sf] wf/0ffnfO{ ;DalGwt b]zsf] cflwsfl/s egfO
dflgG5 . bf];|f] txdf ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\sf cltl/Qm ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGq / Jofkf/ gLlt
k'g/fjnf]sg ;+oGq /x]sf 5g\ . ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\n] cfjZostfg';f/ ljjfb ;dfwfg
;+oGq jf Jofkf/ gLlt ljZn]if0f ;+oGqsf] kdf klg sfo{ ub{5 . t/ o:tf ;+oGqsf]
-8-

a}7s a:bf ;DalGwt ljifosf ljz]if1 / sfg"gljb\xnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{] rng
5 . oL tLgj6} lgsfon] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngnfO{ cfk"mn] u/]sf sfdsf] af/]df cjut
u/fpg'kg{] k|fjwfg 5 . ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf tLgj6} If]qnfO{
;d]6\g] u/L tLgj6f 5'f5'} kl/ifb\ /x]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\ j:t' Jofkf/ kl/ifb\, ;]jf Jofkf/
kl/ifb\ / Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL kl/ifb\ . lognfO{ ;7gsf] t];|f]
txsf] ;+/rgfsf] kdf lng ;lsG5 . oL kl/ifb\n] cfcfgf] sfo{If]qleqsf ljifodf
sfo{ u/L ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpF5g\ . oL tLgj6} kl/ifb\sf ;xof]uL ljleGg
ljlzi6Ls[t cx klg 5g\ . lognfO{ rf}yf] txsf] ;+/rgfsf] kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 .
logdf j:t' Jofkf/ kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ljleGg !! j6f ;ldltx / Pp6f sfo{bn u/L
ljleGg !@ ;xof]uL cx 5g\ . h;df s[lif If]qb]lv lnP/ PG6L8lDk tyf ;]kmuf8{\;
ljifodf sfd ug{]x 5g\ . o;}u/L ;]jf Jofkf/ kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ljQLo ;]jf Jofkf/sf
If]qdf ul/Psf ljz]if k|lta4tfx x]g{] ;ldlt / cfGtl/s lgodg / ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL
lgodxsf If]qdf sfd ug{] b'O{j6f sfo{bn u/L tLgj6f ;xof]uL cx 5g\ . bf];|f]
;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ txdf ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGqsf klg b'O{j6f tx 5g\ ljjfb ;dfwfg
;ldlt -Panel_ / k'g/fj]bg lgsfo (Appellate Body) . Kofgn tyf k'g/fj]bg lgsfo
;7gsf] Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfb lgk0f ug{] dxjk"0f{ lgsfo xf] h;df :jtGq ljz]if1x
;+nUg x'G5g\ . ;b:oxaLr pTkGg Jofkf/;Da4 ljjfbsf ljifodf bf];f| ] tx k'g/fj]bg
lgsfosf] lg0f{o clGtd x'G5 / o;n] u/]sf lg0f{ox sfof{Gjog ug{ ;DalGwt kIf
afWosf/L x'G5g\ .
;fwf/0f kl/ifb\nfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg ljleGg % j6f ;ldltx, olQs} ;+Vofdf
sfo{ ;d"xx / Pp6f sfo{bn klg /x]sf 5g\ . t/ oL ;a} ;dfg kdf ;lqmo
5}gg\ . logdf ;lDdng;DaGwL sfo{bn cToGt dxjk"0f{ dflgG5 . s'g} klg gofF
;b:o ;7gdf cfa4 x'g] qmddf o; sfo{bnn] ;b:o b]zsf] ;du| jfl0fHo If]qsf]
ljZn]if0f u/L ;b:otf lbg ;lsg], g;lsg] s'/fsf] l;kmfl/z ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\nfO{
ub{5 . sfo{bns} k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ;b:otf k|lqmof, zt{ nufotsf s'/f lgwf{l/t
x'G5g\ . kl5Nnf jif{xdf bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{ nlIft u/L Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;ldlt
(Trade Negotiation Committee : TNC) klg u7g ePsf] 5 . of] ;ldltn] cfk"mnfO{
tf]lsPsf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ ljz]if ;qx ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm
cg]skIfLo ;Demf}tf (Plurilateral Agreements) cGtu{t ;dflji6 ljifoxdf sfo{
ug{ o;;DaGwL 5'f5'} @ j6f ;ldltx klg /x]sf 5g\ . ;7gsf] lj:t[t ;+/rgf
(Organogram) cg';"rL! Dff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
-9-

-v_ lg0f{o k|lqmof

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / o; cGtu{tsf ;a} kl/ifb\, ;ldltxsf] a}7sdf ;fdfGotM
;a} ;b:oxsf] ;j{;Ddlt (Consensus) af6 lg0f{o lng] k4lt 5 . oBlk s'g}
d'2fdf ;a} ;b:oxaLr ;xdlt x'g g;s]df ax'dtsf] lg0f{o dfGg ;lsg] k|fjwfg
klg 5 . t/ of] k|lqmof lj/n} dfq cEof;df 5 . ;7gdf 7"nf, ;fgf, ljsl;t,
cljsl;t ;b:oxaLr s'g} e]befj gu/L Ps ;b:o a/fa/ Ps dtsf] clwsf/ 5 .
tTsfnLg Uof6s} lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ cg';/0f ub{} ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf gsf/fTds
;xdlt (Negative Consensus) sf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg';f/
a}7sdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} ;b:on] cf}krfl/s kdf s'g} k|:tfjsf] ljkIfdf dt /fv]sf]
cj:yfdf afx]s cGo cj:yfdf k|:tfljt lg0f{opk/ ;xdlt ePsf] dflgG5 . ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gsf ;Demf}tfn] ;j{;Ddltn] lg0f{odf k'Ug g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngsf tLg rf}yfO ;b:oxsf] ax'dtaf6 ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf] s'g} ljifodf jf
;7gsf] s'g} ;Demf}tfsf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lng jf s'g} ;b:on] k"/f ug{'kg{] bfloTjaf6
pGd'lQm lbg;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{tsf ljjfb ;dfwfg
;ldlt -Kofgn_, k'g/fj]bg lgsfo, j:q cg'udg ;ldlt / cg]skIfLo -Plurilateral_
;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf ;ldltxsf] a}7sdf afx]s cGo ;a} kl/ifb\, ;ldlt tyf sfo{bnsf]
a}7sdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/ k|To]s ;b:onfO{ 5 .
!=$=# ;lrjfno
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] k|wfg sfof{no -;lrjfno_ l:j6h/Nof08sf] h]ge] fdf /x]sf]
5 . ;lrjfnosf] k|dv
' sf] kdf dxflgb{z
] s /xg] Joj:yf 5 . dxflgb{z
] ssf] lgo'lQm
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ub{5 . xfn dxflgb{z
] ssf] kbdf k|mfG;sf kf:sn nfdL (Pascal
Lamy) /xg'ePsf] 5 . ;7gsf] ;lrjfnodf sd{rf/L, Jofkf/ ljz]if1, jlsn, cy{zf:qL,
tYofzf:qL tyf ;"rgfk|ljlw ljz]if1 cflb u/L xfn sl/a ^$) hgf sfo{/t 5g\ .
;lrjfnosf] ah]6 ;g\ @)!! Dff !( s/f]8 ^) nfv l:j; o|f /x]sf] lyof] eg] ;g\
@)!@ sf] nflu klg olt g} ah]6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;b:oxsf] ljZj Jofkf/df /x]sf]
lx:;fcg';f/ to ePsf] jflif{s ;b:otf z'Ns k|To]s ;b:on] a'emfpg'kg{] x'G5 . g]kfnh:tf
clt sd ljsl;t d'ns
' nfO{ rflxF ;b:otf z'Nsdf cfwf 5"6 lbOPsf] 5 . o;} cg';f/
g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!@ df ;7gsf] ;b:otf z'Nsafkt sl/a #!,))) l:j; k|m} a'emfPsf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf c+uh
]| L, k|m~] r / :k]lg; tLg efiffnfO{ cflwsfl/s efiffsf] dfGotf
k|fKt 5 . ;7gdf k|:t't ul/g] tyf lg0f{o ePsf s'g} klg ljifonfO{ Ps};fy oL tLg
efiffdf kfGtl/t ul/G5 / tLgj6} efiffsf b:tfj]hnfO{ cflwsfl/s dflgG5 .
-10-

;lrjfnosf d'Vo sfo{xdf ;7g cGtu{tsf ljleGg kl/ifb\, ;ldltx, ljleGg

sfo{bn tyf ;ldltxnfO{ ;Demf}tf jftf{ ug{ tyf ePsf ;xdlt / ;dembf/LnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{ k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws -ljz]if1 ;]jf_ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg', ljsf;zLn
/ cNk ljsl;t ;b:o d'n'snfO{ Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg', ;b:o /fi6xsf] Jofkf/ gLlt tyf Jofkf/ tYof ljZn]if0f u/L k|sfzg ug{',
;b:oxaLr pTkGg x'g] Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k|bfg ug{' /
;7gdf ;lDdng x'g rfxg] gofF ;b:oxnfO{ k|fljlws tyf cGo ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg' cflb x'g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf
;~rf/ dfWodx tyf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ cjut u/fpg ljleGg dfWodaf6 ;"rgf tyf
hfgsf/L k|jfx ug{' klg ;lrjfnosf] Pp6f k|d'v sfo{sf] kdf /x]sf] 5 .
!=$=$ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf p2]Zox
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g :yfkgf ug{] ;DaGwL df/fs]z ;Demf}tf, !(($ sf] k|:tfjgfdf
pNn]v ePcg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g :yfkgfsf p2]Zox b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\
1. ljsf;f]Gd'v / sd ljsl;t d'n'sxsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofO{
cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/df ;xefuL agfpg] .
2. eG;f/ dx;'nnufot Jofkf/sf cGo cj/f]wxnfO{ qmdzM 36fpFb} nuL
ljsf;zLn d'n'sxsf] ljZj Jofkf/df ;xeflutfsf] lglZrttfnfO{
a9fpg] .
3. Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ cem Jofks ub{} n}hfg] .
4. ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fy{s
agfpg] .
5. ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtxnfO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ ljsf;
ug{] .
6. Jofkf/ clej[l4 dfkm{t ljsl;t, ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd ljsl;t b]zsf
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg] .
7. ;b:oxaLr Jofkf/ lj:tf/ u/L k"0f{ /f]huf/L xfl;n ug{] / pRr tyf l:y/
ultn] cfDbfgLsf] kl/df0fdf j[l4 ug{] .
8. ljZjsf ;|f]t;fwgsf] ljj]sk"0f{ Pj+ ;d'lrt k|of]u u/L jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f
tyf lbuf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofpg] .

-11-

!=$=% ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf sfo{x

df/fs]z ;Demf}tf, !(($ sf] wf/f # df pNn]v ePcg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf
sfo{x b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\
!= ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] sfg"gL b:tfj]h (Legal Text) cg';f/ ;DkGg eO;s]sf
ax'kIfLo, cg]skIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx tyf eljiodf ;DkGg x'g] Jofkf/
;Demf}tfxsf] sfof{Gjog, k|zf;g / ;~rfng ug{] .
@= ;b:o d'n'sxaLr lkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{sf nflu
;femf d~rsf] kdf sfo{ ug{] .
#= ;b:oxaLr pTkGg ePsf Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{] .
$= ;b:o /fi6xn] cLsf/ u/]sf Jofkf/ gLltxnfO{ cfjlws kdf ;dLIff
ug{] .
%= ljZj a}, cGt/f{li6o d'b|f sf]ifnufotsf cGt/f{li6o cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0fdf
;+nUg lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ u/L ;b:o d'n'sxsf] cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf
nflu sfo{ ug{] .
!=$=^ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] sfo{If]q / k|d'v ;Demf}tfx M
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] sfo{If]qleq b]xfosf tLgj6f k|d'v ljifo ;d]l6Psf 5g\
j:t' Jofkf/ (Trade in Goods)
;]jf Jofkf/ (Trade in Services)
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights)

oL tLgj6} k|d'v ljifonfO{ ;~rfng ug]{ 5'f5'} ;Demf}tfx 5g\ . logdf j:t'
Jofkf/M eG;f/ dx;'n tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fwf/0f ;Demf}tf (General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade: GATT) cGtu{t, ;]jf Jofkf/ M ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fwf/0f
;Demf}tfcGtu{t (General Agreement on Trade in Services: GATS) / Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] Jofkf/ M Jofkf/;Fu ;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL
;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights: TRIPS) cGtu{t ;~rflnt x'G5g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{t ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg zLif{sdf @( j6f ;Demf}tfx tyf %)
eGbf a9L dlGq:t/Lo 3f]if0ff, lg0f{o tyf ;dembf/Lx /x]sf 5g\ .

-12-

!=$=& Uof6 / ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gaLrsf] leGgtf

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g Uof6sf] pQ/flwsf/L ;+:yf xf] . ;7gn] Uof6sf w]/}h;f] cfwf/e"t
l;4fGtxnfO{ clxn] klg oyfjt\ kdf cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . t/ klg Uof6 / ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gaLr w]/} s'/fdf leGgtf kfOG5 . Uof6sf] t'ngfdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g
sfg"gL kdf alnof], a9L sfo{ If]q cf]u6]sf] / k|efjzfnL ;+:yfsf] kdf /x]sf] 5 .
oL b'O{aLr /x]sf k|d'v leGgtfnfO{ tn tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5
Uof6 / ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gaLrsf] leGgtf
GATT

k|s[lt

sfo{If]q /
k|fyldstf

sfof{Gjog
;+oGq
;Demf}tf
kfngfsf]
k|s[lt

c:yfoL / tby{ ;Demf}tf,

sdhf]/ sfg"gL cfwf/lznf .

WTO

;Demf}tfx :yfoL k|s[ltsf,

;b:o /fi6xaf6 cg'df]lbt
;lGw;Demf}tfaf6 :yflkt
:yfoL ;7g, alnof] sfg"gL
cfwf/lznf .
j:t' Jofkf/sf] lgodg, Jofkf/ j:t'sf cnfjf ;]jf tyf af}l4s
clej[l4sf] nflu d'VotM eG;f/ ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] Jofkf/sf]
dx;'n s6f}tLdf hf]8 . ;fF3'/f] lgodg, eG;f/ / u}/ eG;f/
sfo{If]q
b'j} y/Lsf Jofkf/ cj/f]wxsf]
lg/fs/0fdf hf]8 . km/flsnf]
sfo{If]q .
;Demf}tfnfO{ nfu" ug{ cfjZos ;Demf}tfnfO{ Jojl:yt kdf
nfu" ug{ :yfoL ksf] sfg"gL
kg{] :yfoL ksf] sfg"gL
;7g ePsf] .
;+/rgf gePsf] .
;Demf}tf / lg0f{ox ;a}
;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx
;b:osf lglDt afWofTds /
:j}lR5s / 5gf}6k"0f{ tl/sfn]
nfu" ug{ ;lsg], ;+ljbfsf/L
aGwgsf/L ePsf] . lgwf{l/t
;doleq k|lta4tfx k"/f
kIfsf nflu ;a} k|fjwfgx
afWofTds kdf nfu" gx'g] .
ug{'kg{] . ;a} ;Demf}tfx ;du|
/ ;dfg kdf nfu" x'g] .

-13-

ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL

ljnDa x'g] lsl;dsf] /
ljjfb ;dfwfgsf lg0f{o kIf
/fi6xn] dfGg} kg{] afWofTds
Joj:yf gePsf] . lg0f{osf]
cj1f ug{] kIfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{
lt/fpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg gePsf] .
Uof6sf a}7s j:t'Jofkf/;Fu
;Demf}tf
;Da4 ;d:ofxaf/] 5nkmn
k|lta4tf
sfof{Gjogsf] u/L ;dfwfg klxNofpg
;+ljbfsf/L kIfxsf]
cg'udg
e]6\g] d~rsf kdf
;Lldt . ;doa4 tl/sfn]
;b:o /fi6xsf] Jofkf/
gLlt k'g/fjnf]sgsf] sfo{ x'g]
gu/]sf] .
ljsf;zLn / ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t
sd ljsl;t ;b:oxsf] d'2f / ;/f]sf/sf
;b:oxsf] ljifonfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf
glbOPsf] . ;a} ;b:oxnfO{
d'2f /
;dfg Jojxf/ .
;/f]sf/sf
ljifo
ljjfb
;dfwfg
k|0ffnL

-14-

ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL b|'tt/,

b'O{ txsf] ;'g'jfO k|0ffnL
(Panel & Appellate Body)

/x]sf] . ePsf] lg0f{o dfGg} kg{]

/ lg0f{osf] cj1f ug{] kIfnfO{
Ifltk"lt{ lt/fpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] .
k|lta4tfx lglZrt ;doleq
sfof{Gjog eP gePsf]
lgoldt tj/n] cg'udg x'g] .
lgwf{l/t ;dodf Jofkf/ gLlt
tyf k|lta4tfxsf] ;dLIff
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] sfo{ x'g] .

ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t
;b:oxsf] d'2f /
;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ plrt
:yfg lbOPsf] . sdhf]/
;b:oxsf nflu k|lta4tf
k"/f ug{ yk ;do / s]xL
k|lta4tfx nfu" ug{ 5"6
h:t} lglZrt ;do;Dd
lgof{tdf cg'bfg lbg
kfOg] . ljz]if / leGg Jojxf/,
;x'lnotk"0f{ ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf,
Ifdtf ljsf; h:tf k|fjwfg .

!=$=* ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf l;4fGtx

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g lgoddf cfwfl/t ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL (Rules-based Multilateral
Trading System) nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] cGt/f{li6o ;7g xf] . ;7gn] ;b:o /fi6xaf6
cg'df]lbt ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / lg0f{oxadf]lhd cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf
nflu cfwf/ / dfu{lgb{]z k|bfg ub{5 . oL ;Demf}tfxs} cfwf/df cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/nfO{
cl3 a9fpg] sfo{ ;7gn] ub{} cfPsf] 5 . oL ;Demf}tfx t'ngfTds kdf lj:t[t,
hl6n / cg]sfyL{ ;d]t 5g\ . t/ klg oL ;a} ;Demf}tf / b:tfj]hxdf s]xL vf;
l;4fGtx ;dfg kdf cjnDag ePsf 5g\ . oL l;4fGtx ax'kIfLo Jofkf/k|0ffnLsf
cfwf/lznfx x'g\ . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf log} cfwf/e"t l;4fGtxnfO{ ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gsf] l;4fGtsf] kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\
-!_

e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ (Non-discrimination Treatment) : ;b:oxaLr ljgf

s'g} e]befj, :jR5, lgikIf / lgod;t tl/sfn] Jofkf/ ;~rfng x'g'kg{]
s'/fdf of] l;4fGtn] hf]8 lbG5 . o; cGtu{t b'O{j6f Joj:yf cfpF5g\ .

-s_ clt ;f}ljWok"0f{ /fi6sf] Jojxf/ (Most Favoured Nation: MFN

Treatment)M k|To]s ;b:o /fi6n] cfly{s tyf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkdf Pp6f
/fi6nfO{ h] h:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u5{ cGo ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ klg To;df
s'g} sdL gx'g] u/L ;f]xL ;dfgsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{'kb{5 . ;7gsf] s'g}
;b:o /fi6n] Pp6f ;b:o /fi6sf] pTkfbgnfO{ h] h:tf] ;x'lnot, 5"6 jf
;'ljwf k|bfg u5{, afFsL cGo ;a} ;b:o /fi6sf] ;dfg k|s[ltsf] pTkfbgnfO{
klg ;f]xL lsl;dsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] d'Vo
dfGotf xf] . olb Pp6f ;b:osf] pTkfbgnfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/G5
eg] cGo ;b:osf] pTkfbgdf klg tTsfn / ljgfzt{ ;f]eGbf sd gx'g] u/L
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kg{] s'/fdf o;n] hf]8 lbG5 . of] l;4fGtn] ;7gsf
;a} ;b:oxnfO{ Pp6f Snasf] ;b:osf kdf lnO{ ;b:oxaLr c;dfg
Jojxf/ ug{ gkfOg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . t/ o;sf s]xL ckjfbx klg 5g\ .
of] Uof6s} kfnfb]lvsf] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cjnDag ul/Psf] cfwf/e"t
l;4fGt xf] . GATT sf] wf/f !, Uof6\;sf] wf/f @ / l6K;sf] wf/f $ n] MFN
k|fjwfgaf/] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf] p2]Zo ;b:o /fi6sf ;dfg k|s[ltsf
j:t';]jfnfO{ pknAw x'g;Sg] ;Ddsf] ;dfg ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf lbg' xf] .
;fdfGotM s'g} j:t';]jf ;dfg k|s[ltsf] xf] xf]Og egL lgwf{/0f ug{ b]xfosf]
rf/j6f s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ lng'kg{] u/L JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
-15-

 j:t'sf] ef}lts u'0fljz]iftfx

pkef]Qmfsf] :jfb / cfbt
j:t'sf] clGtd pkof]u
j:t'sf] eG;f/ juL{s/0f
-v_ /fli6o Jojxf/ (National Treatment) : s'g} klg ljb]zL pTkfbgn] /fli6o
eG;f/ laGb'df k"/f ug{'kg{] eG;f/;DaGwL zt{x kf/ u/]/ :jb]zL ahf/df
k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 To;nfO{ :jb]zL j:t';/x g} Jojxf/ ug{'kg{] s'/fdf o;
l;4fGtn] hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ :jb]zL pTkfbg / cfofltt
pTkfbgaLr e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ k|ltalGwt u5{ . :jb]zL pTkfbgnfO{
;+/If0f k|bfg ug{] x]t'n] ;dfg k|s[ltsf ljb]zaf6 cfoft x'g] j:t'df eG;f/
dx;'nafx]s yk s/, z'Ns jf zt{ jf cGo o:t} s'g} Joj:yf nufpg gkfpg]
o; l;4fGtsf] dd{ xf] . ;dfg k|s[ltsf ljb]zaf6 cfofltt j:t'df p:t}
k|s[ltsf 3/]n' pTkfbgxdf nufOg] zt{ tyf z'NseGbf a9L zt{ tyf z'Ns
tf]Sg gkfOg] o; l;4fGtsf] cfzo xf] . Uof6sf] wf/f #, Uof6\;sf] wf/f !& /
l6K;sf] wf/f # df /fli6o Jojxf/sf] af/]df pNn]v 5g\ .
-@_

:jtGq Jofkf/ (Free Trade) M ;b:oxaLr ljgf s'g} /f]s6f]s j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] :jtGq Jofkf/ ;~rfng x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf o; l;4fGtn] hf]8
lbG5 . Jofkf/ ;~rfngdf cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g] u/L jf Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/df
ljrng (Distortion) pTkGg x'g] u/L ;b:oxn] Ps kIfLo kdf eG;f/ jf
u}/ eG;f/hGo s'g} zt{, aGb]h nufpg tyf cgfjZos kdf s'g} dfkb08
lgwf{/0f jf nfu" ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] dd{ xf] . cfoftlgof{t x'g]
j:t'df ljgf sf/0f aGb]h nufpg gkfOg], lgwf{l/t eG;f/ b/eGbf dfly uP/
eG;f/ dx;'n nufpg gkfOg], :jb]zL pTkfbgnfO{ eG;f/ z'Nssf] dfWodaf6
dfq ;+/If0f lbg ;lsg], cGo dx;'n tyf z'Ns x6fpg'kg{], lglZrt ;Ldf
/ lgodleq /xL ;b:o /fi6n] cfgf] ahf/ ;a}sf lgldQ v'nf /fvL ahf/
kx'Frsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{'kg{] h:tf s'/f o; cGtu{t cfpF5g\ . t/ o;sf]
cy{ s'g} ;b:on] csf{] ;b:osf] h:tf];'s} pTkfbgnfO{ leqg lbg'kb{5 eGg]
xf]Og . olb cfoft x'g nfu]sf] j:t' dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yosf]
b[li6n] xflgsf/s 5 jf hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 eg] To:tf] l:yltdf /f]u km}ng glbg
jf :jf:YonfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpgaf6 hf]ufpg To:tf] j:t'sf] cfoftdf
-16-

k|ltaGw nufpg ;Sg] clwsf/ ;7g cGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfxn] lbPsf 5g\ .

To:t} /fli6o ;'/Iffdf cfFr k'Ug] cj:yfdf klg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Jofkf/df
/f]s nufpg] clwsf/ ;b:onfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . o;}n] lg/k]Ifkdf :jtGq eGbf
klg :jR5 Jofkf/sf] k|j4{gdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] hf]8 /x]sf] 5 .
-#_

k"jf{g'dfgLotf Pj+ kf/blz{tf (Predictability and Transparency): Jofkf/

k|j4{gsf nflu o;;DaGwL gLlt, lgod, sfo{ljlw cflbdf k"jf{g'dfgLotf,
;'lglZrttf / ;':ki6tf sfod x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . gLlt, lgod / sfo{ljlwdf
kf/blz{tf eof] eg] ToxfF Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ a9L x'G5, nufgL j[l4 x'G5,
/f]huf/L l;h{gf x'G5 tyf pkef]Qmfn] k|lt:kwf{af6 nfe p7fpg ;Sg] x'G5g\ .
To;} eP/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] Pp6f l;4fGt ;b:oxsf] Jofkf/;Da4
gLlt lgod, k|lqmof cflbdf ;'lglZrttf / kf/blz{tf sfod x'g'kb{5 eGg]
klg xf] . o;cg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf cfa4 x'g rfxg] ;b:on] cfa4
x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf j:t' Jofkf/df s] slt xb;Dd eG;f/ dx;'n nufOg] xf],
To;sf] ;Ldfg (Tariff Binidng) ug{'kb{5 . ;fy}, cfoft lgof{tdf cGo s]
s:tf zt{ tyf z'Nsx lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\, cfoft x'g] ;fdfgdf Kofs]lh
/ n]jlnsf] s] s:tf] dfkb08 tf]lsPsf] 5 nufotsf ljifodf ;b:o aGbf
tfsf g} :ki6 ug{'kb{5 . ;fy}, ;]jf Jofkf/ If]q cGtu{t s'g s'g ;]jf, s'g
s'g pk;]jf If]q v'nf ul/g] 5, s'g ;]jfpk;]jf If]qdf s] sltxb;Dd ljb]zL
nufgL v'nf /flvg]5, cGo zt{ tyf aGb]h s] s] x'g]5g\, k|lta4tfsf] ljz]if
sfo{;"rL (Schedule of Specific Commitments) g} ;lrjfnodf k]z ug{'kb{5 .
o; cltl/Qm s'g} ;b:on] tLgj6f Jofkf/sf If]qxdWo] s'g} PsnfO{ jf
PseGbf a9LnfO{ k|efljt ug{] s'g} gofF gLlt, P]g, sfo{ljlw sfof{Gjogdf
NofpFbf jf eO/x]sf] gLlt, lgod, Joj:yfdf s'g} kl/jt{g ubf{ ;7gsf]
;DalGwt ;Demf}tf ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ug{ gkfOg], o;af/]df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
k|sfzg ug{'kg{] tyf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;DalGwt kl/ifb\ jf ;ldltnfO{
;dod} hfgsf/L] (Notifications) u/fpg'kg{] afWofTds Joj:yf 5 . o;n]
;b:oxnfO{ Ps csf{sf] Jofkf/ gLlt tyf sfo{ljlw / k|lta4tfaf/] ;dod}
hfgsf/L eO{ ToxL cg';f/ s'g} ;b:ol;t s] s;/L Jofkf/ ug{] eGg] af/]df
hfgsf/L k|jfx x'G5 . kf/blz{tfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{] p2]Zon] ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf ;Demf}tfxn] ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . ltgdf ;b:oxn]
cjnDag u/]sf] Jofkf/ gLltsf] cfjlws kdf ul/g] ;dLIff Pp6f dxjk"0f{
-17-

Joj:yf xf] eg] csf{] ;]jf Jofkf/, Jofkf/;Da4 k|fljlws cj/f]wx / dfgj
tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwL ljifodf /fli6o ;"rgf s]Gb|x (National Inquiry
Points) :yfkgf u/L s'g} ;b:on] o; ljifodf s'g} ;"rgf kfpg dfu u/]sf]
v08df ljgf s'g} lxrlsrfx6 ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg'kg{]
afWofTds Joj:yf csf{] dxjk"0f{ ljifo xf] .
$=

ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t ;b:osf nflu ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/ (Special &
Differential Treatment for Developing and Least Developed Countries):

ljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;t ;b:oxsf nflu ljleGg ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yf

ul/g'kg{] ;7gsf] csf{] dxjk"0f{ l;4fGt xf] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf em08}
tLgrf}yfO ;b:ox ljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;t ;d"xaf6 5g\ . ltgdf cNk
ljsl;t ;b:o b]zxsf] ;+Vof ## /x]sf] 5 . To:t} ;+qmd0f cy{tGqaf6
u'lh|/x]sf ;b:oxsf] ;+Vof klg pNn]vgLo 5 . Go"g cfly{s ;fdflhs
k"jf{wf/ tyf ;+/rgfTds sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f ljsf;zLn / To;df klg cNk
ljsl;t ;b:ox ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf s7f]/ gLlt lgod / k|lta4tfx
tTsfn} kfngf ug{;Sg] l:yltdf 5}gg\ eg] pgLxsf] clxn] ljZj Jofkf/df
lx:;f klg gu0o 5 . ctM To:tf sdhf]/ ;b:oxnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/
k|0ffnLdf plrt kdf cfa4 u/fpFb} pgLxsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/sf] nflu
ljleGg ;x'lnot tyf cfly{s k|fljlws ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ;7g cGtu{t
ul/Psf] 5 . ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cltl/Qm ;dosf] pknAwtf,
sltko ;Demf}tfxsf] kfngfdf nrstf / ljz]if 5"6, Jofkf/;Da4
k|fljlws ;xfotf (Trade Related Technical Assistance: TRTA), Jofkf/sf]
nflu ;xof]u (Aid for Trade: AfT), Enhanced Integrated Framework
(EIF), sdhf]/ ;b:oxsf] lxtdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{t ul/Psf
s]xL dxjk"0f{ Joj:yfx x'g\ . o;} l;4fGtaf6 lgb{]lzt eO{ xfnsf jif{df
sltko ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn ;b:on] cNkljsl;t b]zsf pTkfbgnfO{
s/ tyf sf]6f d'Qm ahf/ kx'Fr (Duty Free Quota Free Market Access:
DFQF) ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{] gLlt clVtof/ u/]sf 5g\ . rfn" bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8fdf ;xdlt ePkl5 ljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;t ;b:on] yk ;x'lnot
tyf ;'ljwf kfpg] ;Defjgf 5 .

-18-

!=$=( ;b:otf k|flKtsf] k|lqmof / ;b:otfsf] k|sf/

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf s'g} klg :jtGq d'n's jf k[ys\ eG;f/ If]q (Separate Customs
Territory) hf] :jtGq / :jfoQkdf cfgf] e"efuleq eG;f/ dx;'n nufotsf
Jofkf/;Da4 gLlt, lgod, z'Ns, dfkb08 cflb nfu" ug{ ;S5g\, ;b:o aGg;Sg]
k|fjwfg 5 . ;7gdf b'O{ lsl;dsf ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ . tTsfnLg Uof6s} kfnfb]lv
;b:o /xFb} cfPsf / p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;d]t ;+nUg /xL ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g
:yfkgf x'Fbfsf] avtdf :yfkgfsfnLg ;b:osf kdf /x]sf ;b:oxnfO{ klxnf]
k|sf/sf] ;b:o (Original Member) sf] kdf lrlgG5 . o; cGtu{t clwsf+z Uof6sf
;+ljbfsf/L ;b:ox nufotsf d'n's 5g\ . bf];|f] k|s[ltsf ;b:o eg]sf] ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 ;lDdng (Accession) sf] k|lqmofaf6 ;7gdf cfa4 ePsf
;b:ox x'g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g :yfkgf ug{] df/fs]z ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f !@ n]
o;;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g :yfkgf x'Fbf o;df ljleGg b]z
tyf :jtGq eG;f/ If]q u/L s'n !@$ ;b:o /x]sf]df xfn o;df j[l4 eO{ ;b:osf]
;+Vof !%% k'u]sf] 5 -!) d], @)!@ ;Dd_ . logLxn] ljZj Jofkf/sf] sl/a (% k|ltzt
lx:;f cf]u6\b5g\ . em08} #) j6f hlt d'n'sx ;lDdngsf] r/0fdf /x]sf 5g\ /
lognfO{ xfn ko{j]Ifssf] x}l;ot k|fKt 5 .
s'g} klg /fi6 jf :jtGq eG;f/ If]qn] ;7gdf ;b:otf k|flKtsf] nflu cf}krfl/s
lgj]bg lbPkl5 ko{j]Ifssf] x}l;ot k|fKt x'G5 . ko{j]Ifs ePsf] % jif{leq ;lDdng
(Accession) sf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg'kg{] x'G5 . o; qmddf ;b:otfsf] nflu cfj]bg ug{]
b]zn] cfgf] d'n'ssf] Jofkf/;Da4 gLlt, lgod, sfo{ljlw, ;+:yfut Joj:yfnufotsf
kIfdf lj:t[t k|ltj]bg (Memorandum of Foreign Trade Regime) ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] ;lrjfnodf k|:t't ug{'kb{5 . o;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] k|ltj]bg pk/ lj:t[t
cWoog tyf 5fglag ug{ ;lrjfnoaf6 OR5's ;b:o /fi6sf k|ltlglw ;lDdlnt Ps
sfo{bn (Working Party) u7g ul/G5 . sfo{bnn] ;DalGwt b]zl;t 5nkmn k/fdz{
u/L ;b:otfsf] nflu zt{ tyf k|lta4tfsf ljifox to u5{ . o; qmddf cfj]bs
/fi6n] cfk"m;Fu Jofkfl/s ;/f]sf/ / rf;f] /fVg] ljleGg d'n'sl;t ljleGg r/0fdf
cfjZostfg';f/ b'O{kIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo 5nkmn / k/fdz{ u/L ;DalGwt b]zsf]
;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o;} a]nf ;b:otf k|flKtsf] k|lqmofdf
/x]sf] d'n'sn] cGo ;b:oxnfO{ j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df lbg;Sg] ;'ljwfsf]
k|:tfj (Offer) k|:t't ug{] sfo{ ul/G5 . tTkZrft\ ;f]xL k|:tfjdf s]lGb|t eP/ s'g
j:t'df s] slt eG;f/ dx;'n nufpg], cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/df s] s:tf sfo{ljlw
-19-

cjnDag ug{], ;]jf Jofkf/df s] s:tf zt{ tf]Sg], af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] Jofkf/sf
If]qdf s] s:tf gLlt to ug{] nufotsf ljifodf cfj]bs /fi6 / Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/
d'n'sxaLr 5nkmn, n]gb]g tyf ;Demf}tf x'G5 . clGtd r/0fdf ;b:otfsf nflu
cfj]bg ug{] /fi6n] eG;f/ dx;'n b/ s6f}tL, ahf/ kx'Frh:tf ljifodf lkIfLo tyf
ax'kIfLo jftf{df p7]sf ljifoxnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df
clGtd kdf Schedule of Tariff Concessions / ;]jf Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df Schedule of
Specific Commitment k]z ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o;/L ljleGg r/0fsf] jftf{ tyf 5nkmnkl5
/ Jofkf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{] gLlt lgoddf ;'wf/sf] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]kl5 sfo{bnn]
;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ (General Council) nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;TotYo ljj/0f;lxt cfgf] k|ltj]bg
k]z u5{ . k]z ePsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cWoogkl5 ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ jf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn]
;b:otfsf ;DaGwdf clGtd lg0f{o u5{ . s'g} klg gofF ;b:onfO{ ;b:otf lbg]
ljifo ;7gsf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:oaf6 cg'df]bg x'g cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L ;7gn] b'O{
ltxfO ax'dtaf6 ;b:otf lbg] lg0f{o u/]kl5 ;f]sf] hfgsf/L cfj]bs /fi6df k7fOG5
/ cfj]bs b]zsf] Joj:yflksfn] ;lDdng;DaGwL k|f]6f]snnfO{ cg'df]bg u/L ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L ;7gdf k7fPsf] ;fdfGotM #) lbgkl5 ;lDdngsf] cf}krfl/stf k"/f ePsf]
dflgG5 . ;b:otf lng OR5's /fi6sf] cfly{s ljsf; / Jofkf/sf] cj:yf, k|lta4tf
k"/f ug{] tTk/tf / jftf{sf] kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df ;b:otf lng] k|lqmof nfdf], 5f]6f]
x'g;S5 . xfn;Ddsf] cEof; x]bf{ Go"gtd kfFr jif{rflxF nfu]s} b]lvG5 . ;g\ @))! sf]
bf]xf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngkl5 sd ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6sf] ;lDdng k|lqmofnfO{
s]xL ;lhnf] / zL3| agfpg To:tf b]zxdfly w]/} k|lta4tfx gyf]kg{] ;dembf/L
ag]sf] 5 . oBlk o;sf] cIf/zM sfof{GjogrflxF x'g afFsL g} 5 . ;fy}, ;b:o aGg
rfxg] cNkljsl;t /fi6nfO{ ;b:otf k|flKtsf] r/0fdf ;7gsf] ;lrjfnoaf6 ljleGg
k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
;7gdf cfa4 eO;s]sf] s'g} klg ;b:on] cfk"mn] rfx]df ;b:otf lkmtf{ lng;S5 .
o;sf] nflu ;7gsf] ;lrjfnodf lnlvt ;"rgf lbPsf] ^ dlxgfkl5 ;b:otf lkmtf{
x'g;Sg] Joj:yf df/fs]z ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f !% n] u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;7gsf] ;q jif{sf]
Oltxf;df clxn];Dd s;}n] ;b:otf lkmtf{ lnPsf] 36gf 36]sf] 5}g .
!=% ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ ljz]iftf eg]sf] o; leqsf] k|efjsf/L ljjfb
;dfwfg k|0ffnL xf] . tTsfnLg Uof6 k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL ck]Iffs[t
-20-

r':t, zL3| / k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] s'/faf6 kf7 l;Sb} p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;b:o
/fi6xaLr pTkGg Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ k|efjsf/L tj/n] ;N6\ofpg o; k|sf/sf]
;+oGq :yfkgf ug{] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ljjfb lg/fs/0f k|0ffnL
lgs} r':t / k|efjsf/L dflgG5 . xfn;Ddsf s'g} klg cGt/f{li6o ;7gdf Joj:yf
gePsf] o; lsl;dsf] ljjfb lg/fs/0f k|0ffnL cGt/f{li6o:t/d} gjLg k|of]u xf] .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ;b:o /fi6xaLrsf] ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ b'O{ txsf] ;+oGqsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . Kofgn (Panel) / k'g/fj]bg lgsfo (Appellate Body) .
Kofg]ndf # hgf / k'g/fj]bg lgsfodf & hgf ;b:ox x'G5g\ eg] cfjZostfg';f/
ljz]if1xnfO{ cfdGq0f ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k|lqmof ;fdfGotM
tLg r/0fdf ;DkGg x'G5 . klxnf] r/0fdf ljjflbt ljifodf ;b:ob]zxaLr cfk;L
5nkmn, ;xdlt jf dxflgb{]zssf] k|of;af6 ;dfwfg vf]Hg] k|of; x'G5 . of] ;Dej
gePdf bf];|f] r/0fdf d'2f bfo/ ePsf] ^) lbgleq ljjfbdf tflgPsf b'O{ ;b:oaLr
cfk;L ;xdltsf] nflu k|of; x'G5 . o;af6 ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df kLl8t ;b:osf]
dfuadf]lhd $% lbgleq ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu Ohnf; -Kofgn_ u7g x'G5 .
cf/f]lkt kIfn] z'?df Ps k6ssf nflu Kofgn u7g ug{ /f]Ssf ug{;S5 t/ bf];|f]
k6ssf nflu /f]Sg;Sb}g . To;kl5 Kofgnn] ^ dlxgfleq ljjflbt ljifosf] ;TotYo
lgk0f u/L cfgf] k|ltj]bg a'emfpF5 . k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] tLg xKtfleq ;DalGwt
kIfaf6 k'g/fj]bg gePsf] v08df k|ltj]bgdf 7x/ ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ ljz]if1 ;ldltn]
nfu" u5{ . t];|f] r/0fdf Kofg]nsf] k|ltj]bgpk/ tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df
To;/L k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] ^) lbgb]lv () lbgleq k'g/fj]bg lgsfon] lg0f{o u5{ .
To;}sf] cfwf/df ljjfb ;dfwfg ;ldltn] lg0f{o lbG5 . o;/L lbPsf] lg0f{o clGtd
x'G5 / o:tf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{' ;DalGwt kIfsf] bfloTj x'G5 . k'g/fj]bg lgsfon]
lg0f{o u/]sf] ldltn] !% dlxgf;Dd klg lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gePdf lhTg] kIfn] xfg{]
kIfsf] j:t'sf] cfoftdf yk eG;f/ dx;'n nufP/ jf k|ltaGw jf kl/df0ffTds aGb]h
nufP/ lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nflu bafa l;h{gf ug{;S5 . ljjfb;dfwfg k|0ffnLsf]
sfo{ljlw nufotsf ljjfb lgk0f;DaGwL ljifodf df/fs]z ;Demf}tfsf] cg';"rL@
df lj:t[t Joj:yf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] bz jif{sf] Oltxf;df #))
eGbf a9L Jofkf/;DaGwL d'2f lgk0fsf nflu ljleGg ;b:oxn] ljjfb ;dfwfg
;+oGqdf Nofpg'n] klg ;7gsf] ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;lqmotfnfO{
phfu/ ub{5 .

-21-

!=^ Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg

Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] cLsf/ u/]sf] of}6f dxjk"0f{ Joj:Yff
xf] . ;7gsf ;b:o /fi6xsf] Jofkf/ gLlt tyf cEof; (Trade Policies and Practices)
sf] cfjlws kdf ;dLIff tyf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ltgaf6 lkIfLo, If]qLo / ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ ;~rfngdf k/]sf] k|efjnfO{ cfsng, ljZn]if0f ug{] k4ltnfO{ ;fdfGotM Jofkf/
gLlt ;dLIff (TPR) elgG5 . o:tf] ;dLIff ug{sf nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gleq of}6f
;+oGq (Trade Policy Review Mechanism: TPRM) sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . clxn] Jofkf/
gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ;+oGq ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] of}6f cleGg c (Integral Part) sf]
kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgf ug{] ;DaGwL df/fs]z ;Demf}tf, !(($
sf] cg';"rL# n] o;;DaGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIff (TPR) sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLcGtu{t ul/Psf gLltut k|lta4tfx, o;;DaGwL /fli6o sfg"gL tyf gLlt
lgodx;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg / cGo k|lta4tfnfO{ kfngf tyf
cjnDag ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg' xf] . o;n] ;b:o /fi6xsf] Jofkf/ gLlt / cEof;nfO{
;b:oxaLr a9L kf/bzL{ / af]wuDo dfq agfpg ;xof]u k'ofpFb}g a? ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjogdf ltgsf] k|efjsf] klg cWoog ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpF5 .
of] ;b:o /fi6xn] cjnDag u/]sf] Jofkf/ gLlt tyf cEof;sf] Psd'i6 k/LIf0f /
d"Nofg ug{] k4lt xf] . of] ;dLIff s'g} ;b:o /fi6nfO{ s'g} Specific Obligation k"/f
ug{ afWo kfg{] jf gofF k|lta4tfxnfO{ yf]kg{] eGbf pQm /fi6sf] Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{
cfufdL lbgdf yk pbf/, kf/bzL{ / lgoddf cfwfl/t agfpg ul/g'kg{] ;'wf/tkm{
pGd'v x'G5 . of] ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ cfk"mn] cjnDag u/]sf gLltxsf] ;do;dodf
cfTd;dLIff (Self Examination/Self Introspection) ug{ l;4fGttM pTk|]l/t ug{] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gleqsf] Pp6f k|fjwfg xf] .
;b:o /fi6sf Jofkf/ gLltxsf] ;dLIff / k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'kg{] ;do / cfj[lQ ljZj
Jofkf/df tL /fi6xsf] c+zlx:;f s] slt 5, To; cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . To;
cfwf/df ;b:oxnfO{ # j6f ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] ;d"xdf ljZj
Jofkf/df 7"nf lx:;f cf]u6]sf b]zx h:t} o'/f]lkog o'lgog, cd]l/sf, hfkfg, rLg,
Sofgf8f cflb cfpF5g\ . logLxn] k|To]s b'O{ jif{df Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIff ug{'kg{]
Joj:yf 5 . bf];|f] ;d"xdf klxnf] ;d"xdf gkg{] !^ j6f ;b:ox h:t} xs, l;+ufk'/,
l:j6\h/Nof08, dn]lzof cflb cfpF5g\ . logLxn] k|To]s rf/ jif{df Jofkf/ gLlt
-22-

;dLIff ug{'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . t];|f] ju{df Go"g cfo ;d"xsf cNk ljsl;t / ;+qmd0fsfnLg
cy{tGqaf6 u'lh|/x]sf g]kfn nufotsf k"jL{ o'/f]k, blIf0f Plzof tyf clk|msL dxfb]zsf
;b:ox kb{5g\ . logLxnfO{ k|To]s ^^ jif{sf] cGt/fndf Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIff
ug{'kg{] u/L s]xL ;dosf] 5"6 lbOPsf] 5 . o;df klg cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] rfx]df
cfcfgf] Ifdtf / cfjZostfg';f/ s]xL ;do yk dfu ug{ ;S5g\ .
Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIffsf] nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g ;lrjfnon] Trade Policy Review Body
(TPRB) u7g ub{5 . ;b:oxsf] Jofkf/ gLltxsf] ;dLIff ug{] sfo{ ljleGg r/0fdf
u/]/ ;DkGg x'G5 . o; qmddf b'O{j6f k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/G5g\ . Pp6f ;lrjfnoaf6 /
csf{] ;DalGwt b]zsf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 . ;lrjfnon] ;DalGwt ;b:osf] ;dli6ut
cfly{s tyf ;+/rgfTds gLltxnfO{ cWoog ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg (Report) tof/
ub{5 . ;b:o b]zn] tof/ ug{] k|ltj]bgdf cjnDag ul/Psf Jofkf/ gLltsf k|d'v
p2]Zox, cfufdL sfo{lbzf, jt{dfg k|j[lQ / Jofkf/sf ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6o ahf/df
ef]Ug'k/]sf ;d:ofh:tf ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g] ul/G5 . of] k|ltj]bg ;fdfGotM !) b]lv #)
k[i7sf] x'g'kb{5 . o;/L ;lrjfno tyf ;b:o b]z b'j}af6 tof/ ePsf] k|ltj]bg ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{t Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIff ;+oGqsf] a}7sdf ;b:o /fi6sf] dGqL jf
pRr k|ltlglwn] k]z ug{] k4lt 5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bgdf ;b:o /fi6xaf6 p7fOPsf]
lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfg ;DalGwt b]zsf k|ltlglwxn] ug{'kb{5 . ;dLIff a}7sdf cGo
;b:on] lbPsf pko'Qm ;'emfj tyf k|ltj]bgdf ;'wf/ ug{ cf}FNofOPsf ljifoxsf]
sfof{Gjog ;DalGwt ;b:o /fi6n] ug{'kb{5 / o;sf] cg'udg d"Nofg ;lrjfnosf]
Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB) n] ub{5 . k|To]s ;b:on] lgoldt kdf Jofkf/
gLlt tyf cEof;sf af/]df eP u/]sf d'Vo ;'wf/ tyf kl/jt{gaf/] TPRB nfO{ lgoldt
kdf hfgsf/L (Reporting) u/fpg'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . ;dLIff tyf k'g/fjnf]sg b]xfosf
r/0fx k"/f u/]/ ;DkGg ul/G5 M
;"rgf ;ng / t'ngf
;b:o b]zsf] /fhwfgLsf] e|d0f
k|ltj]bgsf] clGtd tof/L
;dLIff a}7ssf] cfof]hgf / 5nkmn
k|ltj]bg k|sfzg / ljt/0f
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf lnPkl5 klxnf]kN6 ;g\ @)!@ sf] dfr{df
Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] .

-23-

!=& dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngx

dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;a}eGbf pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq xf] . o;sf]
a}7s ;fdfGotM k|To]s b'O{ jif{df a:g'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf
;Demf}tfxsf] ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\dfkm{t sfof{Gjogsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{], cfjZos ljifodf
lg0f{o ug{], s'g} ;Demf}tf jf ;dembf/LnfO{ :ki6 ug{ cfjZos k/]df To;nfO{ :ki6
JofVof ug{], Jofkf/sf gofF ;Demf}tfx cg'df]bg ug{], gofF ;b:onfO{ ;7gdf k|j]z
lbg] nufotsf dxjk"0f{ ljifodf lg0f{o lng] h:tf sfd dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ub{5 .
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{tsf s'g} klg ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf
cfjZos lg0f{o ug{] tyf s'g} ;b:o /fi6n] lgjf{x ug{'kg{] bfloTjnfO{ 5"6 (Waiver)
lbg;Sg] ;Ddsf] x}l;ot /fVb5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 xfn;Dd
ljleGg :yfgdf u/L cf7j6f dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngn] u/]sf lg0f{oxsf] b"/ufdL / ljZjJofkL k|efj l;h{gf x'g] x'Fbf cGt/f{li6o
cfly{s hut\df dlGq:t/Lo a}7snfO{ lgs} dxjsf ;fy x]g{] ul/G5 . xfn;Dd ;DkGg
dlGq:t/Lo a}7ssf] ;+lIfKt rrf{ tn ul/Psf] 5 .
!=&=! klxnf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] klxnf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
(!# l8;]Da/, !((^ df l;fk'/df ;DkGg eof] . ;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf ;b:o b]zsf
dGqLxn] l;fk'/ 3f]if0ffkq nfO{ kfl/t ub{} cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;~rfngdf ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gsf ;Demf}tf / lgodxnfO{ kfngf ug{] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf lyP .
;Dd]ngn] rf/j6f dxjk"0f{ ljifodf lj:t[t jftf{ z'? ug{] lg0f{o klg u/]sf] lyof] .
l;fk'/ d'2fx (Singapore Issues) sf kdf kl/lrt oL ljifox x'g\ Jofkf/ /
nufgL, Jofkf/ / k|lt:kwf{ gLlt, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf kf/blz{tf .
;Dd]ngn] ;7gdf cfa4 cNk ljsl;t ;b:oxsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ljZj cy{tGql;t
PsLs[t x'g ;3fp k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg bft[lgsfosf] ;xof]udf lj:t[t / PsLs[t
sfo{of]hgf ;~rfng ug{] lg0f{o klg u/]sf] lyof] . tbg';f/ ;g\ !((& b]lv cNkljsl;t
;b:oxnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] p2]Zon] ljleGg ^ j6f cGt/;/sf/L lgsfoxsf] tTk/tfdf
Integrated Framework (IF) sfo{qmd sfof{Gjgdf cfof] . l;fk'/ ;Dd]ngdf efu lng]
sltko /fi6n] ;"rgf k|ljlw pTkfbgsf] Jofkf/;DaGwL ljifodf cg]skIfLo ;Demf}tfnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{] 3f]if0ff klg u/] .
!=&=@ bf];|f] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] bf];|f] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
!*@) d], !((* df h]g]efdf ;DkGg eof] . ;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf ;b:o b]zsf dGqLxn]
-24-

h]g]ef 3f]if0ffkq nfO{ kfl/t ub{} lgoddf cfwfl/t ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] dxj
/ ;fGble{stfnfO{ k'gM k'li6 ug{] sfd u/] . ;f] ;Dd]ngdf Uof6 ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf
cfPsf] krf; jif{ k"/f ePsf] pknIodf Uof6sf] %) cf}F jif{ufF7 dgfpg] sfo{ klg
eof] . l;fk'/ 3f]if0ffk|lt k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{} l;fk'/ d'2fnfO{ rfF8} 6'f] nufpg] lg0f{o
klg eof] . ;Dd]ngdf ljZj On]S6f]lgs Jofkf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ub{} On]S6f]lgs
sf/f]jf/df eG;f/ gnufpg] ;fljssf] cEof;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] lg0f{o klg ul/of] .
!=&=# t];|f] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] t];|f] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng #)
gf]e]Da/# l8;]Da/, !((( df cd]l/sfsf] l;of6ndf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ljleGg
;b:ox / cGt/f{li6o gful/s ;dfhsf] Jofks lj/f]w / k|:tfljt sfo{;"rLdfly
P]sdTo sfod x'g g;Sbf l;of6n dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng s'g} cf}krfl/s lg0f{o / 3f]if0ff
g} gu/L ;dfKt eof] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] Oltxf;df of] ;Dd]ngnfO{ c;kmn
a}7ssf kdf ;d]t lnOG5 .
!=&=$ rf}yf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] rf}yf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
(!$ gf]e]Da/, @))! df stf/sf] /fhwfgL bf]xfdf ;DkGg eof] . ;7gsf] Oltxf;d}
dxjk"0f{ a}7ssf kdf /x]sf] o; ;Dd]ngn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6x ljZj cy{tGqdf
;zQm kdf cfa4 x'g g;ls/x]sf] k[i7e"lddf ljZjsf ul/a hgtf / d'n'snfO{ ljZj
Jofkf/sf] d"n k|jfxdf gNofO{ ljZjsf] zflGt, ;'/Iff / cfly{s ;d'Gglt ;'lglZrt ug{
sl7g kg{] s'/fnfO{ x[bod u/L bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f (Doha Development Agenda:
DDA) df 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o uof] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g :yfkgf ePkl5
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf ljleGg kIfdf gofF r/0fsf] klxnf] lj:t[t ;Demf}tf jftf{ z'? ug{]
pb\3f]if klg o;} ;Dd]ngn] uof] . h;df s[lifb]lv lnP/ ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf
Jofks ;'wf/ ug{] / ;7gdf cfa4 ljsf;zLn tyf cNk ljsl;t b]zxnfO{ ljz]if
;x'lnot tyf 5"6x k|bfg ug{] ;Ddsf ljifox ;dflji6 5g\ . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f
cGtu{t d'VotM @! j6f ljifox 5nkmnsf] ;"rLdf 5g\ . ;Dd]ngn] Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf / ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo;DaGwL dlGq:t/Lo
3f]if0ffnfO{ kfl/t uof] . h;n] ubf{ ;b:o b]zsf ;/sf/xnfO{ cfd gful/sxsf]
:jf:Yo ;'ljwf lgaf{w pkef]u ug{ kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] ;Gbe{df
;fj{hlgs :jf:Yol;t ;DalGwt ljifodf cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf ;:tf] d"Nodf h'g;'s}
d'n'saf6 cf}ifwLx cfoft ug{ ;lsg] 'Parallel Import' / cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf
s'g} k]6]G6 wf/s cf}ifwL pTkfbs sDkgLsf] :jLs[lt glnO{ klg cfgf] d'n'sleq
-25-

;f] cf}ifwLsf] pTkfbg ug{ s'g} sDkgLnfO{ 5"6 lbg;Sg] 'Compulsory Licensing'
h:tf pkfox cjnDag ug{ l6K; ;Demf}tfn] g/f]Sg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g k'Uof] .
;Dd]ngn] ;7gsf] ljleGg ;Demf}tf / cg';"rLdf /x]sf k|fjwfgxsf] sfof{Gjogdf
;b:oxn] ef]Ug'k/]sf sl7gfOxnfO{ x6fpg] ;DaGwdf klg dxjk"0f{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] o'/f]k]nL o'lgog / clk|msf, Sof/]laog / k|zfGt If]qsf ;b:oxaLr
ePsf] ;fem]bf/L ;Demf}tf (EU-ACP Partnership Agreement) nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] u/L
;Demf}tf kfngfdf 5"6 lbg] lg0f{onfO{ ;d]t kfl/t uof] . h;n] ubf{ o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf
;b:oxn] tL b]zsf] pTkfbgnfO{ l8;]Da/ #!, @))& ;Dd ;f}ljWok"0f{ ahf/ kx'Fr
;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf sfod /Xof] . ;Dd]ngn] dxjsf ;fy cl3 p7fPsf] bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8f, To;kl5sf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng nufotsf a}7sxdf 7"nf] ax;sf] ljifo aGb}
cfPsf 5g\ . sltko ljifodf ;xdlt eP klg s]xL dxjk"0f{ / k]lrnf k|Zgdf ljsl;t,
ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t ;b:oxaLr ;xdlt x'g g;Sbf @))% sf] hgj/L ! leq
6+'UofO{ ;Sg] elgPsf] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f cem} kfl/t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . Ps bzseGbf
a9L cjlw ljZj:t/df 5nkmndf /x]sf] of] Ph]G8f ljZj Jofkf/s} Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf
nfdf] ;Demf}tf jftf{sf kdf /x]sf] 5 .
!=&=% kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng M ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
!)!$ ;]K6]Da/, @))# df d]lS;sf]sf] Sofgs'gdf ;DkGg eof] . g]kfn / sDaf]l8ofnfO{
;7gsf] ;b:otf lbg] lg0f{o o;} ;Dd]ngaf6 ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf] d'Vo
p2]Zo bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fdf ePsf] k|ultsf] ;dLIff ug{] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf
;b:o b]zxn] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{ ;dod} 6+'Uofpg] ljifodf k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{}
Ps jQmJo hf/L u/]sf lyP . t/ ;f] Ph]G8fcGtu{t /x]sf s]xL k]lrnf ljifo vf;u/L
s[lif ;Demf}tfdf s] s;/L cl3 a9\g] eGg] ljifodf ;b:oxaLr Ps dt x'g g;Sbf
of] ;Dd]ngaf6 s'g} 7f]; lg0f{o x'g ;s]g . ;fy}, ;b:ox l;fk'/ d'2fsf ;DaGwdf
klg s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ug ;s]gg\ .
!=&=^ 5}6f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng M ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] 5}6f}F} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
!#!* l8;]Da/, @))% df rLgsf] xsdf ;DkGg eof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf] d'Vo
p2]Zo ;g\ @))! df z'? ul/Psf] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{ rfF8} kfl/t ug{] ;DaGwdf
;b:oxn] p7fPsf k|Zg / /fv]sf ;/f]sf/sf ljifoxnfO{ ;'N6\ofpg' lyof] . o;
;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf dlGq:t/Lo 3f]if0ff hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] h;n] ! cui6, ;g\ @))$
sf] ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o -h'nfO{ Kofs]h_ nfO{ cg'df]bg uof] . pQm 3f]if0ffkqdf
-26-

s[lif If]q, u}/ s[lif If]q, ;]jf If]q, af}l4s ;DklQ, jftfj/0f, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, clt
sd ljsl;t ;b:oxsf] nflu ljz]if tyf km/s Jojxf/nufot @) j6feGbf a9L
ljljw ljifox ;d]l6Psf lyP . ;Dd]ngn] Sofgs'g ;Dd]ngdf lg0f{o x'g g;s]sf]
l;fk'/ d'2fxdWo] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f Pp6f d'2fnfO{ dfq ;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z u/L
afFsL d'2fxnfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] ;"rLaf6 x6fO{ gofF r/0faf6 ;Demf}tf jftf{ z'? ug{] u/L
cl3 a9\g] klg lgwf] uof] . xs ;Dd]ngn] ;g\ @))^ leq} bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{
;DkGg ug{] s'/f klg to uof] .
;Dd]ngdf ljsl;t /fi6xn] s[lifhGo j:t'sf] lgof{tdf lbFb} cfPsf] cg'bfgnfO{ ;g\
@)!# ;Dd k"0f{tof x6fpg'kg{] / skf;df lbFb} cfPsf] lgof{t cg'bfgrflxF ;g\ @))^
;Dddf x6fO{ ;Sg'kg{] lg0f{o klg eof] . cNk ljsl;t /fi6sf] skf;nfO{ ljsl;t
b]zdf eG;f/ tyf kl/df0ffTds aGb]h d'Qm ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf lbg], ;a} #@ j6} cNk
ljsl;t /fi6sf] s[lif tyf u}/ s[lifhGo j:t'xdf sDtLdf 6\ofl/km nfOgsf] (&
k|ltzt j:t'nfO{ ljsl;t b]zxsf] ahf/df eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Frsf]
;'ljwf (Duty Free Quota Free Market Access: DFQF ) lbg], clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o
/fi6xdf pTkflbt j:t'xsf] lgof{tsf] nflu ;/nLs[t / kf/bzL{ pTklQsf] lgod
nfu" ug{] nufotsf lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] clt sd ljsl;t ;b:oxn]
af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] ;Demf}tf k"0f{kn] sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg{] cjlw ;g\ @)!#
sf] h'g dlxgfsf] cGTo;Dd yk ug{] lg0f{onfO{ klg cg'df]bg uof] . clt sd ljsl;t
;b:o /fi6sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] Integrated Framework
(IF) nfO{ klg yk ;|f]t h'6fO{ Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) sf kdf k'gM
;+/rgf u/L ;zQm t'Nofpg] / o;af6 clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o b]zsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf
;'b[9Ls/0f, lgof{t lj:tf/ / lghL If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofpg cem k|efjsf/L
sfo{qmdx sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{] lg0f{o klg ;Dd]ngn] uof] . o;sf ;fy} clt sd
ljsl;t ;b:oxsf] Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/ tyf Ifdtf clej[l4df ;xof]u k'ofpg Jofkf/sf]
nflu ;xof]u (Aid for Trade) nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] lg0f{o klg 5}6f}F dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngaf6 eof] .
!=&=& ;ftf}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng M ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;ftf}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
#) gf]e]Da/@ l8;]Da/, @))( df h]g]efdf ;DkGg eof] . o; ;Dd]ng;Dd cfOk'Ubf
klg bf]xf /fp08sf] ;Demf}tf g6'l;s]sf]n] o; ;Dd]ngdf s'g} dxjk"0f{ ljifodf lg0f{o
x'g] ck]Iff lyPg . kmntM o; ;Dd]ngdf d'VotM bf]xf /fp08nfO{ rfF8} ;DkGg ug{]
-27-

af/]df 5nkmn s]lGb|t ePsf] lyof] . ;fy}, ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gleqsf ljleGg kIfx
h:t} ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGq, ;lDdng k|lqmof, Jofkf/sf] nflu ljsf; / Jofkf/;Da4
k|fljlws ;xfotf cflbnfO{ s] s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn
ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf bf}/fg Jofkf/;Da4 ljleGg ljifodf sfo{;qx -jls{ ;];g_
rn]sf lyP .
!=&=* cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng M ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
!%!& l8;]Da/, @)!! df h]g]efdf ;DkGg eof] . ;f] ;Dd]ngdf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLsf] dxj / ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g, Jofkf/ / ljsf; tyf bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f
u/L tLgj6f ljifodf jls{ ;];g rn]sf lyP . ;Dd]ngn] /l;of, ;df]cf, efg'cf6' /
df]G6]lgu|f]nfO{ ;7gsf] ;b:otf k|bfg ug{] s'/fnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf
sd ljsl;t b]zsf ;]jf Jofkf/ If]qsf ;]jf k|bfosxnfO{ ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{
cfufdL !% jif{;Dd 5"6 lbg] ljifodf ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf ljleGg kIfx, ljB'tLo Jofkf/, vfB
;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;Demf}tf / Jofkf/ cg'udg nufotsf ljifoxdf ;d]t
5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngn] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]08fnufot ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf
ljrf/fwLg cGo y'k|} d'2fx (Issues) sf af/]df s'g} dxjk"0f{ lg0f{o lng ;s]g .
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6 (LDCs) sf] ;b:otf k|flKt k|lqmofdf ;/nLs/0f ug{] nufotsf
;fdfGo ljifodf lg0f{o lng rflxF ;Dd]ng ;kmn /Xof] .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] gjf}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng O08f]g]lzofsf] afnLdf ;g\ @)!# sf]
l8;]Da/sf] klxnf] xKtfdf cfof]hgf x'g] ePsf] 5 .

-28-

kl/R5]b@
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfxnfO{ d'Vo kdf tLg efudf juL{{s/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ j:t' Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx
-v_ ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfx
-u_ Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf
@=! j:t' Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{t j:t' Jofkf/sf] lgodg eG;f/ dx;'n tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL
;fdfGo ;Demf}tf, !(($ (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade : GATT, 1994) cGtu{t
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . oBlk j:t' Jofkf/nfO{ cGt/f{li6o :t/df lgodg ug{ ;g\ !($* b]lv
g} Uof6!($& sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] lyof] . Uof6sf] cf7f}F r/0fsf] jftf{kl5 Uof6!($&
df cfjZos kl/zf]wg, ;+zf]wg / x]/k]m/;lxt Uof6!(($ hf/L ul/Psf] xf] . clxn]
Uof6!(($ cGtu{t d'VotM rf/j6f b:tfj]h ;dflji6 5g\ Uof6!($& sf k|fjwfgx,
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g :yfkgf x'g'k"j{ Uof6!($& cGtu{t sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf sfg"gL
pkfox;DaGwL k|fjwfg, p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df cLsf/ ul/Psf Uof6sf ljleGg
wf/fxsf] JofVof;DaGwL ;dembf/Lx / Uof6!(($ ;DaGwL df/fs]z k|f]6f]sn . j:t'
Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfxn] j:t' Jofkf/If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf
5g\ . o; cGtu{t vf;u/L eG;f/ d"Nofg, s[lif, dfgj, kz' / jg:klt :jf:Yo,
Jofkf/sf k|fljlws cj/f]wx, j:q tyf kf]zfs, Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt nufgL pkfo,
lgsf;Lk"j{ lg/LIf0f, pTklQsf lgodx, cfoft Ohfhtkq;DaGwL k|lqmof, ;x'lnot
tyf sfpG6/e]ln pkfox, PlG68lDk / cGo ljleGg ;'/Iff pkfox;DaGwL
;Demf}tf ;dflji6 5g\ . j:t' Jofkf/;Da4 s]xL k|d'v ;Demf}tfxsf] ;+lIfKt rrf{ tn
ul/Psf] 5 .
@=!=! eG;f/ d"Nofg;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ( Customs Valuation Agreement)
of] ;Demf}tf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] j:t' Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ ;Demf}tfsf]
kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ;b:o /fi6xn] eG;f/
dx;'nsf] dfWodaf6 dfq /fli6o pBf]unfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . o; ;Demf}tfn]

-29-

cGo cg'bfg, ;+/If0ffTds pkfox / cfoftsf] kl/df0ffTds aGb]hnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]

5}g . t/ e'QmfgL ;Gt'ng / ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rlth:tf ljifodf uDeL/ ;d:of pTkGg
ePdf cfly{s pkfo tyf kl/df0ffTds aGb]hnufotsf cGo pkfox;d]t cjnDag
ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
o;nfO{ sfg"gL kdf eG;f/ dx;'n / Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf, !(($ sf] bkmf
& sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Demf}tfsf] kdf lnOG5 . of] eG;f/ d"Nofg;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn]
eG;f/ clws[tn] eG;f/ dx;'nsf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfoftsn] lt/]sf] jf:tljs sf/f]jf/
d"No (Transaction Value) df dfq eG;f/ nufpg' kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;
;Demf}tfn] eG;f/ clwsf/Lsf] eG;f/ d"Nofgsf nflu k|of]u ug]{ :jljj]sLo clwsf/nfO{
;Lldt u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, eG;f/ d"Nofgsf nflu ljleGg k|lqmofxnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf]
5 . of] ;Demf}tfn] eG;f/ clws[tnfO{ s'g} cfoftstf{n] k|:t't u/]sf] lahs d"No lrQ
ga'em]df kof{Kt cfwf/;lxt k'gd"N{ ofg ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . eG;f/ clws[tn]
k'gd{N" ofg ubf{ s]xL lglZrt d"Nofgsf cfwf/nfO{ cjnDag ub}{ qmdzM Ps kl5 csf]{
k|lqmofx Nffu" ug'k{ g]{ sfg"gL afWotfsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
eG;f/ d"Nofg;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx M
of] GATT Article VII sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf] ;Demf}tf xf] .
o;n] eG;f/ d"Nofgdf Jofj;flos ;/ntf / ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{
k|>o lbPsf] 5 .
d"Nofgsf qmddf eG;f/ clws[tn] cfoftstf{;Fu k|To]s txdf ;Dks{df
/xg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
eG;f/ clws[tsf] eG;f/ d"Nofgsf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt u/]sf] 5 .
cfoftstf{sf] uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
cfoftstf{nfO{ eG;f/ d"Nofgdf lrQ ga'em]df k'g/fj]bgsf] Joj:yf 5 .
o;qmddf eG;f/ d"Nofgsf nflu Tff]lsPsf cfwf/xdf eG;f/ clwsf/Ln] cfoftstf{sf]
sf/f]jf/ d"NonfO{ dfGotf lbg'kg]{ jf gofF d"No lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . olb sf/f]jf/
d"NonfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf qmdzM ;dfg j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ d"No jf p:t}
k|s[ltsf] j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ d"No jf l88lS6e d"No -To:t} k|s[ltsf] j:t'sf] :yfgLo
ahf/sf] laqmL d"Nodf gfkmf, s/, eG;f/ tyf cGo lgodcg';f/sf] b:t'/xnfO{ 36fO{

-30-

afFsL /xg cfpg] d"No_, jf sDKo'6]8 d"No -To:t} k|s[ltsf] j:t'sf] pTkfbgd"Nodf
gfkmf, s/, eG;f/ tyf cGo lgodcg';f/sf] b:t'/xnfO{ hf]8L sfod x'g cfpg] d"No_
nfO{ eG;f/ d"Nofg lgwf{/0fsf] nflu d"No sfod ug{ ;Sb5 . olb of] cfwf/af6
klg s'g} j:t'sf] eG;f/ d"Nofg ug{ g;lsPdf of] ;Demf}tfn] s]xL lglZrt cfwf/x
/ k|lqmofx -kmn Aofs d]y8_ cjnDag u/L eG;f/ clws[tnfO{ ;Lldt :jljj]sLo
clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L j:t'sf] eG;f/ d"Nofg ug{ ;lsg] 5"6 lbPsf] 5 .
@=!=@ s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Agriculture)
s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tf p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{sf bf}/fgdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Demf}tfn]
s[lif If]qdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L :jR5 s[lif Jofkf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] s'/fdf ljZjf;
/fVb5 . o; p2]Zosf nflu ;Demf}tfn] s]xL zt{ Pj+ ;Ldfxsf] lgwf{/0f ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
s[lifhGo Jofkfl/s j:t'sf] eG;f/Ls/0f / s[lifdf k|bfg ul/g] cg'bfg Pj+ ;x'lnotnfO{
lgod;Ddt kdf dfq k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfgxsf sf/0fxn] ubf{ s[lif Jofkf/sf]
:jR5 ljsf; x'g;Sb5 eGg] ;Demf}tfsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] s[lifhGo
;a} pTkfbgxsf] eG;f/ lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{ tyf cfjZos dfqfdf s[lif j:t'sf] ljsf;sf
nflu cg'bfg lbg ;lsg] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t sfod} /fv]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tfcg';f/
g]kfnh:tf] sd ljsl;t d'ns
' nfO{ o; ;Demf}tfsf sltko k|fjwfgx cjnDag ug'{
cfjZos 5}g . ;Demf}tfn] s[lifdf k|of]u x'g] cg'bfgnfO{ ;/sf/n] h'g;'s} avt klg
k|bfg ug{ ;lsg], cfjZostfcg';f/ k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] / k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf cGo
d'ns
' n] sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] u/L ljleGg k|sf/df juL{s/0f u/L s[lif cg'bfgnfO{ ;Gt'lnt
kn] k|of]u ug{ ;b:o d'ns
' xnfO{ lgb{l] zt u/]sf] 5 .
@=!=# dfgj, hgfj/ / jg:klt :jf:Yo pkfox;DaGwL ;Demf}tf

(Agreement on

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures)

s'g} klg ;b:o /fi6n] d'n'sleq cfoftlgof{t x'g] j:t'xaf6 Dffgj, hgfj/ /
jg:klt :jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ b]lvPdf To:tf] s'g} klg j:t'sf] cfoft jf
lgof{tdf of] ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf k|fjwfgxsf] dfWodaf6 lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 .
of] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd lgDg cfoftsf] cj:yfnfO{ dfgj, hgfj/ / jg:klt :jf:Yodf
k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ cfoft egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 / ;Demf}tfcg';f/ k|efljt ;b:o
/fi6n] ;Demf}tfsf] cwLgdf /xL o:tf] cfoftnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg ;d]t ;Sb5 M
s_ s'g} klg j:t'sf] cfoftaf6 laiffbL pTkGg ePdf jf s'g} /f]u km}ng] vt/f
ePdf .
-31-

v_ s'g} vfBj:t' ljiffbL eO{ o;af6 ;+qmd0f x'g] vt/f ePdf .

u_ s'g} hgfj/, la?jf / To;af6 ag]sf j:t'sf] cfoftaf6 /f]ux km}ng;Sg] vt/f
ePdf .
o; ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgxcg';f/ ;fdfGotof cGt/f{li6o k|rngdf /x]sf dfkb08sf
lgodxnfO{ g} j:t'xsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{df k|of]u ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . of]
ljifonfO{ Jofkf/sf nflu k|fljlws cj/f]w;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] klg :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
o;/L x]bf{ SPS / TBT ;Demf}tfsf aLrdf s]xL xb;Dd ;dfgtf b]lvG5, lsgls
b'j} ;Demf}tfn] lgodxsf] / ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/ (Standard) sf] dfkb08df oyfzSo
Psktf sfod x'g'kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . olt x'Fbfx'b} klg SPS / TBT aLr
lgDg ljifoxdf :ki6 kdf km/s kfOG5M
TBT cg';f/ Product Standard MFN cfwf/df to x'g] ub{5 t/ SPS df
o;nfO{ lje]bLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
SPS ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6nfO{ cGt/f{li6o :t/eGbf km/s u/]/ ;d]t dfkb08
lgwf{/0f ug{;Sg] 5"6 lbG5 .
SPS ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ qmlds kdf jf cGtl/d kdf SPS
pkfo cjnDag ug]{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ub{5 .
@=!=$ sk8f / j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)
;g\ !(^) / !(&) sf] bzssf aLrdf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf] If]qdf sf]6f k|0ffnLn]
dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf cf]u6]sf] lyof] . of] cjlwdf d'n'sxaLr lkIfLo :t/df sf]6f
lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df vf;u/L sk8f / j:qsf] Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug{] k|rng
lyof] . o:tf] Jofkf/ ax'/];f ;Demf}tf Multi-fibre Arrangement (MFA) cGtu{t /x]/
ul/GYof] . ;g\ !(($ df cfP/ of] ;Demf}tfJoj:yf vf/]h eof] . of] ;Demf}tf vf/]h
x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf * j6f ljsl;t cfoftstf{ d'n'sx / #! j6f lgof{tstf{ ljsf;zLn
d'n'sx u/L hDdf #( j6f /fi6x o; ;Demf}tfsf ;b:osf kdf /x]sf lyP .
of] ;Demf}tfn] sk8f / j:qsf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/nfO{ GATT sf] sfo{If]q eGbf aflx/
/fv]sf] lyof] . o; ;Demf}tfcGtu{t d'Votof o'/f]k]nL o'lgog, gj]{, lkmgNof08, ;+o'Qm
/fHo cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f cflb ljsl;t d'n'sx;Fu s/Lj () j6f lkIfLo ;Demf}tfx
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf lyP . oL ;Demf}tfsf w]/}h;f] k|fjwfgx cGo d'n'sxsf nflu
lgoGq0ffTds kdf /x]sf] x'Fbf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/df vf;u/L lgof{t k|j4{gsf] ;Gbe{df

-32-

lognfO{ afws ;Demf}tfsf kdf lnOGYof] . To;} eP/ oL ;Demf}tfxnfO{ lgod;t

agfpg'kg]{ ljifodf Uof6sf] p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df uDeL/ ax; eO{ ;xdlt ;d]t
ePsf] lyof] .
p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] kl/0flt:jk sk8f / j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tfnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] j:t' Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (GATT) cGtu{t ;d]6\g] sfo{ eof] . kmntM !
hgj/L, ;g\ !((% b]lv ;7gsf] j:t' Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf] of}6f cleGg csf] kdf
sk8f / j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Textile and Clothing : ATC) /Xof] .
of] ;Demf}tfsf] d'Vo p2]Zoxdf sk8f / j:qsf] :jR5 cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ clej[l4
u/L sk8f / j:qdf nfuL cfPsf u}/ eG;f/ cj/f]w cGTo u/L ahf/ kx'Frdf ;'wf/
ug'{, af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ sk8f / j:qsf] Jofkf/nfO{ lj:tfl/t t'Nofpg' cflb
lyP . o;/L of] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfPkZrft\ s'g} klg d'n'sn] sk8f tyf j:qsf]
Jofkf/df sf]6f lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ ug{ kfpFb}g . olb o:tf] sf]6f lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eP
;f] cj:yfnfO{ ;7gsf] ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Safeguard Agreement) n] k'i6fOF
ug{'kb{5 . cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf] If]qdf k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ qmddf lgolGqt
/ sf]6f k|0ffnL afws ePsf] x'gfn] o;af6 sk8f / j:qsf] Jofkf/nfO{ d'Qm /fVb} :jR5
/ k|lt:kwf{Tds lsl;dn] Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{] d'Vo p2]Zon] ATC
;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] xf] .
sk8f tyf j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 lje]bLs[t
kdf sk8f tyf j:qsf] cfoftlgof{t Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug{ ;b:oxnfO{ !) jif{sf]
;+qmd0f sfnsf] 5"6 k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . o; cg';f/ g]kfnn] klg ;g\ @))$ sf]
cGTo;Dd MFA cGtu{t pknAw sf]6f ;'ljwf / o;sf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;dosf] pkof]u
u/L ljZjsf s]xL ahf/df 7"nf] kl/df0f / d"Nodf tof/L kf]zfs;DaGwL j:t'x
(Garments) lgof{t u/]sf] lyof] . t/ ;g\ @))% sf] hgj/L ! b]lv MFA cGtu{t
k|fKt sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] ;dflKt ePkZrft\ g]kfnsf] ufd{]G6n] cGo b]zsf] pTkfbg;Fu
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;sL ufd{]G6sf] lgof{tdf 7"nf] x|f; cfof] . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf g]kfn
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ev{/} k|j]z u/]sf] sf/0f tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{t 36]sf]
ljifonfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf;Fu hf]8]/ ljZn]if0f ug{] sfo{ klg eof] . t/
ufd{]G6sf] lgof{tdf cfPsf] x|f; g]kfnsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf] sf/0fn]
geO{ MFA sf] vf/]hL / ! hgj/L, ;g\ @))% b]lv ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] sk8f
tyf j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{GjogkZrft\ sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] cGTosf] sf/0faf6
-33-

ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Demf}tfn] g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu s]xL k[ys\
Joj:yfx u/]tf klg ;f] sf] pkof]u eg] ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .
@=!=% Jofkf/sf k|fljlws cj/f]wx;DaGwL ;Demf}tf

(Agreement on Technical

Barriers to Trade : TBT)

cGt/f{li6o:t/df k|of]u x'g] j:t'xsf] u'0f:t/, dfkb08 / k|of]usf af/]df o;

;Demf}tfn] JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] vf; u/]/ cGt/f{li6o ahf/df
pknAw j:t'x pTkfbg k|ljlwsf ljljwtfsf sf/0fn] km/skm/s k|s[lt / u'0fsf
x'g] ePsfn] cfgf] d'n'ssf] cfjZostfcg';f/ Go"gtd u'0f:t/ (Standard) lgwf{/0f
ug{;Sg] clwsf/ of egf}F 5"6 ;DalGwt ;b:o /fi6nfO{ g} lbPsf] 5 . o; cg';f/
cfgf] cg's"nsf] gLlt lgod hf/L u/L b]zleq cfoft ul/g] j:t'xsf] u'0f:t/sf]
dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 / o:tf k|ljlws ljlgodx ;a} ;b:o /fi6sf nflu
afWosf/L kdf nfu" x'G5g\ . o;sf ;fy} o:tf ljlgodx j}1flgs tYosf] cfwf/df
;d]t lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . oL ljlgodxn] clt ;f}ljWo /fi6x ;/xsf] ;'ljwf
(Most Favoured Nation) / /fli6o Jojxf/sf] (National Treatment) sf l;4fGtxsf]
cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;Demf}tfcg'k j:t'sf] dfkb08:t/ (Standard) ;b:o
/fi6n] P]lR5s (Voluntary) kdf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . t/ o:tf] dfkb08
:t/ lgwf{/0f P]lR5s kdf ug{ ;lsg] eP tfklg j:t'sf] ljz]iftf, k|lqmof, ;]t /
Kofs]lhnufotsf ljifo :ki6 / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{ ljifodf eg] ;Demf}tfn] hf]8 lbPsf]
5.
@=!=^ Jofkf/;Da4 nufgL pkfox;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Trade Related
Investment Measures : TRIMS)

;/sf/f/f nufgL k|j4{g sfo{sf nflu nfu" ul/g] zt{ jf pkfoxnfO{ Jofkf/;Fu
;Da4 nufgL pkfo eGg ;lsG5 . o:tf pkfox s/ 5"6sf] dfWodaf6 jf ef}lts
;DklQ / cGo ;]jf ;'ljwfx k|bfg ug{] h:tf sfo{xdfkm{t sfof{Gjogdf cfpF5g\ .
o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ s'g} klg ;/sf/n] /fli6o k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df nufgL j[l4sf
lglDt ljleGg zt{x tf]Sg] jf nfu" ug{] sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5 . h:tf] ls pTkfbgdf :yfgLo
;fwgsf] clgjfo{ k|of]u, pTkflbt j:t'sf] lgof{t ug'{kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf cflb h:tf
zt{xnfO{ Jofkf/;Fu ;Da4 nufgLsf pkfosf kdf lng ;lsG5 . ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] of] ;Demf}tfn] nufgL k|j4{gsf nflu d'Votof /fli6o Jojxf/sf] (National
Treatment) sf] cfwf/df x'g] kl/df0ffTds aGb]hsf] ;sf/fTds k|of]u cf}Bf]lus
-34-

k|j4{gsf] nflu ;xof]uL x'g;Sg] ljifodf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . t/ s'g} klg pTkfbgsf
nflu nufgLstf{nfO{ :yfgLo ;fdfgsf] vl/b ug'{kg]{ afWotf, s'g} klg pTkfbgdf
cfofltt ;fdfg k|of]usf] ;Lldttf, pTkfbs jf nufgLstf{nfO{ ljb]zL ljlgdo kx'Frdf
;Lldttf cflb h:tf sfo{nfO{ rflxF o; ;Demf}tfn] lg?T;flxt u/]sf] 5 . oL / o:tf
cGo ;sf/fTds k|of;xsf] cjnDagn] nufgL cfsif{0f tyf clej[l4 eO{ d'n'ssf]
cfly{s ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ;Demf}tfn] hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
@=!=& lgsf;Lk"j{ lg/LIf0f;DaGwL ;Demf}tf

(Agreement on Pre-shipment

Inspection)

of] ;Demf}tfn] eG;f/ d"Nofgdf b]vfkg]{ clws lahsLs/0f / Go"glahsLs/0fsf]

;d:ofnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ d2t ub{5 . of] ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf cfoft ePsf]
j:t'sf] u'0f, d"Nosf af/]df cflwsfl/stf k|dfl0ft ug{ s'g} t];|f] kIf jf lgsfosf]
;xof]u lnOG5 . t/ To:tf] k|dfl0ft sfo{nfO{ eG;f/ clws[tn] dfGotf lbg'kb{5 eGg]
afWotf 5}g . eG;f/ clwsf/Ln] pQm k|dfl0ft d"NonfO{ cfwf/ d"Nosf] kdf lng
;Sb5 t/ zf nfu]df eG;f/ d"Nofgsf lglDt tf]lsPsf cfwf/x k|of]u u/L k'gM
d"Nofg k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg ;Sb5 . g]kfnn] tTsfn of] ;Demf}tfsf] cjnDag ug]{
;DaGwdf s'g} k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5}g . t/ eljiodf o:tf] k"j{ lg/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf
yfngL ul/Pdf of] ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt zt{xcg'k g} sfo{ ug{'kg{] afWotf eg]
/x]sf] 5 .
@=!=* pTklQsf] lgodx;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Rules of Origin : RoO)
o; ;Demf}tfn] pTklQsf hl6n lgodxn] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/df cj/f]w Nofpg;Sg]
x'gfn] :jR5 cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ clej[l4sf] nflu ;b:o /fi6xn] :ki6 / k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo
pTklQsf] lgod lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbg'kg{] s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . k|To]s
;b:o /fi6xn] kf/bzL{ / :ki6 pTklQsf lgodx cjnDag ub}{ cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/
;~rfng ug'{kb{5 eGg] ljifodf of] ;Demf}tfsf] d'Vo hf]8 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy}
pTklQsf lgodxsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf qmddf ;b:o /fi6xn] Ps cfk;df
;fdGh:o (Harmonization) / lgikIftf (Impartiality) sfod ug{] ljifonfO{ klg plQs}
k|fyldstfdf /fvL sfo{ ug{'kg{] s'/fnfO{ o; ;Demf}tfn] ;d]6]sf] 5 .
o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ Jofkf/sf nflu pTklQsf lgodxsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf hf/L
ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ P]g, lgod / kl/kqnfO{ ;d]t Rules of Origin sf] csf] kdf :jLsf/
-35-

ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jofkf/ Joj:yf (Preferential Trade Arrangement)

cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] Jofkf/df eg] o:tf k|fjwfgxnfO{ 5'6 lbg;lsg] Joj:yf
5 . ;Demf}tfn] pTklQsf] lgod, pTklQsf] lgod sfof{Gjogsf nflu ckgfpg'kg]{
k|lqmof, pTklQsf] lgodx ;"rLs[t ug]{ tl/sf, k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf, pTklQsf
lgodxdf Psktf sfod ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ tl/sfx cflbsf] af/]df klg JofVof
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6n] nfu" u/]sf pTklQsf lgodx;DaGwdf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] j:t' Jofkf/ kl/ifb cGtu{tsf] ;DalGwt ;ldltnfO{ ;"lrt
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
@=!=( cfoft Ohfhtkq hf/L ug]{ k|lqmof;DaGwL ;Demf}tf

(Agreement on Import

Licensing Procedures)

cfoft Ohfhtkq hf/L ubf{ x'g] jf x'g;Sg] ;Defljt l9nf;':tL / ckf/blz{tfsf]

sf/0fn] s'g} d'n'ssf] cfoftsf] k|jfxdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;Sb5 . t;y{, of]
;Demf}tfn] cfoft Ohfhtkq hf/L ubf{ s'g} klg ;b:o /fi6n] ;/ntf, kf/blz{tf
/ l56f] 5l/tf]kgfdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] cfoft
OhfhtkqnfO{ :jtM hf/L x'g] cfoft Ohfhtkq / s]xL k|lqmof k'ofP/ hf/L ug]{
cfoft Ohfhtkqsf] kdf juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . o:fsf ;fy} o:tf cfoft Ohfhtkq
hf/L ug]{ ;do;Ldf ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . :jtM cfoft Ohfhtkqsf] ;Gbe{df
cfoft Ohfhtkq hf/L ug]{ clwsf/Ln] cfoftstf{n] cfj]bg lbPsf] !) lbgleq
hf/L u/L ;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . s]xL k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ dfq hf/L x'g] Ohfhtkq ;fdfGotof
kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nufPsf] cj:yfdf hf/L ul/G5 . o:tf] Ohfhtkq hf/L ug'{kg]{
cj:yf ePdf cfj]bg cfXjfg u/L cfj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] #) lbgleq klxnf]
cfj]bgnfO{ k|fyldstf (First Come First Serve) sf] cfwf/df Ohfhtkq hf/L x'g] /
Ohfhtkq hf/L gug]{ cj:yf ePdf jf ;a} cfj]bssf] cfj]bg :jLs[t x'g] cj:yfdf
cfj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] ^) lbgleq cfb]z hf/L ul/;Sg' kb{5 . o; ;Demf}tfdf
Ohfhtkq hf/L ug]{ sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof cflb kIfdf lj:t[t / :ki6 Joj:yf ;d]l6Psf]
;Gbe{df Jojxf/df o;sf] ;xL sfof{Gjog x'g;s]df Joj;foLn] l56f], 5l/tf] / kf/bzL{
9n] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .

-36-

cfoft Ohfhtkq ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx

o; ;Demf}tfn] ;b:oxnfO{ cfoft Ohfhtkq hf/L ug]{ k|lqmof kf/bzL{,
;/n / sd vlr{nf] agfpg] pkfoxsf] cjnDag ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .
;;fgf q'l6sf sf/0f Ohfht kq /2 x'g] k|j[lQsf] cGTo ug{ d2t
ub{5 .
Ohfhtkq hf/L ug'{kg]{ ;dofjlwsf] lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5 .
Ohfhtkq hf/L ug]{ lgsfo / Ohfhtkq k|fKt ug]{ cfoftlgof{tstf{sf
clwsf/ / st{Joaf/] :ki6tf k|bfg ub{5 .

@=!=!) ;x'lnot / ;dsf/s pkfox;DaGwL ;Demf}tf

(Agreement on Subsidies

and Countervailing Measures : SCM)

;/sf/n] cfgf gLltut cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu cg'bfg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . t/

o:tf] cg'bfgaf6 pTkflbt j:t'n] ;du| ahf/df ljrng Nofpg] / cfofltt
d'n'ssf pBf]u wGbfxdf uDeL/ xflggf]S;fgL k'ofpg] sfo{ u/]df cfoftstf{
d'n'sn] To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos pkfox cjnDag ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfxn] u/]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ ;x'lnot tyf ;dsf/s
pkfox;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf kdf lrlgG5 . s'g} klg d'n'snfO{ b]zleq pBf]uwGbfsf]
:yfkgf / ljsf; ug{ tyf nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ Pj+ b'u{d :yfgxdf pBf]u
Joj;fosf] lj:tf/ ug{ cg'bfg ;xfotf lbg'kg{] l:ylt pTkGg x'g;S5 . t/ o;nfO{
;Gt'lnt / Gofo;t tl/sfn] k|bfg ug{ g;lsPdf o:tf] cg'bfg jf ;x'lnot
cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf] lj:tf/sf] nflu k|To'Tkfbs x'g hfg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ Jojl:yt
kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] o; ;Demf}tfn] cg'bfg;x'lnotsf]
;Ldf / sfo{ljlw;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] cg'bfg;x'lnotsf] lsl;d,
k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] ;x'lnot / k|bfg ug{ g;lsg] ;x'lnot u/L ljleGg k|sf/n]
;x'lnotxsf] juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;x'lnot jf cg'bfg lbFbf ckgfpg'kg]{
k|lqmof / 5"6sf af/]df ;d]t :ki6 JofVof u/]sf] 5 .

-37-

cg'bfg;x'lnot / sfp06/e]ln pkfo;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx

o; ;Demf}tfn] cg'bflgt j:t'af6 :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ uDeL/ xflggf]S;fgL
x'gaf6 arfpg cg'bfg ;x'lnotsf ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .
lgof{tsf nflu k|bfg ul/g] k|ToIf cg'bfg / ;x'lnotnfO{ lgif]w u/]sf]
5.
s:tf] j:t'nfO{ cg'bflgt ePsf] cj:yf dfGg] eGg] ljifodf :ki6 kl/efiff
u/]sf] 5 / o;}sf] cfwf/df sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmofx ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
5.
;/sf/n] cg'bfg k|fKt j:t'sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg tyf sf/jfxL z'?
ug{'kbf{ cjnDag ug{'kg{] k|lqmofx ;DaGwdf :ki6 k|fjwfgx lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 .
sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu ljz]if 5"6sf] Joj:yf;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
s'g} klg j:t' 8Dk ePsf] jf cg'bflgt eP, gePsf] ljifodf :jtGq lgsfosf]
kdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf uf]Ko ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
sfpG6/e]ln pkfo ckgfpFbf cg'dflgt cfly{s ;xof]u jf cg'bfgafkt k|bQ
;xfotf /flzeGbf a9L x'g] u/L sfpG6/e]ln dx;'n nufpg kfOFb}g . ;Demf}tfn]
cg'bfg;x'lnot k|bfg u/L ;:tf] dfnj:t' cGo ahf/df lgof{t ubf{ cfoftstf{
d'n'ssf pBf]uwGbfdf uDeL/ xflggf]S;fgL ePsf] cj:yf 7x/ ePdf cfoftstf{
d'n'sn] cg'bfg;x'lnot a/fa/sf] /sd lgof{tstf{ d'n'saf6 yk cltl/Qm eG;f/
dx;'nsf kdf c;'npk/ ug{ kfpg] nufotsf cGo sfo{jfxL ;d]t ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
@=!=!! PG6L8lDk;DaGwL ;Demf}tf

(Agreement on Anti-Dumping)

o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ Nffut d"NoeGbf sd d"Nodf cfgf] d'n'sdf cfoft ePsf] j:t'sf]]

sf/0fn] :jb]zL d'n'ssf ;dfg k|s[ltsf j:t' pTkfbg ug{] pBf]u wGbfdf uDeL/
xflggf]S;fgL jf vt/f pTkGg ePdf jf x'g;Sg] ;Defljt vt/f b]lvPdf P06L
8lDk dx;'nsf] dfWodaf6 To:tf] cfoftnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub{} :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ k'u]sf]
IfltnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] 8Dk ePsf] j:t'sf] k|s[lt, :jb]zL pBf]usf]

-38-

kl/efiff, xflggf]S;fgLsf] uDeL/tf, cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] Joj:yf / lg0f{o sfof{Gjog

k|lqmof nufotsf ljifodf ;d]t :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ s'g}
klg j:t'sf] d"No lgof{ts d'n'ssf] ahf/ d"NoeGbf sd ePdf o:tf] cj:yfsf] j:t'nfO{
8lDk ePsf] cj:yf dfGg ;lsG5 . t;y{, o; ;Demf}tfadf]lhd ;fdfGotof j:t'
8Dk ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] osLg ug]{ qmddf Tof] j:t'sf] t'ngfTds d"NofgnfO{ g}
d'Vo cfwf/ dflgG5 . PG6L8lDk dx;'n nufpFbf Margin of Dumping a/fa/ x'g
cfpg] /sdeGbf a9L x'g] u/L nufpg kfOFb}g . ;fdfGotM of] kfFr jif{;Ddsf] nflu
dfq nufpg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .
PG6L8lDk;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx
:jb]zL pBf]usf] :yfkgf / ;+/If0f ug{ d2t ub{5 .
tYout cfwf/df cg';Gwfg u/L lg0f{o lnOg] x'Fbf s'g} klg kIfnfO{ dsf{
kg]{ ;d:of Go"g /xG5 .
cfGtl/s / afXokdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf / k|j4{g
ug{ d2t ub{5 .
Ifltk"lt{ / cGo pkfoxsf dfWodaf6 ahf/sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5 .
pBdL / lgof{tstf{nfO{ ;dodf ;r]t eO{ eljiodf x'g;Sg] xflg
gf]S;fgLaf6 hf]ufpg d2t u5{ .
lgof{tstf{ jf pTkfbsnfO{ cfgf] clwsf/ :yfkgfdf d2t ub{5 .
@=!=!@ ;'/Iff pkfox;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Safeguards)
;'/Iff pkfox;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo cGt/f{li6o ahf/df ;b:o /fi6xsf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ g} xf] . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ s'g} lglZrt ;dofjlwleq
cgk]lIft / c:jfefljs kdf 7"nf] kl/0ffddf j:t' cfoft eO{ To:tf] c:jfefljs
cfoftaf6 s'g} klg d'n'ssf] Jofkf/sf] If]qdf cfgf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg]
cj:yf ;[hgf ePdf To:tf] x|f; cfpg glbg jf xflg gf]S;fgL x'g glbg ;b:o /fi6n]
Jofkf/ ;'/Iff;DaGwL pkfox ckgfpg ;Sb5 . t/ o:tf] ;+/If0f pkfo cNksfnLg
cjlwsf nflu dfq nufpg kfOg] Joj:yf ;Demf}tfn] u/]sf] 5 . of] ;Demf}tfn] ;+/If0f
pkfox ckgfpg ;lsg] cj:yf, cjlw, cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmof / pkrf/sf] ;d]t
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;'/Iff pkfox cLsf/ ug{'k"j{ s'g} d'n'ssf]
-39-

s'g} :jb]zL j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] cj:yf / To:t} j:t'sf] cGo d'n'saf6 ePsf] j:t'sf]
cfoftaLr t'ngf ul/G5 . o;/L t'ngf ubf{ olb To:tf] s'g} j:t'sf] cfoft cTolws
j[l4 eO{ ;f]sf] sf/0fn] :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ uDeL/ xflggf]S;fgL k'u]df jf k'Ug] cfzf
ePsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 k'li6 ePdf ;+/If0f;DaGwL pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf
;+/If0f pkfox cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] tf]s]adf]lhdsf cltl/Qm eG;f/ dx;'n nufP/
jf j:t'sf] cfoftdf kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nfu" u/]/ sfof{Gjogdf NofOG5g\ .
;'/Iffpkfox;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx
o; ;Demf}tfn] :jb]zL pBf]usf] ljsf; / k|f]T;fxgsf nflu ;b:o b]zxn] s]
s:tf] cj:yfdf ;+/If0f pkfox cjnDag ug{;S5g\, tL cj:yfx ;DaGwdf
:ki6tf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
of] ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgxsf] ;sf/fTds k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 . d'n'ssf] k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{df afx]s cGoq o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsFb}g .
;'/Iff pkfox cNksfnsf nflu dfq nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 .
;Demf}tfcg';f/sf pkfox ;fdfGotof ljgf lje]b (Non Discriminatory) nfu"
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ ljz]if cj:yfdf o;nfO{ lje]bLs/0fsf] kdf klg nfu" ug{
;lsG5.
of] ;Demf}tf nfu" ug]{ qmddf sd ljsl;tljsf;zLn d'n'ssf] nflu ljz]if
5"6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6sf] cfly{s ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfg"gL clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
u/]sf] 5 .
@=@ ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf

(General Agreement on Trade in Services :

GATS, 1994)

;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (GATS), j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (GATT) sf]

t'ngfdf lgtfGt gf}nf] xf] . p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df cfP/ dfq klxnf]kN6 ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . p?Uj]
r/0fsf] jftf{k"j{ ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/df Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug]{ s'g}
;Demf}tf cfwf/ Pj+ ;+oGq lyPg . To; lx;fan] ;]jfsf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/nfO{ ;d]6\g]
o; k|sf/sf] of] klxnf] / Psdfq ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf xf] eGg ;lsG5 . ljsl;t /
ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} b]zdf cfDbfgL tyf /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf] b[li6n] ;]jf Jofkf/ lbgfg'lbg

-40-

dxjk"0f{ If]q aGb} uPsf] / b]zleq dfq geO{ cGtb{]zLo kdf ;d]t ;]jfsf] Jofkf/
-cfbfgk|bfg_ a9\b} uPsf] kl/k|]Iodf o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6o:t/df lgoldt / Jojl:yt
ug{ s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ / ;+oGq rflxG5 eGg] lx;fan] ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfnfO{
sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] xf] . oBlk ;]jf Jofkf/sf] ;a} ljifodf ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf] 5}g .
;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qnfO{ qmdzM yk pbf/Ls[t (Progressive Liberalization) ub{} hfg]
;Gbe{df p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt x'g afFsL ljifonfO{ Inbuilt Agenda sf kdf
kl5Nnf r/0fsf ;Demf}tf jftf{df ;dfj]z ug{] eGg] ;dembf/Lcg';f/ xfn bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8fcGtu{t ;]jf Jofkf/ ljifo klg ;dfj]z eO{ 5nkmnsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .
p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] ;kmn kl/0flt:jk ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gleq ;]jf Jofkf/ Ps
5'} t/ cleGg ;Demf}tfsf] kdf :yflkt eof] . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ j:t' Jofkf/df
h:t} ;]jf Jofkf/sf] d'Vo p2]Zo klg ;]jf Jofkf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;b:o b]zxsf] cfly{s
j[l4df of]ubfg k'ofpg' xf] . ;7gsf] ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{
lglZrt kdf kl/eflift gu/] klg ;fdfGotM c:k[Zo (Intangible), cb[Zo (Invisible)
/ ;~ro ug{ g;lsg] (Non-Storable) ;a} k|sf/sf] Jofkfl/s / pkef]Uo ;]jfnfO{ ;]jf
Jofkf/sf] kdf a'em\ g] ul/Psf] 5 . ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/
;]jf eGgfn] ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f, k|rf/k|;f/, laqmL / x:tfGt/0f;Ddsf ;a}
sf/f]af/nfO{ hgfpFb5 . t/ o;cGtu{t b'O{ lsl;dsf ;]jfxrflxF ;d]l6b}gg\ . ltgdf
klxnf] xf] ;/sf/ / ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] clVtof/Lleq /xL k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfx hf]
Jofkfl/s kdf tyf c ;]jf k|bfosxl;t k|lt:kwf{ ug{] lx;fan] k|jfx ul/Fbg} g\ h:t}
ljB't\ cfk"lt{, vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ;]jf cflb . bf];f| ] xf] Po/6flkms clwsf/ / o;;DaGwL
;]jfx . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df eG;f/ dx;'nsf] dfWodaf6
;b:o /fi6n] k|lta4tf JoQm ug{k' g]{ x'G5 eg] ;]jf Jofkf/sf] xsdf rflxF k|lta4tfsf]
tflnsf (Schedule of Commitment) dfkm{t ;b:o b]zn] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug{k' g{] Joj:yf
5 . ;]jf Jofkf/sf] cjwf/0ff lgtfGt gf}nf] k|sl[ tsf] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf]
nflu v'nf ubf{ o;n] b]zsf] cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{;S5 ls eGg] cfzf p?Uj]
r/0fsf] jftf{df ;+nUg sltko ;b:oxn] JoQm u/]sf lyP . To;}n] ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{
j:t' Jofkf/h:tf] k"0f{ v'nf g5f]8/] s]xL zt{;lxt v'nf ug{] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . ;fy},
;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ 3/]n' -cfGtl/s_ lgodxaf6 lgodg ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg o;;DaGwL
;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ;7gdf k|:t't ul/Psf] k|lta4tf tflnsfdf ljb]zL
nufgLsf nflu v'nf ug{] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] ;]jf If]q, pkIf]qdWo] ahf/ kx'r
F /
/fli6o Jojxf/ d'VotM oL b'O{ zLif{s cGtu{t plNnlvt cfwf/ / ljleGg zt{xsf]
-41-

cwLgdf /xL ljb]zL nufgLstf{xn] ;DalGwt b]zdf ;]jf Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug{ ;S5g\ .
;DalGwt ;b:o b]zn] klg o;} k|lta4tftflnsfsf] cfwf/df ;]jf If]qsf] pbf/Ls/0fsf
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ub{5g\ . ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;fdfGotof s'g} klg
;b:o /fi6n] lgDg ljifoxdf k|lta4tf hgfpg' kb{5 .
clt ;f}ljWo d'n'ssf] Jojxf/;DaGwL ;'ljwf (MFN) k|bfg ug]{ ljifodf .
gLlt lgodxsf] kf/bl{z{tfsf] ljifodf .
k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg gug]{ gLlt lgodnfO{ lg?T;fxg jf lgoGq0f ug]{
ljifodf .
;]jf Jofkf/ ;~rfngdf e]befj/lxt Jojxf/sf] gLltnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ ljifodf .
;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] klg j:t' Jofkf/sf xsdf nfu" x'g] clt ;f}ljWo k|fKt d'n'ssf]
;'ljwf, /fli6o Jojxf/, kf/blz{tf cflb ;7gsf w]/}h;f] l;4fGtnfO{ h:tft:t}
cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;]jf Jofkf/ ljleGg dfWodn] x'g] ePsf]n] ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL
;Demf}tfn] j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] t'ngfdf lj:t[t sfo{If]qnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
vf;u/L j:t' Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/df k|of]u x'g] j:t' (Product) nfO{
k|efljt ug{] pkfoxnfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 eg] ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] Jofkf/ ul/g]
;]jf (Product), ;]jf cfk"lt{stf{ -pTkfbs_ / ljt/s;d]tnfO{ k|efljt ug{] pkfoxnfO{
;Demf}tfsf] bfo/fleq ;d]6]sf] 5 .
;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] g t ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ g t o; cGtu{tsf If]q, pkIf]qnfO{
g} ls6fgL;fy kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotM ;]jf Jofkf/sf If]qdf ;b:o/fi6xn]
k|lta4tf JoQm ubf{ ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3n] ljsf; u/]sf] Central Product Classification
System df cfwfl/t eP/ ug{] k|rng 5 . tbg'k ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{t ;]jf
Jofkf/sf] If]qdf ;b:oxn] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ubf{ b]xfosf !@ j6f d'Vo zLif{sleq /xL
k|lta4tf JoQm ug{'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . oL !@ j6f ;]jf If]qcGtu{t klg ljleGg zLif{sdf
u/L sl/a !^) eGbf a9L pkIf]qx ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ;Demf}tfn] ;d]6]sf !@ d'Vo ;]jf
If]qx x'g\ M
!= k]zfutJofj;flos ;]jf
@= ;~rf/ ;]jf
#= lgdf{0f tyf lgdf{0f;DaGwL OlGhlgol/ ;]jf
$= ljt/0f ;]jf

-42-

%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
!!=
!@=

z}lIfs ;]jf
jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;]jf
ljQLo ;]jf -aLdf / a}l_
:jf:Yo;DaGwL / ;fdflhs ;]jf
ko{6g / e|d0f;DaGwL ;]jf
dgf]/~hgfTds, ;f+:s[lts / v]ns"b;DaGwL ;]jf
kl/jxgoftfoft ;]jf, /
cGo ;]jfx .

j:t' Jofkf/h:tf] ;]jfsf] Jofkf/ k|ToIf kdf gx'g] ePsf] / sltko cj:yfdf ck|ToIf
/ cb[Zo kaf6 klg Jofkf/ ;~rfng x'g] ePsfn] o; ;Demf}tfn] ;]jf Jofkf/
;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg t/Lsf (Modes) ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] ;]jf
Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf $ j6f tl/sfx lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 M
df]8! M o; tl/sf cGtu{t ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jf k|bfosn]] cfgf] b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldf
ggfl3sg g} ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 Pscfk;df ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ub{5g\ .
o;nfO{ Cross Border Supply elgG5 . h:tf] b"/ lzIff, b"/ lrlsT;f -s'g} b]zsf]
la/fdLn] OG6/g]6sf] dfWodn] aflx/L b]zsf] lrlsT;s;Fu k/fdz{ ;]jf lng]_, cGt/f{li6o
kmf]g ;]jf cflb .
df]8@ M o; cGtu{t pkef]Qmf cfkm}F ;]jf k|bfos csf{] b]zdf uP/ ;]jf lng] sfo{
ub{5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ Consumption Abroad elgG5 . o; k|lqmofdf ;]jfu|fxL ;]jf
k|bfos;dIf pkl:yt x'G5 . h:tf] pRr lzIff cfh{gsf nflu s'g} g]kfnL gful/s
ljb]zL ljZjljBfnodf k9\g hfg], cf}ifwf]krf/sf nflu s'g} b]zsf] la/fdL csf{]
b]zdf hfg], s'g} Ps b]zsf] ko{6s csf{] b]zdf e|d0fdf hfg] cflb .
df]8# M o; cGtu{t s'g} klg /fi6n] cfgf] Jofj;flos sfof{no jf
sDkgLsf] k|ltlglwnfO{ ;]jf cfk"lt{ ug{] d'n'sdf :yfkgf u/L ;]jfsf]
sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{ ;d]l6G5 . o;nfO{ Commercial Presence klg
elgG5 . h:tf] s'g} ljb]zL a}n] g]kfndf zfvf vf]nL a}l ;]jf k|bfg ug{]
sfo{, s'g} pBf]udf ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] ug]{ k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL cflb .
df]8$ M s'g} Pp6f b]zsf] JolQm csf{] b]zdf uO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ o; cGtu{t
;d]l6G5 . o;df Pp6f b]zsf] gful/s csf{] b]zdf :jo+ pkl:yt eO{ ;]jf k|bfg
ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . o;nfO{ k|fs[lts dflg;sf] ultzLntf (Movement of Natural
-43-

Person) elgG5

. h:tf] c:yfoL kdf g]kfnL ljz]if1x cGo d'n'sdf uP/ ;]jf

k|bfg ug{] sfo{ -j}b]lzs /f]huf/_, ljb]zL ljz]if1x g]kfndf cfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{]
cflb . o; cGtu{t cbIf / cJofj;flos (Non-Professional) JolQmxaf6 ul/g]
;]jfsfo{ rflxF ;d]l6b}g .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;]jf If]qsf] k|rlnt ;Demf}tf jftf{df of] ljifo cem} klg
ljjfbf:kb kdf /x]sf] 5 . jftf{sf] qmddf o;nfO{ s;/L lgis{ifdf k'ofpg]
eGg] ljifodf cem} ax; hf/L 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] cf7fF} dlGq:t/Lo
a}7sn] ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn d'n'sxn] g]kfnh:tf sd ljsl;t d'n's;Fu
;]jf Jofkf/ ;~rfng ubf{ ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL k|rlnt Uof6\; ;Demf}tfsf] bf];|f]
l;4fGt clt ;f}ljWo k|fKt d'n'ssf] ;'ljwf (MFN) l;4fGtnfO{ cfufdL !% -kGw|_
jif{;Dd lje]b u/L ug{;Sg] clwsf/ -5"6_ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds
pknlAwsf kdf lng ;lsg] eP tfklg g]kfnh:tf cNkljsl;t d'n'sn] ;]jf
Jofkf/cGtu{tsf] o:tf] 5"6af6 s;/L clwstd kmfObf lng ;S5g\ eGg]] ljifodf
yk cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
@=# Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf

(Agreement on Trade

Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights : TRIPS)

@=#=! Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/

Jofkf/df af}l4s l;h{gf / 1fgsf] dxjnfO{ pRr d"Nofg ub{} p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{n]
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qnfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;d]6\g] lg0f{o
u/]sf] lyof] . o; cGtu{t d'VotM k|ltlnlk clwsf/;DaGwL clwsf/ / cf}Bf]lus
;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ u/L d'VotM b'O{j6f If]q 5g\ . logdf k|ltlnlk clwsf/
;flxlTos, j}1flgs / snfTds s[ltxnfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{] s'/fl;t ;DalGwt
5 . cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ cf}Bf]lus cfljisf/xsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g
ug{] s'/fl;t ;DalGwt 5 . o; cGtu{t vf;u/L k]6]G6, cf}Bf]lus l8hfOg, 6]8dfs{,
Jofkf/sf] uf]Kotf, PsLs[t ;ls{6sf] gd"gfh:tf ljwf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . clxn] h}ljs ;|f]t
(Genetic Resourcs) tyf k/Dk/fut 1fg (Traditional Knowledge) nfO{ ;d]t af}l4s
;DklQsf] bfo/fleq ;d]6\g] k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL
;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg' k5fl8sf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] gofFgofF cfljisf/ /
l;h{gfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{} ;h{ssf] cfljisf/nfO{ lglZrt cjlw;Dd ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f
k|bfg ug{' xf] .
-44-

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn]

cGt/f{li6o :t/df af}l4s ;DklQsf] If]qdf k|rlnt d'Vod'Vo ;lGw;Demf}tfnfO{ ;d]6\g]
k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ;b:o /fi6xn] cfgf] d'n'sleqsf]
af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f k|efjsf/L 9n] ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . cfhef]ln
o; ;Demf}tfnfO{ Joj;fo ;'?jft ug]{ Pp6f k"jf{wf/sf] kdf ;d]t lnPsf] kfOG5 .
o; ;Demf}tfnfO{ d'Vo kdf kfFr efudf ljeflht u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .
!= klxnf], o; ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6xn] of] ;Demf}tf nfu" ubf{ jf af}l4s
;DklQ;DaGwL lgod sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ /fli6o Jojxf/ (National Treatment)
/ clt ;f}ljWo k|fKt d'n's ;/xsf] ;'ljwf (Most Favoured Nation Treatment)
sf] l;4fGt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
@= bf];|f], af}l4s ;DklQsf] Go"gtd ;+/If0f, ;dofjlw / c:j:y k|lt:kwf{Tds
jftfj/0fsf] cGTo ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljleGGf dxjk"0f{ k|fjwfgxsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5.
#= t];|f], ;Demf}tfn] lgolGqt Joj;fof/f Jofkf/ lgoGq0f ug{] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt
ug]{ k|fjwfg ;d]6]sf] 5 .
$= rf}yf], ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6sf] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug{] lgsfosf] af/]df :ki6
sfo{ ljefhg x'g'kg]{ ljifodf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
%= kfFrf}, o; ;Demf}tfn] ;Demf}tf nfu" ug{sf nflu ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t
/fi6xsf nflu ;+qmd0f sfn (Transitional Period) sf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf]
5.
@=#=@ af}l4s ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f / ;+/If0f cjlw
o; ;Demf}tfn] lgDg ljifoxnfO{ Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] kdf :yflkt u/L
ltgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu s]xL afWofTds Joj:yfxnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}
;Demf}tfn] af}l4s ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ sfod /xg]] Go"gtd cjlw ;d]t lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 .
s_ k]6]G6 (Patent) cfj]bg btf{ u/]sf] ldltaf6 Go"gtd @) jif{ .
v_ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ (Copy Rights) / ;f] ;DaGwL clwsf/ ;h{ssf] hLjgko{Gt
/ d[To'ePkl5 %) jif{;Dd .
u_ Jofkf/ lrXg (Trade Marks) k|yd k6s & jif{ k'gM gjLs/0f ug{
;lsg] .

-45-

3_ n]cfp6 l8hfOg / OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6 (Layout Design and Integrated Circuit)

btf{ ePsf] ldltn] !) jif{ .
_ uf]Ko ;"rgfx (Trade Secrets)
r_ ef}uf]lns ;]tx (Geographical Indication)
@=#=# Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftf /
kmfObfxM
l56f] 5l/tf] Gofo k|flKtsf] nflu jf af}l4s ;DklQsf] b'kof]usf] /f]syfdsf]
nflu b]jfgL cbfntaf6 d'2f x]l/g] Joj:yf .
7"nf] dfqfdf af}l4s ;DklQsf] b'kof]u u/]df kmf}hbf/L GofocGtu{t sfo{jfxL
ug{ ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ k|]l/t ug]{ Joj:yf .
sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu ljz]if 5"6sf Joj:yfx ;dfj]z ePsf] .
;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgxn] ljsl;t d'n'saf6 sd ljsl;t d'n'sdf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f x'g;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt t'NofPsf] .
gSsnL / rf]/Lsf ;fdfgxsf] Jofkf/df lgoGq0f x'g] / :jb]zL ;h{sx;d]t
k|f]T;flxt x'g] k|fjwfgx /x]sf] .
af}l4s ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f / clwsf/ sfod /xg] Go"gtd cjlw lgwf{/0fsf
sf/0faf6 ;[hgzLntfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] .
ljb]zL k|ljlw / ;Lksf] x:tfGt/0fsf nflu ;b:o /fi6xaLr ;xsfo{nfO{
k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] .

-46-

kl/R5]b#
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf g]kfnsf] cfa4tf
#=! tTsfnLg Uof6df ;b:otfsf] nflu kxn
g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffadf]lhd cl3 a9fpg] p2]Zon]
;g\ !(*) sf] dWob]lv cfly{s ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx qmdzM sfof{Gjogdf NofOP . o;
qmddf aGb / lgof]lht cj:yfdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ljZj cy{tGq;Fu cfa4
ug{] ;Gbe{df Tolta]nf j:t'sf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/nfO{ lgodg ug{] Ps dfq ;Demf}tf
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) sf] kIf aGg' pko'Qm x'g] ;f]r
k|f/lDes r/0fsf] 5nkmndf /x]sf] lyof] . o;} aLrdf lj=;+= @)$% ;fndf g]kfnn]
Uof6sf] ;b:otfaf6 cGo cfly{s kmfObfxsf] cltl/Qm Uof6sf] wf/f % df Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]usf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu alnof] cGt/f{li6o sfg"gL
clwsf/ k|fKt x'g;Sg] s'/fnfO{ dgg u/L Uof6sf] ;b:otf lng] ljifonfO{ ljz]if
tTk/tf;fy cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o lnof] . tbg';f/ tTsfnLg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)$^
j}zfv @! sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ To;a]nfsf] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/nfO{ lgodg ug{] Ps dfq
cGt/f{li6o ;Demf}tf GATT-1947 sf] ;b:o aGg g]kfnn] !^ d] ;g\ !(*( df ljlwjt\
cfj]bg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cfj]bgnfO{ ;g\ !(*( sf] h"gdf ePsf] Uof6sf] a}7sn]
cg'df]bg ub{} Uof6!($& sf] wf/f ## adf]lhd g]kfnnfO{ ;b:otf lbg] ;DaGwdf
5fgaLg u/L l;kmfl/z;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ Ps sfo{bn (Working Party) u7g
uof] . ;b:o aGg rfxg] b]zn] cfgf] b]zsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/If]qsf] ;du| ljj/0f Uof6
;lrjfnodf k]z ug{'kg{] lgod adf]lhd g]kfnn] @^ km/j/L !(() df j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf]
lj:t[t b:tfj]h (Memorandum of Foreign Trade Regime: MoFTR) ;lrjfnodf
k]z uof] . o; pk/ Uof6sf ;b:o b]zxn] p7fPsf k|Zgxsf] hjfkm g]kfnn] !(
gf]e]Da/, !(() df Uof6 ;lrjfnodf k7fof] . o; qmddf ;lrjfnon] !% h'g, !((@
df g]kfnnfO{ Uof6sf] ko{j]Ifssf] x}l;ot k|bfg uof] . o;a]nf p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{
rln/x]sf] / Uof6 lgs6 eljiod} ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf kl/0ft x'g] l:yltdf /x]sf]n]
Uof6eGbf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gs} ;b:o aGg' dgfl;j x'g] ;dembf/L ag]cg';f/ g]kfnn]
kl5Nnf lbgxdf Uof6sf] ;b:otfsf] nflu vf;} kxn u/]g .
#=@ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ;b:otfsf] nflu cfj]bg / ;lDdng
o;}aLr ! hgj/L, ;g\ !((% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g (WTO) :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf
cfPkl5 tTsfnLg g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)%#.(.!% sf] lg0f{ofg';f/
-47-

;}4flGts :jLs[lt k|fKt ePcg';f/ g]kfnn] % l8;]Da/, !((% df ;7gsf] ;b:otfsf

nflu ljlwjt\ cfj]bg uof] . cfj]bg kZrft\ g]kfnnfO{ ko{j]Ifssf] x}l;ot k|fKt
eof] . g]kfnn] tTsfnLg Uof6sf] ;b:otf k|flKtsf nflu lbPsf] cfj]bgpk/ 5fgljg
ug{ ul7t ;flassf] sfo{bnnnfO{ g} g]kfnsf] cg'/f]wadf]lhd ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf]
;b:otf;DaGwL ljifodf 5fgaLg u/L ;'emfj k]z ug{ tf]lsof] . ;7gsf] ;b:otfsf
nflu lgwf{l/t k|lqmofadf]lhd g]kfnn] ;g\ !((* sf] cui6 !) df b]zsf] j}b]lzs
Jofkf/;DaGwL lj:t[t b:tfj]h Memorandum of Foreign Trade Regime (MoFTR)
;7gsf] ;lrjfnodf k]z uof] .
;f] b:tfj]hdf g]kfnn] cjnDag u/]sf cfly{s gLltxsf ;fy} j}bl] zs Jofkf/;DaGwdf
k|rlnt k|lqmof, lgod Pj+ ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf ljljw kIfx ;d]l6Psf] lyof] . ;f]
b:tfj]h ;lrjfnon] k|ltlqmof tyf hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;a} ;b:onfO{ k7fof] . To; pk/
ljleGg ;b:o /fi6n] sl/a #^$ j6f k|Zglh1f;fx p7fPsf lyP . ltgsf] lnlvt
hjfkmsf cltl/Qm ;lrjfnon] dfu u/]sf cGo ljj/0f tyf b:tfj]hx klg ;dod}
;lrjfnodf k7fOPsf] lyof] .
g]kfnn] k]z u/]sf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] lj:t[t l:yltkq / cGo sfg"gL tyf k|zf;lgs
b:tfj]hdf cfwfl/t eP/ lkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo :t/df jftf{ tyf ;Demf}tf k|f/De eof] .
o; qmddf g]kfnl;t Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ef/t, rLg, ci6]lnof, ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf,
hfkfg, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog nufotsf ;b:oxl;t 5'f5'} tyf ;+o'Qm kdf klg ljleGg
r/0fdf j:t' Jofkf/, ;]jf Jofkf/ / Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwdf
g]kfnsf] k|lta4tfaf/] ;Demf}tf jftf{ ;DkGg eof] . o; qmddf kfFr r/0fdf ljleGg
Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/ /fi6;Fu lj:t[t ;Demf}tf jftf{ ePsf] lyof] . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfnn]
klxnf]kN6 ;g\ @))) sf] h'nfO{df c ;b:oxnfO{ j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df
pknAw u/fpg] eG;f/ ;x'lnotsf] ;"rL tyf ;]jfJofkf/ ;DaGwL k|lta4tfxsf] ;"rL
-k|f/lDes_ ;lrjfnodf k]z u/]sf] lyof] . o;;DaGwdf sfo{bn (Working Party) sf]
a}7s nufot lkIfLo :t/df klg lj:t[t 5nkmn eof] . g]kfnl;t Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/
/fVg] ;b:oxl;tsf] jftf{ tyf 5nkmnkl5 g]kfnn] z'?df k]z u/]sf] eG;f/ dx;'n
tyf ;]jf;DaGwL k|lta4tfxsf] ;+zf]lwt ;"rL ;g\\ @))@ sf] d] dlxgfdf ;lrjfnodf
k|:t't uof] . ;fy}, ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] k|fjwfgcg's"n agfpg gofF agfpg'kg{]
tyf ;+zf]wg ug{'kg{] gLlt, P]g, lgodfjnL nufotsf ;du| sfg"gL ;'wf/sf] lj:t[t
sfo{of]hgf (Legislative Action Plan) klg s'g ;doleq ul/;Sg] xf] ;f];d]t v'nfO{
k]z ul/of] . g]kfnn] k]z u/]sf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] l:yltkq tyf eG;f/ dx;'n Pj+
-48-

;]jf;DaGwL k|:tfj nufotsf ljifodf sfo{bnsf] a}7sdf ljleGg k6s 5nkmn eof] .
o; qmddf sfo{bnsf] a}7s cf}krfl/s kdf @@ d] @))), !@ ;]K6]Da/ @))@ /
!% cui6 @))# df u/L tLg k6s a;]sf] lyof] . logdf sfo{bnsf] clGtd tyf t];|f]
a}7sn] g]kfnsf] ;b:otf zt{ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{bnsf] cWoIf z'?df ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gsf nflu Go"lhNof08sf dxfdlxd /fhb"t Mr. Rogger Farrell / kl5
l:j6h/Nof08sf dxfdlxd /fhb"t Mr. P.L Girard tf]lsg' ePsf] lyof] .
o;/L lkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo :t/df ePsf jftf{df ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 t'NofpFb}
tyf ;b:oxn] /fv]sf] lh1f;fnfO{ :ki6 ub{} g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ;lDdngsf]
af6f]nfO{ lg/Gt/ km/flsnf] agfpFb} nUof] . cGttM ;DalGwt ;a} kIfnfO{ cfZj:t t'Nofpg
;kmn ePkl5 sfo{bnsf] t];f| ] a}7sn] g]kfnsf] ;b:otfnfO{ cl3 a9fpg pko'Qm x'g]
l;kmfl/z;fy ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\df @* cui6 @))# df cfgf] k|ltj]bg k]z uof] . To;
nuQ} d]lS;sf]sf] Sofgs'g (Cancun) df ePsf] ;7gsf] kfFrf}+ dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] !!
;]K6]Da/, @))# sf lbg g]kfn / sDaf]l8ofnfO{ ;b:otf k|bfg ug{] lg0f{o uof] .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf g]kfnsf] ;lDdng (Accession) ;DaGwL k|f]6f]snnfO{ ;DalGwt
b]zsf] ;+;b\af6 cg'df]bg u/fpg'kg{] k|fjwfgcg';f/ g]kfnn] #! dfr{, @))$ leq
;f] cg'df]bg ug{'kg{] l:ylt lyof] . ;f] a]nf ;+;b\ gePsf]n] g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$&
nfO{ cWofb]zdfkm{t ;+zf]wg u/L ;f] P]gdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf /fi6fWoIfsf]
:jLs[ltn] ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf cGtu{t :yflkt s'g} klg cGt/f{li6o ;7gsf] ;b:o
aGg;Sg] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ul/of] . tbg';f/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt @)^) r}q !) ut]
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf g]kfnsf] ;lDdng;DaGwL k|f]6f]sn :jLs[t ug{ /fi6WoIf;dIf
l;kmfl/z u/]sf]df :jLs[lt k|fKt ePcg';f/ @# dfr{, @))$ df k|f]6f]snnfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/L @$ dfr{, @))$ sf lbg o;sf] hfgsf/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf]
;lrjfnodf k7fof] . cGttM ;f]sf] Ps dlxgfkl5 @# clk|n, @))$ -@)^! j}zfv
!!_ df g]kfn !$& cf}F ;b:osf kdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ljlwjt\ cfa4 eof] .
o;/L tTsfnLg Uof6s} ;dob]lv z'? ul/Psf] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;b:otf lng]
g]kfnsf] k|of; cGttM !$ jif{kl5 ;kmn eof] . jftf{sf] k|lqmofaf6 ;7gdf ;lDdng
x'g] g]kfn klxnf] cNkljsl;t /fi6 eof] . oBlk o;k"j{ @@ cGo /fi6n] ;lDdngsf]
k|lqmofn] ;b:otf lnO;s]sf lyP . t/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g :yfkgf ePkl5 cNk
ljsl;t /fi6sf] x}l;otdf ;7gdf k|j]z ug{] klxnf] cNkljsl;t /fi6rflxF g]kfn aGg
k'Uof] . ;lDdngsf] k|lqmof hl6n / r'gf}tLk"0f{ eP klg /fli6o lxtnfO{ pRr Wofgdf
-49-

/fvL ;b:otf lng g]kfn ;kmn eof] . g]kfnn] ;b:otfsf qmddf cnfO{ ;xdt
u/fpg ;s]sf] Kofs]h cToGt} ;Gt'lnt egL cGs6f8 nufotsf ;+:yfaf6 ;d]t
k|z+l;t ePsf] 5 . jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;7gdf k|j]z ug]{ qmddf g]kfnn] s[lif tyf
u}/ s[lif If]qdf cfgf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/sf] ;Ldfg (Tariff Binding) tTsfn k|rlnt
(Applied) eG;f/ dx;'n b/eGbf pRr sfod ug{ ;kmn x'g'sf ;fy} clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6sf] gftfn] ljleGg 5"6 tyf ;x'lnotx lglZrt ;dosf nflu pkef]u ug{
kfpg'kg{] s'/fdf ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ ;xdt u/fpg ;s]sf] x'gfn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf
g]kfnsf] ;lDdng k|lqmofnfO{ Pp6f ;kmn ;Demf}tf jftf{sf] kdf lnOg] ul/G5 .
#=# ;7gsf] ;b:o aGg'k"j{ ul/Psf gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf k|of;x
sl/a !$ jif{ nfdf] k|of;kl5 g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf cfa4 x'g ;s]sf] xf] . o;
qmddf g]kfnn] ljleGg gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf k|of;xnfO{ klg qmdzM cl3
a9fpFb} cfgf cfly{s tyf Jofkf/ gLlt, sfo{ljlw / ;+/rgfxnfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnL cg's"n agfpg] ;Gbe{df lgDg dxjk"0f{ k|of;x u/]sf] lyof]M
;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] dWob]lv g} ;+/rgfTds ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd
(Structural Adjustment Program) nfu" u/L cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf]
cjwf/0ffadf]lhd gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf sfo{xnfO{ cl3
a9fOPsf] lyof] . of] k|of;nfO{ ;g\ !((@ b]lv 3gLe"t kfg{] qmddf pBf]u
:yfkgf ubf{ Ohfht -nfOG;];_ lng'kg{], cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/df /x]sf
kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nufotsf cg'dltkq lng'kg{] k|yfnfO{ x6fpg], lghL
If]qnfO{ cy{tGqsf] ;~rfngdf pNn]Vo e"ldsf k|bfg ug{], lghL If]qdf
klg jfl0fHo a} ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg], pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf ljb]zL
nufgLnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ljleGg ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{], g]kfnL d'b|fnfO{ rfn'
vftfdf k"0f{ kl/jTo{tf k|bfg ug{], pBf]uJofkf/ ;~rfngdf ;xhtf k|bfg
ug{ Psf/ k|0ffnL nfu" ug{], ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfgxnfO{
lghL If]qsf] :jfldTj / Joj:yfkgdf n}hfg] sfo{x ul/Psf lyP . o;
qmddf gAa]sf] bzssf] z'?df gofF cf}Bf]lus tyf jfl0fHo gLlt, ljb]zL
nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f gLlt, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, lghLs/0f
P]g nufotsf gLlt tyf P]gx hf/L ul/Psf lyP eg] sltko df}h"bf
P]gdf ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ul/Psf lyP .
tTsfnLg pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ;DalGwt
dGqfnosf ;lrjxsf] pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt u7g u/L o;nfO{ ljZj

-50-

Jofkf/ ;7gdf k|:t't ug{'kg{] ;Dk"0f{ b:tfj]hxnfO{ clGtd k lbg] /

h]g]efdf ;DalGwt kIf;Fu jftf{ ug{] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ;b:otf lng] qmddf g]kfnnfO{ k|fljlws
;xof]u k'ofpg] x]t'n] ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd (UNDP)
cGtu{t Nepal's Accession to WTO gfds kl/of]hgfaf6 ;g\ !((&
b]lv @))# ;Dd k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . o; kl/of]hgfaf6
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/;Da4 ljleGg cWoog sfo{x u/fOPsf lyP eg] lghL
If]q;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf ljleGg uf]i7L, 5nkmn tyf cGtlq{mofx
cfof]hgf u/L ;7gsf] ;b:otf lnFbf k|fKt x'g;Sg] cj;/ tyf ;fdgf
ug{'kg{] r'gf}tLxaf/] ;j{;fwf/0fdf hfgsf/L k|jfx ul/Psf] lyof] .
;b:otf k|flKtsf] r/0fdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx
;~rfng ug{] ljleGg dGqfno tyf lgsfosf] sfo{df Psktf Nofpg
/ cGt/ dGqfnolgsfo ;dGjo / ;xsfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 / ;+:yfut ug{
;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] em08} 8]9 bh{g hlt dGqfno / ljleGg lgsfodf
WTO Focal Point lgo'lQm u/L ;do;dodf a}7ssf] cfof]hgfdfkm{t
WTO Issues df 5nkmn ug{] kl/kf6L z'? ul/Psf] lyof] h'g xfn;Dd
klg hf/L 5 .
If]qLo:t/df ;fK6f ;Demf}tfsf] ;b:o aGg] / ;fs{ /fi6xl;t Jofkf/
;/f]sf/sf ljifodf 5nkmn u/L If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] k|fjwfg glur x'g] u/L ;~rfng ug{]tkm{ lqmofzLntf
cl3 a9fOPsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6o :t/df ;7gsf] ko{j]Ifs ;b:osf]
x}l;otn] ljleGg Jofkf/ ;fem]bf/ d'n'sxl;t jftf{ tyf 5nkmn ug{],
cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;d"xl;t sfo{ut Pstf u/L g]kfnsf] ;lDdng
k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpg ljleGg kxnx ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=$ g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfsf] cfjZostf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf g]kfnsf nflu tTsfnLg cj:yfdf rfxgf / afWotf
b'j} lyof] . e"d08nLs/0fsf] o'udf Psflt/ ljZj cy{tGqaf6 t6:y eP/ a:g' g]kfnsf]
cfly{s lxtdf pko'Qm s'/f lyPg eg] csf{lt/ g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf], sdhf]/ cy{tGq /
e"kl/j]li6t d'n'snfO{ ljZj cy{tGq;Fu PsLs[t x'g ;3fp k'ofpg], j}b]lzs Jofkf/
;~rfngdf pTkGg x'g] Jofkf/ / kf/jxg;Da4 ljjfbnfO{ ;'N6\ofpg pkof]uL x'g]

-51-

Ps dfq dxjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6o d~r ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g lyof] . t;y{, s]xL r'gf}tLsf
afah'b ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng] p2]Zon] g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/
;7gdf cfa4 ePsf] xf] .
;7gsf] ;b:otf lng' k5fl8sf cfjZostf

ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n's ;7gsf] ;b:o eO;s]sf] / ljZjsf] s'n Jofkf/sf]
em08} (% k|ltzteGbf a9L lx:;f log} b]zxn] cf]ul6/x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnn]
cnu /x]/ cfgf] cfly{s ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf]] .

blIf0f Plzof If]qdf g]kfn / e"6fgafx]s ;a} ;b:o eO;s]sf] tTsfnLg
l:yltdf ;fs{ If]qsf b]zl;tsf] Jofkf/nfO{ Psktf / ;'lglZrttf lbg klg
;7gsf] ;b:o aGg cfjZos b]lvPsf] .

rLg / ef/t b'j} l5d]sL /fi6 ;7gsf] ;b:o eO;s]sf] l:yltdf oL b'O{
b]zaLrsf] d'n's g]kfn ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 t6:y a:g cy{/fhgLlts
b[li6n] klg pko'Qm gx'g] l:yltdf ;7gsf] ;b:otf ckl/xfo{h:t} x'g cfPsf]
lyof] .

g]kfnh:tf] clt sd ljsl;t / ljZj Jofkfl/s ultljlwdf sd k|efjzfnL
d'n'sn] Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf qmddf l5d]sL d'n's nufotaf6 ;do;dodf
ef]Ug'kg{] kf/jxg tyf cGo Jofkf/ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;7gsf] ljjfb
;dfwfg ;+oGqaf6 ;dfwfg klxNofpg ;Sg] l:ylt /x]sf]] .

;7gdf ;fgf Pj+ 7"nf / ljsl;t Pj+ sd ljsl;t ;a}y/L ;b:osf] clwsf/
Ps /fi6 Ps dtsf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t x'g] ePsf]n] ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6
g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf] / sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] wf/0ffsf] klg dxj :yflkt x'g]
b]lvPsf]] .

clt sd ljsl;t / e"kl/j]li6t /fi6n] Jofkf/ / cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df
ef]Ug'kl//x]sf ;d:of ;DaGwdf g]kfnh:tf ;fgf b]zn] klg cfgf] egfO /
cjwf/0ff ;zQm 9n] /fVg;Sg] d~r ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g ePsf]n] ;7gsf]
;b:otf cGt/f{li6o:t/df g]kfnsf] pkl:yltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] b[li6n]
klg ;xof]uL 7flgPsf] .

;7gdf cNkljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn ;b:osf nflu ljleGg ;x'lnot, 5"6,
ljz]if tyf k[ys\ Jojxf/, Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s, k|fljlws
;xof]u pknAw x'g;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] .

-52-

#=% ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o aGg' k5fl8sf p2]Zox

g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o aGg' k5fl8sf cGtlg{lxt p2]Zox lgDgfg';f/
lyP M
/fli6o cy{tGqnfO{ cGt/f{li6o cy{tGq;Fu cfa4 u/L cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f /
ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 clwstd kmfObf lng .
:jb]zL lgof{thGo pTkfbgnfO{ cGt/f{li6o ahf/df ;xh ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf
lbnfpg .
cfly{s tyf Jofkf/ gLltxdf :yfloTj / k"jf{g'dfgLotf ;'lglZrt u/L
pBf]u, Jofkf/ tyf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ .
Jofkf/;Da4 lgsfoxsf] cfGtl/s ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9 ug{ .
j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw leofpg .
:jR5 Jofkf/ lgodxaf6 kmfObf lng / k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4
ug{ .
Jofkf/ k|j4{gaf6 cfly{s j[l4 / :yfloTj xfl;n ug{ tyf /f]huf/L /
cfDbfgL:t/df j[l4 ug{ .
e"kl/j]li6t /fi6sf] gftfn] kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]usf] ;'lglZrttf :yflkt
ug{ .
#=^ ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g;Sg] ;'ljwf, kmfObf tyf cj;/x
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf If]qdf ljleGg
nfe k'Ug] tyf g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ljleGg cj;/x pknAw
x'g;Sg] cfsng ul/Psf] lyof] . tLdWo] ;Defljt s]xL nfe tyf cj;/xnfO{
o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
;7gsf ;b:o /fi6xsf] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efjaf6 ahf/ kx'Frdf j[l4
eO{ g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf cj;/xdf j[l4 x'g] .
;Lldt b]z / ;Lldt j:t'df s]lGb|t g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ cGt/f{li6o:t/df
lj:tf/ / k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] .
;7gsf] ;Demf}tfdf cGtlg{lxt k|fjwfgxaf6 ;'/lIft / ;'lglZrt Jofkf/sf]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf eO{ cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] .
cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos sRrfkbfy{x lgoldt, l:y/ Pj+ ;'ne
-53-

kdf pknAw x'g;Sg] eO{ cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf j[l4dfkm{t lgsf;L k|j4{g

x'g;Sg] .
cfgf] /fli6o lxt cg'k g]kfnL cy{tGqnfO{ cGt/f{li6o cfly{s k|0ffnL;Fu
cfa4 u/fpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'g] .
cGt/f{li6o k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgfn] t'ngfTds nfesf If]qx
klxrfg eO{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ultzLntf cfpg] .
j:t' Jofkf/sf cltl/Qm ;]jf Jofkf/ tyf Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf]
clwsf/sf] Jofkf/sf] :jR5 ljsf; eO{ a9L cfly{s nfe lng;Sg] .
j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ ;3fp k'Ug] u/L nfu" ul/g] cfly{s
;'wf/ sfo{qmdaf6 k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw lelqg d2t k'uL /f]huf/L
Pj+ cfly{s j[l4df ;xof]u k'Ug] .
cGt/f{li6o Jofkfl/s pkl:ylt / k|lt:kwf{n] g]kfnL pBf]uxsf] bIftf /
pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf x'g] .
clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sxsf nflu k|fKt x'g;Sg] cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xof]u /
ljz]if tyf k[ys\ Jojxf/ (Special & Differential Treatment) ;'ljwfn] g]kfnsf]
Jofkf/ Ifdtf a9fpg / cfk"lt{hGo sl7gfOl;t h'Wg ;xof]u k'Ug] .
j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/cGtu{t t'ngfTds nfesf If]qx klxrfg eO{ ltgsf]
k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] . ;fy}, xfn ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf] Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQxsf] klxrfg / k|j4{g eO{ cfly{s nfe lng ;3fp k'Ug] .
/fli6o gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf j}b]lzs Jofkf/n] pRr k|fyldstf kfO{ Jofkf/
lgb{]lzt cfly{s j[l4tkm{ cl3 a9\g ;3fp k'Ug] .
cGt/f{li6o ahf/df lgof{t x'g] j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ tyf dfkb08 ;'wf/ / :t/f]Gglt
ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] .
Dffgj, k|f0fL tyf jg:klt :jf:Yodf Iflt k'ofpg;Sg] j:t'sf] cfoftdf
tf]lsPsf ;'/Iff pkfox cjnDag u/L ltgsf] b'ik|efjaf6 aRg ;3fp
k'Ug] .
:jb]zL pBf]unfO{ xflggf]S;fgL k'ofpg] u/L sd d"Nodf ljb]zaf6 g]kfndf
lgof{t ul/Psf j:t'nfO{ PG6L8lDk, sfpG6/e]ln nufotsf ljleGg
pkfox cLsf/ u/L lg?T;flxt ug{ ;lsg] .
cgk]lIft / c:jfefljs kdf s'g} j:t'sf] cTolws cfoft eO{ :jb]zL
-54-

cy{tGq / :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ k'Ug uPdf ljleGg ;'/Iff

pkfox cjnDag u/L To:tf] cfoftnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg] .
ljleGg If]qdf cGt/f{li6o k|ljlwsf] x:tfGt/0fn] b]zsf] k|fljlws tyf cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug] . ;fy}, s[lif If]qsf] Joj;foLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0fdf an
k'Ug] .
kf/jxg ;'ljwfnfO{ lgaf{w kdf pkof]u ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] .
#=& ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 l;lh{t r'gf}tLx
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf;Fu} Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu nufgLsf] cj;/df
j[l4 / ljZjJofkL ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwf pknAw x'g] eP klg l5d]sL b]zx
tyf ljsl;t b]zsf] t'ngfdf sdhf]/ / ;fgf] kl/df0fsf] k"FhL nufgL
ug{;Sg] lghL If]q, sd;n k|ljlw, / ;Lldt t'ngfTds nfesf pTkfbgsf
;fy} ahf/sf] ljljwtf;d]t Go"g ePsf] g]kfnh:tf d'n'sn] ljZjJofkL v'nf
ahf/sf] kmfObfeGbf a9L cfgf] ahf/df afXo ;fdfgxsf] pRr cfoftsf]
;d:of em]Ng'kg{] / ax'/fli6o sDkgLxsf] a9\bf] pkl:yltaf6 ;fgf k"FhL /
k|ljlwdf :yflkt :jb]zL pBf]uxdf gsf/fTds c;/ Joxf]g{'kg{] x'g;S5 .
ctM cGt/f{li6o :t/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] u/L lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf ljsf;dfkm{t
:jb]zL Joj;foLxsf] bIftf / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 u/L d"No / u'0f:t/sf]
lx;fan] k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ;lDdng x'g] qmddf g]kfnn] ;'wf/ ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm
u/]sf ljleGg gLlt, sfg"g tyf k|lqmofxnfO{ lglZrt ;do;Ldfleq k"/f
ug'{kg]{ bfloTj 5 . o:tf gLltut tyf ;+:yfut k|lta4tfxnfO{ ;dod} k"/f
ug{] sfo{ g]kfnh:tf] cfly{s/fhgLlts ;+qmd0faf6 u'lh|/x]sf] d'n'ssf lglDt
cfly{s, k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws b[li6n] ;d]t yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
cfGtl/s pBf]uwGbf / cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g g;s]sf]
g]kfnh:tf] d'n'ssf] /fh:jsf] 7"nf] ;|f]t k}7f/L x'g] ;fdfgdf nufOg] eG;f/
dx;'n xf] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf k|j]z u/]kl5 k}7f/L x'g] ;fdfgsf] eG;f/
dx;'n qmdzM sd ub{} n}hfg'kg{], cGo dx;'n tyf z'Ns klg lglZrt
;do;Ldfleq vf/]h ug'{kg{] / lglZrt ;LdfeGbf dfly uP/ eG;f/ dx;'n
tf]Sg gkfOg] k[i7e"lddf /fh:jsf] ;|f]t 36\g glbg j}slNks pkfoxsf]
cjnDag / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

-55-

 ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf k|j]zkl5 l5d]sL b]znufotsf b]zxl;t x'g]

lkIfLo Jofkf/ ;lGwxaf6 k|fKt x'g;Sg] ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jofkf/sf cj;/xdf
;''rg cfpg;Sg] / sltko cj:yfdf kfO/x]sf] jf pkef]u ul//x]sf] ;'ljwf
/ ;x'lnot (Margin of Preference) ;d]t 36\g;Sg] x'Fbf o;af6 lgof{tdf
sdL cfpg;Sg] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgof{tdf sdL cfpg glbg cfjZos
pkfoxsf] cjnDag ug{] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ;Demf}tf Pj+ k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog ug{] afWotfaf6
sltko /fli6o gLlt lgdf{0fdf nrstf (Flexibility) sf] cefj /xg;S5 .
o; k[i7e"lddf /fli6o :jfy{ / cGt/f{li6o bfloTjaLr ;Gt'ng ldnfP/ cl3
a9\g] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf cNk ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn ;b:onfO{ ljz]if tyf
k[ys\ Jojxf/ nufotsf] ;'ljwf Pj+ 5"6sf] k|fjwfg 5 . s] s:tf ljifodf
o:tf ;'ljwf tyf 5"6 pkof]u ug{ kfOg] xf] To; ;DaGwdf ulx/f] cWoog
ljZn]if0f u/L o:tf ;'ljwfxsf] clwstd pkof]u ug{] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{]
sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] ;fdfGotM sf]6f tyf kl/df0ffTds aGb]hh:tf s'/fnfO{
lgif]w ub{5 . o;/L ;flasdf ljleGg d'n'sn] pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] sf]6f
nufotsf ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfdf s6f}tL x'Fbf g]kfnsf] lgsf;L Jofkf/df
;'rg cfpg;S5 . h:t} ls ;fljsdf g]kfnn] cd]l/sf nufotsf d'n'sdf
tof/L kf]zfs lgof{t ubf{ (Multi-fibre Arrangement : MFA) cGtu{t lglZrt
sf]6fsf] ;'ljwf pkof]u ul//fv]sf] lyof] . o;/L sf]6fleq lgof{t ubf{ g]kfnsf]
tof/L kf]zfsdfly s'g} k|sf/sf] eG;f/ dx;'n nfUb}gYof] . t/ hgj/L !,
;g\ @))% b]lv ;f] ;'ljwf x6fpg'kg{] ;7gsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd xfn ;f]
;'ljwf g]kfnh:tf cNk ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu pknAw gx'Fbf ;flasdf
pRr kl/df0f / d"Nodf lgof{t eO/x]sf] j:t'df XjfQ} x|f; cfPsf] l:ylt 5 .
o:tf]df lgsf;L Jofkf/nfO{ lbuf] kdf ;~rfng ug{ / gofF gofF j:t'df
cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L k|lt:kwf{Tdstf j[l4 ug{] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

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kl/R5]b$
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx / sfof{Gjog l:ylt
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o aGg] qmddf ljleGg k|lta4tfx JoQm u/]sf]
lyof] . o; qmddf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{tsf tLg k|d'v ;Demf}tfx j:t' Jofkf/,
;]jf Jofkf/ tyf Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfadf]lhd k"/f
ug'{kg]{ ljleGg k|lta4tfx tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq} k"/f ug]{ jrga4tf g]kfnn] hgfPsf]]
lyof] . jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6
g]kfnn] ;7gdf hfx]/ u/]sf tL k|lta4tfxdWo] w]/}h;f] k|lta4tfx xfn k"/f
ul/;lsPsf 5g\ eg] sltko k"/f x'g] k|lqmofdf 5g\ . ;Lldt bIfhgzlQm / Go"g cfly{s
;|f]t;fwgsf cltl/Qm sltko k|lta4tfx s]xL hl6n / k|fljlws k|s[ltsf ePsf
sf/0f To:tf k|lta4tfx sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg s]xL l9nfO klg x'gk'u]sf] 5 . oBlk
d'n'ssf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{] clwsf+z gLlt, P]g, k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwxnfO{
;7gsf] ;Demf}tfcg's"n kl/dfh{g / ;dfof]hg ug{] sfo{ eg] ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 eg]
afFsL k|lta4tfxnfO{ klg oyfzSo k"/f ub{} hfg] lbzftkm{ k|of;x cl3 a9fOPsf]
5 . g]kfnn] ;7gdf JoQm u/]sf vf;vf; k|lta4tfx / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt
tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
$=! sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg / g]kfnsf k|lta4tfx M g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf]
;b:otf lng] qmddf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf k|:t't ePsf] sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg (Working
Party Report) df Jofkf/sf tLgj6} If]qcGtu{t JoQm ul/Psf sfg"gL, gLltut,
;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/;DaGwL ljleGg k|lta4tfxnfO{ Psd'i6 kdf lj:tf/df
;d]l6Psf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgdf !%% j6f cg'R5]bx /x]sf]df @% j6f cg'R5]bx
k|0ffnLut k|lta4tfx (Systemic Commitments) ;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . To;}u/L
vf;vf; ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL ljz]if k|lta4tfx (Specific Commitments) klg
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . pQm k|ltj]bgleq /x]sf ljleGg ^ j6f cg';"rLxn]
k|lta4tfsf ljleGg ljifoxnfO{ ;"rLa4 u/]sf 5g\ . ltgdf cg';"rL! n] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o aGg] qmddf ;+zf]wg ug{'kg{] tyf ul/g] ljleGg @$ j6f P]g
tyf lgodfjnLxsf] ;"rLnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 eg] cg';"rL@ n] sfg"gL ;'wf/;DaGwL
sfo{of]hgf (Legislative Action Plan) nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t tLgj6f efux
/x]sf]df klxnf] efudf ;b:otfsf] nflu k|:tfj k]z u/]kl5 g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 eP
u/]sf sfg"gL ;'wf/;DaGwL k|ult vf;u/L gofF hf/L tyf ;+zf]wg ul/Psf P]g tyf

-57-

lgodfjnLsf] ljj/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] efudf ;7gsf] ;b:otfkl5 ;g\ @))#
b]lv ;g\ @))% sf] cGTo;Dddf g]kfnn] th{'df, ;+zf]wg tyf kl/dfh{g ug{'kg{] gLlt,
P]g tyf lgod, kIf aGg'kg{] cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwx / ljleGg # j6f If]qdf :yfkgf
ug{'kg{] ;f]wk'5 s]Gb|x;DaGwL k|lta4tfxnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;df hDdf $@ j6f
k|lta4tfx ;dflji6 5g\ . t];|f] efudf tLg jif{leq gofF hf/L ug{] jf ;+zf]wg ug{]
egL k|lta4tf hfx]/ ul/Psf P]g, lgodxdWo] s'g s'g P]g, lgod s'g s'g jif{ /
dlxgfleq hf/L ul/;lsg] jf ;+zf]wg ul/;lsg] xf] ;f]sf] ;"rL ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
cg';"rL# df tTsfnLg cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ (VAT) 5'6 lbOPsf j:t'xsf]
;"rL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';"rL$ df To;a]nf cGtMz'Ns nufOPsf j:t'xsf]
ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cg';"rL% df u'0f:t/ k|df0f lrXg lbOPsf j:t'xsf]
;"rL ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';"rL^ df lgof{t x'g] j:t'df nufOPsf] k|rlnt
z'Nsb/;DaGwL ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
$=@ j:t' Jofkf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx / sfof{Gjog l:ylt
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf j:t' Jofkf/sf] lgodg eG;f/ tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fwf/0f
;Demf}tf, !(($ -Uof6!(($_ cGtu{t /x]/ ul/G5 . o;n] j:t' Jofkf/sf] lgodgsf
;DaGwdf ljleGg k|fjwfgxnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . of] ax'kIfLo j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL k|d'v
cGt/f{li6o sfg"gL b:tfj]h xf] . Uof6!(($, o;k"j{ j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df k|rngdf
/x]sf] Uof6!($& s} kl/dflh{t / ljsl;t k xf] . Uof6!(($ sf cltl/Qm j:t'
Jofkf/nfO{ lgodg ug{ cGo em08} 8]9 bh{ghlt ;Demf}tfx /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf
eG;f/ d"Nofg;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, dfgj, kz' / jg:klt :jf:Yo
pkfox;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, Jofkf/sf k|fljlws cj/f]wx;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, pTklQsf
lgodx;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, cfoft Ohfhtkq hf/L ug{] k|lqmof;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, ;'/Iff
pkfox;DaGwL ;Demf}tf cflb k|d'v 5g\ . o;af/]df kl/R5]b@ df lj:tf/df rrf{
ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{] /fi6n] j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df plNnlvt
;Demf}tfxadf]lhd ljleGg k|lta4tfx hfx]/ ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/
vf;u/L ;b:o /fi6xn] j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df s] slt xb;Dd eG;f/ dx;'n
nufpg] xf] ;f]sf] k|lta4tf ;"rL ;7gdf k]z ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o;/L eG;f/ ;Ldfg
ul/;s]kl5 ;fdfGotM ;f]eGbf dfly uP/ eG;f/ dx;'n tf]Sg / p7fpg kfOGg . ;fy},
o; ;Demf}tfcGtu{t s'g} u}/ eG;f/ dx;'nx k|rngdf /x]sf] eP qmdzM ;f]sf] b/x

-58-

36fpFb} / x6fpFb} hfg] k|lta4tf klg JoQm ug{'kg{] x'G5 . of] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd s'g}
klg /fli6o pBf]unfO{ eG;f/ dx;'nsf] dfWodaf6 dfq ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fy}, j:t'sf] cfoftdf ;flasdf eG;f/ dx;'nsf cltl/Qm cGo z'Ns tyf Kof/f
6\ofl/km nufpFb} cfOPsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ x6fO{ To:tf] z'NsnfO{ eG;f/ dx;'nleq}
;dfof]hg ug{'kg{] x'G5 h;nfO{ Tariffication elgG5 . eG;f/ dx;'n klg cfofltt
j:t'sf] d"Nodf k|ltztsf] cfwf/df nufOg] (Ad Valorem), kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df nufOg]
(Specific) / oL b'O{sf] ldl>t :jkdf nufOg] (Compound) u/L tLg k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
o; cltl/Qm of] ;Demf}tfn] eG;f/ b/ sf]6f (Tariff Rate Quota) sf] klg Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t s'g} j:t'sf] lglZrt kl/df0f;Ddsf] cfoftdf sd eG;f/
dx;'n nufpg] / tf]lsPsf] kl/df0feGbf a9L cfoft ePsf] v08df pRr b/sf] eG;f/
dx;'n nufpg] sfo{ x'G5 . To;}u/L Uof6 ;Demf}tfn] ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd
ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6xsf] lgof{tnfO{ k|j4{g ug{] p2]Zon] tL b]zxaf6 cfoft x'g]
;fdfgdf ;x'lnotk"0f{ eG;f/ b/ tf]Sg;Sg] k|fjwfgsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L
s[lifnufotsf cGo ;Demf}tfxdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;b:o /fi6xn] j:t' Jofkf/sf
If]qdf ljleGg gLltut, k|lqmofut / ;+:yfut ;'wf/;DaGwL k|lta4tfxnfO{ klg
JoQm ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o; k[i7e"lddf g]kfnn] j:t' Jofkf/sf If]qdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx /
ltgsf] sfof{Gjog l:yltnfO{ ;+If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5
g]kfnn] j:t' Jofkf/cGtu{t s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] xsdf zt k|ltzt / u}/ s[lifhGo
j:t'sf] xsdf ((=# j:t'xsf] eG;f/ ;Ldfg u/L tbg';f/ eG;f/ dx;'n
nufOg] clwstd b/sf] ;"rL (Schedule of Concession on Goods (Tariff
bindings) ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . /fli6o lxtnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
u}/ s[lif j:t' cGtu{t d'VotM l;d]G6, k]6f]lnod kbfy{, xftxltof/ h:tf ;'/Iff,
pTkfbg;DefJotf / /fh:j ;ngsf b[li6n] ;+j]bgzLn j:t'xdf rflxF eG;f/
dx;'n ;Ldfg gu/L v'nf 5fl8Psf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;7gdf k]z u/]sf] ;"rLdf
j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df nufOg] clwstd eG;f/ b/ (Bound Rate), *)
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf lng] ;dodf j:t' Jofkf/sf
;Gbe{df % b]lv !#) ;Dd u/L hDdf & j6f eG;f/ b/aGbL sfod /x]sf]df
!#) sf] b/aGbL sf/ / lhkh:tf j:t'df dfq /x]sf] lyof] . t/ of] pRr eG;f/
b/nfO{ ;g\ @)!# ;Dddf ^) df Nofpg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ul/Psf] 5 . tTsfndf
g]kfndf cfoft x'g] j:t'df nufOPsf] k|rlnt eG;f/ dx;'n b/ (Applied Rate)
sd eP tfklg eljiodf g]kfnL s[lif tyf u}/s[lifhGo j:t'nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{'kg{]
cj:yf cfpg;Sg] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L o:tf j:t'xdf k|rlnt eG;f/ b/eGbf
-59-

s]xL pRr b/df eG;f/ ;Ldfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;f] eP tfklg pRr ljnfl;tfsf
s]xL j:t'xnfO{ 5f]8L cGo clwsf+z j:t'sf] eG;f/ dx;'nnfO{ qmdzM sd ub{}
nluPsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf u/]sf eG;f/ dx;'n;DaGwL k|lta4tfxnfO{ x]bf{
s[lif If]qdf tTsfn %!% / cGtl/d cjlw -# jif{_ kZrft\ cf};tdf $@% tyf u}/
s[lif If]qdf tTsfn #&% / cGtl/d cjlwkZrft\ cf};tdf @$% eG;f/ ;Ldfg
b/ /xg] u/L k|lta4tf hgfPsf] b]lvG5 . xfn u}/ s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cf};t eG;f/
b/ !@=@% /x]sf] 5 .
sl/a %)) j:t'df ;fljsdf nufO{ cfPs} b/ jf ;f]eGbf tn x'g] u/L eG;f/
;Ldfg ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] k|fjwfgcg's"n agfpg'kg{] g]kfnsf em08} tLgbh{g hlt
;DalGwt sfg"gxnfO{ ;g\ @))@ b]lv ;g\ @))% aLrdf th{'df, ;+zf]wg tyf
kfl/t ul/;Sg] k|lta4tf hgfOPsf] 5 . o; qmddf em08} @ bh{ghlt sfg"gx
-gLlt, P]g / lgodx;d]t u/L_ ;7gsf] l;4fGtcg'k x'g] u/L gofF th{'df tyf
;+zf]wg u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf 5g\ .
d"No lgoGq0f / lgodg sfo{nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] tyf ;7gsf] l;4fGtcg'k
ug{], /fHon] d"No lgoGq0f u/]sf j:t'xsf] ;"rL /fhkqdf k|sflzt ug{] k|lta4tf
adf]lhd xfn /fHosf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf vfg] g"g tyf k]6f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"No
;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
u}/eG;f/hGo z'Nssf] kdf /x]sf cGo dx;'n tyf z'Nsx (Other Duties
& Charges: ODCs) nfO{ @ b]lv !) jif{;Dddf qmdzM x6fO{ z"Godf Nofpg]
k|lta4tfadf]lhd g]kfnn] ;flasdf nufpFb} cfPsf] :yfgLo ljsf; z'Ns, ;"tL{
tyf cNsf]xnhGo k]o kbfy{df p7fpFb} cfPsf] ljz]if z'Nsh:tf z'NsnfO{ k"0f{tM
x6fO{ ;lsPsf] 5 eg] s[lif ;'wf/ z'NsnfO{ qmdzM sd ub{} xfn %% df ;Lldt
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, o:tf k|sf/sf cGo z'Ns k'gM gnufpg] k|lta4tfadf]lhd xfn
o:tf s'g} klg gofF z'Ns nufOPsf] 5}g .
b]zsf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;7gsf] ;Demf}tfcg's"n agfpg]
k|lta4tfadf]lhd lgsf;Lk}7f/L -lgoGq0f_ P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{], cfoft Ohfht
hf/L ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ ;7gsf] ;Demf}tfcg's"n t'Nofpg], lgsf;L Ohfht jf
cGo lgoGq0fsf Joj:yfx ;7gsf] k|fjwfgxcg'k ldnfg ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg
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ul/Psf 5g\ . lgsf;L Pj+ k}7f/L Jofkf/;DaGwL P]g, sfg"gx / To;df nfUg]
b:t'/, z'Ns / s/x ;7gsf] dfGotfcg'k ldnfg ug{] sfo{n] g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs
Jofkf/;DaGwL sfg"g / sfo{ljlw yk :ki6 / kf/bzL{ aGg k'u]sf 5g\ .
cfoft tyf lgof{tdf ;]jf z'Ns tf]Sbf ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jfsf] nfuteGbf
a9L gx'g] u/L tf]Sg] k|lta4tfadf]lhd o;;DaGwL ;]jf z'Ns lgwf{l/t ;Ldfleq}
/fVb} cfOPsf] 5 . To;cg';f/ xfn cfoftdf Ps k|ltzt dfq cfoft Ohfht
z'Ns tyf lgof{tdf )=%% dfq ;]jf z'Ns ;DalGwt k|zf;lgs ;]jf k|bfg ubf{
lnOg] Joj:yf 5 .
cfoftdf kl/df0ffTds aGb]h gnufpg], u}/ eG;f/ cj/f]wx nfu" gug{] /
;7gdf a'emfPsf] k|f]6f]sndf plNnlvt ;dotflnsfcg';f/ cGo b/aGbL tyf
b:t'/ x6fpg], lgsf;L ubf{ ;7gsf ;b:o /fi6xsf] lxt x'g] pkfox cjnDag
ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd ;f]sf] kfngf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
! h'nfO{, ;g\ @))$ ;Dddf eG;f/ d"Nofg;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf ePsf k|fjwfgx
nfu" ug{ cfjZos sfg"g agfO;Sg] k|lta4tfadf]lhd gofF eG;f/ P]g, @)^$
tyf lgodfjnL :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO;lsPsf] 5 . eG;f/ d"Nofg
;Demf}tfnfO{ qmdzM sfof{Gjog ub{} ! hgj/L, ;g\ @))& ;Dddf k"0f{ kdf nfu"
ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd sfo{ ePsf] 5 .
Uof6sf] l;4fGtcg'k :jb]zleq nfUg] s/xdf :jb]zL / ljb]zL j:t'sf aLrdf
e]befj ug{ gkfOg] k|lta4tf k"/f ub{} cfOPsf] 5 .
eG;f/ d"Nofg, d"No clej[l4 s/ / cGtMz'Ns h:tf cfGtl/s s/x, pTklQsf]
lgod, PG6L8lDk, sfpG6/e]ln tyf ;'/Iff;DaGwL pkfox cjnDag ubf{
;7gsf] ;DalGwt ;Demf}tfcg'k g} cjnDag ug]{ k|lta4tf adf]lhd w]/}h;f]
gLlt, P]g tyf lgodx tbg'k g} th{'df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ eg]
PlG68lDk, sfpG6/e]ln tyf ;'/Iff pkf;DaGWfL P]g th'{dfsf] qmddf 5 .
eG;f/ d"Nofgdf lrQ ga'em\g] kIfn] k'g/fjb]g ug{ kfpg] u/L #! l8;]Da/, @))$
;Dddf k|zf;lgs Gofoflws/0f :yfkgf ul/;Sg] k|lta4tfadf]lhd To:tf] lgsfo
:yfkgf ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf ;7gsf] dfGotfcg'k ;+zf]wg ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd
;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9]sf] 5 .

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 ;]jf Jofkf/, Jofkf/sf k|fljlws cj/f]wx / dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwL
pkfox ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ cfjZos ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ Inquiry Points :yfkgf
ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd To:tf hfgsf/L s]Gb|x :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] TBT / SPS ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfx ! hgj/L, @))& ;Dddf
nfu" ug{] k|lta4tf JoQm ul/Psf]df o;;DaGwL ;Demf}tfxsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu
cfjZos sfo{x cl3 al9/x]sf 5g\ .
;du|df g]kfnn] j:t' Jofkf/sf] If]qdf u/]sf k|lta4tfxsf] xfn;Ddsf] sfof{Gjog
l:ylt ;Gtf]ifk|b g} b]lvG5 .
$=# ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx / sfof{Gjog l:ylt
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ ljleGg !@ j6f If]q
/ em08} !^) pkIf]qdf juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . To;/L juL{s/0f ul/Psf If]q, pkIf]qdWo]
g]kfnn] ljleGg !! ;]jf If]qsf &) j6f pkIf]qx ljleGg zt{;lxt ljb]zLxsf] nflu
v'nf u/]sf] 5 . v'nf ul/Psf ;]jf If]qpk If]qdf ljb]zL nufgLsf] cg'kft ;]jfsf]
k|s[lt x]/L %!% b]lv *)% ;Dd /x]sf] 5 . /fli6o pBf]uxnfO{ ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{]
p2]Zon] oL zt{ / aGb]hx /flvPsf x'g\ . ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o d'n'sxnfO{
s'g} klg ;]jf Jofkf/ If]q, pkIf]q s] slt zt{ /fv]/ v'nf ug{] xf] ;f] to ug{] clwsf/
lbPsf] 5 . tbg';f/ k|To]s d'n'sn] cfgf] Ifdtf / ;]jf Jofkf/sf] :t/ x]/]/ zt{ /
aGb]hx lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] ;]jf Jofkf/ If]qdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx ;7gsf]
;b:otf lng] qmddf k]z ul/Psf] Schedule of Specific Commitments on Services df
lj:tf/df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;]jf Jofkf/ If]qdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx ;fdfGo
k|lta4tfx (Horizontal Commitmentrs) / If]qnlIft k|lta4tfx (Sector Specific
Commitments) u/L b'O{ kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGo k|lta4tfx v'nf ul/Psf ;a}
;]jf If]q, pkIf]qdf ;dfg kdf nfu" x'G5g\ eg] If]qnlIft k|lta4tfx ;DalGwt
;]jf If]qpkIf]qsf xsdf dfq nfu" x'G5g\ . ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ;sf/fTds
;"rLsf] b[li6sf]0f (Positive List Approcah) nfO{ ckgfPsf] x'Fbf o; cGtu{t ;b:o
/fi6xnfO{ pgLxn] ;lhnf] / plrt -k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf pRr /x]sf]_ 7xofPsf]
;]jf If]qpkIf]q vf]Ng] :jtGqtf lbOG5 / ;]jf cfk"lt{sf] df]8x -tl/sf_ df tbg';f/
/fli6o cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L k|lta4tf JoQm ug{] :jtGqtf lbOG5 .
hxfF;Dd ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;]jf If]q, pkIf]qsf] juL{s/0fsf]
cjwf/0ff 5 of] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gleqsf] cfgf] df}lns cjwf/0ff geP/ ;+o'Qm

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/fi6;+3Lo k|0ffnLaf6 lnOPsf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo k|0ffnLleq cGt/f{li6o :t/df,

Jofkf/ ul/g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] tYof /fVg] nufotsf k|of]hgnfO{ ;xh agfpg /
j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ cGt/f{li6o :t/df ;a}n] Ps} lsl;dn] lrGg;Sg] agfpg lglZrt
cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L ltgLxnfO{ lglZrt ;]t gDa/ lbOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ Central
Product Classification (CPC) elgG5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ;b:oxn] o;}nfO{
cfwf/ agfP/ ;]]jfsf ljleGg pkIf]qxdf ljleGg k|lta4tfx hfx]/ ug{] u5{g\ .
g]kfnn] klg tTsfnLg ;dodf k|rlnt CPC df cfwfl/t eP/ k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf]
lyof] . oBlk ;f] a]nf k|rlnt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] of] juL{s/0f (CPC) df ;'wf/ eO{
gofF ;+:s/0f k|of]udf cfO;s]sf] 5 . lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf o;df kl/dfh{g x'Fb}
cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
-s_ ;fdfGo k|lta4tfx (Horizontal Commitments)
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf lng] qmddf ;]jf Jofkf/ ;~rfng;DaGwdf
u/]sf zt{;lxtsf ;fdfGo k|lta4tfxdWo] d'Vo k|lta4tfx b]xfo adf]lhd 5g\ M
c= ahf/ kx'Fr;DaGwLM
;]jf ljqm]tfnfO{ (Service Sales Person) nfO{ () lbg;Ddsf] nflu g]kfn
k|j]z ug]{ cg'dlt lbOg] / cfjZostfcg';f/ cg'dlt gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] .
Jofkfl/s pkl:ylt (Commercial Presence) ;DaGwL :yfkgf sfo{sf]
l;nl;nfdf g]kfndf cfpg] ljb]zLnfO{ ! jif{;Dd g]kfndf a:g cg'dlt lbOg]
/ cfjZostfg';f/ gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsg]] .
g]kfnleq ;]jf k|bfg ug{] u/L s'g} csf{] b]zsf] ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLsf] zfvf jf
;xof]uL sDkgL :yfkgf ePdf To;df k|aGws, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs / lj1h:tf
pRr txdf sfd ug{] ljb]zLxnfO{ dfq z'?df tLg jif{ / To;kl5 a9Ldf
& jif{;Dd yk u/L s'n !) jif{df ga9fO{ g]kfndf sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbOg] .
t/ o; k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfosxn] g]kfndf ;]jf ug{ lgj]bg ug'{eGbf tTsfn
cufl8 sDtLdf Ps jif{ g]kfn aflx/ /x]sf ;DalGwt kmd{df sfo{ u/]sf]
x'g'kb{5 . o; k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfosxsf] ;+Vof sDkgLsf] s'n hgzlQmsf] !%
k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g gx'g] zt{ /flvPsf] 5 . kfFr jif{kl5 oL Joj:yfxnfO{
d'n'ssf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df qmdzM yk pbf/Ls/0f ub}{ n}hfg ;lsg] s'/f klg
;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL k|lta4tf ;"rLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
JolQmut kdf ef/tafx]s cGo ljb]zL d'n'sxdf ofqf ubf{ Ps k6sdf
cd]l/sL 8n/ b'O{ xhf/;Dd ;6xL ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]] Joj:yf 5 .
-63-

cf= /fli6o Jojxf/;DaGwLM

ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] cfgf] sdfO -gfkmf_ k'gn{ufgLsf] nflu pBf]u ljefuaf6
cg'dlt lng'kg{] .
ljQLo ;]jfdf nufgL ug]{ nufgLstf{afx]s cGo ;a} ljb]zL nufgLstf{n]
g]kfndf Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{'k"j{ pBf]u ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ .
k|f]T;fxg / ;x'lnot (Incentives and Subsidies) k"0f{ kdf g]kfnL
gful/sxsf] :jfldTj ePsf] Joj;fonfO{ dfq lbOg] .
3/hUuf sf/f]jf/ k|To]s g]kfnL gful/ssf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/sf] ljifo
ePsf]n] o;df ljb]zLnfO{ s'g} cg'dlt glbOg] . d'n'sL P]g (The Civil Code)
n] 3/hUuf;DaGwL ;DklQ s'g} klg ljb]zLnfO{ ljqmL ug]{ tyf pkxf/ lbg]
nufotsf sfo{df aGb]h nufPcg';f/ ;f]xL Joj:yf nfu" ul/g] .
O= cltl/Qm k|lta4tfx
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfdf afx]s ;fdfGotof nufgLsf]
nflu lgj]bg u/]sf] #) lbgleq pBf]u ljefun] lg0f{o pknAw u/fpg] .
jftfj/0fLo dfkb08 k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;fdfGotof cGo ;a}
cj:yfdf nufgLsf] nflu :jLs[lt lbOg] .
ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] j}b]lzs d'b|fdf u/]sf] nufgLdWo] lgDg adf]lhdsf]
kl/df0f lkmtf{ n}hfg kfpg] M
!= OlSj6L c+zsf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs kdf ePsf] ljqmLaf6 k|fKt kl/df0f,
@= OlSj6L nufgL u/]afkt k|fKt ePsf] gfkmf jf nfef+zafkt k|fKt
kl/df0f,
#= s'g} j}b]lzs C0f nufgLdf k|fKt d'Vo shf{ lkmtf{ jf Jofhafkt k|fKt
kl/df0f,
$= pBf]u ljefu jf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefuaf6 :jLs[t k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f ;Demf}tfadf]lhd k|fKt kl/df0f .
-v_= ljz]if k|lta4tfx (Specific Commitments)
o; cGtu{t !! ;]jf If]q cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;]jfpkIf]qxdf ljleGg k|lta4tfx
JoQm ul/Psf 5g\ . tLdWo] vf; vf; pkIf]qdf ul/Psf k|d'v k|lta4tfx
b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\ .

-64-

-!_ Jofj;flos ;]jfx M Jofj;flos ;]jfcGtu{t g]kfnn] v'nf u/]sf If]qxdf

ljleGg k]zfut ;]jfx, sDKo'6/ / ;Da4 ;]jfx, cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ;]jfx,
ck/]6/sf] ;xof]uljgf ;~rfng ul/g] ef8f tyf lnh ;]jf / cGo Jofj;flos ;]jfx
cfpF5g\ . oL If]qcGtu{t ljleGg ;]jf pkIf]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|d'v k|lta4tfxnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
!=! k]zfut ;]jfcGtu{tsf pk;]jf If]qx M
sfg"gL ;]jf M o; cGtu{t :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL sfg"gL ;]jf / cGt/f{li6o sfg"gL ;]jf
-k/fdz{ tyf k|ltlglwTj_ u/L b'O{ j6f ;]jf pkIf]q ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . oL ;]jf k|bfg ug{]
qmddf ljb]zL ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ g]kfnL cbfntdf pkl:yltsf] lglDt ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf]
cg'dlt / g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;P;gsf] ;b:otf cfjZos kg{] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
n]vf, n]vf k/LIf0f / n]vfkfng ;]jf M o; cGtu{t ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf, n]vf
k'g/fjnf]sg ;]jf / ljQLo lx;fasf] ;ng;DaGwL ;]jf u/L # j6f ;]jf pkIf]q
kb{5g\ . o; cGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] g]kfndf nufgL u/]/ ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ s''n
nufgLsf] %!% ;Dd dfq nufgL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
cfls{6]Sr/n ;]jfx M o; ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] Jofkfl/s
pkl:ylt -df]8 #_ cGtu{t g]kfndf ;]jf Jofkf/ ubf{ s'n nufgLsf] ^^% ;Dd dfq
ljb]zL nufgL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
OlGhlgol/ ;]jfx M o; cGtu{t l;len OlGhlgol/sf lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu
OlGhlgol/ l8hfOlg ;]jfx, cf}Bf]lus k|zf]wg / pTkfbgsf nflu OlGhlgol/
l8hfOlg ;]jfx, lgdf{0f / :yfkgf r/0fsf qmddf cfjZos cGo OlGhlgol/
;]jfx / cGo OlGhlgol/ ;]jfx h:tf $ j6f ;]jf pkIf]q cfpF5g\ . oL If]qxdf
ljb]zL nufgLsf] clwstd ;Ldf ^^% ;Dd x'g;Sg]] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
PsLs[t OlGhlgol/ ;]jfx M o; ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] g]kfndf
;]jf Jofkf/ ubf{ ^^ ;Dd nufgL ug{;Sg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
zx/L of]hgf tyf e"w/ftnLo cfls{6]Sr/n ;]jfx M o; ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t
g]kfndf ;+:yf vf]nL Jofkf/ ubf{ s'n nufgLsf] ^^ ;Dd j}b]lzs nufgL ug{ kfpg]
Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 .
e]6]l/g/L ;]jfxM o; pkIf]q cGtu{t Jofkf/ ubf{ s'n nufgLsf] %!% ;Dd ljb]zL
nufgL /xg] u/L g]kfndf ;+:yf vf]nL ;]jf k|bfg ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-65-

!=@ sDKo'6/ / o;;Da4 ;]jfcGtu{tsf pk;]jfIf]qx M o; cGtu{t sDKo'6/

xf8{j]o/ h8fg;DaGwL k/fdz{ ;]jfx, ;6j]o/ k|of]u;DaGwL ;]jfx, tYof
k|zf]wg;DaGwL ;]jfx, tYofdf cfwfl/t ;]jfx, sDKo'6/;d]tsf sfof{noLo d]l;g
tyf pks/0fx dd{t;Def/;DaGwL ;]jfx / cGo sDKo'6/ ;]jfx h:tf ;]jf
Jofkf/sf ^ j6f pkIf]qx tf]lsPsf 5g\ . oL ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLstf{n]
g]kfndf ;+:yf vf]nL ;]jf Jofkf/ ubf{ s'n nufgLsf] *) ;Dd j}b]lzs nufgL ug{
kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
!=# cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ;]jfx M o; cGtu{t tfk, k|sfz, ljB't\r'DasLo, cGtl/If
lj1fgh:tf k|fs[lts lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt cg';Gwfgx -cf0fljs pmhf{ / o;;Da4
cGo pmhf{ afx]s_ tyf k|of]ufTds lj1fg;DaGwL OlGhlgol/ tyf k|ljlw;DaGwL
cg';Gwfgx u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf cg';GwfgnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o; ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t
j}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu %! ;Dd v'nf ul/Psf] 5 .
!=$ ck/]6/sf] ;xof]uljgf ;~rfng ul/g] ef8f tyf lnh ;]jf M o; cGtu{t lel8of]
6]k;DaGwL ef8f tyf lnh ;]jf pkIf]q v'nf ul/Psf] 5 . o; pkIf]qdf j}b]lzs
nufgLsf] clwstd ;Ldf g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o xF'bfsf] ;dodf %! /
;b:otfsf] kfFr jif{kl5 rflxF *) ;Dd x'g;Sg] u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 .
!=% cGo Jofj;flos ;]jfxM o; cGtu{t lj1fkg;DaGwL ;]jfx, ahf/ cg';Gwfg
tyf hgdt ;j{]If0f ;]jfx, Joj:yfkg k/fdz{ ;]jfx, k|ljlw k/LIf0f tyf ljZn]if0f
;]jfx, vfgL;DaGwL ;]jfx, j}1flgs tyf k|fljlws k/fdz{;DaGwL ;]jfx, Kofs]lh
;]jfx, d'b|0f k|sfzg ;]jfx / ;ef;df/f]x;DaGwL ;]jfx u/L ljleGg ( j6f
;]jf pkIf]qx v'nf ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ;]jf pkIf]qdf ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] nufgL ubf{
clwstd %!% ;Dd nufgL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ ;~rf/ ;]jfx M
@=! s'l/o/ ;]jfx M o; cGtu{t dN6Ldf]8n s'l/o/ ;]jfx kb{5g\ . o; If]qdf s'n
nufgLsf] clwstd *)% ;Dd ljb]zL nufgL ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
@=@ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx M o; cGtu{t cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx, df]afOn b"/;~rf/
;]jfx / d"No clej[l4 ePsf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx cfpF5g\ . o; cGtu{t ljleGg ;]jf
pkIf]qdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfx lgDgfg';f/ 5g\

-66-

@=@=! cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jf M o; cGtu{t :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf, cfGtl/s 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf, cGt/f{li6o 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf, 6]n]S; ;]jf / cfGtl/s tyf cGt/fli6o 6]lnu|flkms
;]jfx /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;]jf pkIf]qxdf ljb]zL nufgL clwstd *)% ;Dd ug{
kfpg] Jojyf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;g\ @))( sf] hgj/L;Dddf ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] ;]jfk|bfosxsf] ;+Vofdf s'g} aGb]h gnufpg], g]kfndf pknAw gx'g] k/fdz{
;]jf k|fKt ug{sf nflu () lbg;Dd ljb]zL k/fdz{bftfnfO{ g]kfn cfO{ sfd ug{ lbOg],
;~rfns ;ldltsf ax'dt ;b:ox g]kfnL gful/s x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 . cfwf/e"t
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf cGtu{t g]kfnn] cltl/Qm k|lta4tfx klg hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 .
@=@=@= df]afOn b"/;~rf/ ;]jf M o; ;]jf pkIf]qcGtu{t df]jfOn b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf
;+o'Qm nufgLdf *)% ;Dd ljb]zL nufgL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, ;g\
@))$ ;Dd @ j6f df]jfOn ;]jf ;~rfnsnfO{ cg'dlt lbOg] / ;g\ @))( sf]
hgj/L;Dddf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ;~rfnssf] ;+Vofdf s'g} aGb]h gnufOg] k|lta4tf
JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . df]afOn b"/;~rf/ ;]jf cGtu{t klg g]kfnn] cltl/Qm k|lta4tfx
hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 .
@=@=# d"No clej[l4 b"/;~rf/ ;]jf M o; ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t OG6/g]6, Od]n, EjfO;
d]n, lel8of] 6]S:6, ofS; d]n, le:of6, cl8of] sGkm/]G;, k] kmf]g, lk|k]8 sln sf8{,
:yfgLo, nfdf] b"/L tyf cGt/f{li6o tYof ;~rf/, /]l8of] k]lh 6n df]afOn /x]sf
5g\ . oL ;]jf pkIf]qxdf ;+o'Qm nufgLdf *) k|ltzt;Dd j}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu
v'Nff ul/Psf] 5 .
-#_ lgdf{0f tyf lgdf{0f;Da4 OlGhlgol/ ;]jf M
o; ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]q cGtu{t d'VotM l;len OlGhlgol/sf] nflu ;fdfGo lgdf{0f
;]jf pkIf]q /x]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt
ubf{sf] ;dodf %!% / ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] kfFr jif{kl5 *)% ;Dd j}b]lzs nufgL
ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
-$_ ljt/0f ;]jfx M
o; ;]jf Jofkf/ If]q cGtu{t sldzg Ph]G6sf] ;]jf / xf]n;]n ;]jf tyf /]l8of]
6]lnlehgsf ;fdu|Lx, ;Ltsf ;fdu|Lx, ;fLlts /]s8{ cflbsf] xf]n;]n Jofkf/h:tf
pkIf]qx Kfb{5g\ . ;fy}, v'bf| Jofkf/ ;]jf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehgsf ;fdu|Lx, ;Ltsf
;fdu|Lx, ;fLlts /]s8{ cflbsf] v'bf| ;]jf / k|mG] rfOlh klg o;} cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

-67-

oL ;]jf pkIf]qxdf ljb]zL nufgLsf xsdf sldzg Ph]G6sf] ;]jf cGtu{t g]kfnn]
;7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf] ;dodf %!% ;Dd / ;b:otf k|fKt ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5
*)% ;Dd nufgL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . xf]n;]n ;]jf / l/6]n ;]jfdf ljb]zL
nufgL ug]{ ljifodf g]kfnn] kl5 lg0f{o u/]adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 . /]l8of],
6]lnlehgsf ;fdu|Lsf] xf]n;]n tyf l/6]n ;]jfdf clwstd ljb]zL nufgLsf] ;Ldf
*)% ;Dd sfod ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|m]GrfOlh ;]jfdf %!% ljb]zL nufgL ug{;Sg]
k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
-%_ lzIff ;]jfx M
lzIff ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]q cGtu{t g]kfnn] v'nf u/]sf ;]jf pkIf]qxdf pRr lzIff
;]jf, k|f}9 lzIff ;]jf / cGo lzIff ;]jf u/L tLgj6f kb{5g\ . oL ;]jf If]qdf g]kfnn]
;7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf] ;dodf %!% / ;b:otf k|fKt ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5
clwstd *)% ;Dd ljb]zL nufgLsf] nflu v'nf ul/g] k|lta4tf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .
-^_ jftfj/0fLo ;]jf M
o; cGtu{t kmf]xf]/ d}nf ;]jf, k'gM k|of]uLo kmf]xf]/ lgisf;g ;]jf / ;/;kmfO tyf
cGo ;DalGwt ;]jfx h:tf pkIf]qx /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;]jf pkIf]qxsf] Jofkf/df
ljb]zL nufgLsf] clwstd ;Ldf g]kfnn] ;7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf] ;dodf
%!% ;Dd / ;b:otf k|fKt ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5 *)% ;Dd v'nf ul/g] k|lta4tf JoQm
ul/Psf] 5 .
-&_ ljQLo ;]jfxM
ljQLo ;]jf cGtu{t aLdf tyf aLdf;Da4 ;]jfx / a}}l tyf cGo ljQLo ;]jfx
u/L d'VotM b'O{j6f ;]jf If]q ljb]zLxsf] nflu v'nf ul/Psf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t hLjg
tyf lghL{jg aLdf ;]jf, k'gaL{df tyf /]S6f];];g ;]jf, aLdf Ph]G6 / Ph]G;L ;]jf
/ ljleGg k|sf/sf a}l tyf cGo ljQLo ;]jfxh:tf pkIf]qx 5g\ . oL ljQLo
;]jf pkIf]qx/df ljb]zLxsf] z]o/ k"FhL ^&% ;Dd /xg;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
To;}u/L k'gaL{df tyf On]S6f];];gsf] If]qdf nufgLsf] xsdf #! l8;]Da/, @))& ;Dd
@%,))) cd]l/sL 8n/;Ddsf] clgjfo{ k'gaL{df :jb]zL aLdf sDkgLdf ug{'kg{] / #!
l8;]Da/ @))& kl5 eg] o:tf] s'g} k|ltaGw g/xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . aLdf ;]jf
tyf xf]n;]n a}l ;]jfsf ;~rfng;DaGwdf ljb]zL sDkgLxnfO{ ! hgj/L, @)!)
b]lv g]kfndf zfvf vf]Ng kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-68-

-*_ :jf:Yo;DaGwL / ;fdflhs ;]jfx M

o; cGtu{t c:ktfn ;]jf / nfutz'Nssf] s/f/sf] cfwf/df x'g] k|ToIf :jfldTj
/ Joj:yfkg ;]jfh:tf ;]jfsf pkIf]qx kb{5g\ . o; cGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLsf]
clwstd ;Ldf %!% tf]lsPsf] 5 eg] lj1 lrlsT;sn] g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf]
cg'dlt lnO{ a9Ldf Ps jif{;Dd g]kfndf sfd ug{;Sg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
-(_ ko{6g / e|d0f;DaGwL ;]jfx M
o; ;]jf If]qcGtu{t ko{6g, /]i6'F/f, xf]6n nh ;]jf -:6f/ xf]6n dfq_ / 6fen Ph]G;L
tyf 6'/ ck/]6/ ;]jf kb{5g\ . oL pkIf]qxdWo] xf]6n tyf nh;]jfdf ljb]zL nufgLsf]
nflu clwstd ;Ldf *)% tf]lsPsf] 5 eg] 6fen Ph]G;L / 6'/ ck/]6/ If]qdf
clwstd %!% ;Dd ljb]zL nufgL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 .
-!)_ dgf]/~hg, ;f+:s[lts / v]ns"b ;]jf
o; cGtu{t cGo dgf]/~hg ;]jfx / l;g]df ejg tyf l;g]df k|f]h]S;g ;]jf pkIf]q
;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o; ;]jf pkIf]qcGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLsf] xsdf g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] ;b:otf lnFbfsf] ;dodf %!% / ;b:otf k|fKt ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5 *)%
;Dd nufgL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, o; If]qdf Go"gtd ljb]zL nufgL
!) -bz_ nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
-!!_ oftfoft ;]jf M
oftfoft ;]jf If]qcGtu{t xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jfx -jfo'ofgsf] dd{t / ;Def/ ;]jf tyf
sDKo'6/ l/he]{;g k|0ffnL_, kfOknfOg oftfoft ;]jfx -OGwgsf] 9'jfgL / cGo j:t'sf]
9'jfgL ;]jf_ / uf]bfd tyf j]o/ xfp; ;]jfx h:tf pkIf]qx kb{5g\ . oL If]qxdf
ljb]zL nufgLsf] clwstd ;Ldf g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf]
;dodf %!% / ;b:otf k|fKt ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5 *)% ;Dd ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . kfOknfOg oftfoft ;]jfcGtu{t OGwg 9'jfgL ;]jf pkIf]qsf] xsdf eg]
%!% ;Dd ljb]zL nufgL ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 .
plNnlvt ;a} ;]jf If]qpkIf]qxdf k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug{] qmddf g]kfnn] cfGtl/s
;]jf k|bfosxsf] Ifdtf, d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf / g]kfnl;t Jofkfl/s ;DaGw
/fVg rfxg] d'n'ssf] ahf/kx'Fr;DaGwL rf;f] / ;/f]sf/nfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ agfO{ k|lta4tf
to u/]sf] lyof] . ;7gsf] ;b:o ag]kl5 o;/L JoQm ul/Psf k|lta4tfxnfO{ g]kfnn]
qmdzM sfof{Gjogdf ptfb{} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ;]jf Jofkf/If]qdf cfjZos sfg"g
th'{df tyf ;+zf]wgsf] sfo{ ug]{b]lv lnP/ k|lta4tf k|lts"n x'g] Joj:yfsf] vf/]hLsf]

-69-

sfo{;d]t g]kfnaf6 ePsf] cj:yf 5 . oBlk plNnlvt gLltut, sfg"gL ;'wf/sf

afah"b ;]jf If]qdf ck]lIft kdf nufgL j[l4 x'g g;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
cfufdL lbgdf o; ljifonfO{ uDeL/tf;fy ;dLIff ub{} pko'Qm sbd rfNg cfjZos
b]lvG5 .
$=$ Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx /
sfof{Gjog l:ylt
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfkl5 cGo ;b:o b]zxh:t} g]kfn klg Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] :jtM kIf /fi6 ag]sf] 5 . ;b:otf
k|flKtsf] r/0fdf j:t' Jofkf/ / ;]jf Jofkf/sf If]qdf h:t} Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s
;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf klg g]kfnn] ljleGg k|lta4tfx JoQm u/]sf]df k|d'v
k|lta4tfx / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .
af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf] nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf
ug]{ / ljBdfg k]6]G6, l8hfOg / 6]8dfs{;DaGwL sfg"gxdf l6K;
;Demf}tf cg's'n x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg ug{] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]adf]lhd
o;;DaGwL k|lqmof cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . o; qmddf ;7gsf] ;b:otf
lng] r/0fd} ;fljssf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g / lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wg
u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ ;lsPsf] 5 eg] cGo P]g th{'df tyf ;+zf]wg
ug{] sfo{ hf/L 5 .
Plant Varieties Protection / Genetic Resources ;+/If0f;DaGwdf
sfg"gL ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd o;;DaGwL P]g th{'dfsf
nflu k|f/lDes sfo{x z'? ul/Psf 5g\ . o;} qmddf g]kfn cGt/f{li6o
la?jf ;+/If0f dxf;lGw (IPPC) sf] kIf /fi6 ag]sf] 5 .
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df ag{ dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6 aGg]
k|lta4tfadf]lhd ;f] sfo{ k"/f ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L /f]d dxf;lGw
(Rome Convention), !(^! sf] ;b:o aGg] k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .
af}l4s ;DklQsf] k|zf;gsf] nflu 5'} sfof{no :yfkgf ug{]
k|lta4tfadf]lhd k|f/lDes u[xsfo{ z'? ePsf] 5 .
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf If]qdf tflnd tyf hgr]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd ;do ;dodf o;;DaGwL
tflnd ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

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TRIPS ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx ! hgj/L, ;g\ @))& ;Dddf sfof{Gjogdf

Nofpg] k|lta4tf /x]sf]df clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf nflu ;f] ;dofjlw

yk eO{ ;g\ @)!# sf] h"gsf] cGTo;Dd k'ofOPsf] 5 . tbg';f/ ;f]
;doleq l6K; ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] lx;fan] gLltut, sfg"gL
/ ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf sfo{ qmdzM cl3 a9fOPsf 5g\ .
k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g / lgodfjnL gofF th'{df eO{
sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ .
gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt ;g\ @)!) df :jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf]
5 . tbg';f/ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g / ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f P]gdf kl/dfh{gsf] nflu cfjZos d:of}bf tof/ ug{] sfo{
clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 .
gofF cf}Bf]lus ;+DklQ P]g d:of}bfsf] r/0fdf 5 .
j:t' / ;]jf Jofkf/sf] t'ngfdf l6K; ;Demf}tf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s]xL gf}nf], hl6n,
vlr{nf] / k|fljlws kIf;Fu ;d]t hf]l8Psf] ljifo ePsf]n] o;sf] sfof{Gjog s]xL
dGb /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L o; If]qdf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj 7"nf] v8\lsPsf] ljifo
/x]sf] 5 . t/ klg lgs6 eljiodf o;;DaGwL gofF gLlt tyf PsLs[t P]g hf/L
ug{] tyf hgzlQm ljsf;df ljz]if hf]8 lbg] u/L xfnsf lbgdf k|of; cl3
a9fOPsf]n] l6K; ;Demf}tfcGtu{t k"/f ug{ afFsL /x]sf k|lta4tfx klg qmdzM
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] ck]Iff lng;lsG5 .
$=% ;7gdf JoQm ul/Psf k|lta4tfxsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ljleGg If]qdf kg{;Sg]
k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
hgj/L !, ;g\ !((% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgfkZrft\ clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6xdWo] jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ;lDdng x'g ;kmn g]kfn
klxnf] /fi6 xf] . jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;7gdf k|j]z ug]{ qmddf g]kfnn] s[lif tyf
u}/ s[lif If]qdf cfgf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/sf] ;Ldfg (Tariff Binding) tTsfn sfod
ePsf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/eGbf pRr sfod ug{ ;kmn x'g'sf ;fy} clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6sf] gftfn] ljleGg 5"6 tyf ;x'lnotx lglZrt ;dosf nflu pkef]u ug{ ;b:o
/fi6xnfO{ ;xdt u/fpg ;s]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;]jf Jofkf/ / Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s
;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf sd ljsl;t /fi6sf gftfn] ;Dej eP;Dd Go"gtd
k|lta4tfx dfq JoQm u/L /fli6o lxtnfO{ clwstd ;'/lIft /fVg g]kfn ;kmn

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ePsf] lyof] . o;/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ;lDdngsf] qmddf ljleGg hl6ntf /
;Ldfxsf aLr g]kfnn] b]vfPsf] ;'ema'em / s'zn ;Demf}tf ;LknfO{ ljZj Jofkf/
;7gdf Pp6f ;kmn ;Demf}tf jftf{sf] pbfx/0fsf] kdf lnOg] ul/G5 . g]kfnn]
;b:otfsf nflu h'g Kofs]h k|fKt ug{ ;kmn eof] To;nfO{ UNCTAD h:tf ;+:yfn]
;Gt'lnt Kofs]hsf] kdf ;x|fxgf klg u/]sf lyP . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o
aGg] qmddf d'n'ssf] s[lif, pBf]u, jfl0fHo, /fh:j, ;]jf Jofkf/, Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s
;DklQsf] clwsf/nufotsf If]qdf ;Dej eP;Dd Go"gtd c;/ dfq kg{] u/L g]kfnsf]
tkm{af6 k|lta4tfx JoQm ePsf lyP . ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 vf;vf; If]qdf kg{;Sg]
k|efjsf] ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
$=%=! /fh:j kl/rfngdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:osf] gftfn] ;7gsf] l;4fGt / eG;f/ dx;'n tyf
Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgadf]lhd s'g} klg ;b:on] :jb]zleq cfoft
x'g] j:t'df qmdzM eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpFb} tyf Jofkf/df nufO{ cfPsf ;a} vfn] u}/ eG;f/
cj/f]wx (Non Tariff Barriers) x6fpFb} cGo ;b:oxsf] pTkfbgsf] nflu ahf/
v'nf ub{} hfg'kg{] x'G5 . o; qmddf g]kfnh:tf /fh:jsf] 7"nf] lx:;f eG;f/ dx;'naf6
;ng ul//x]sf /fi6nfO{ eG;f/ dx;'n b/df s6f}tLaf6 /fh:jdf gsf/fTds c;/
kg{] cfzf plAhg;S5 . t/ g]kfnn] ;7gdf cfa4 x'g] qmddf clwsf+z s[lif tyf u}/
s[lif j:t'df tTsfn nfuL cfPsf eG;f/ dx;'nb/eGbf clwstd eG;f/ nufpg kfpg]
u/L pRr eG;f/ dx;'n ;Ldfg (Tariff Binding) u/]sf] 5 . o; qmddf g]kfnn] s[lif
j:t'df nufpg kfpg] clwstd eG;f/ dx;'n cf};tdf $@ k|ltzt / u}/ s[lifj:t'df
nufpg kfpg] clwstd eG;f/ dx;'n cf};tdf @$ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5 . hals
clxn] g]kfnn] u}/ s[lifj:t'sf] cfoftdf nufPsf] cf};t eG;f/ b/ !@=@ k|ltztdfq
5 . t;y{, eG;f/ /fh:j sd x'g] l:yltdf ;Ldfg ul/Psf] xb;Dd uP/ dx;'n b/
j[l4 u/L /fh:j a9fpg ;lsg] l:ylt 5 . xfn g]kfnn] nufpFb} cfPsf] eG;f/ dx;'n
b/ (Applied rate) ;Ldfg ul/Psf] eGbf w]/} g} Go"g ePsf] / cfjZostfcg';f/ of}6f
;Ldf;Dd o;df j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg ePsf] x'Fbf ;b:otfaf6 /fh:j kl/rfngdf
s'g} x|f; cfpg] jf xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug] l:ylt /x]sf] 5}g .
$=%=@ pBf]u / jfl0fHo If]qdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o aGg'eGbf w]/} cl3b]lv g} cfly{s ;'wf/ / cfly{s
pbf/Ls/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ PskIfLo kdf qmdzM cl3 a9fpFb} cfPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf]
cfly{s tyf Jofkf/ gLlt e]befjnfO{ k|fT] ;flxt ug{] vfnsf] gePsf] / cfoft lgof{tdf
-72-

;flasdf /x]sf kl/df0ffTds aGb]h, nfO;]G; k|yf cflb lgoGq0ffTds Joj:yf x6fO{
;lsPsf]n] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]q t'ngfTds kdf pbf/ / :jR5 k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|j4{g ug{]
vfnsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] df}hb" f pBf]u, jfl0fHo If]qsf gLlt, sfg"g ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf]
k|fjwfg;Fu w]/x} b;Dd ldNbf]hN' bf] eO;s]sf]n] s]xL ;fdfGo kIfdf ;'wf/afx]s o;df yk
cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{k' g{] l:ylt lyPg . ctM ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 pBf]u, jfl0fHo If]qsf]
gLltut lg/Gt/tf / :yfloTjdf s'g} gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ b]lvFbg} . ;7gsf] k|fjwfgcg'k
Jofkf/;Da4 gLlt tyf k|lqmofx kf/bzL{ x'gk' g{] Joj:yfn] Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;~rfngdf
;'udtf cfpg] / o;af6 nufgLdf ;d]t j[l4 eO{ pBf]u, jfl0fHo If]qdf ;sf/fTds
of]ubfg k'Ug] b]lvG5 . oBlk 7"nf] nufgL / pGgt k|ljlw k|of]u u/L ljb]zdf pTkflbt
j:t' :jb]zL j:t'sf] t'ngfdf d"No / u'0f:t/df a9L k|lt:kwL{ x'g] x'gfn] tL j:t' tyf
;]jf g]kfn lelqO{ oxfFsf ;fgf kFh
" L / k|ljlwaf6 pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:yflkt
ug{] ;DefjgfrflxF s]xL xb;Dd 5 . csf{tkm{ ljb]zL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoftaf6 :jb]zL
j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ yk k|lt:kwL{ aGg] bafa l;h{gf eO{ pTkfbg / u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ cfpg]
;Defjgf klg TolQs} alnof] 5 .
$=%=# s[lif If]qdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
;7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\ ;b:o /fi6xn] s[lifIf]qdf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] cg'bfgsf]
dfqf 36fpg'kg{] jf lglZrt lsl;dsf cg'bfgxafx]s c lsl;dsf cg'bfg vf/]h
ug{'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfaf6 g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf] / s[lifdf lge{/ cy{tGq ePsf]
d'n'snfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ ls egL cfzf pTkGg x'g' :jfefljs xf] . t/ ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gsf] s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] s[lif If]qsf] cg';Gwfg, l;~rfO{ ;'ljwfdf
lj:tf/, aLplahgdf ;'wf/, afnL ;+/If0f, jftfj/0f ;'wf/, vfB ;'/Iff, dnvfbsf]
Joj:yf, s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf cflb y'k|} If]qdf cg'bfg lbg kfOg] Joj:yfnfO{ xl/of]
afs;leq juL{s[t u/L To;df /f]s nufpg gkg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm,
g]kfnh:tf cNk ljsl;t /fi6nfO{ jflif{s s[lif pTkfbgsf] s'n d"Nosf] bz k|ltzt;Dd
s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cg'bfgsf] kdf vr{ ug{ kfOg] / s[lif If]qdf lbg kfOg]
cg'bfgnfO{ jflif{s k|ltJolQm cfo Ps xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ gk'u];Dd lg/Gt/tf lbg
;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . csf{] dxjk"0f{ s'/f g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf
nflu s[lif If]qdf s'g} klg cltl/Qm bfloTj k"/f ug{' gkg{] Joj:yf 5 . g]kfnn] xfn s[lif
If]qdf pNn]vgLo kdf s'g} cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;s]sf], lbFb} cfPsf] cg'bfgnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsg] l:ylt ePsf] / eljiodf lglZrt xb;Dd cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{
5"6 kfpg] ;Gbe{df ;b:otf kZrft\ s[lif If]qdf s'g} gsf/fTds k|efj kg{] b]lvFb}g .
a? s[ifsxnfO{ dnvfb, aLplahg / l;~rfO{df cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds
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Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;lsP :jb]zL s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] lgof{tdf j[l4 eO{ yk cfly{s nfe
lng;lsg] b]lvG5 .
$=%=$ tof/L kf]zfs lgof{tsf] If]qdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] ljsl;t /fi6xn] clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6xnfO{ tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{tdf lbFb} cfPsf] sf]6f ;'ljwfnfO{ bzjif{leq x6fpg'kg{]
Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . tbg';f/ ;flasdf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] g]kfnh:tf ;fgf
b]znfO{ Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) cGtu{t lglZrt sf]6f;Ddsf] lgof{tdf
lbFb} cfPsf] eG;f/ 5"6sf] ;'ljwf ! hgj/L, ;g\ @))% af6 ;dfKt x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
;x'lnotk"0f{ sf]6f k|yfsf] ;dflKtkl5 g]kfnsf] tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{tdf x|f; cfPsf]
5 . t/ g]kfn ;7gsf] ;b:o gaGbf klg pQm sf]6f k|yf ;dfKt x'g] l:ylt lyof] . o;
k[i7e"lddf g]kfnh:tf /fi6n] cfgf] t'ngfTds nfe ePsf If]qdf s]lGb|t eO{ pTkflbt
j:t'sf] d"No / u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ u/L ahf/ ljljwLs/0fsf ;fy lgof{t a9fpg]tkm{ nfUg'
cfjZos x'g cfPsf] 5 .
$=%=% ljb]zL j:t' cTolws cfoft eO{ :jb]zL cy{tGq / pBf]uwGbfdf kg{] k|efjsf]
ljZn]if0f
;b:otfkl5 ljb]zL j:t' cTolws cfoft eO{ :jb]zL cy{tGq / :jb]zL pBf]unfO{
w/fzfoL agfpF5 ls eGg] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df ;7gleqsf sltko k|fjwfgn] To:tf]
cgk]lIft / c:jfefljs cfoftnfO{ /f]Sg ;]kmuf8{\; nufotsf ;'wf/fTds pkfox
(Trade Remedy Measures) sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf ltgsf] cjnDagaf6 :jb]zL
pBf]unfO{ kg{] k|lts"n c;/ / uDeL/ xflggf]S;fgLaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsg] l:ylt 5 eGg
;lsG5 . To:t} pTkfbgd"NoeGbf sd d"Nodf jf cg'bfg ;xfotfdf pTkflbt j:t'
:jb]z lelqO{ :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] l:ylt pTkGg ePdf o:tf
c:jR5 / cjfl~5t Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfknfO{ PlG68lDk tyf sfpG6/e]ln dx;'n
nufP/ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\
s'g} klg :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ ;fdfGotof ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ ;lsb}Fg . olb To:tf] ;+/If0f
lbg'kof] eg] klg eG;f/ z'Nssf] dfWodaf6 dfq lbg ;lsG5 . o;f] xf] tfklg
;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]uxnfO{ ;/sf/n] k|ToIf kaf6 ;+/If0f lbg ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] ;b:otfn] s'g} cj/f]w l;h{gf ub{}g . o; qmddf Psflt/ :jb]zsf 7"nf tyf
demf}nf pBf]unfO{ eG;f/ z'Nssf] cjnDag u/]/ ;+/If0f lbg ;lsG5 eg] csf{lt/
g]kfn cg]skIfLo ;Demf}tfsf] kdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] kIf

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/fi6 gePsf]n] ;/sf/L sfof{noxdf :jb]zL pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t' ljb]zL j:t'sf]
t'ngfdf bz k|ltzt;Dd dxFuf] eP klg vl/b ug{ ;lsg] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^$
sf] Joj:yfnfO{ cg';/0f ub{} :jb]zL pTkfbgnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd k|ToIf ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{]
af6f] klg v'nf /x]sf] 5 .
$=%=^ cfoftlgof{tsf k|lqmof tyf eG;f/ d"Nofg k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwxdf kg{]
k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ cfoft, lgof{t k|lqmof / eG;f/ sfo{ljlw ;s];Dd
;/n, kf/bzL{ / cgfjZos emGem6 tyf nfut Joxf]g'{ gkg{] k|sl[ tsf] x'gk' 5{ tfls
;b:oxaLr j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Jofkf/ ;xh kdf x'g ;sf];\ . g]kfndf lglZrt
j:t'xsf] cfoft;DaGwdf cfoft Ohfht lbg], j:t'sf] pTklQsf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug{,]
/ eG;f/ ;]jf z'Ns lng] cEof; ePsf]n] oL ;a} k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/nLs/0f
ub{} kf/bl{zt{ f j[l4 ug{ h?/L x'g cfPcg';f/ ;7gsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ ;/n / kf/bzL{
agfO{ ;lsPsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] eG;f/ d"Nofg;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v
ePcg';f/sf Joj:yfxnfO{ ;d]6L gofF eG;f/ P]g / lgodfjnL hf/L ul/;lsPsf]
5 . jfl0fHo ljefuaf6 cfoft lgof{t ;DaGwdf cfjZos kg{] sfuhft / k"/f ug{k' g{]
sfo{ljlw;DaGwdf lbUbz{g k|sflzt ug{] / o;df ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ug{] sfo{ x'bF }
cfPsf] 5 . ;]jf nfut;DaGwdf h'g ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ h] hlt vr{ nfUg] xf] Tolt
xb;Dd dfq /sd c;'n ug{ kfOg] ;7gsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd ;]jfnfutnfO{ klg qmdzM
cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpFb} nluPsf] 5 . cfoft lgof{t;DaGwdf /x]sf cgfjZos k|lqmof /
sfuhftxdf s6f}tL ub{} nluPsf] 5 . o;n] Psflt/ cfoftlgof{t k|lqmof ;/n eO{
cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'Ug]5 eg] csf{tkm{ Jofkf/sf] sf/f]jf/ nfut klg
36\g k'uL lgof{tnfO{ yk k|lt:kwL{ agfpg d2t ldNg] b]lvG5 . ;fy}, b]zleq sRrfkbfy{
/ pkef]Uo j:t' t'ngfTds kdf ;:tf] d"Nodf pknAw eO{ :jb]zL pTkfbs tyf
pkef]QmfnfO{ klg nfe g} k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
$=%=& ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ ljleGg afx| ;]jf If]q / Ps zo ;f7L pkIf]qdf
juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . tLdWo] g]kfnn] P3f/ ;]jf If]qsf em08} ;Q/L pkIf]qxdf
PsfpGg k|ltztb]lv c;L k|ltzt;Dd ljb]zL nufgLsf] :jfldTj /xg;Sg] u/L cfgf]
ahf/ v'nf u/]sf] 5 . ljb]zL ;]jf k|bfosn] g]kfndf ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df
g]kfnL;Fusf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf sDkgL ;~rfng ug{;Sg], ;~rfns ;ldltdf :yfgLo

-75-

;~rfns ;b:oxsf] ;+Vofsf] kGw| k|ltztdf ga9\g] u/L ljb]zL ;~rfns /fVg
kfOg] zt{ /flvPsf] 5 . v'nf ul/Psf] ;]jf If]qdf j}b]lzs nufgL / k|ljlw lelqg] x'Fbf
g]kfndf Psflt/ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] lj:tf/ x'g] ;Defjgf 5 eg] csf{tkm{ ljb]zL
;]jf k|bfosn] sDtLdf aL; k|ltzt :yfgLo nufgL /fVg'kg{], clwsf+z /f]huf/L :jb]zL
sfdbf/nfO{ lbg'kg{] h:tf Joj:yfn] :jb]zL nufgLstf{ k|f]T;flxt x'g], :yfgLo :t/df
/f]huf/L a9\g] / :jb]zL ;~rfnsxdf sfnfGt/df ljb]zL 1fg / ;Lk :yfgfGt/0f
eO{ Jofj;flos s'zntf / pBdzLntf j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .
$=%=* Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
c b'O{ If]qsf] t'ngfdf Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]q g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df s]xL gf}nf] ePsf]n] o;af6 ;d'lrt nfe xfl;n ug{ gLltut tyf ;+:yfut
;'wf/df pRr hf]8 lbg'kg{] l:ylt 5 . xfn o;;DaGwdf lj:t[t gLlt agfpg] sfo{
cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . tTkZrft\ af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL PsLs[t P]g agfpg] /
df}h"bf P]gdf ;'wf/ ug{] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpg'kg{] x'G5 . ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] xsdf cfof]lht 5}6f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sxsf
nflu TRIPS Compliance sf] cjlw #) h'g, @)!# ;Dd a9fPsf]df cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngn] ;f] cjlw ;g\ @)!^ ;Dd a9fpg ;DalGwt kl/ifb\nfO{ o;;DaGwL k|lqmof
cl3 a9fpg lgb{]zg lbPsf] 5 . k|fKt ;+qmd0f cjlwsf] clwstd pkof]u ub{} af}l4s
;DklQ;DaGwL gLlt tyf P]g lgdf{0f ug{], df}h"bf ;DalGwt P]gxdf kl/dfh{g /
;'wf/ ug{] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpFb} lgwf{l/t ;doleq l6K;sf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf
ptfg{ rgfvf] aGg'kg{] l:ylt 5 . ;fy}, g]kfnsf] ckf/ h}ljs ;Dkbf, k/Dk/fut
1fg / ;LknfO{ klg ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub}{ o;sf] Jofkfl/s pkof]uaf6 nfe lng]tkm{
k|of; h?/L 5 . g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ
;7g (WIPO) n] ;+:yfut tyf hgzlQm ljsf; nufotsf If]qdf ljleGg k|fljlws
;xof]u pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf ;fy} cf}Bf]lus
;DklQsf] clwsf/, ef}uf]lns ;]tLs/0f (Geographical Indication), k/Dk/fut 1fg,
cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tdf kx'Frh:tf kIfdf alnof] sfg"g / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf u/L
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwstd Jofkf/af6 nfe lng pRr hf]8 lbg'kg{] l:ylt 5 .
$=%=( ;/sf/sf] cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0f ug{] clwsf/ ;'rg x'g] s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f
lgZro klg ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o alg;s]kl5 ;/sf/n] PstkmL{ kdf
h'g;'s} ;dodf h] h:tf] plrt nfUof] To:tf] gLlt jf sfg"g hf/L ug{ ldNb}g .

-76-

;fdfGotM ;/sf/n] Jofkf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{] gLlt, sfg"g jf sfo{ljlw cflbdf km]/abn
ubf{ ;7gdf k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] s'/fsf] cwLgdf /xL ug{'kg{] x'G5 . t/ o;nfO{
b]zleq cfjZostfg';f/ gLlt lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug{] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/df cfPsf]
;'rgsf kdf a'g'x'Fb}g . a of] Joj:yfn] ;/sf/nfO{ hyfefjL s/ tyf eG;f/sf
b/x km]/abn ug{ tyf Jofkf/df cgfjZos zt{x tf]Sgaf6 /f]s nufP/ Jofkf/df
;'lglZrttf / k"jf{g'dfgLotf :yflkt ug{ an k'ofPsf] 5 eGg;lsG5 . ;fy}, ;7gsf]
;b:o alg;s]kl5 ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] cfGtl/s Jofkf/ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;b:o
b]znfO{ lgb{]lzt u5{ eGg] s'/f klg ;To xf]Og . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g lgoddf cfwfl/t
;+:yf ePsf]n] o;n] ;b:o /fi6xaf6 cg'df]lbt ;Demf}tf / lgodxsf] cwLgdf /xL
ljZj Jofkf/nfO{ v'nf / cj/f]w/lxt tl/sfn] ;~rfng ug{ dfq hf]8 lbG5, g ls s'g}
;b:onfO{ JolQmut kdf cfGtl/s gLlt lgdf{0f ug{df ;'emfj jf lgb{]zg lbG5 . t;y{,
;7gdf cfa4 eO;s]kl5 klg ;b:o /fi6xn] cfoft x'g] ;fdfgxsf] u'0f:t/ /
dfkb08 :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfgf] d'n'ssf] lxt / /fli6o ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs
:jf:Yo tyf g}ltstf Pj+ jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cfkm}Fn] tf]Sg ;S5g\, o;sf]
nflu ;7gn] s'g} /f]s6f]s ub{}g, a? o;/L tf]lsg] dfkb08 / u'0f:t/rflxF j:t'ut,
j}1flgs / ljgf e]befj ;a}nfO{ Ps}gf;n] nfu" x'g] ePsf]n] clwsf/ ;'rgsf] cj:yf
cfpg;Sg] b]lvFb}g .
$=%=!) jftfj/0f, dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g d"ntM v'nf / cj/f]w/lxt ljZj Jofkf/sf] kIfdf sfd ug{] ;+:yf
xf] . t/ o;n] Psf]xf]/f] kdf v'nf / :jtGq Jofkf/sf] dfq kIf glnP/ dfgj, kz'
tyf jg:klt :jf:Yodf vnn kg{] l:yltdf Ps ;b:o /fi6af6 csf{] ;b:odf j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft lgof{tnfO{ /f]Sg;Sg] u/L ljleGg ;'/IffTds pkfox cjnDag
ug{ ;lsg] ;Demf}tfnfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] 5 . To:t} Jofkf/af6 jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ glbg / ;fwg;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ubf{ lbuf] / cfbz{td kl/rfng ug{ ;b:o
/fi6xnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu cg'bfg lbg;lsg] Joj:yf klg
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwL (SPS) / Jofkf/sf k|fljlws
dfkb08 (TBT) sf If]qdf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] / g]kfndf cGt/f{li6o dfGotfk|fKt
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo (Accreditation Board) xfn;Dd :yfkgf x'g g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df
:jb]zL pTkfbgsf] lgof{tnfO{ lgaf{w kdf cGt/f{li6o ahf/df k|j4{g ug{ o;;DaGwL
cfw'lgs k|of]uzfnf / u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug{' clt h?/L 5 .
o;sf] nflu 5'} P]g hf/L ug{'kg{] ;Gbe{df ;f]sf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{] sfo{ ePsf] 5 .

-77-

xfnsf lbgdf g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu / vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
ljefusf] k|of]uzfnfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L cGt/f{li6o:t/sf] agfpg] k|of; eO/x]sf]
5 . o;sf] nflu o'/f]lkog o'lgog nufotsf bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf ljleGg sfo{x
rln/x]sf 5g\ . k|of]uzfnfsf] :t/f]Ggltkl5 lgof{t k|j4{gdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'Ug] ck]Iff
lng;lsG5 .
$=%=!! ;7gsf] ;b:otfn] g]kfnh:tf ;fgf /fi6 ljZj cy{tGqdf emg\ ;LdfGtLs[t
x'Fb} hfG5g\ eGg] sygsf] ljZn]if0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ;fgf 7"nf ;a} vfn] /fi6 ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ . cfh s'n ljZj
Jofkf/sf] kGrfGgAa] k|ltzteGbf a9L lx:;f ;7g cGtu{tsf ;b:oxsf] /x]sf] 5 .
oBlk ;7gdf cfa4 ;a} /fi6sf] cfly{s x}l;ot Pp6} 5}g / ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6
;a} /fi6n] ;dfg kmfObf lng ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . h'g /fi6sf] cfk"lt{ Ifdtf ;'b[9 5,
gLltut l:y/tf, ;'zf;g / Jofkf/ ;xof]uL k"jf{wf/;+/rgfxsf] :t/ dfly 5 tL
/fi6n] ljZj Jofkf/df a9L / sdhf]/ /fi6n] sd dfq kmfObf p7fpg ;s]sf 5g\ .
t/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf cfa4 ePkl5 g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6 emg\
;LdfGtLs[t x'Fb} uPsf] eGg] egfOdf rflxF ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] 7fpF sd} 5 . lsgls
;7gdf ;fgf 7"nf ;a} /fi6sf] Pp6} sfg"gL x}l;ot 5 / Ps /fi6 Ps dtsf] cfwf/df
lg0f{o x'g] kl/kf6Ln] ;fgf /fi6sf] cfjfhnfO{ klg ljZj Jofkf/ d~rdf TolQs} dxjsf
;fy k|:t't ug{] af6f] v'nf 5 . s'g} klg lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'k"j{ ;Dk"0f{
;b:o /fi6sf] ;xdlt cfjZos x'G5 . olb s'g} Pp6f ;b:on] lg0f{odf lj/f]w u/]df Tof]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g;Qm}g . of] Joj:yf g]kfnh:tf ;fgf /fi6sf] lxtdf 5 . ;7gn]
cLsf/ u/]sf] e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ / kf/blz{tf;DaGwL gLltx g]kfnh:tf ;fgf
d'n'ssf nflu ;xof]uL ;flat ePsf 5g\ . lsgls ;7gdf cfa4 ePkl5 s'g} klg
7"nf /fi6n] ;fgf /fi6nfO{ e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{, Jofkf/df cgfjZos tuf/f] l;h{gf
ug{ kfpFb}g . Pp6f d'n'snfO{ lbPsf] ;'ljwf csf{] d'n'snfO{ klg ljgf zt{ tTsfn
pknAw u/fpg'kg{] Joj:yfn] ;fgf /fi6 nfeflGjt g} x'g] l:ylt 5 . ;fy}, ;fgf /fi6n]
7"nf /fi6;Fu j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf ;DaGwdf s'g} lvrnf] pTkGg eP ;7gsf] ljjfb
;dfwfg ;+oGqdf ph"/L u/L ljjfb ;'N6fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;7gdf cfa4 ;fgf
/fi6xn] 5'} ;d"x agfO{ wgL /fi6xl;t yk 5"6, ;x'lnot / k|fljlws ;xfotfsf]
nflu bafa klg l;h{gf ug{;S5g\ . ;7gcGtu{tsf ljleGg ;Demf}tf / lg0f{oxn]
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf nflu Joj:yf u/]sf] ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/af6 g]kfnh:tf
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6nfO{ a9L nfe p7fpg ;Sg] cj;/ pknAw 5g\ .

-78-

kl/R5]b%
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\ g]kfnn] ;DkGg u/]sf k|dv
' sfo{x
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\ g]kfnn] ;b:otf k|flKt ug{] qmddf JoQm u/]sf
k|lta4tfxnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt P]g tyf gLltx th'{df
Pj+ ;+zf]wg ug{], ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{], k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{,
k|fljlws ;xof]u kl/rfng ug]{ nufotsf sfo{xnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpFb}
cfPsf] 5 . ;fy}, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 Pj+
cg'ej cfbfgk|bfgsf] sfo{xnfO{ ;d]t k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6o:t/df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{tsf ljleGg d~rxdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf
hgfpFb} clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] Jofkf/ / cfly{s ljsf;sf d'2fxnfO{ dxjsf ;fy
p7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . oL sfo{xnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .
%=! gLltutsfg"gL ;'wf/x
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf lng] qmddf g]kfnn] j:t' Jofkf/, ;]jf Jofkf/ /
af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf ljleGg k|lta4tfx hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] . tbg';f/ oL
k|lta4tfxnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ em08} tLg bh{g hlt gLltut, sfg"gL kIfdf
;'wf/ ck]lIft lyof] . o; qmddf sltko df}h"bf gLlt, P]g tyf lgodfjnLxdf ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gsf] k|fjwfgcg's"n x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ cfjZos lyof] eg] sltko If]qdf
gofF gLlt, P]g tyf lgodfjnL th{'df u/L nfu" ug{'kg{] l:ylt lyof] . To:t} sltko
ljifodf cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwxsf] kIf aGg'kg{] cfjZostf lyof] . g]kfnn] ;7gsf]
;b:otf lng] qmddf k]z u/]sf] sfg"gL ;'wf/sf] sfo{of]hgf (Legislative Action Plan)
df ljleGg $@ j6f ljifox ;d]l6Psf lyP . tLdWo] xfn;Dd cfwfhlt sfof{Gjogdf
ptf/L ;lsPsf 5g\ eg] Ps bh{g hlt ljifox clxn] k|f/lDes tof/L, th{'df,
kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wgsf ljleGg r/0faf6 u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] ;7gsf] ;b:otf
lnPkZrft\ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] l;4fGt / efjgf cg's"n x'g] u/L ul/Psf s]xL k|d'v
gLltut tyf sfg"gL ;'wf/sf ljifoxnfO{ ;+If]kdf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ul/Psf] eG;f/ dx;'n;DaGwL ;Ldfg (Tariff Binding)
cg's"n x'g] u/L eG;f/ b/xnfO{ qmdzM ;dfof]hg ub{} nluPsf] 5 . eG;f/
d"Nofg k|lqmof / d"Nofgsf cfwf/x ;7gsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd x'g] u/L
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] ;Gbe{df gofF eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ hf/L u/L ;f]xL cg'k
gofF eG;f/ lgodfjnL ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf NofO;lsPsf] 5 .
-79-

 cGo dx;'n tyf z'NsxnfO{ @ b]lv !) jif{sf] cjlwdf x6fpg] k|lta4tfadf]lhd

;flasdf nufO{ cfPsf :yfgLo ljsf; z'Nsnufotsf sltko z'NsxnfO{
k"0f{kdf x6fOPsf] 5 eg] s[lif ;'wf/ z'NsnfO{ qmdzM sd ub{} nluPsf] 5 .
;flassf] jfl0fHo gLlt / cf}Bf]lus gLltdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L gofF jfl0fHo gLlt,
@)^% / gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . gofF hf/L ePsf] cf}Bf]lus
gLltcg';f/ ;flassf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gnfO{ ;7gsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd kl/dfh{g
ug{ tyf ;d;fdlos agfpg d:of}bf tof/ eO{ 5nkmnsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 .
;7gsf] ;Demf}tfcg's"n cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xh, kf/bzL{ /
k"jf{g'dfgLo agfpg lgsf;L k}7f/L -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)!# df cfjZos ;+zf]wg
ul/;lsPsf] 5 . k'gZr kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{cg';f/ cfoftlgof{tnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
;flassf] P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf Jofks kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df
gofF P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] d:of}bf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . lgsf;L k}7f/L -lgoGq0f_
P]g, @)!# df ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg adf]lhd g]kfn /fhkqdf ldlt @)^^ sflt{s !^
df lgsf;L tyf k}7f/Ldf k"0f{ k|ltaGw nufOPsf j:t'x / lgsf;L tyf k}7f/Ldf
kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nufOPsf j:t'xsf] ;"rL k|sflzt u/L lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L
Jofkf/df kf/blz{tf / k"jf{g'dfgLotf ;'lglZrt u/L lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L Jofkf/nfO{
;xhLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g tyf lgodfjnL, ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/;DaGwL
P]g hf/L ul/Psf 5g\ .
la?jf ;+/If0f P]g / lgodfjnLdf ;7gsf] l;4fGtcg's"n ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfx cg'sn
" x'g] u/L ljb]zL nufgL tyf
Psf/ gLlt, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, cf}ifwL P]g / u'0f:t/ -k|df0f
lrXg_ P]g cflbdf cfjZos ;+zf]wgsf] sfo{ cl3 a9]sf] 5 . Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s
;DklQsf] ;+/If0f, cfg'jl+ zs ;|ft] df kxFr
' , :jf:Yo ;+:yf ;~rfng;DaGwdf gofF
P]gsf] d:of}bf tyf ;f] ;DaGwL gLlt / lgodfjnLx th{d
' fsf] qmddf /x]sf 5g\ .
;]kmuf8{\;, PG6L8lDk tyf sfpG6/e]ln dx;'n;DaGwL P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ eO{
;/f]sf/jfnfx;Fu 5nkmnsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .
;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf gofF /fi6 a} P]g, gofF a} tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g,
gofF sDkgL P]g th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgodg_
P]g / lgodfjnL, lwtf]kq ljlgod P]gdf ;7gsf] ;Demf}tfcg's"n cfjZos
kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] 5 eg] bfdf;fxL;DaGwL P]g hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . aLdf P]g
;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] 5 .
-80-

 ljleGg cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwxsf] kIf aGg] qmddf !! hgj/L, ;g\ @))^ df

k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0f;DaGwL jg{ dxf;lGw (Berne Convention) / * d],
;g\ @))^ df la?jf ;+/If0f;DaGwL dxf;lGw (Instrument of International
Plant Protection (IIPP) Convention) sf] g]kfn kIf /fi6 ag]sf] 5 . j:t'sf]
cGt/f{li6o ljqmL;DaGwL /fi6;+3Lo s/f/ dxf;lGw (Convention on Contracts for
the International Sale of Goods, Vienna, 1980) sf] kIf aGg] ;Gbe{df cfjZos
k|lqmof cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] ;7gdf k]z u/]sf] sfg"gL ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{of]hgfdf xfn;Dd ePsf]
k|ult ljj/0f cg';"rL@ / # df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
%=@ ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4
;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4sf] ;Gbe{df jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] kxn / ;lqmotfdf
cGo ;DalGwt dGqfnox, ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo / bft[
/fi6 tyf lgsfosf] ;d]t ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df ljleGg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng
x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;~rflnt k|d'v sfo{xnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvfcGtu{t
j}bl] zs ;xfotf kl/rfng zfvf / ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog zfvf
dfkm{t ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g;Da4 ljifoxdf cGt/dGqfnolgsfo ;dGjosf]
sfo{ x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . dGqfnosf] ;+of]hgdf ljleGg bft[ lgsfo tyf ;DalGwt
;+:yfxsf] ;xof]udf ;/sf/L / lghL If]qsf ;/f]s
] f/jfnf lgsfosf JolQmxsf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g;DaGwL ljleGg ljifodf ;do ;dodf
tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfn ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
WTO/EIF Support Project cGtu{t xfn Nepal Enhanced Capacities for Trade
and Development, (NECTRADE) gfds cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n]
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx sfof{Gjog ug{ dGqfnosf]
;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofpg'sf ;fy} g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt
(Nepal Trade Integration Strategy, NTIS-2010) sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t ;xof]u
ul//x]sf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g;DaGwL ljleGg ljifodf lgoldt kdf ;"rgf tyf
hfgsf/Lx k|jfx ug{ ;g\ @))# sf] gf]e]Da/b]lv sf7df08f}sf] aa/dxndf WTO
Reference Centre ;~rfng ub{} cfOPsf] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xh kx'Frdf /x]sf]
pQm s]Gb|df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g;DaGwL ljleGg ljifodf d'lb|t tyf cgnfOg
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;fdu|Lxdfkm{t hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . s]Gb|df Ps k':tsfno;d]t /x]sf] 5 .

hxfF ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g, cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf ljleGg kIfl;t ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
;d;fdlos ljifodf pkof]uL k':ts tyf cGo kf7\o;fdu|L ;lnt 5g\ . s]Gb|df
dGqfnosf sltko k|sfzgx lgMz'Ns pknAw x'g] Joj:yf klg ldnfOPsf] 5 .
s]Gb|df ;do;dodf Jofkf/;DaGwL ljleGg ;d;fdlos ljifodf ;/sf/L tyf
lghL If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf] pkl:yltdf cGtlqm{of tyf 5nkmn sfo{qmdx
klg ;~rfng ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;lrjfno, h]g]efdf ;do;dodf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnoaf6 ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg ljifodf k|of]ufTds / sfo{:ynsf]
cg'ej lbnfpg] p2]Zon] ;7gsf] ;xof]udf dGqfnoaf6 Intern sf] kdf
sd{rf/L v6fO{ k7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g;Fu ;DalGwt
If]qLo tyf :YffgLo :t/sf] nfdf] tyf 5f]6f] cjlwsf tflnd, uf]i7Lxdf g]kfn
;/sf/sf sd{rf/LxnfO{ ;xefuL x'g k7fO{ pgLxsf] Ifdtf j[l4df ;xof]u
k'ofpFb} cfOPsf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf cGo clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf k|ltlglwx;Fu ;do
;dodf cg'ej cfbfg k|bfgsf sfo{x x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g;DaGwL ljifodf k|efjsf/L cGt/lgsfo ;dGjosf nflu
;DalGwt dGqfno, ljefux, g]kfn /fi6 a} / lghL If]qsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L WTO Focal Points sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] a}7s lgoldt kdf
cfof]hgf u/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] k|lta4tf k"/f ug{] nufotsf ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ;d;fdlos ljifoj:t'df 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o ePsf ljifoxnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf s]xL ;Demf}tfxdf c ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ cfjZos hfgsf/L
k|bfg ug{ Enquiry Points sf] :yfkgf ug{k' g{] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ldlt @)^).!.* sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnonfO{
Service Enquiry Point tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;}u/L dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo (SPS)
pkfox;DaGwL ljifodf lgoldt kdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
cGtu{t vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefunfO{ SPS National Enquiry Point
tf]lsPsf] 5 . o:t} Jofkf/sf k|fljlws cj/f]wx (TBT) ;DaGwL ljifodf lgoldt
tj/df ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{t g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n
ljefunfO{ TBT National Enquiry Point tf]lsPsf] 5 . oL lgsfoxsf] Ifdtf
ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx k|fyldstf;fy cufl8 a9fpFb} cfOPsf] 5 .
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 ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\ Aid for Trade (AfT) tyf lj:tfl/t PsLs[t
;+/rgf (EIF) cGtu{t Jofkf/ If]qdf k|fKt x'g] ;xof]usf] plrt kl/rfng, Jofkf/
If]qdf ul/g'kg{] gLltut ;'wf/, cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo, hgzlQm ljsf; tyf
;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4nufotsf ljifodf gLltut dfu{lgb{]z k|bfg ug{] tyf
Jofkf/nfO{ /fli6o ljsf; gLltxdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ nufot eljiodf ;fdgf
ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{sf nflu ;'emfj lbg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo
;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf jfl0fHo If]q;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg dGqfnosf ;lrjx, lghL
If]qsf 5ftf ;7gsf k|d'vx tyf g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf l8k'6L ue{g/ ;d]t ;b:o
/x]sf] Ps pRr:t/Lo /fli6o lgb{]zs ;ldlt (National Steering Committee)
u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ;lrjfnosf kdf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf]
of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvf sfo{/t 5 . o; k|lqmofdf ;3fp
k'ofpg jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ;x;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Pp6f /fli6o
sfof{Gjog PsfO (National Implementation Unit : NIU) ;d]t u7g ul/Psf]
5 . o;n] Jofkf/ If]qsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg bft[ lgsfo tyf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / o;cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;+oGqxaf6 pknAw x'g] cfly{s,
k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng / ;dGjo nufotsf sfo{x ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg;DaGwL ;d;fdlos ljleGg ljifoxdf
cfjZostfg';f/ 5nkmn tyf k/fdz{ u/L lglZrt cjwf/0ff tof/ ug{ ;xof]u
k'ofpg ljutdf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf ;lrjsf] kdf sfd ug{'ePsf
cg'ejL k|zf;sx tyf Jofkf/ If]qdf nfdf] ;dob]lv sfo{ u/L ljz]if cg'ej
/ ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{'ePsf ljlzi6 JolQmTjx ;lDdlnt Pp6f Jofkf/
;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt (Trade Advisory Committee) sf] u7g u/L cg'ejL k|zf;s
tyf ljz]if1xsf] 1fg tyf cg'ejnfO{ d'n'ssf] jfl0fHo If]qsf]] ljsf;sf nflu
pkof]u ug]{ ;+oGq agfOPsf]] 5 . of] ;ldltsf] a}7s ;fdfGotof ## dlxgfdf
cfof]hgf ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
Jofkf/ If]qdf sfo{/t bft[ lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;/sf/L tyf lghL
If]q;d]tsf] ;+o'Qm ;xeflutfdf ;do;dodf ;fj{hlgslghL ;+jfb (Public
Private Dialogue : PPD) sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L jfl0fHo If]qsf ;d;fdlos
d'2fxnfO{ s]nfpg], 5nkmn tyf k/fdz{ ug{] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, o:tf 5nkmn
tyf cGtlq{mofdfkm{t k|fKt gLltut cg'kf]if0f (Policy Feedback) nfO{ dxjk"0f{
Input sf kdf lnO{ tbg';f/ ;DalGwt gLlt tyf sfo{qmdxdf ;'wf/ /
kl/dfh{g ug{] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpFb} cfOPsf] 5 .
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%=# k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f

ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 eO;s]kl5 g]kfndf Jofkf/;Da4 k"jf{wf/xsf]
ljsf;sf] If]qdf w]/} sfo{x ePsf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL k|dv
' sfo{x lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
d'n'ssf rf/ k|d'v eG;f/ gfsfx qmdzM jL/u~h, lj/f6gu/, e}/xjf /
sfFs8lefdf cfw'lgs ;'Vvf aGb/ufxsf] lgdf{0f eO{ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf 7"nf]
6]jf k'u]sf] 5 . logdf jL/uGhsf] ;'Vvf aGb/ufx /]ndfu{af6 hf]l8Psf] x'Fbf oxfF
ef/tsf] sf]nsftf aGb/ufxb]lv dfnj:t' ;f]em} 9'jfgL x'g] Joj:yfn] cfoft
lgof{t ;xh x'g'sf] ;fy} Jofkf/sf] sf/f]af/ nfut klg pNn]Vo kdf 36fpg
;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat / ToxfFdfkm{t rLg;Fu x'g]
Jofkf/df ;xhtf Nofpg l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] tftf]kfgL eG;f/ If]q;Fu} nfrf{df
;'Vvf aGb/ufx lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5 . l5d]sL /fi6 anfb]z / rLgsf]
:jzfl;t If]q ltAat;Fu Jofkf/ clej[l4 ug{sf] nflu ;txdfu{af6 ;Lwf oftfoft
;~rfng ug{] ;DaGwdf sfo{ cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 .
l5d]sL /fi6 ef/t;Fu x'g] Jofkf/nfO{ yk ;xh, ;/n / :jrflnt agfpg ;Ldfgfsf
k|d'v rf/ eG;f/ gfsfxdf ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf PsLs[t hfFrrf}sL (Integrated
Checkpost: ICP) sf] lgdf{0fsf nflu ;DefJotf cWoog ug{] sfo{ k"/f eO{ jL/u~h
/ lj/f6gu/df sfo{ k|f/De eO;s]sf] 5 . pQm PsLs[t hfFrrf}sLsf] lgdf{0fkl5
ef/t;Fu x'g] Jofkf/df xfn ef]Ug'kl//x]sf] k|lqmofut emGem6xdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/
cfO{ ;do / nfutdf 7"nf] art x'g] ck]Iff lnOPsf] 5 . cltl/Qm kf/jxgdfu{sf]
vf]hLsf] qmddf ef/tsf] ljzfvfkgd\ / anfb]zsf] df]nfkf]6{ cflbsf] k|of]u
ug]{ ;DaGwdf lkIfLo:t/df jftf{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L :jrflnt / j}1flgs agfpg]
qmddf k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f, cfl;s'8f ;6j]o/nfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg] h:tf
sfo{x ;DkGg ul/Psf 5g\ .
blIf0f Plzof pkIf]qLo ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t oftfoft Pj+ kf/jxg ;'ljwf
ljsf;sf] nflu Transport Corridor lgdf{0fsf nflu PlzofnL ljsf; a}
nufotsf bft[lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo eO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) df cfwfl/t eP/ j:t' tyf k"jf{wf/
ljsf;;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t
vf;u/L lgsf;L x'g] j:t'sf] pTkfbg j[l4, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/, d"No z+[vnfdf ;'wf/
/ d"Noclej[l4, k|of]zfnf k/LIf0f ;'ljwf lj:tf/ cflb If]qdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . o; qmddf sf7df08f}l:yt cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yndf
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aGb cj:yfdf /x]sf] zLtu[x (Cold Storage) nfO{ cfjZos dd{t;Def/ u/L
tyf pks/0f;d]t h8fg u/L ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . lgsf;L x'g] ;'g,
rfFbLnufotsf wft'af6 lgld{t x:tsnfsf ;fdfgxsf] /;fog k/LIf0f u/L
u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu g]kfn x:tsnf dxf;+3;Fu nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf g]kfn
x:tsnf k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf u/L ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . pmgL un}Frf
tyf klZdgfdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf pmgsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0fsf nflu cfjZos k/LIf0f
;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ul/g'sf ;fy} g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefusf] k|of]uzfnfsf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg gofF pks/0f vl/b tyf h8fg sfo{ ul/Psf 5g\ .
;fy}, vfB j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
ljefusf] k|of]uzfnfsf] :t/f]Ggltsf nflu ljleGg sfo{x ePsf 5g\ . lgsf;L
x'g] jg:klt / jg:klthGo hl8a'6Lsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu jg:klt ljefusf]
k|of]uzfnfsf] Ifdtf j[l4sf] sfo{qmd cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 aflx/ lgsf;L
x'g] s[lif tyf u}/ s[lif pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos P]gsf]
th{'df tyf ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf sfo{ cl3 a9fOPsf 5g\ .
%=$ k|fljlws ;xof]u kl/rfng
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g, cGs6f8, cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ s]Gb|, o'=Pg\=l8=kL= nufot ljleGg
b]zsf bft[ lgsfoxn] ;7gsf clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o b]zxsf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf
ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg k|fljlws ;xfotfx pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;qmddf
g]kfn klg o:tf lsl;dsf k|fljlws ;xfotfaf6 nfeflGjt x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . Jofkf/ If]qsf]
ljsf;sf nflu k|fKt s]xL k|dv
' j}bl] zs k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] pNn]v tn ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu PsLs[t
;+/rgf (IF) / lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf (EIF) cGtu{t pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf]
;xfotf g]kfnn] klg ;b'kof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf PsLs[t ;+/rgf
cGtu{tsf] cfly{sk|fljlws ;xof]uaf6 ;g\ @))$ df Nepal Trade and
Competitiveness Study (DTIS, 2004) ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] cWoogn]
;'emfPadf]lhd Jofkf/;Da4 lgsfoxsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{] qmddf vf;u/L
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lhi6f/sf] sfof{no, pBf]u ljefusf] af}l4s ;DklQsf]
clwsf/sf] k|zf;g ug{] zfvf, eG;f/ ljefu, g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
/ vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefusf] k"jf{wf/ ;'b[9Ls/0fsf sfo{xsf
;fy} tL lgsfodf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{x ;DkGg

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ul/Psf 5g\ . b'O{ jif{ klxn] ;f] cWoognfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L gofF g]kfn Jofkf/
PsLs[t /0fgLlt (NTIS), @)!) tof/ ug{ lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf (EIF) af6
;xof]u pknAw ePsf] lyof] . clxn] g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt @)!) sf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;d]t EIF af6 ljleGg ;xof]ux pknAw eO/x]sf] 5 . o;
qmddf /0fgLltn] s[lifvfBj:t' cGtu{t klxrfg u/]sf] g]kfnsf] Pp6f k|d'v
lgsf;Lof]Uo j:t' cb'jfsf] d"No clej[l4sf nflu EIF cGtu{t Standards and
Trade Development Facilities (STDF) sf] ;xof]udf k"jf{~rnsf] sfFs8lefdf
Pp6f cb'jf k|zf]wg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{] sfo{qmd EIF af6 :jLs[t eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . /0fgLltn] ;d]6]sf cGo s]xL s[lifhGo /
cf}Bf]lus j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf s]xL If]qdf ;xof]u kl/rfng ug{]
;DaGwdf k|lqmof cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 .
EIF sf] ;xof]udf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnocGtu{t xfn Nepal Enhanced
Capacities for Trade and Development (NECTRADE) +gfds kl/of]hgf
;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] vf;u/L b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; k|lqmofdf Jofkf/sf]
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ / Jofkf/ If]qdf ;+:yfut Pj+ dfgj;|f]tsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf
nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t
/0fgLlt, @)!) df klxrfg ul/Psf lqmofsnfkxsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljleGg
bft[ lgsfo / kIfxaf6 ;xof]u kl/rfng / ;+of]hg ug{] sfo{ klg o;n]
ul//x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o ag]sf] k[i7e"lddf ljleGg ljsl;t /fi6sf
ljsf; ;xof]uL ;+:yfxn] klg g]kfnsf] Jofkf/sf ljleGg kIfxdf ;'wf/sf nflu
k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf hd{g cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u lgsfo
(GIZ) n] k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog, Ifdtf ljsf; / j:t' ljsf;sf If]qdf ;xof]u
ul//x]sf] 5 . o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rflnt ECNepal WTO
Assistance Project af6 WTO Reference Centre sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, hgzlQm ljsf;,
SPS / TBT h:tf If]qdf ;Da4 ;/sf/L ljefu Pj+ lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf]
nflu ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cd]l/sL ;xof]u lgsfo (USAID) sf]
cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rflnt Nepal Economic, Agriculture and Trade Activity
(NEAT) af6 ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;, gLltutsfg"gL ;'wf/ / j:t' ljsf;sf nflu
ljleGg If]qdf ;xof]u kl/rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
cGs6f8 (UNCTAD) sf] cfly{s k|fljlws ;xof]udf g]kfnsf] ;]jf If]qsf
;Defjgfx ;DaGwdf Ps cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L cGt/f{li6o
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Jofkf/ s]Gb| (ITC) sf] ;xof]udf klZdgfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu Ps lj:t[t kl/of]hgf
k|:tfj tof/ ug{] sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 .
%=% hgr]tgf j[l4 Pj+ cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg
g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sxdWo] jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf
k|j]z ug]{ klxnf] d'n's ePsf] / t'ngfTds kdf g]kfnsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ Pp6f
s'zn / ;kmn ;Demf}tf jftf{sf] kdf /x]sf] / o;nfO{ cGs6f8nufotsf
;+:yfaf6 klg ;x|fxgf ul/Psf] x'Fbf clxn] ;b:otfsf] nflu jftf{sf] k|lqmofdf
/x]sf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sxn] g]kfnsf] ;b:otfk|flKtsf] cg'ejaf6 l;Sg
cle?lr b]vfO/x]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf e'6fg, ckmuflg:tfg / ;f]nf]dg cfONof08sf
k|ltlglwxaf6 g]kfnsf] ;lDdng k|lqmofsf] cg'ej xfl;n ug{] ;DaGwdf cWoog
e|d0f ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . ;fy}, g]kfnsf] cg'ejaf6 l;Sg cGo s]xL d'n'sxn]
rf;f] b]vfO{ /x]sf 5g\ .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfxdf ;Da4 ;/sf/L
lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwxnfO{ ;';l" rt
ug{] p2]Zon] ljleGg lgsfoxsf] ;+nUgtfdf ljleGg ;dodf hgr]tgf clej[l4
;DaGwL uf]i7L, cGtlqm{ofsf] cfof]hgf ub{} cfOPsf] 5 . o:tf uf]i7L tyf cGtlq{mofx
If]qLo / lhNnf:t/df klg cfof]hgf ug{] ul/Psf 5g\ . bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf
;fj{hlgslghL ;+jfbsf] cfof]hgf u/L ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf dxjk"0f{
d'2fxdf 5nkmn tyf lrGtg ug{] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ul/g'sf ;fy} ;do;dodf
;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ljZj Jofkf/;DaGwL
ljifodf ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx k|;f/0f ug{] sfo{ klg x'bF } cfPsf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ljleGg kIfxdf ;j{;fwf/0f ;a}df ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug{]
p2]Zon] ljleGg k'l:tsf tyf Go"hn]6/ k|sfzg u/L ljt/0f ub{} cfOPsf] 5 .
d'ns
' leq ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / o;;DaGwL ljleGg ljifodf ljleGg ;+3;+:yfn] cfof]hgf
ug{] uf]i7L, 5nkmn tyf a}7sxdf ;|ft] JolQmsf] kdf o; dGqfnosf] of]hgf tyf
cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvfaf6 ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj x'bF } cfPsf] 5 .
%=^ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / ;f] cGtu{tsf d~rxdf g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf
-s_ cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;xeflutf M g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] gLlt
lgdf{0fsf] ;a}eGbf pRr:t/Lo lgsfo dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf lgoldt kdf efu
lnFb} cfgf] wf/0ff k|:t't ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ;fdfGotof k|To]s b'O{b'O{ jif{df x'g]
-87-

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o /fi6xsf] cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng kl5Nnf] k6s
!%!& l8;]Da/, @)!! df l:j6h/Nof08sf] h]g]efdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . o;
;Dd]ngdf dfggLo jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqLsf] g]t[Tjdf Ps pRr:t/Lo g]kfnL
k|ltlglwd08nn] g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnn]
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLk|ltsf] cfgf] k|lta4tf bf]xf]ofpFb} bf]xf /fp08sf] jftf{
oyfzSo l56f] 6'\ofpg] kIfdf cfgf] wf/0ff /fv]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;Dd]ngk"j{
clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sxsf tkm{af6 p7fpg'kg]{ Ph]08fsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{
a;]sf] LDCs Group sf] a}7sdf / WTO df lqmofzLn cGo ljifout ;ldltsf
a}7sxdf h]g]efl:yt g]kfnL lgof]uaf6 ;lqmo kdf ;xefuL eO{ cfgf]
wf/0ff k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ltlglw d08nn] ;Dd]ng cjlwdf h]g]efdf 5'f5'}
cfof]lht LDCs Group / ;fs{ If]qsf jfl0fHo dGqLxsf] a}7sdf ;d]t efu lnO{
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 g]kfnh:tf sd ljsl;t d'n'sn] plrt nfe lng]
cj:yf ;[hgf ug{] sfo{df ljsl;t d'n'ssf] Wofgfsif{0f ub{} ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf
ljljw kIfxdf cfgf] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf] lyof] .

cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] /l;of, ;df]cf, efg'cf6' / df]G6]gu] f| ] oL rf/ gofF

/fi6xnfO{ ;7gdf ;lDdng (Accession) x'g lbg] s'/fnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
o;af6 ca ;7gsf] ;b:otf ;flassf] !%# af6 a9]/ l5} g} !%& k'Ug] ePsf] 5 .
o; ;Dd]ngn] sd ljsl;t d'ns
' sf ;]jf Jofkf/ If]qsf ;]jf k|bfosxnfO{ ljsl;t
b]zxn] ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ cfufdL !% jif{;Dd 5"6 lbg] ljifodf ;xdlt
k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy}, Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf]
sfof{Gjog nufotsf cGo s]xL ljifodf klg ;Dd]ngdf lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] .

-v_ Jofkf/sf nflu ;xof]u ;dLIff a}7sdf ;xeflutf M ljZj:t/df x'g] AfT
sf] ;dLIff a}7sdf g]kfn ;lqmotfsf ;fy ;xefuL x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . Jofkf/sf
nflu ;xof]usf] t];|f] ljZj ;dLIff a}7s !*!( h'nfO{ @)!! df l:j6h/Nof08sf]
h]g]efdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . o;k"j{ ;g\ @))* sf] gf]e]Da/df klxnf] / ;g\
@))( sf] h'nfO{df qmdzM klxnf] / bf];|f] ;dLIff ePsf] lyof] . t];|f] ;dLIff a}7ssf]
d'Vo ljifo (Theme) Jofkf/sf] nflu ;xof]u / o;sf] kl/0ffdsf] k|bz{g (Showing
Results) df s]lGb|t lyof] . of] a}7sdf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf
;Gbe{df Jofkf/sf nflu ;xof]u (AfT) nfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg], Jofkf/sf]
jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ug{ / Jofkf/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ lghL If]q;Fu s;/L ;dGjo
ug{], If]qLo Jofkf/ PsLs/0fdf ePsf sl7gfOxnfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug]]{ / blIf0f

-88-

blIf0f ;xof]unfO{ sdhf]/ /fi6sf] Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf s;/L clej[l4 ug]{ nufotsf
ljifoxdf uDeL/tf;fy 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;fy}, ;dLIff a}7sn] Aid for Trade
sf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg Pj+ o;nfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg Jofkf/nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"n
k|jfxdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{, ;xof]u k|:tfj oyfy{k/s / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{, Aid for
Trade sf] kl/rfngsf lgldQ agfOg] /fli6o ;+oGq (National Mechanism) df
;xof]u k|fKt ug{] /fi6sf] :jfldTj / pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt x''g'kg{]df ljz]if hf]8
lbPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fgdf "Aid for Trade at a Glance: Showing Results"
gfds OECD-WTO cg'udg k|ltj]bg klg k|:t't ePsf] lyof] . of] ;dLIff
a}7sdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf
kfFr ;b:oLo 6f]nLn] efu lnO{ Jofkf/sf] nflu ;xof]u sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg] ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6xsf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf a9fpg Aid for Trade sf] cfjZostf / ;fGble{stf
pRr /x]sf] s'/f bf]xf]ofpFb} o;sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfngsf lgldQ bft[ lgsfo /
k|fks /fi6 b'j} kIfsf] e"ldsfdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/sf lgldQ cfu|x u/]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnn] o;k"j{sf b'O{j6} ;dLIff a}7sdf klg ;lqmotfsf ;fy efu lnO{ Jofkf/sf]
nflu k|fKt x'g] ;xof]unfO{ s] s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
sfo{kqdfkm{t cfgf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .
-u_ Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ;dLIff a}7sdf ;xeflutf M g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/
;7gdf cfa4 ePsf] em08} cf7 jif{kl5 klxnf]kN6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6sf] x}l;otn] k"/f ug{k' g{] Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIff (Trade Policy Review) sf]
sfo{ oxL dfr{ !# / !%, @)!@ df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;lrjfno h]ge
] fdf ;DkGg
ul/Psf] 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] gftfn] k|To]s ^^ jif{df o:tf] ;dLIff ;DkGg
ug{k' g{] ;7gsf] k|fjwfg eP tfklg g]kfnn] s]xL l9nf] eP klg ;kmntf;fy of] sfo{
;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . o; Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIffdf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ;lrjsf]
g]tT[ jdf dGqfnosf ;DalGwt dxfzfvf x]gx{' g' ] ;x;lrj tyf ;Da4 clws[tx,
sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu, g]kfn /fi6 a}s
+ sf pRr k|ltlglwx
tyf h]ge
] fl:yt dxfdlxd g]kfnL /fhb"t;d]tsf] Ps k|ltlglwd08nn] efu lnO{
g]kfnn] ;7gsf] ;b:o alg;s]kl5 Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf ;DaGwdf rfn]sf gLltut,
;+:yfut k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf ;du| kIfdf ;b:o /fi6xsf k|ltlglw;dIf cfgf]
k|:t'lt /fv]sf] lyof] . o; qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 Pp6f / ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] ;lrjfnotkm{af6 csf{] u/L b'Oj{ 6f k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul/Psf]df To; pk/
lj:t[t 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;dLIffsf bf}/fgdf ;b:o /fi6sf k|ltlglwxn] ljleGg
-89-

ljifodf s]lGb|t eO{ lh1f;f /fv]sf]df 6f]nLsf ;+of]hsnufot k|ltlglwd08nsf cGo

;b:oxaf6 lh1f;f :ki6 kfg{] k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] . ;dLIff a}7sdf k|ltlglwd08nn]
g]kfnn] ljZj ahf/df kof{Kt kx'r
F kfpg g;Sg'sf sf/0fx / tL ;d:ofx
;dfwfg ug{ cfgf] tkm{af6 u/]sf k|of;x tyf Jofkf/ ;fem]bf/ b]zxaf6 ck]lIft
;xof]u, g]kfndf j}bl] zs nufgLsf] nflu cfsif{s If]qx nufotsf ljifodf k|sfz
kf/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] k|:t'ltaf6 a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:o /fi6sf k|ltlglwx ;Gt'i6
x'gs
' f ;fy} ljleGg cfGtl/s ;d:ofsf afah"b g]kfnn] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] dfGotf
/ ;7gdf u/]sf] k|lta4tf adf]lhd Jofkf/ tyf nufgLsf If]qdf sbdx rfNg
;dy{ ePsf]df v';L hfx]/ ub{} Jofkf/ gLltsf] ;dLIff sfo{ ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ ;kmn
ePsf]df awfO{;d]t JoQm u/]sf lyP .
-3_ bf]xf ljsf; Ph]08fdf ;xeflutf M g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o
ePkZrft\ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{t gofF ;Demf}tfsf kdf /x]sf] Doha
Development Agenda (DDA) df ;dflji6 ljleGg ljifoxdWo] Special
and Differential Treatment (S&DT), Trade in Services, Agriculture, Trade
Facilitation nufotsf dxjk"0f{ ;Demf}tf jftf{df ;lqmo kdf efu lnO{ clt

sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] gftfn] cfgf] wf/0ff /fVb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . e"kl/j]li6t clt

sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6 ePsf gftfn] g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf lqmofzLn
LDCs Group sf Ph]08fdf cfgf wf/0ffnfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;f] ;d"xsf] a}7s tyf
5nkmndf h]g]efl:yt lgof]udfkm{t ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
-_ cGs6f8 a}7sdf ;xeflutf M ljsf;zLn tyf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf]
Jofkf/ / ljsf;sf] If]qdf dxjk"0f{ sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] /fi6;+3Lo Jofkf/ / ljsf;
;Dd]ng (UNCTAD) sf] ljleGg a}7sdf g]kfnn] ;lqmotfsf ;fy efu lnO{
g]kfnh:tf ;fgf / sdhf]/ cy{tGq ePsf] d'n'ssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu
dxjk"0f{ cfjfh p7fpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ljZj cy{tGqdf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf
/fi6xsf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf; u/L pgLxnfO{ ljZj cy{tGqdf k|efjsf/L
tj/n] cfa4 x'g ;3fp k'ofpg] ;d]tsf p2]Zo /fvL ;g\ !(^$ df ;+o'Qm
/fi6;+3sf] Pp6f ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfsf] kdf of] ;7g :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf
xfn;Dd t]x|j6f cGt/f{li6o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . ltgdf ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf]
/ ;7gsf] Oltxf;df t]x|f}F a}7s ;g\ @)!@ sf] clk|nsf] rf}yf] xKtfdf stf/sf]
/fhwfgL bf]xfdf cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 jfl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{ dGqLsf] g]t[Tjdf ^ ;b:oLo Ps k|ltlglwd08nn] efu lnPsf] lyof] .

-90-

"Development-Centered Globalization : Towards Inclusive

and Sustainable Growth and Development" eGg] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf lgwf{l/t

;Dd]ngsf] ljifo

ljifoj:t' pk/ 5nkmn ug{ ;b:o /fi6xsf ;/sf/ k|d'v, dGqLx, pRr
kb:y kbflwsf/Lx, ;+o'Qm, /fi6;+3cGtu{tsf ljleGg lgsfo tyf Ph]G;Lsf
k|ltlglwx, gful/s ;dfh, lghL If]q / k|fl1s If]qsf k|ltlglwx klg ;xefuL
ePsf lyP . ;Dd]ngdf cGs6f8sf] t]x|f}F d'Vo ;Dd]ngsf cltl/Qm clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6xsf dGqLxsf] 5'} a}7s, e"kl/j]li6t clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf
dGqLxsf] a}7s / Unf]an ;le{; kmf]/dsf] a}7s klg cfof]hgf ePsf]df oL ;a}
a}7sdf g]kfnL k|ltlglwd08nn] ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] .
-r_ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;xeflutfM g]kfnn] ljleGg
;dodf cfof]lht clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] ;Dd]ng / a}7sdf ;xeflutf hgfpFb}
cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf ;g\ @))% sf] h'g dlxgfdf hflDaofsf] Livingstone df
cfof]hgf ePsf] ljZjsf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] rf}yf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf
efu lnO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf Jofkf/ nufotsf d'2fnfO{ k|efjsf/L tj/n]
ljZj;dIf /fv]sf] lyof] . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] s'n ljZj Jofkf/df ! -Ps_
k|ltzteGbf klg sd c+z /xg uPsf] kl/k]|Iodf cltsd ljsl;t ;b:oxsf]
nflu ljz]if Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ l;4fGtnfO{ jf:tljs kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
b[li6sf]0faf6 of] ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ngn] ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] jftf{ r/0fdf /x]sf] bf]xf /fp08sf] Ph]08fdf ;femf cjwf/0ff tof/
ub}{ cltsd ljsl;t ;b:oxsf] tkm{af6 ;dGjostf{sf] kdf hflDaofnfO{
lhDd]jf/L lbO{ lnle:6f]g 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . xsdf cfof]lht
;7gsf] 5}6f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf oxL 3f]if0ffkqsf] cfwf/df clt sd ljsl;t
;b:o /fi6xsf] ;d"xn] ljifoutkdf cfgf] wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf lyP .

o;}u/L g]kfnn] kf/Uj]sf] Asuncion df ;g\ @))% sf] cui6df cfof]lht e"kl/j]li6t
cltsd ljsl;t /fi6x (LLDCs) sf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Ddn]gdf ;xeflutf hgfO{
e"kl/j]li6t /fi6sf] Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf l;nl;nfdf d'Vo r'gf}tLsf kdf /x]sf]
kf/jxg clwsf/sf ljifodf dxjk"0f{ wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!! sf] d]
Dff 6sL{sf] O:tfga'ndf cfof]lht clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] rf}yf] /fi6;+3Lo
;Dd]ngdf klg efu lnO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ljZj cy{tGqdf k|efjsf/L
9n] cfa4 t'Nofpg s] s:tf] Joj:yf cLsf/ ul/g' cfjZos / pko'Qm 5 eGg]
;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 dxjk"0f{ cjwf/0ff k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .

-91-

kl/R5]b^
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6x
^=! clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6o kxnx
;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ n] ;j{ky| d ;g\ !(&! Dff ljsf;df cToGt k5fl8 k/]sf b]zxnfO{
nlIft u/L clt sd ljsl;t /fi6 (Least Developed Countries : LDCs) sf kdf
juL{st[ u/]sf] xf] . ;g\ !(&) df bf];f| ] ljsf; bzssf nflu cGt/f{li6o ljsf; /0fgLlt
tof/ ug{] ;Gbe{df /fi6;3
+ n] cGt/f{li6o ;d'bfoleq ;a}eGbf lgw{gtd / cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs b[li6n] cToGt sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf b]zxnfO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf
kdf klxrfg u/]sf] xf] . z'?df o; ;d"xdf kRrL; /fi6x dfq /x]sf lyP eg] clxn]
of] ;+Vofdf em08} bf]Aa/ j[l4 eP/ c7rfnL; k'us
] f] 5 . logdf clk|msfdf t]QL;j6f,
Plzofdf rf}wj6f / blIf0f cd]l/sfSof/]laog If]qdf Psj6f /x]sf 5g\ . clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6xdWo] g]kfn nufot ;f]xj| 6f /fi6 e"kl/j]li6t 5g\ . ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ n]
d'VotM tLgj6f cfwf/ Go"g cfo, dfgj k"h
F Lsf] Go"gtf / cfly{s hf]lvdsf cfwf/df
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] juL{s/0f u/L o; ;d"x cGtu{t /xg] b]zxsf] ;"rL
k|sfzg ub{} cfPsf] cfPsf] 5 . /fi6;3
+ dftxtsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\n] k|To]s
tLg jif{df Committee for Development Policy (CDP) sf] l;kmfl/zdf o:tf] ;"rLdf
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] ub{5 . cfDbfgL, dfgj k"h
F L tyf cfly{s hf]lvdsf] cfwf/df s'g} /fi6
of] ;d"xdf kg{] eP tfklg ;DalGwt /fi6n] of] ;d"xcGtu{t ;"rLs[t x'g ;xdlt JoQm
gu/];Dd of] ;d"xdf /flvFbg} . lglZrt cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/;"rsxdf ePsf]
;'wf/;Fu} s'g} klg /fi6 of] ;d"xaf6 :t/f]Gglt (Graduate) eO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6sf] ;d"xdf
k|jz
] ug{ ;S5 . clxn] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6df :t/f]Gglt x'g
cfDbfgL kl/;"rstkm{ cd]l/sL 8n/ Ps xhf/ 5of;Lsf] ;Ldf (Threshold) tf]lsPsf]
5 . sl/a rf/ bzssf] cjlwdf tLgj6f b]z af]T:jfgf, s]k e8{] / dfnlbE; dfq of]
;d"xaf6 dfly p7\g ;s]sf 5g\ . o;n] clt sd ljsl;t d'ns
' xdf cfly{s ;fdflhs
kfGt/0fsf] ult cToGt 9Lnf] ePsf] s'/fnfO{ bzf{p5
F .
ljsf;sf Go"g cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/;"rs ePsf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] cfly{s
;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6o :t/df ljleGg k|of;x x'bF } cfP tfklg of]
;d"xsf /fi6x cem} bogLo l:yltd} /x]sf 5g\ . clxn] clt sd ljsl;t d'ns
' sf]
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg ljZjsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] b'O{ k|ltzteGbf sd 5 . clt
sd ljsl;t d'ns
' sf] ljZj j:t' Jofkf/df sl/a Ps k|ltzt hlt lx:;f 5 eg] ;]jf
-92-

Jofkf/df To;sf] cfwf dfq lx:;f 5 . s'n pgfGrf; clt sd ljsl;t /fi6dWo] t]QL;
j6f /fi6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf cfa4 5g\ h;n] ljZj hg;+Vofsf] afx| k|ltzt / ljZj
Jofkf/df d'l:ssn] Ps k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6\5g\ .
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf ljsf;sf vf; cfjZostf / d'2fnfO{ cGt/f{li6o :t/df ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;+oQ' m /fi6;3+ sf] tjfjwfgdf ljleGg cGt/f{li6o ;Dd]ngx cfof]hgf eO{ clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6sf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg dxjk"0f{ gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfx to
ug{] sfd x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ . xfn;Dd rf/j6f /fi6;3+ Lo cltsd ljsl;t /fi6sf] ;Dd]ng
cfof]hgf ePsf 5g\ . logdf klxnf] ;g\ !(*! Dff k]l/;df, bf];f| ] ;g\ !(() df k]l/;d},
t];f| ] ;g\ @))! Dff a|;N] ;df / rf}yf] ;g\ @)!! Dff 6sL{sf] O:tfga'ndf ePsf] lyof] .
O:tfga'n ;Dd]ngn] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] ljsf;sf] nflu dxjfsf+IfL Instanbul Plan
of Action (IPoA) kfl/t u/]sf] 5 h;df Jofkf/;lxt cf7j6f k|fyldstfsf If]q klxrfg
ul/Psf 5g\ . clt sd ljsl;t b]zsf ;/sf/, bft[ lgsfo / lghLIf]q tyf gful/s
;dfhaf6 ;d]t u/L ;~rfng ul/g] u/L s'n b'O{ zo rjfnL; j6f ljleGg sfo{x
pQm sfo{of]hgfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o;n] ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf xfnsf clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6xdWo] cfwfnfO{ clt cljsl;t cj:yfaf6 :t/f]Gglt (Graduate) x'g cfjZos kg{]
dfkb08 k"/f ug{ ;3fpg] s'/f k|fyldstf;fy cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu sDtLdf jflif{s
;ft k|ltztsf] b/n] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{] nIo klg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
cltsd ljsl;t /fi6xn] Jofkf/ / ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df ef]Ug'kl//x]sf ;d:ofnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ;g\ !(^$ df :yflkt Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo ;Dd]ng,
;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\, ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g (WTO), cGt/f{li6o
Jofkf/ s]Gb| (ITC) / /fi6;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd (UNDP) h:tf cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfxn]
klg dxjk"0f{ sfo{x ub{} cfPsf 5g\ .
^=@ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Jofkf/;Da4 k|d'v d'2f tyf
;/f]sf/sf ljifox
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf xfn ax;df /x]sf sd ljsl;t /fi6x;Da4 k|d'v d'2f tyf
;/f]sf/sf ljifoxnfO{ ;+If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
-s_ Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ (TRIPS)
l6K; sfplG;n cGtu{t eO/x]sf] jftf{df cd]l/sf, ci6]lnof nufotsf b]zxn]
ef}uf]lns ;]t (GI) cGtu{t xfn l:kl/6 / jfOg (Sprit & Wine) nfO{ k|bfg ul//x]sf]
-93-

ef}uf]lns ;]t cGo pTkfbgxnfO{ klg k|bfg ug]{, ax'kIfLo ef}uf]lns ;]t /lhi6/
sfod ug]{ h:tf d'2fx p7fPsf 5g\ eg] o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] g]t[Tjdf s]xL cGo
ljsl;t b]zx, ljsf;zLn b]zx / cNk ljsl;t b]zx u/L ;7gsf !!)
;b:o /fi6xn] dflysf b'O{ k|fjwfgx nufot ljsl;t, ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t
/fi6xaLr ;xdltsf lgldQ t];|f] k|fjwfg klg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t
!_ s'g} b]zsf pTkfbsxn] s'g} cGo b]zsf] h}ljs ;+;fwgxsf] pkof]u ubf{ pQm
;+;fwgxsf] pTklQsf] ;|f]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{, @_ o;/L k|of]u ubf{ ;DalGwt ;|f]t
d'n'ssf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{, / #_ :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmofdf pQm ;+;fwgxsf]
k|of]uaf6 x'g] nfe ;|f]t d'n's;Fu Gofof]lrt kdf afF8kmf8 ug'{kg]{ s'/fx 5g\ . t/
ax'dtsf] of] k|:tfjnfO{ ljsl;t /fi6xn] dfg]sf 5}gg\ . pgLxsf] egfOcg';f/
o;/L h}ljs ;+;fwgxsf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf clu|d hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{, pkof]usf]
lgldQ pTklQ d'n'ssf] k"j{ ;xdlt lng'kg]{ / To;af6 k|fKt x'g] nfe afF8kmfF8 ug]{
h:tf s'/f ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf xf]Og ls h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw / ljZj af}l4s
;Dkbf ;7g (WIPO) h:tf lgsfoxdf 5nkmn x'g'k5{ .
clt sd ljsl;t, ljsf;zLn / ljsl;t /fi6xn] ;+o'Qm kdf k|:t't u/]sf] k|:tfjdf
klg xfn cfP/ cNk ljsl;t / cGo /fi6xaLr dt leGgtf ;[hgf ePsf] 5 .
ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn /fi6xn] pQm ;Demf}tfdf pTklQsf] ;|f]t (Source of Origin)
pNn]v ug{ rfx]sf 5g\ eg] cNk ljsl;t d'n'sxn] ;|f]t d'n's (Country of Origin)
/fVg rfx]sf 5g\ . cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] egfOcg';f/ pTklQsf] ;|f]t eGgfn] h}ljs
kbfy{sf] pTklQ ePsf] d'n's jf cg';Gwfg k|of]uzfnfxnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 . o;n]
ubf{ nfesf] afF8kmFf8df pTklQ d'n'sn] geP/ cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|of]uzfnf jf ;+:yfxn]
kmfObf lng ;S5g\ . t/ pTklQ d'n's pNn]v ubf{ pQm h}ljs ;+;fwgx hxfF, h'g
d'n'sdf pTklQ ePsf] xf] p;n] dfq nfe afF8kmfF8df ;xeflutf hgfpg kfpF5 . o;
s'/fdf k|:tfjsxaLrd} ;xdlt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / 5nkmn hf/L 5 .
l6K; ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f ^^=! cg';f/ ;f] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ul/;Sg'kg]{ cjlw cNk
ljsl;t /fi6xsf] lgldQ pgLxsf] Go"g cfly{s / k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] sf/0fn] ;g\
@))% ;Dd /flvPsf] lyof] . kl5 bf]xf r/0fsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf]n]
cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] of] cjlw k'gM nDAofpg cg'/f]w u/]sf] kl/k|I] odf z'?df 5"6
lbOPsf] cjlwdf ;f9] ;ft jif{ hlt yk u/L ! h'nfO{, @)!# ;Dd k'ofOPsf] lyof] . xfn
klg cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] cj:yf p:t} /x]sf], bf]xf jftf{ ;dfkg klg x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;7gdf cfa4 cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;d"xn] l6K; sfof{Gjogsf] cjlwnfO{
-94-

k'gM nDAofpg cg'/f]w ul//x]sf] sf/0f ;g\ @)!! sf] l8;]Da/df h]ge
] fdf a;]sf] ;7gsf]
cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo a}7sn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] cfu|xnfO{ ;sf/fTds kdf lnO{ csf]{
{ g lbPsf] 5 .
dlGq:t/Lo a}7sdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ l6K; kl/ifb\nfO{ lgb]z
l6K; kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ;Demf}tf jftf{sf qmddf /x]sf cGo d'2fxdf l6K; ;Demf}tfsf]]
wf/f ^^=@ df cNk ljsl;t /fi6xdf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ p2]Zon]
ljsl;t /fi6xn] cfgf b]zsf 7"nf sDkgLxnfO{ cNk ljsl;t /fi6xdf cfw'lgs
k|ljlwx x:tfGt/0f u/]afkt ljleGg ;'ljwf Pj+ ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{'kg{] k|fjwfg 5 . t/
of] k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog gePsf] egL Psflt/ cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] hf]8bf/ cfjfh
p7fO/x]sf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ ljsl;t /fi6x of] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf cfO/x]sf]
eg]/ ljleGg tYofx k|:t't ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; ljifodf xfn l6K; jftf{df cNk
ljsl;t /fi6xn] olb o:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] o:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{
k|lqmofnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L / kf/bzL{ agfpg'kg]{ / o;/L ;'ljwf k|bfg ubf{ h'g cNk
ljsl;t /fi6xdf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f] /fi6sf] ;xdlt klg k|fKt ug'{kg]{
s'/fxnfO{ p7fO/x]sf 5g\ .
-v_ ;]jf Jofkf/ (Trade in Services)
;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL jftf{df cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljz]if 5"6sf] ;'ljwf (LDC Service
Waiver) sf] dfu ul//x]sf]df cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{
o:tf] 5"6 (Waiver) k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t ca ;7gsf ljsl;t /
ljsf;zLn ;b:o /fi6xn] :j}lR5s kdf cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;]jf Joj;fonfO{
cfgf] ahf/df clws ;f}ljWok|fKt /fi6sf] ;'ljwf (MFN) / /fli6o Jojxf/ (National
Treatment) sf] l;fGtsf] ckjfb:jk ljz]if ;'ljwfx lbg ;Sg]5g\ / cNk ljsl;t
/fi6xnfO{ o:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/] afkt cGo ;b:o /fi6xn] ;f] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{
;b:o;Fu ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] ;'ljwf dfu ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ . t/ o:tf] ;'ljwf s'g} Ps
cNk ljsl;t /fi6nfO{ lbPkl5 ;a} cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ljgf zt{ ;dfgkn]
tTsfn k|bfg ug'{kg]{ rflxF x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] casf] r'gf}tL
eg]sf] ljsl;t Pj+ ljsf;zLn b]zxdf xfn pknAw ;]jf Jofkf/sf] ahf/, o:tf]
5"6cGtu{t tTsfn lng;lsg] / lng'kg]{ ;'ljwfx, To:tf ;'ljwf k|fKt ePdf To:tf
;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ b]zxdf eljiodf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;]jf ahf/ cflbsf] lj:t[t Pj+
j:t'k/s cWoog u/L To; cg';f/ cfgf] ;]jf pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ / ljsl;t Pj+
ljsf;zLn b]zx;Fu To; cg';f/ ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug]{ xf] . o; cltl/Qm ljsl;t,
ljsf;zLn b]zx Pj+ cGo ;xof]uL ;+:yfxn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;]jf Jofkf/sf
-95-

;DefjgfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L pgLxnfO{ ;DalGwt ;]jf pBf]usf] ljsf;df / ltgsf]

ahf/ kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{ cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]u k'ofpg cfjZos 5 .
-u_ eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf

(Duty Free Quota Free Market

Access)

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] 5}6fF} dlGq:t/Lo xs ;Dd]ngn] ljsl;t /fi6xn] cNk

ljsl;t /fi6xsf] nflu tTsfn zt k|ltzt eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Fr
lbg'kg]{, t/ s]xL ljsl;t /fi6x h;n] ljleGg sf/0fxn] tTsfn To:tf] ;'ljwf
lbg ;Sb}gg\ pgLxn] sDtLdf (& j:t'df eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Fr
lbg'kg]{ / of] ;'ljwfnfO{ qmdzM a9fP/ kl5 !)) df k'ofpg' kg]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
lyof] . tbg';f/ w]/} ljsl;t /fi6xn] ef/t rLgh:tf ljsf;zLn /fi6xn]] o;
k|fjwfg cGtu{t cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf lglDt (& eGbf a9L ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf
lbO{ klg ;s]sf 5g\ . t/ w]/}h;f] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf nflu k|d'v lgof{t
ahf/sf kdf /x]sf] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] o; k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjog gu/]sf]n]
g]kfn, a+unfb]z, sDaf]l8of h:tf /fi6xsf] lgof{t vf;u/L tof/L kf]zfs -ufd{]G6_
sf] lgof{tdf 7"nf] gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5 . To;df klg ljsl;t b]zxn]
;+/If0ffy{ 5'6\ofPsf #% ;Ldfleq xfdLh:tf sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf clwsf+z
lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x kg{ k'uL ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt /xg'kg{] l:ylt 5 .
t;y{ of] ;'ljwfnfO{ zt k|ltzt agfpg'kg{] dfu sd ljsl;t d'n'sxsf] 5 . o;
af/]df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf uDeL/ ax; klg rln/x]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn]
xs dlGq:t/Lo a}7ssf] clt sd ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ ahf/ kx'Fr
;'ljwf lbg];DaGwL lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog bf]xf ljsf; jftf{sf] ;kmntfk"j{s ;dfkg
ePkl5 dfq ug]{ c8fg /fv]sf] 5 .
o; d'2fdf cNk ljsl;t b]zxaLr klg cfk;L ljjfb /x]sf] 5 . cd]l/sf;Fu African
Growth and Opportunity Agreement (AGOA) dfkm{t ;Da4 clk|msL /fi6x h;n]
o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cd]l/sfdf cfgf pTkfbgx ljgf eG;f/ dx;'n lgof{t ug{
kfpF5g\ ltgn] of] ;Demf}tf aflx/sf /fi6xnfO{ eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt (DFQF)
ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf lbFbf cfk"mn] kfO/x]sf] ;'ljwfsf] dflh{g 36\g hfg] / o;n] cfgf]
lgof{tnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfg] x'Fbf ;a} cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ o:tf] ;'ljwf
lbg gx'g] ts{ /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ . otf g]kfn, a+unfb]zh:tf /fi6x h;n] o:tf]
;'ljwf kfPsf 5}|gg\ / h;sf j:q tyf tof/L kf]zfsh:tf j:t'sf] lgof{tdf pRr
dx;'n nfu]sf] sf/0f oL j:t'xsf] lgof{tdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5, ltgn]
-96-

cd]l/sfn] plNnlvt ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ ;a} cNk ljsl;t
/fi6xnfO{ lbg'kg{] s'/fsf] jsfnt ul//fv]sf 5g\ .
xs dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;zLn /fi6xsf] xsdf eg] pgLxn] cfgf] Ifdtf
cg';f/ cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ahf/ kx'r
F ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t
ef/t, rLg, a|flhnh:tf 7"nf ljsf;zLn /fi6xn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ s]xL j:t'xsf]
lgof{tdf eG;f/ 5"6 lbO{ ;xof]u klg k'ofO{ /x]sf 5g\ . t/ of] klg cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf]
cfjZostf cg'k 5}g . o;nfO{ cem} pNn]Vo kdf a9fpg' kg]{ cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf]
dfu 5 / of] dfuk|lt k|dv
' ljsf;zLn b]zx ;sf/fTds g} b]lvPsf klg 5g\ .
-3_ ;x'lnot IfoLs/0f (Preference Erosion)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] l;4fGtcg'k ;a} ;b:o /fi6xn] ;a} ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ Ps
;dfg Jojxf/ ug'k{ 5{, s;}nfO{ sd / s;}nfO{ a9L ;'ljwf lbg' x'bF g} . t/ o;/L ;a}
/fi6xnfO{ ;dfg kdf Jojxf/ ul/Fbf klxn]bl] v g} s]xL a9L ;'ljwf kfO/x]sf cNk
ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ dsf{ kg{ hfg] x'G5 . Go"g cfly{s / k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] sf/0fn]
cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/df ljsl;t Pj+ cGo ljsf;zLn /fi6x;Fu
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ olb pgLxnfO{ c ;/x Jojxf/ u/]/ ;dfg b/df
dx;'n 36fpg Pj+ cGo ;'/IffTds k|fjwfg x6fpg afWo kfl/of] jf cGo b]zsf] ahf/df
pgLxsf] j:t'nfO{ ;d]t Ps} lsl;dn] ;dfg kdf dx;'n 36fpg] jf cGo ;x'lnot
k|bfg ug{] ul/of] eg] pgLx cGt/f{li6o k|lt:kwf{df l6Sg ;Sb}gg\ / pgLxsf] Jofkf/
Pj+ cy{tGq w/fzfoL x'gk'U5 . o:tf] kl/l:ylt cfpg glbg cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{tsf ljleGg jftf{xdf pgLxsf] lgldQ 5'} / ljz]if ;x'lnotk"0f{
Jojxf/ dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t vf;u/L pgLxn] cfkm}n
F ] eG;f/ dx;'n Pj+
cGo s/x 36fpFbf cGo ;b:o /fi6xeGbf yf]/} b/df / lj:tf/} 36fpg kfpg'kg],{
cGo /fi6xn] eG;f/ dx;'n / cGo s/x 36fpFbf cGo ;b:o /fi6xsf lglDt
eGbf cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] lgldQ w]/} / l56f] 36fpg] tfls cGo ;b:ox / cNk
ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ahf/ kx'r
F df t'ngfTds kdf cNkljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ s]xL a9L
;x'lnot sfod eO{ pgLxsf] j:t' / ;]jfsf] lgof{tdf gsf/fTds c;/ gk/f];\ eg]/
dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; af/]df ;a} ;b:o /fi6x l;4fGttM ;sf/fTds g} b]lvG5g\ .
-_ skf; d'2f (Cotton Issue)
ljZjsf wgL skf; pTkfbs b]zxn] cfgf] b]zleq skf;sf] v]tLdf pRr ;x'lnot
(Subidy) lbg] / cGoq b]zxaf6 skf;sf] cfoftdf pRr dx;'n nufO{ lbgfn] vf;u/L
-97-

klZrd / dWo clk|msfsf rf/ d'Vo skf; pTkfbs cNk ljsl;t b]zx a]lgg, rf8,
dfnL / a'ls{gfkmf;f]sf skf; pTkfbs ul/a ls;fgx cTolws dsf{df kg{ uPsf
5g\ . o;n] tL b]zxsf] /fli6o pTkfbg, /f]huf/L, cfo / lgof{tdf 7"nf] gf]S;fgL
k'Ug uPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;d"xn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf
wgL skf; pTkfbs /fi6xn] cfgf] cfGtl/s skf; v]tLdf ;x'lnot x6fpg' kg]{,
skf; cfoftdf nufpFb} cfPsf] pRr eG;f/ dx;'n x6fpg' kg]{, pTkfbs /fi6xnfO{
kg{ uPsf] gf]S;fgLsf] lglDt Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ / skf; v]tLsf] ljsf;sf] nflu
;DalGwt cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'kg{]
dfu ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o; af/]df s'g} 7"nf] ljjfb klg b]lvFb}g / vf;} ;xdlt klg
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . vf;u/L skf; ljjfbnfO{ s[lif ;Demf}tfsf] tLg :tDeM ahf/ kx'Fr,
3/]n' ;xof]u / lgof{t ;x'lnot cGtu{t g} /fvL 5nkmn ug]{ ls 5'|} ljifosf] kdf
5nkmn ug]{ eGg] ljjfb 5 . To:t} Ifltk"lt{nfO{ s;/L lbg], Ifltk"lt{s} kdf lbg] jf
ljsf; ;xof]usf] kdf lbg] eGg] s'/fdf klg ;b:oxaLr ;xdlt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
o; cltl/Qm ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g s'g} bft[ lgsfo gePsf]n] Ifltk"lt{sf] ;dGjo s;n]
ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] klg lgSof}{n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
-r_ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f (Trade Facilitation)
bf]xf ljsf; r/0fcGtu{t Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f (Trade Facilitation) ;DaGwL jftf{ klg
eO/x]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fn] ;a} /fi6xnfO{ kmfObf k'ofpg] ePsf]n] o; jftf{df
w]/} hl6ntf 5}g . cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf jftf{ lgisif{df k'u]kl5
o; cGtu{tsf k|fjwfgxsf] sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ x'G5, h;df Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f;DaGwL
ef}lts ;+/rgfxsf] lgdf{0f Pj+ ljsf;, ;DalGwt P]g, lgod / k|lqmofxsf] kl/dfh{g
nufotsf ljleGg sfdx ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ o;/L ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] gj lgdf{0f
Pj+ ljsf;, P]gsfg"g, lgod, k|lqmofxsf] kl/dfh{g / th'{df cflb sfo{ ug{sf]
lgldQ cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] df}h'bf cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws Ifdtf / bIf hgzlQm
ckof{Kt /x]sf] x'bf pgLxn] tTsfn} pQm k|fjwfgx sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
5}g . o; kl/k|]Iodf clt ljsl;t /fi6xn] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt
ePsf k|fjwfgx sfof{Gjog ug]{ OR5f b]vfPtf klg pQm k|fjwfgx sfof{Gjog ug{
rflxg] cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]u h'6fO{ lbg'kg]{ dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, ha;Dd
pQm sfo{sf] lgldQ cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ kof{Kt cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]usf]
;'lglZrttf x'Fb}g ta;Dd pgLx o; ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug{ ;xdt b]lvGgg\ . pQm
dfuk|lt bft[ lgsfo / d'ns
' x ;sf/fTds g} 5g\ . o;} kl/k|I] odf pQm ;Demf}tfdf
-98-

;xdlt eOxfn]df cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{ s] slt 5 <
xfn pgLx s'g cj:yfdf 5g\ / o;sf] nflu ca yk s] s] ug'k{ 5{ < o;sf] lgldQ
pgLxsf] cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws Ifdtf slQsf] 5 < / pgLxnfO{ yk s:tf] / slt ;fwg
;|ft] rflxG5 eGg] lgSof}n
{ ug{ xfn cWoog z'? eO/x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df UNCTAD
n] blIf0f Plzofsf] ef/t, g]kfn, e'6fg / a+unfb]zdf Pp6f gd"gf cWoog (Pilot Study)
ev{/} dfq z'? u/]sf] 5 .
-5_ ;'ljwfsf] zL3| pkof]u (Early Harvest)
bf]xf ljsf; r/0fsf] jftf{df Single Undertaking cGtu{t ljleGg If]qxdf ;3g jftf{
eO/x]sf 5g\ . oLdWo] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;Gbe{df eGg'kbf{ d'VotM s[lif, u}/
s[lif, ;]jf Jofkf/, Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / cGo yk
s]xL If]q ljz]if dxjsf 5g\ . clxn]sf] jftf{sf] k|lqmof cg';f/ pQm ;a} jftf{sf] If]qdf
;a} ;b:oxaLr ;j{ ;Ddlt sfod ePkl5 dfq jftf{ ;kmntfk"js
{ ;DkGg x'G5 /
sfof{Gjogdf cfpF5 . s'g} Pp6f If]qdf dfq ;xdlt eP/ kof{Kt x'bF g} . ljZj Jofkf/
;7gdf Single Undertaking nfO{ lnP/ elgPsf] 5 ha;Dd ;a} s'/fdf ;xdlt x'Gg
ta;Dd s'g} s'/fdf klg ;xdlt ePsf] dflgGg (Nothing is agreed until everything
is agreed) . o; k|lqmofsf] s]xL kmfObf eP klg o;n] jftf{sf] k|lqmofnfO{ cgfjZos
kdf hl6n tyf nfdf] agfPsf] 5 . kmn:jk cfh bz jif{ lalt;Sbf klg bf]xf ljsf;
r/0fsf] jftf{ ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cTolws ;Lldt cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws Ifdtf /
cfd ul/aLsf] sf/0fn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6 o;af6 a9L df/df k/]sf 5g\ .
plNnlvt ;a} If]qdf jftf{ ug{] qmddf d:of}bfsf kdf tof/ ul/Psf] ;Demf}tf kqdf
cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ljleGg 5"6 tyf ;'ljwfx lbg] egL pNn]v ePsf 5g\ .
cNkljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] egL /flvPsf pQm ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|fjwfgxdf
;fgfltgf k|fljlws s'/fxdf afx]s cGodf ;b:o /fi6xsf] vf;} lj/f]w klg 5}g . t/
;Dk"0f{ bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{sf] ;kmn ;dfkg gePsf]n] pQm k|fjwfgx sfof{Gjogdf
cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;n] ul/a /fi6xnfO{ cToGt} xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf] 5 .
vf;u/L ljutsf] $ jif{df ;[hgf ePsf ljZj:t/sf ax' ;6x M cfly{s ;6,
pmhf{ ;6, vfBfGg ;6 / hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] cNkljsl;t /fi6xdf cToGt} 7"nf]
ljklQx ;[hgf ePsf 5g\ . t/ cfgf] ;Lldt cfly{s k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] sf/0fn]
pgLxsf] k|lt/f]w Ifdtf eg] lbglbg} v:sFb} uPsf] 5 . o:tf] sl7g ;dodf pgLxn]
ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn /fi6xaf6 yk cfly{s, k|fljlws, ahf/ kx'Fr;DaGwL ;xof]u /
;'ljwfx kfpg'kg]{df xfn pknAw To:tf ;'ljwfx klg 36\g] ;Gqf; pTkGg ePsf]
-99-

5 . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ljleGg d:of}bf ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf
;x'lnotk"0f{ k|fjwfgx h;df s'g} ;b:o /fi6sf] lj/f]w 5}g, sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]df
ljZjsf ul/a d'n's / hgtfxnfO{ 7"nf] /fxt x'g]5 . o; s'/fnfO{ x[bod u/L
cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] ;7gsf] a}7sxdf Psflt/ bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fcGtu{tsf
;Dk"0f{ ljifodf ;a} ;b:oxsf] ;xdlt x'g cem} ;do nfUg] / csf{]lt/ cNk ljsl;t
/fi6xsf] cj:yf lgs} sl7g x'Fb} uPsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf jftf{sf] qmddf /x]sf ;a}
;Demf}tfsf] d:of}bfdf plNnlvt / ;b:o /fi6xn] ;xdlt hgfPsf cNk ljsl;t
/fi6x;Fu ;DalGwt k|fjwfgxnfO{ 5'} Kofs]hdf /fvL tTsfn ;f] Kofs]hdf ;xdlt
u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ cfu|x u/L /fv]sf 5g\ . h;nfO{ pgLxn] 'Early Harvest' sf] gfd
lbPsf 5g\ . o; s'/fdf cGo ;b:o /fi6xaLr vf;} ;xdlt h'6\g ;s]sf] 5|}g . t/
cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] o; dfunfO{ clxn] klg tLj| kdf p7fO/x]sf 5g\ .
-h_ pTklQsf] lgod (Rules of Origin)
w]/}h;f] ljsl;t Pj+ ljsf;zLn /fi6xn] eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ;'ljwf cGtu{t cNk
ljsl;t /fi6xsf] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/ kxF'rsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . olb ljsl;t
/fi6xn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ xfn pknAw u/fO/x]sf o; k|sf/sf ;x'lnotk"0f{
ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ dfq klg /fd|/L pkof]u ug{;Sg] xf] eg] pgLxsf] lgof{t /
pTkfbgdf sof}F u'0ff j[l4 eO{ pgLxsf] cfly{s :t/df lgs} ;'wf/ x'g;SYof] . t/ o:tf]
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfn cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] cfkm"nfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] ahf/sf]
lgs} ;fgf] efu dfq pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ eg] afFsL 7"nf] efu To;} v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 .
o;f] x'gfsf] k|d'v sf/0fdWo] Pp6f sf/0f cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] pTkfbg vf;u/L
lgof{tof]Uo j:t'xsf] cfk"lt{ g} Go"g x'g' xf] eg] Tof] eGbf 7"nf] csf{] sf/0frflxF cNk
ljsl;t /fi6xsf] lgldQ ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn /fi6xn] eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt
ahf/ kx'Fr cGtu{t cfoft x'g] j:t'xsf] lgldQ s7f]/, hl6n / nfdf] pTklQsf]
lgod lgwf{/0f ug'{ xf] . o; ljifodf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] a}7sxdf cNk ljsl;t
/fi6xn] k6sk6s s'/f p7fO/x]sf 5g\, t/ ;DalGwt ljsf;zLn Pj+ ljsl;t
/fi6xn] o; af/]df vf;} Wofg lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ut jif{ o'/f]k]nL ;d'bfon] clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] u'gf;f]nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL xftxltof/afx]s c ;a} j:t'sf]
lgof{tdf lbFb} cfPsf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf (EBA) sf] k|lqmofl;t ;Da4
pTklQsf] lgoddf s]xL ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] t'ngfTds
kdf pbf/ egL k|+z;f u/]sf 5g\ . cfzf ug{ ;lsG5, cfufdL lbgdf c ljsl;t
/fi6xn] ;d]t o;sf] cg's/0f ug]{ 5g\ .

-100-

-em_ ;lDdng (Accession)

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g :yfkgfsf] !^ jif{kl5 klg ;lDdngsf] k|lqmofaf6 ;7gsf] ;b:o
aGg] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;+Vof cToGt gu0o 5 . o; ;d"xaf6 xfn;Dd hDdf
rf/j6f /fi6x g]kfn, sDaf]l8of, efg'cft' / ;df]cfn] dfq ;7gsf] ;b:otf lng
;s]sf 5g\ eg] xfn ;lDdng k|lqmofdf /x]sf cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;+Vof !) -bz_
/x]sf] 5 . o;/L cNk ljsl;t /fi6x sd} dfq ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o aGg
;Sg'sf] k5fl8 ;b:otf lng] k|lqmof nfdf] / emGeml6nf] x'g' tyf ;lDdng jftf{sf]
qmddf cGo ;b:o /fi6xn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ cgfjZos / ;fdYo{ aflx/sf
dfux /fVg' h:tf tjxnfO{ d"n sf/s dflgPsf] 5 . o; tYonfO{ b[li6ut
u/L ;7gn] ;g\ @))@ df cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;lDdng k|lqmofnfO{ r':t /
;xh agfpg Ps lgb]{lzsf g} hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ;f/tj eg]sf]
;lDdng jftf{sf] qmddf cGo ;b:o /fi6xn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6x;Fu pgLxsf]
ljsf;:t/;Fu d]n gvfg] u/L s'g} jrga4tf (Commitment) dfUg' x'Fb}g eGg] lyof] .
t/ jftf{sf] qmddf ;b:oxn] o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] b]lvPg . kmn:jk
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o aGg !%!^ jif{;Dd jftf{
ug'{k/]sf] l:ylt 5, h'g pgLxsf] cfly{s / k|fljlws IfdtfeGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] .
o; tYonfO{ dWogh/ ub{} cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf k6sk6s
pgLxsf] lgldQ ;b:otf k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n / ;xh t'Nofpg / pgLxsf] cfly{s
ljsf;sf] :t/ / Ifdtfcg';f/ cGo ;b:o /fi6xn] nlrnf] dfu /fVg'kg]{ s'/fx
p7fO/x]sf]df s]xL ;do cl3 ;7gleqsf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;d"xn] gofF
lgb{]lzsf (LDCs Accession Guidelines) tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf] lgldQ cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo
a}7sdf k|:t't u/]sf]df a}7sn] ljleGg kl/dfh{g;lxt ;f] lgb{]lzsfnfO{ :jLs[t u/]sf]
5 . of] lgb]{lzsf cfkm}Fdf cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] kIfdf Pp6f 7"nf] ;sf/fTds km8\sf]
xf] . lsgls o;n] ;b:o aGg] qmddf /x]sf cNkljsl;t /fi6x;Fu cGo ;b:o
/fi6xn] dfu /fVbf pgLxsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] :t/eGbf k/ uP/ dfu /fVg
gkfOg], clt sd ljsl;t b]zxn] Go"gtd eG;f/ ;Ldfg (Tariff Bindings) ubf{
slt k|ltzt;Dd ug{ kfpg], Go"gtd cf};t eG;f/ b/ slt;Dd tf]Sg;Sg], Go"gtd
sltj6f ;]jf If]qpkIf]q v'nf ug{'kg{] h:tf s'/fdf d'n's;fk]If kdf ;Ldf tf]Sg]
k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf lglDt cfufdL lbgdf ;b:otf jftf{
t'ngfTds kdf s]xL ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 . t/ ljutdf em}F o; lgb]{lzsfsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL
klg o;sf] dd{cg';f/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog ug{;Sg' xf] h'g ljutsf] cg'ejaf6 Tolt
;/n b]lvFb}g .
-101-

-~f_ lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf (Enhanced Intergrated Framework)

;7gdf cfa4 cNk ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6xn] ;7gsf ljleGg ;Demf}tfxsf
k|fjwfgxaf6 kmfObf lng g;s]sf] dfq xf]Og ls ljz]iftM pgLxnfO{ g} k|bfg
ul/Psf ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfx h:t} ljz]if u|fXotf k|0ffnL (GSP) / o:t} cGo cfly{s
Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]ux ;d]taf6 nfeflGjt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;sf] vf; sf/0f
Psflt/ pgLx;Fu cfgf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf / ;fdYo{ pRr ePsf lgof{tof]Uo
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] klxrfg u/L tbg';f/ lgof{tJofkf/nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] sf}zn 5}g
eg] csf{]lt/ pgLxnfO{ bft[ /fi6 / lgsfoxaf6 Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu
s] s:tf ;xof]u, ;x'lnot pknAw x'g;S5 / To;af6 s;/L clwstd kmfObf lng
;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;d]t hfgsf/L 5}g . o; k[i7e"lddf pgLxnfO{ cfgf] Jofkfl/s
Pj+ cfly{s cfjZostf klxrfg ug{ ;3fpg], pQm cfjZostfcg'k cfof]hgfx
ljsf; ug{ d2t ug{] / ltgnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{;Sg] Ifdtf clej[l4df
;xfotf k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ;g\ !((& df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] kxndf PsLs[t
;+/rgf (Integrated Framework : IF) sf] z'?jft ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;+/rgfcGtu{t
g]kfn;lxt s]xL b]zxdf Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf If]qdf s]xL sfdx eP . t/ of]
k|lqmof ljleGg sf/0fxn] ubf{ Toltsf] k|efjsf/L aGg g;ls/x]sf] k[i7e"lddf xs
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] o;nfO{ lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgfsf] kdf cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o
uof] . kmntM nfdf] ;dosf] uxg jftf{kl5 ;g\ @))* df of] lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf
(EIF) sfof{Gjogdf cfof] . o; ;+/rgfsf] vf; ljz]iftf eg]sf] of] cNk ljsl;t
/fi6xsf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] lgldQ ;dlk{t Ps ax'kIfLo ;xfotf ;+oGq xf]
h;sf] lg0f{o ug]{ Pj+ lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmofdf cGo ;b:o /fi6xsf] cltl/Qm
cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;d]t dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . t/ o;sf y'k|} ;d:ofx 5g\
h;sf] af/]df g]kfn nufotsf cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] ;7gsf ;DalGwt a}7sxdf
hf]8bf/ cfjfh p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] d'Vo tLgj6f ;d:ofx lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M
!= c:yfO{ k|lqmof M ;a}eGbf klxnf] / d'Vo ;d:of eg]sf] of] ;+/rgf cNksfnsf nflu
/xg' xf] . tTsfnnfO{ o;sf] cjlw sl/a % jif{ hlt /x]sf] 5 . oBlk Dofb yk eO{
o;sf] sfof{Gjog cjlw a9\g] ;Defjgf klg 5 . t/ of] s'/f bft[ lgsfo / ljsl;t
/fi6xsf] OR5fdf lge{/ 5 . csf{] s'/f of] ;+/rgf bft[lgsfoxsf] Ps kIfLo
lg0f{ocg';f/ rNb} cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ o;df ;'wf/ ck]lIft 5 . of] ;+/rgf cNkljsl;t
/fi6xsf] Ifdtf ljsf;df ;dlk{t ax'kIfLo k|lqmof ePsf]n] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf
lglDt clt pkof]uL 5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ oyf:jk jf kl/dflh{t :jkdf ;zQm /

-102-

:yfO{ ;+oGqsf] kdf cl3 a9fpg pko'Qm x'G5 . oBlk o;df bft[ lgsfo / ljsl;t
/fi6xsf] ;xdlt h'6fpg] sfo{rflxF Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g .
@= ;fF3'/f] sfo{If]q M lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgfsf] sfo{If]q (Scope) cToGt ;fF3'/f] 5 .
vf;u/L o; ;+/rgfaf6 cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Jofkf/;DaGwL cfjZostf klxrfg
ug]{, cfof]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ / Jofkf/ k|j4{g;DaGwL
;;fgf ;+/rgfx ;'wf/ jf lgdf{0f ug]{ h:tf ljifodf dfq ;xfotf pknAw x'G5 .
cToGt ;fF3'/f] sfo{If]q ePsf]n] jt{dfg cj:yfdf of] k|lqmofn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{
vf;} ;xof]u k'ofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf Go"g 5 . t/ of] k|lqmof cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf]
lxtdf ;dlk{t ax'kIfLo k|lqmof ePsf] / o;sf] lg0f{o Pj+ sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;d]t
pgLxsf] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf / ;+nUgtf /xg] ePsf]n] o; k|lqmofnfO{ cem ;zQm, ;'b[9
/ Jofks agfpg' cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] kIfdf ePsf]n] o;sf] lgldQ pgLxn]
x/;Dej k|oTg ug'{ dgfl;a b]lvG5 .
#= ;Lldt cfly{s ;|f]t M lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgfcGtu{t xfn bft[ lgsfo tyf
ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6xn] pknAw u/fPsf] cfly{s ;xfotf /flz cToGt Go"g 5 .
o:tf] ;Lldt sf]ifaf6 cNk ljsl;t /fi6xdf Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f;DaGwL 7f];
sfo{ cl3 a9fpg ;Dej 5}g . ctPj of] ;+oGqdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] lgsfo tyf
/fi6xn] cfcfgf] lx:;f j[l4 u/L eljiodf o;sf] sfo{If]q a9fpg] / Jofkf/ If]qdf
7f]; sfo{x x'g;Sg] l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{' h?/L 5 .
$= emGeml6nf] k|lqmof M xfn of] ;+oGqaf6 ;xfotf k|fKt ug{] k|lqmof nfdf], emGeml6nf]
/ s]xL xb;Dd vrf{n' klg 5 . o; k|lqmofnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf], ldtJooL / k|efjsf/L
agfpFb} cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf j[l4df ;xof]uL x'g] lx;fan] o;nfO{
kl/rfng ug{] sfo{ klg Pp6f r'gf}tLs} kdf /x]sf] 5 .
^=# ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{t ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o
/fi6xnfO{ pknAw 5"6, ;x'lnot tyf ;'ljwfx
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf s'n ;b:oxdWo] em08} b'O{ ltxfO ;b:o ljsf;zLn / cNk
cljsl;t /fi6x 5g\ . ltgdf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6x t]QL; j6f 5g\ . ljsf;zLn
/ clt sd ljsl;t u/L ;7gdf cfa4 /fi6xsf] ;+Vof 7"nf] ePsf]n] ljZj Jofkf/
;7gdf x'g] 5nkmn / ;Demf}tfxdf xfnsf jif{xdf oL ;b:oxn] dxjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng] u/]sf 5g\ . ljZj cy{tGqdf oL /fi6xsf] lx:;f qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] /

-103-

logLxn] Jofkf/nfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ cf}hf/sf] kdf lnPsf]n] ca

ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf klg logLxsf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf ljifox 5nkmn tyf
;Demf}tfsf] dxjk"0f{ d'2f aGg] u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk ljsf;zLn d'n'sxaLr cToGt 7"nf]
ljljwtf ljBdfg 5 . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg ;Demf}tf tyf cGo ljifodf
ljsf;zLn /fi6xaLr cfcfg} b[li6sf]0f / Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/sf ljifox ePsf]n]
logLx ljleGg ;d"x, pk;d"xdf afFl8Psf 5g\ . ltgdf g]kfnh:tf e"kl/j]li6t /
;fgf 6fk" /fi6n] Jofkf/sf] ;DaGwdf ef]Ug'kg{] ;d:of c ljsf;zLn /fi6sf] eGbf
5'} ePsf]n] logLxsf] klg cfg} ;d"x 5 . oL ;a} ljljwtfsf afah"b ljsf;zLn
tyf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/sf ljifoxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / sdhf]/
cfwf/ ePsf ljsf;zLn d'n'sxsf] IfdtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o:tf d'n'sxnfO{
cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;d]6\g] / ;lqmo kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] jftfj/0f
tof/ ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu ;7gleq s]xL ljz]if / k[ys\ k|fjwfgx (Special &
Differential Treatment) sf] Joj:yf 5 . rfn" bf]xf r/0fsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ ;DkGg
ePkl5 ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6n] ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 cem a9L nfe
p7fpg;Sg] l:ylt lgdf{0f x'g]5 . vf;u/L ljsf;zLn /fi6sf] vf; cfjZostfxnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ;7gleq xfn /x]sf ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfxnfO{ d'VotM b]xfosf tLg
efudf juL{s/0f u/L x]g{ ;lsG5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;Demf}tfxdf /x]sf ljsf;zLn /fi6sf] kIfsf
k|fjwfgx
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;lrjfnoaf6 pknAw x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotfx
Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;ldlt / pk;ldlt cGtu{tsf ;xof]ux
^=#=! ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;Demf}tfxdf /x]sf ljsf;zLn /fi6sf] kIfsf
k|fjwfgx
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfxn] ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf
nflu ljleGg ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfx u/]sf 5g\ . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{t
o:tf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfxnfO{ ;d]6\g] sfd ;g\ !(^) sf] bzssf] dWob]lv g} x'Fb}
cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]ifu/L tTsfnLg Uof6df ljsl;t /fi6xsf] jr{:j /x]sf sf/0f
ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] o; k|0ffnLaf6 vf;} nfe lng g;ls/x]sf]
s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L Uof6 k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{'kg{] s'/fn] ;f7Lsf] bzsdf cfP/ lgs}
rrf{ kfof] . o;} qmddf Uof6 k|0ffnLaflx/ /x]sf d'n'sxsf] Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL
;d:ofxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] p2]Zon] ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] kxndf ;g\ !(^$ df k|yd
-104-

/fi6;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng h]g]efdf cfof]hgf eO{ United Nations Conference
;+:yfsf] :yfkgf eof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf] lg0f{o
/ bafa:jk Uof6 k|0ffnLdf klg s]xL ;'wf/ ug{] k|of; z'? eof] . kmntM Uof6sf] 5}6f}F
r/0f -;g\ !(^$^&_ sf] jftf{ h;nfO{ s]g]8L r/0fsf] jftf{sf kdf klg lrlgG5
o;n] lg0f{o u/]cg';f/ Uof6, !($& df Jofkf/ / ljsf; (Trade and Development)
zLif{ssf] efu $ yk ul/of] . o; efudf hDdf tLgj6f bkmfx /x]sf 5g\ / logn]
ljsf;zLn ;b:o /fi6xsf] ljsf;sf] d'2fnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;Daf]wg ug{] k|of; u/]sf
5g\ . o;}a]nf ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Jofkf/ / ljsf;sf] d'2fnfO{
k|fyldstf;fy ;Daf]wg ug{] p2]Zon] Uof6cGtu{t Psflt/ Jofkf/ / ljsf; gfds
Ps :yfoL ;ldlt u7g eof] eg] csf{lt/ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf sdhf]/ /fi6nfO{
nfe k'ofpg] b[li6sf]0faf6 Non Reciprocity sf] l;4fGtn] k|j]z kfof] . o;}aLrdf ;g\
!(^* df ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf cfof]hgf ePsf] cGs6f8sf] bf];|f] ;Dd]ngdf ljsl;t
/fi6sf] ahf/df ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNkljsl;t /fi6sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ljz]if u|fXotfk"0f{
ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf lbg'kg{] s'/f kfl/t ePcg';f/ ;g\ !(&! b]lv Generalised System
of Preference(GSP) sfof{Gjogdf cfof] . of] Joj:yf xfn klg sfod} 5 . cufl8 uP/
6f]Sof] r/0fsf] jftf{ -!(&#&(_ n] klg ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNkljsl;t /fi6sf] Jofkf/ /
ljsf;sf ;jfnxnfO{ s]xL dfqfdf ;Daf]wg ug{] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} jftf{sf]
kl/0flt:jk ;g\ !(&( sf] gf]e]Da/df Uof6sf ;+ljbfsf/L kIfxn] ljsf;f]Gd'v
/fi6xnfO{ k[ys\ / ljz]if ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{] ;DaGwdf of}6f dxjk"0f{ cg'R5]b
kfl/t u/] . Enabling Clause sf kdf lrlgg] pQm cg'R5]b clxn] klg ljsf;f]Gd'v
/ cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ljleGg ;x'lnot / 5"6 k|bfg ug{] ;DaGwdf dxjk"0f{
dflgG5 . o;n] Uof6sf] klxnf] l;4fGt ;a} ;b:oaLr clt ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{'kg{]
s'/fsf] ckjfb:jk ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] pTkfbgsf ;DaGwdf
ljsl;t /fi6xn] PskIfLo kdf ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg] s'/fsf] cg'df]bg
ub{} GSP sf k|fjwfgxnfO{ j}wflgs dfGotf k|bfg uof] . o;/L ;g\ !(^) sf]
bzsb]lv g} Uof6 k|0ffnLcGtu{t ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNkljsl;t ;b:o /fi6xsf] Jofkf/
k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{], ahf/ kx'Frdf lj:tf/ / Jofkf/ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 u/L pgLxnfO{
ljZj Jofkf/df k|efjsf/L tj/df ;dflxt ug{] k|of; ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !((% df
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgfkl5 of] k|of;n] yk ult lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) gfds

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{t ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf nflu o:tf

ljz]if / ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|fjwfgx Joj:yf ul/g' k5fl8 d'VotM tLgj6f b[li6sf]0fxn]
-105-

pTk|]l/t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|yd, ljsf;zLn d'n'sx Ifdtfsf] cefjdf cGt/f{li6o

Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ;lqmo kdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sb}gg\ t;y{ pgLxsf] nflu ljz]if
Joj:yf h?/L 5 eGg] dfGotf . bf];|f], Jofkf/af6 k|fKt x'g] nfe ljsf;zLn / ljsl;t
d'n'sdf ;dfg x'gg;Sg] ePsf]n] o;sf nflu ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf s]xL k[y\s Jojxf/
cfjZos x'G5 eGg] egfO . t];|f], ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tfn] oL b'O{ k|s[ltsf b]zxaLrsf]
clwsf/ / k|lta4tfsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg oL ;d"xaLrsf] sdhf]/L / km/snfO{
dWogh/ ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f . ljz]if tyf k[y\s Jojxf/ (S & DT) cGtu{t
vf;u/]/ % k|sf/sf Joj:yfx ;d]l6Psf kfOG5g\ . tL x'g\ Jofkf/sf] cj;/ a9fpg]
k|s[ltsf k|fjwfgx, ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] k|fjwfgx, k|lta4tf hfx]/df nrstfsf]
k|fjwfg, k|lta4tf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfsf] k|fjwfg / clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yfsf] k|fjwfg . ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn tyf clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] cfly{s;fdflhs ljsf;sf] :t/ Pp6} gePsf] x'Fbf ;a} ;b:o
/fi6xnfO{ Ps} k|sf/sf lgodx kfngf ug{ afWo kfg{'x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfcg'k
ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNkljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ljz]if / k[y\s Jojxf/ ug{] ljleGg k|fjwfgx
ljleGg ;Demf}tfdf /flvPsf 5g\ . o:tf k|fjwfgxn] vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ Psflt/ sd jf Go"gtd dfqfdf dfq k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]
k'Ug] ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ k|lta4tf tyf ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf
nflu t'ngfTds kdf nfdf] ;do;Ldf pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ljsl;t
/fi6sf nflu Ps jif{, ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6xnfO{ kfFr jif{ / g]kfnh:tf cNk ljsl;t
/fi6xnfO{ P3f/ jif{sf] ;do;Ldfsf] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] . Toltn] gk'u]/ cNk
ljsl;t /fi6sf nflu l6K; ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] cjlwdf csf{] ;f9] ;ft
jif{ yk u/]/ clxn] #) h'g, @)!# ;Dd k'ofOPsf] 5 . ;]km uf8{\;, PG6L8lDk tyf
sfpG6/e]ln dx;'n klg ljsl;t /fi6sf t'ngfdf ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t
/fi6n] a9L ;do nfu" ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L ljsl;t /fi6n] s[lifhGo
j:t'sf] cfoftdf nufpFb} cfPsf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/nfO{ 5 jif{leq 5QL; k|ltztn],
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6n] bz jif{leq rf}aL; k|ltztn] dfq 36fP k'Ug] / g]kfnh:tf clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6n] rflxF s[lif j:t'sf] cfoftdf nufO{ cfPsf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/nfO{
36fpg' gkg{] k|fjwfg ;d]l6Psf] lyof] . To:t} ljsl;t /fi6xn] s'n s[lif pTkfbgsf]
d"Nosf] kfFr k|ltzt;Dd dfq s[lifdf cg'bfg lbg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 eg] ljsf;f]Gd'v
/fi6xnfO{ bz k|ltzt;Dd cg'bfg lbg kfpg] 5"6 5 . Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sgsf
;Gbe{df klg ljsl;t /fi6xn] k|To]s b'O{b'O{ jif{df o:tf] ;dLIff ug{'kg{] k|fjwfg
-106-

5 eg] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ^ -5_ jif{df jf ;f] ;Dej geP ;f]eGbf s]xL a9L
cjlwdf klg u/] x'g] u/L ;x'lnot lbOPsf] 5 .
j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL b'j} ;Demf}tfn] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6sf lglDt s]xL ljz]if
5"6sf] Joj:yf ;d]6s
] f 5g\ . Uof6sf] efu $ df Joj:yf ePsf] Jofkf/ / ljsf; zLif{s
cGtu{tsf k|fjwfgxn] ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6xl;t Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ubf{
cfk"mn] pknAw u/fP ;/xs} 5"6 tyf ;x'lnot ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6l;t ck]Iff ug{ gx'g]
'Non-reciprocity' sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]6s
] f 5g\ . To:t} ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljsf;f]Gd'v
/fi6xnfO{ dfgj, k|f0fL tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;Demf}tf / Jofkf/sf k|fljlws
cj/f]w;DaGwL ;Demf}tf nfu" ug{ k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg'kg{] k|fjwfg klg
;DalGwt ;Demf}tfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf pTkfbgnfO{
;x'lnotk"0f{ ahf/ kx'r
F sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{k' g{] s'/f klg ljleGg ;Demf}tfdf k/]sf 5g\ .
' xn] clt sd ljsl;t
o;} cfwf/df xfnsf lbgdf GSP sf cltl/Qm s]xL o'/f]lkog d'ns
d'ns
' xnfO{ xftxltof/ afx]ssf cGo j:t' (Everything but Arms: EBA) sf] lgof{tdf
pTklQsf] lglZrt k|lqmof k"/f u/L cfPsf] l:yltdf eG;f/ d'Qm kxFr
' ;'ljwf lbg] u/]sf
5g\ .
^=#=@ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;lrjfnoaf6 pknAw x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotfx
ljsf;f]Gd'v / cltsd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;lrjfnoaf6
ljleGg k|fljlws ;xfotfx pknAw x'g;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . logdf vf;u/L ;b:o
/fi6xaLr pTkGg x'g] s'g} klg Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfbsf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL k/fdz{ ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg], ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf ljsf;f]Gd'v / ljsf;zLn
/fi6sf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf kbflwsf/Lxsf] 1fg tyf ;Lk clej[l4 ug{ / pgLxsf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg tflnd, k|lzIf0f, cGtlqm{of, uf]i7L cflb ;~rfng ug{],
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;xh
kdf ;TotYo ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ WTO Reference Centre ;~rfng ug{] nufotsf
ljifodf ;lrjfnon] ljsf;f]Gd'v, clt sd ljsl;t / cfly{s ;+qmd0faf6 u'lh|/x]sf
d'n'snfO{ dxjk"0f{ k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
^=#=# Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;ldlt (Trade and Development Committee)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf cfa4 ljsf;f]Gd'v / cltsd ljsl;t ;b:oxsf] lxtdf
sfd ug{ Ps ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . tTsfnLg Uof6s} kfnfb]lv cl:tTjdf /x]sf]
-107-

Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;ldlt gfdsf] of] ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q cToGt lj:t[t

5 . o;n] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6xsf] kIfdf /x]sf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{tsf
ljleGg ;Demf}tfleqsf k|fjwfgxnfO{ s] s;/L sfof{Gjog ul/Fb}5 ;f]sf] cg'udg
ug{]b]lv lnP/ k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] nflu dfu{lgb{]z to ug]{, ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6xsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{] / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf]
l:yltnfO{ cfsng, ljZn]if0f u/L s] s:tf] ;xfotf cfjZos kg{] xf] ;f] ;d]t
lgSof}{n u5{ . ;7gsf ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6xn] ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t
;b:oxnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;'ljwf / 5"6sf] ljj/0f;DaGwdf o; ;ldltnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 . o;/L k|fKt x'g cfPsf ;"rgf tyf ljj/0fnfO{ ;ldltn]
;DalGwt ;a} ;b:oxaLr k|jfx ub{5 . ljsl;t ;b:oxn] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf
pTkfbgnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] GSP ;'ljwf / ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sxaLr x'g] ljleGg
;f}ljWok"0f{ Joj:yf / ;Demf}tfaf/] o; ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L (Notification) u/fpg'kb{5 .
Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;ldlt cGtu{t clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] ljsf;;DaGwL
d'2fnfO{ k|fyldstf ;fy x]g{ / pgLxnfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6;DaGwL Ps pk;ldlt klg /x]sf] 5 . oL ljleGg dxjk"0f{ Joj:yfxsf]
afah"b ef}lts / dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] Go"gtf, sd;n k"jf{wf/ / sdhf]/ ;+/rgfTds
Joj:yf tyf sltko cj:yfdf /fhg}lts cl:y/tf ;d]tsf] sf/0f ljsf;f]Gd'v /
ltgdf klg vf;u/L clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gleqsf oL ljz]if
/ k[ys\ Jojxf/af6 ck]lIft kmfObf p7fpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .
^=$ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu ;7g cGtu{t ul/Psf
Joj:yfxsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{t clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Jofkf/ Ifdtfdf ljsf; /
cfk"lt{ kIfdf ;'wf/ u/L pgLxnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf a9L ;xefuL x'g ;xof]u
k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ;7g cGtu{t ljleGg ;+oGqx :yfkgf ul/Psf 5g\ . ltgdf k|d'v
b'O{ ;+oGqsf] ;+lIfKt lrgf/L oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
^=$=! lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf (Enhanced Integrated Framework)
of] ljZjsf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6nfO{ ljZj cy{tGqdf k|efjsf/L tj/n] cfa4 x'g
;3fp k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg bft[lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;xfotf /flznfO{ PsLs[t kdf
kl/rfng ug{sf nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gleq cnUu} :jfoQ kdf :yflkt Pp6f
Funding Mechanism xf] . ;g\ !((^ df l;fk'/df ePsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] klxnf]
-108-

dlGq:t/Lo a}7sn] ;7gsf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf a9L
;xefuL x'g;Sg] u/fpg pgLxnfO{ ljsl;t /fi6n] ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{'sf
;fy} pgLxsf] sdhf]/ Jofkf/ Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xfotf
pknAw u/fpg Ps k|sf/sf] PsLs[t ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f x'g'kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
tbg';f/ ;f] ;Dd]ng ePsf] Ps jif{kl5 ;g\ !((& sf] cS6f]a/df ljleGg ^ j6f
cGt/;/sf/L lgsfox cGt/f{li6o d'b|f sf]if (IMF), cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ s]Gb| (ITC),
;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo Jofkf/ / ljsf; ;Dd]ng (UNCTAD), /fi6;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd
(UNDP), ljZj a} (WB) / ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g (WTO) sf] ;xof]udf Integrated
Framework (IF) gfdn] Ps ;+oGq sfof{Gjogdf cfof] . of] ;+oGqn] vf;u/L clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu pgLxsf] Jofkf/ gLltxsf] th{d
' f tyf
sfof{Gjog, Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4tf
h:tf If]qdf ljleGg k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ z'? uof] . o;}aLr ;g\
@))! Dff stf/sf] bf]xfdf ePsf] dlGq:t/Lo a}7sn] lgb{z
] u/]adf]lhd ;g\ @))@ sf]
dfr{df clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] Jofkf/l;t ;Da4 k|fljlws kIfdf ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg ;7gn] Jofkf/ ;Da4 k|fljlws kIfx (Trade Related Technical Assistance :
TRTA) klg sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] .
;g\ @))% df xsdf ePsf] kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] IF ;f]r] cg'k k|efjsf/L
x'g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ dWogh/ u/L df}h"bf IF nfO{ yk ;fwg ;|f]t h'6fO{ Enhanced
Integrated Framework sf kdf k'gM;+/rgf u/L ;g\ @))^ sf] l8;]Da/;Dddf
sfof{Gjogdf NofO;Sg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ uof] . tbg';f/ Integrated Framework
Working Group (IFWG) / Integrated Framework Steering Committee (IFSC) n]
@))& sf] d] dlxgfb]lv EIF nfO{ ;~rfngdf Nofpg] lg0f{onfO{ cg'df]bg u/] . oBlk
;DalGwt ;a} kIf;Fu 5nkmn k/fdz{ ubf{ s]xL a9L ;do nfUg uPsf]n] ;g\ @))(
sf] h'nfO{b]lv dfq EIF k"0f{ tj/df sfof{Gjogdf cfpg;Sof] . o;sf d'Vo p2]Zoxdf
cNk ljsl;t /fi6df Jofkf/nfO{ /fli6o ljsf; gLlt, /0fgLltdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{],
Jofkf/;Da4 k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] kl/rfngdf ;dGjo ug{ plrt ;+/rgfsf] ljsf;
ug{] / Jofkf/sf cfk"lt{hGo ;d:ofxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] cflb
5g\ . xfn o;sf ;xof]uL lgsfosf kdf African Development Bank (AfDB),
Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA), Standards and Trade
Development Facility (STDF), Trade Mark Southern Africa (TMSA) / World Bank
Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF) h:tf s]xL gofF ;+:yfx klg ylkPsf 5g\ . o;sf]

-109-

;~rfngsf nflu cGt/f{li6o / /fli6o:t/df u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf 5 .

cGt/f{li6o:t/df EIF Steering Committee (EIF-SC), EIF Board / EIF Secretariat sf]
Joj:yf 5 . o;sf] ;lrjfno h]g]efdf /x]sf] 5 . EIF cGtu{t kl/rflnt x'g] ;xfotf
/flzsf] kl/rfngsf nflu United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) nfO{
Trust Fund Manager lgo'Qm ul/Psf] 5 . EIF nfO{ Aid for Trade sf] ;d'lrt
kl/rfngsf] lgldQ ;b:o /fi6xsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] ;+oGq (vehicle) dflgPsf]
5 . t/ EIF sf] sf]if cNk ljsl;t /fi6sf] cfjZostfsf] t'ngfdf cem} klg lgs}
;fgf] / o;sf] ;~rfng k|lqmof klg s]xL nfdf] / emGeml6nf] ;d]t ePsf] x'Fbf o;af6
sdhf]/ /fi6xn] ck]lIft kmfObf p7fpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . s]xL sdhf]/Lxsf afah"b
EIF cNk ljsl;t /fi6nfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fVb} ;7gcGtu{t PsLs[t kdf ;xfotf
kl/rfngsf nflu Joj:yf ePsf] Psdfq ax'b]zLo (Multilateral) ;xfotf k|0ffnL
ePsf]n] o;sf] cfg} vfn] dxj 5 . eljiodf o;sf] sfo{If]q / sf]ifdf clej[l4 ub{}
o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf j[l4 ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf / g]kfn (EIF and Nepal)
EIF cGtu{t pknAw x'g] ;xfotfaf6 nfeflGjt x'g rfxg] ;b:o b]zxdf /fli6o:t/df
klg o;sf] ;+/rgf /xg'kg{] k|fjwfgcg';f/ g]kfndf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrjsf]
cWoIftfdf jfl0fHo If]q;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg dGqfnosf ;lrjx, g]kfn /fi6 a}sf
l8k'6L ueg{/ / lghL If]qsf 5ftf ;7gxsf k|d'vx ;b:o /x]sf] lgb{]zs ;ldlt,
;f] dftxt kmf]sn KjfOG6 -jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ;lrj_ / EIF ;Da4
sfo{qmdxsf] ;~rfng / ;dGjosf nflu jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf /fli6o
sfof{Gjog PsfO (National Implementation Unit : NIU) /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] k|d'vdf
dGqfnosf of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrj /xg] Joj:yf
5 . /fli6o lgb{]zs ;ldltnfO{ ljleGg ljifodf ;xof]u k|bfg ug{, /fli6o gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdxdf Jofkf/nfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{, Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{
/ g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) sf cGt/;DalGwt ljifoxsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogdf an k'ofpgsf nflu ljleGg dGqfnosf ;x;lrjxsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
ljleGg ^ j6f k|fljlws ;ldltx u7g ul/Psf 5g\ .
clt sd ljsl;t b]zsf] gftfn] g]kfnnfO{ IF / EIF b'j} ;+oGqaf6 Jofkf/ Ifdtf
ljsf;sf nflu dxjk"0f{ cfly{s k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . tTsfnLg IF sf]
Window 1 sfo{qmd cGtu{t o'Pg\l8kLdfkm{t\ cd]l/sL 8n/ #*,))) ;xof]u pknAw

-110-

ePsf] lyof] . of] /sd IF sf] /fli6o ;lrjfno :yfkgf ug{] nufotsf ljleGg rf/j6f
dxjk"0f{ If]qdf vr{ ul/Psf] lyof] . lgof{t Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu Nepal Trade and
Competitiveness Study, 2004 (DTIS, 2004) tof/ ug{ k|fljlws ;xfotf klg o;}
cGtu{t pknAw ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;g\ @))% sf] hgj/Ldf IF Window II cGtu{t
NTCS, 2004 n] l;kmfl/z u/]sf ljleGg sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug{ cd]l/sL 8n/
^,^%,))) ;xfotf pknAw ePsf] lyof] . o;af6 ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4, Jofkf/
;xhLs/0f, ljleGg Enquiry Points sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f nufotsf If]qdf sfo{x ;DkGg
ePsf lyP . oL sfo{qmdx ;dGjofTds 9n] ;Dkfbg ug{ o'Pg\l8kLsf] ;xof]udf
Enhancing Nepals' Trade-related Capacities (ENTReC) gfds kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf
NofOPsf] lyof] . EIF sf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf ;g\ @))(!) df ;g\ @))$ df tof/
ul/Psf] Jofkf/ tyf k|lt:kwf{Tdstf cWoog (NTCS) nfO{ k"0f{tM cBfjlws u/L gofF
g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) (NTIS, 2010) tof/ ul/of] . xfn pQm /0fgLltsf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljleGg kl/of]hgfx tof/ ug{] / sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] r/0fdf
/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] nflu klg EIF af6 ;xof]u pknAw eO/x]sf] 5 .
o;}aLr #) dfr{, @)!) df EIF Tier 1 cGtu{t Nepal Enhanced Capacities for
Trade and Development (NECTRADE) kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf Nofpg] u/L ;Demf}tf
ePcg';f/ xfn ;f] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . tLg jif{ cjlw / sl/a ( -gf}_
nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ ah]6 /x]sf] pQm kl/of]hgfaf6 g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltsf]
sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0fdfkm{t Jofkf/sf] nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf]
cTo'Qd kl/rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff lnOPsf] 5 . xfn ;f] kl/of]hgfn] EIF sf]
;xof]udf Tier-2 cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] ljleGg kl/of]hgfxsf] ljsf; / 5gf}6 ug{]
sfo{ cl3 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgfx 5gf}6 ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg ePkl5 sfof{Gjogdf
nlug]5 . EIF Tier 1 cGtu{tsf] NECTRADE kl/of]hgfn] Jofkf/ If]qdf gLltut
/ k|lqmofut ;'wf/ tyf ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] eg] EIF Tier 2
cGtu{tsf kl/of]hgfx d"ntM Jofkf/;Da4 k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfxsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;df
s]lGb|t x'g]5g\ .
^=$=@ Jofkf/sf] nflu ;xof]u (Aid for Trade: AfT)
Jofkf/sf] nflu j}bl] zs ;xof]u ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf cfa4 clt sd ljsl;t /
ljsf;zLn ;b:o /fi6sf] cfk"lt{hGo ;d:ofxnfO{ lg/fs/0f ub{} pgLxsf] Jofkf/
IfdtfnfO{ clej[l4 u/L ljZj Jofkf/df pgLxsf] ;xeflutf / lx:;fnfO{ psf:gsf nflu
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] kxndf cl3 a9fOPsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . ;g\ @))% sf] l8;]Da/df
-111-

xsdf ;DkGg ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] 5}6F f} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn]] o;nfO{ 5nkmnsf]
of}6f d'Vo ljifo agfPsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf ;7gsf sd ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn
;b:ox ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 ePkl5 emg\ ;LdfGtLs[t x'bF } uPsf] / ljZj
cy{tGqdf pgLx d"nk|jfxLs[t x'g g;ls/x]sf] l:yltnfO{ dgg u/L ljsl;t /fi6xn]
sdhf]/ /fi6sf] cfk"lt{hGo Ifdtf a9fpg / Jofkf/;Da4 k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{df 7f];
;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{k' g{] s'/fdf ljsf;zLn /fi6xn] hf]8bf/ cfjfh p7fPsf lyP .
kmntM ;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf hf/L dlGq:t/Lo 3f]if0ffn] AfT nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ s]
s:tf] df]8fln6L / ;~rfngljlw pko'Qm x'G5 cWoog u/L ;'emfj k]z ug{ Pp6f sfo{bn
u7g ug{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf dxflgb{z
] snfO{ lgb{z
] uof] .
dlGq:t/Lo 3f]if0ffkqfg';f/ u7g ePsf] sfo{bnn] @))^ sf] h'nfO{df ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\df
;'emfj k]z uof] . ;f] ;'emfjdf AfT nfO{ d'VotM ^ j6f If]qdf juL{s/0f u/L tbg';f/
;xfotf kl/rflnt / s]lGb|t ug{] s'/f lyof] . klxrfg ul/Psf If]qx lyP Jofkf/;Da4
k"jf{wf/x, pTkfbsTj Ifdtf lgdf{0f, Jofkf/ ljsf;, Jofkf/;Da4 ;dfof]hg, Jofkf/
gLlt tyf lgodx / juL{s/0fdf gk/]sf Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;;DaGwL cGo If]q .
sfo{bnn] k]z u/]sf] ;'emfjdf AfT sf d'Vo p2]Zoxsf] kdf ljsf;zLn / vf;u/L
sd ljsl;t /fi6df Jofkf/nfO{ cfly{s j[l4, ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf ;x;|fAbL
ljsf; nIosf] p2]Zo k|flKt ug{ ;xof]u x'g] lsl;dn] ;dy{ agfpg ;xof]u ug{],
ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ahf/ kx'Fr Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ cfk"lt{hGo Ifdtf
/ Jofkf/;Da4 k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{], Jofkf/ ;'wf/ / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f
sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug{], If]qLo PsLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg], ljZj
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ;xh kdf PsLs/0f x'g / ;b:oxnfO{ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf tyf
;dembf/LxnfO{ nfu" ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] cflb s'/fnfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .
sfo{bnn] AfT sf] kl/rfng ;DaGwdf b'O{j6f d'Vo l;4fGtx cjnDag ug{ klg
;'emfj k]z u/]sf] lyof] . ltgdf klxnf] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwdf
k]l/; 3f]if0ffkqn] cl3 ;f/]sf ljifonfO{ AfT sf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 ug{ klg nfu" ug{]
s'/f lyof] . h;df j}b]lzs ;xfotf lnFbf k|fKt ug{] /fi6sf] g]t[Tj / :jfldTj ;'lglZrt
x'g'kg{], ;xfotf /fli6o nIo k|flKtdf ;xof]uL x'g'kg{], bft[lgsfo / k|fks /fi6aLr
plrt ;dGjo / tfnd]n x'g'kg{], ;+o'Qm pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt ul/g'kg{], / glthfd'vL
Joj:yfkg h:tf ljifo kb{5g\ . bf];|f] AfT sf] k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwdf ljZj Jofkf/
;7gn] cg'udgstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] . o; cg';f/ ljsl;t /fi6n] lkIfLo:t/df
s'g} ljsf;zLn / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6nfO{ Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf If]qdf ;xof]u

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pknAw u/fO{ /fv]sf]df To;/L hf/L ;xfotf k|lta4tfadf]lhd eP gePsf] / lgwf{l/t

p2]Zo k|flKtdf vr{ eP gePsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] n]vfhf]vf ug{'kg{] s'/f lyof] .
tbg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7n] AfT sf] ljZjJofkL ;dLIffsf] nflu k|To]s @@ jif{df
a}7sx cfof]hgf ub{} cfPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd o; k|sf/sf] ;dLIff a}7s tLg k6s
cfof]hgf ePsf] 5 . ltgdf ;aeGbf kl5Nnf] ;dLIff (Third Global Review of AfT)
;g\ @)!! sf] cui6 dlxgfdf h]g]efdf ePsf] lyof] h;sf] d'Vo ljifo (Theme) g}
kl/0ffdsf] k|bz{g (Showing Results) eGg] lyof] . xfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] AfT
nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ljZj:t/df g} ;lqmotf b]vfO/x]sf] 5 / tbg';f/ o;sf] kl/df0f /
k|efjsfl/tfdf klg qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] Jofkf/sf] nflu j}b]lzs
;xfotf cGtu{t Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu ljleGg ;xof]u k|fKt ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
^=% ;7gdf cfa4 clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] eljiosf] sfo{lbzf
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljZjsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] s/Lj !@ lx:;f cf]u6]sf
5g\, eg] s'n ljZj Jofkf/df pgLxsf] of]ubfg ! eGbf sd 5 . o;nfO{ s'g} klg
b[li6sf]0fn] Gofof]lrt 7xofpg ;lsGg . clxn] cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws sf/0fn] pgLx
sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x] klg pkof]u gePsf ;|f]t / ;fwgx pgLx;Fu k|r'/ dfqfdf
/x]sf] 5 . pQm ;fwg / ;|f]txsf] ;d'lrt bf]xg / ljsf;af6 eljiodf ljZj Jofkf/sf]
cfotg pNn]vgLo kdf j[l4 x'g;S5 . o;n] cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] cfly{s ;d[l4
/ kfGt/0fdf dfq xf]Og ;a} ljsf;f]Gd'v / ljsl;t /fi6xsf] pTkfbg, /f]huf/L /
cfo:t/df j[l4 ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'uL ;a} nfeflGjt aGg;Sg] l:ylt lgdf{0f x'g;S5 .
cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] cfly{s ;d[l4;Fu} ljsl;t b]zsf pTkfbgxsf] nflu ahf/
lj:tf/ x'g] x'Fbf cNk ljsl;t /fi6sf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofpg' k|sf/fGt/n]
ljsl;t b]zxsf] ;d]t lxtdf 5 .
t;y{, cNkljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ ul/aLsf] b'Zrqm (Vicious Circle of Poverty) af6 lgsfNg'
/ pgLxnfO{ ljZj cy{tGqsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug'{ cfh ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 .
o;sf] lgldQ ;j{ky| d t cNk ljsl;t /fi6x :jo+n] b]zleq}af6 7f]; k|of;x yfNg'k5{
eg] csf{lt/ cGt/f{li6o d~rxdf ;d]t k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng'kg{] x'G5 . o;qmddf
d'ns
' df /fhg}lts l:y/tf lbO{ ;'zf;g sfod ug],{ d'ns
' sf] cfly{s ;Defjgfsf If]qxsf]
klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfngtkm{ nufgL s]lGb|t ug{,] ljb]zL bft[ /fi6 Pj+
;+:yfx;Fu ;d'lrt ;dGjo sfod u/L Ps ;'ljrfl/t ljb]zL ;xof]u gLlt (Prudent
Foreign Aid Policy) cGtu{t pgLxsf] ;xof]u a9L pTkfbs If]qdf k|jflxt ug],{ d'ns
' df

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Jofkf/ jftf{sf] nflu of]Uo, ;';l" rt, bIf hgzlQmxsf] ljsf; ug{] cflb lqmofsnfkx
k|fyldstf;fy b]zleq tTsfn yfngL ug{' cfjZos 5 .
o;}u/L cGt/f{li6o:t/df vf;u/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g, ljZj af}l4s ;7g, ljZj
:jf:Yo ;7g, ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3 h:tf ax'kIfLo d~rxdf cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf]
;zQm ;d"x u7g u/L cfgf] kIfdf b/f] kIf kf]if0f (Lobbying) ug]{, tL lgsfoxaf6
cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf nflu pknAw x'g;Sg] ;|f]t ;fwgxsf] clwstd pkof]u
ug]{ sfo{x u/L cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ km/flsnf] kfg{]tkm{ k|oTg ug{' h?/L 5 .
cfly{s ;d[l4 / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf dxjfsf+IfL p2]Zox k"/f ug{ ljsl;t Pj+
ljsf;zLn /fi6x Pj+ ;+:yfxaf6 cfly{s ;xfotf kl/rfng ug{ dfq xf]Og pGgt,
cfw'lgs Pj+ Jofjxfl/s k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{]tkm{ klg plQs} hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .
o; ;Gbe{df vf;u/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf eO/x]sf ljleGg d:of}bf ;Demf}tf
kqxdf cNk ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ kmfObf x'g] k|fjwfgx ;dfj]z ug{ clwstd
k|oTg ug]{, ;7gdf cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] ;d"xn] p7fO/x]sf LDC Package, Early
Harvest h:tf dfunfO{ cem ;zQm kdf agfpg] / To;sf] lgldQ b/f] kIf kf]if0f ug]{
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf;fy cl3 a9fpg h?/L 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] lgldQ
pknAw Jofkf/;Da4 k|fljlws ;xof]u (TRTA) sfo{qmd cGtu{t k|fljlws ;xof]u Pj+
Ifdtf j[l4, lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf, Jofkf/sf] nflu ;xof]u h:tf sfo{qmdxf/f
a9L eGbf a9L cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws ;|f]t h'6fpg], ltgnfO{ a9L sfof{Gjogd}qL agfpg
hf]8 lbg], To:tf sfo{qmdx :jLsf/ ubf{ ltgnfO{ k]l/; l;4fGt, cfqmf sfo{of]hgf
h:tf ;j{:jLs[t cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u l;4fGtcg'k a9L kf/bzL{, dfud'vL, Jofjxfl/s
/ ;Dalwt cNk ljsl;t /fi6sf] :jfldTj, g]t[Tj Pj+ pQ/bfloTj ;d]t sfod x'g] u/L
:jLsf/ ug]{ h:tf s'/fxdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ cfjZos 5 . o; cltl/Qm ljZj Jofkf/
;7g cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;Demf}tf / lg0f{oxn] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf lgldQ
pknAw u/fPsf ljleGg ;'ljwfxsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ug{]tkm{ hf]8 lbg' cfjZos
5 . o; qmddf cfufdL lbgdf sdhf]/ /fi6xn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{tsf eG;f/
tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf (DFQF), ;fdfGo u|fXotf k|0ffnL (GSP), Global
System of Trade Preference (GSTP), k|fljlws ;xfotf tyf Ifdtf ljsf; (TA&CB),
ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/ (S&DT), Enabling Clause, Service Waiver h:tf ;x'lnotk"0f{
k|fjwfgxsf] ulx/f] cWoog, ljZn]if0f u/L tL ;'ljwfxnfO{ s;/L /fli6o lxtdf
clwstd kdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
o; cltl/Qm d'n'sleq cfk"lt{ kIfsf cj/f]wx (Supply Side Constraints) vf;u/L
-114-

lgof{tof]Uo j:t'xsf] pTkfbg, ef}lts k"jf{wf/xsf] lgdf{0f, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf

k|of;xdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ cfjZos 5 . To;}u/L cGt/f{li6o:t/df ;7gsf ;b:o
/fi6x;Fu eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwf k"0f{ kdf pkof]u ug{ pTklQsf]
lgodnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug]{, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug]{, cfly{s / k|fljlws Ifdtf j[l4 ug{
lkIfLo / ax'kIfLo ;xof]u pNn]Vo kdf j[l4 ug]{ h:tf dfux /fVg'k5{ / ltgnfO{
;kmn agfpg ;zQm jftf{ / kIfkf]if0f ug'{k5{ . cGt/f{li6o :t/df cfgf] kIf dha't
agfpg cNk ljsl;t /fi6xaLrsf] PstfnfO{ cem ;'9[9 / ;Ifd agfpg' k5{ .
6sL{sf] O:tfga'ndf ;g\ @)!! sf] d] dlxgfdf ;DkGg cNkljsl;t /fi6xsf] rf}yf]
;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf] sfo{of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9n] sfof{Gjog ug{ pQ/blIf0fdfq
xf]Og blIf0fblIf0f ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{ ;d]t cNk ljsl;t /fi6xn] ;zQm kdf
cleofg ;~rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

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kl/R5]b&
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf 5nkmn / ;Demf}tfsf r/0fdf /x]sf
s]xL gofF tyf cGt/;Da4 ljifox
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] sfo{If]q ljutdf ;DkGg ePsf lglZrt ;Demf}tfleqsf ljleGg
afWotfx (Obligations) sf] kfngf / sfof{Gjogdf dfq ;Lldt g/xL gofFgofF
ljifodf jftf{ tyf ;Demf}tf ug{] klg /x]sf] 5 . ;7gleq ;b:oxaLr Jofkf/sf
lj:t[t ljifo / d'2fnfO{ lnP/ lg/Gt/ ax; / 5nkmn rNg] u5{ . tLdWo] sltko
k'/fg} ljifodf s]lGb|t 5g\ eg] sltko gofF . ;7gleq xfn d'Vo ax;sf kdf /x]sf
Jofkf/;DaGwL vf;vf; d'2fxsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
&=! bf]xf ljsf; Ph]08f (Doha Development Agenda : DDA)
stf/sf] /fhwfgL bf]xfdf ;g\ @))! sf] gf]eD] a/ ( b]lv !$ ;Dd ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] rf}yf]
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . s'n !@! ;b:o b]zsf dlGq:t/Lo k|ltlglw, @*
ko{jI] fs /fi6 tyf ljleGg cGt/f{li6o ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlglwn] efu lnPsf] pQm ;Dd]ngn]
d'Vo kdf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkq, Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf /
hg:jf:Yo tyf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{tsf df}hb" f ;Demf}tfsf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL d'2fsf
ljifodf ul/Psf lg0f{oxnfO{ ;du|df cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] . Psflt/ ljsl;t /fi6xn]
;7gdf u/]sf k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog gug{] / csf{t] km{ clt sd ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn
/fi6x Go"g cfly{s, k|fljlws Ifdtfsf sf/0f ;7gcGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfxnfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug{ g;Sg] l:yltdf ePaf6 ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf cl3 a9fpg] sfo{
r'gf}tLk"0f{ alg/x]sf] kl/k|I] odf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{t ljleGg
ljifodf gofF r/0fsf ;Demf}tf jftf{x k|f/De u/L oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ 6'f] nufpg] k|lta4tf
JoQm u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy}, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljBdfg sltko ;Demf}tfx sfof{Gjog
ug{] qmddf ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6n] ;fdgf ug{k' l//x]sf ;d:ofxnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{k' g{] s'/fnfO{ klg To;n] ;d]6s
] f] lyof] . bf]xf ;Dd]ngn]
cl3 ;f/]sf 5nkmnsf log} Kofs]hnfO{ ;dli6ut kdf bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf kdf
lrlgG5 / ;+lIfKtdf of] ;Demf}tf jftf{nfO{ bf]xf r/0f (Doha Round) sf] jftf{ eg]/ elgG5 .
vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] ljsf;sf d'2fnfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]/ gofF
r/0fsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ z'? ug{] lg0f{o of] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf] x'bF f To;} cfwf/df
o;nfO{ bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f eg]/ elgPsf] xf] .

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vf;u/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 klg ljZj Jofkf/df clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6xsf] lx:;f vf;} a9\g g;s]sf], ljZjsf ul/a / sdhf]/ cy{tGq ePsf d'n'sx
emg\ ;LdfGtLs[t x'Fb} hfg yfn]sf] ;Gbe{df ljZj Jofkf/df s] s;/L pgLxnfO{ clws
dfqfdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 / ljZj cy{tGqaf6 a9L kmfObf lng;Sg] l:yltdf
k'ofpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f tTsfnLg ljZjdf 7"nf] ax;sf] ljifo ag]sf] lyof] . o;}a]nf
cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ nlIft u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf]
kxndf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo (MDGs) kfl/t x'g' / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf cftsf/L
36gf 36\g'n] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] d'2fxdf uDeL/tf / pbf/tfsf ;fy ;f]Rg
cGt/f{li6o hut\nfO{ afWo agfof] . o; qmddf ljZjsf lgw{g / clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6sf] cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ gNofP;Dd ljsl;t /fi6df klg zflGt, ;'/Iff / ;d[l4nfO{
lbuf] kdf l6sfO{ /fVg sl7g x'g] s'/f ljsl;t /fi6xdf dx;''; ePcg';f/ bf]xf
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljZj Jofkf/df kl5 k/]sf ;b:oxsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg
s]xL dxjk"0f{ ljifoxdf ;Demf}tf jftf{ cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o uof] .
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] Psftkm{ ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L Jofks / ;dfj]zL agfpg gofF
r/0fsf] jftf{ k|lqmof z'? ug{ dfu{ k|z:t uof] eg] csf{tkm{ ljsf;df Jofkf/sf] dxjnfO{
cfTd;ft u/L ;Dk"0f{ Jofkf/ jftf{nfO{ ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] kdf cufl8 ;fg{] sfd uof] .
3f]if0ffkqn] ljut %) jif{df cfly{s j[l4, ljsf; / /f]huf/L ;[hgfdf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;sf/fTds k|efjsf] pRr d"Nofg ub{} ljZjJofkL cfly{s
dGbLsf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd / pbf/ Jofkf/ gLltxnfO{ cjnDag ub{}
tyf ;+/If0fjfbL gLltxnfO{ kl/Tofu ub{} cfly{s k'g?Tyfg, j[l4 / ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g
ug{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ub{} hfg] s'/fdf k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf]
lyof] . vf;u/L cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/n] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ / ul/aL lgjf/0f
ug{df pNn]Vo e"ldsf v]Ng;Sg] s'/fnfO{ x[bod u/L 3f]if0ffkqn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLn] pknAw u/fPsf a9\bf] cj;/x / cfly{s nfedf ljsf;zLn / clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6sf] oyf]lrt lx:;f ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kg{] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/
u/]sf] 5 . ;7gsf clwsf+z ;b:o ljsf;zLn / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6 ePsf]
;Gbe{df tL /fi6xsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] :t/cg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/L
tL ;b:o /fi6xsf] Jofkf/ lx:;f ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf, ;Gt'lnt
Jofkf/ lgodsf] sfof{Gjog / tL b]zxsf] k|fljlws tyf Jofkf/ Ifdtf clej[l4sf
nflu cfly{s ;xof]u ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|lta4tf 3f]if0ffkqn] JoQm u/]sf] 5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v
/ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] rfxgf / cfjZostfnfO{ bf]xf sfo{;"rLsf] s]Gb|laGb'df

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/fv]/ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ ug{ kxn ul/g] s'/f klg 3f]if0ffkqdf
cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6x ljz]if ;+/rgfTds sl7gfOxsf sf/0f
ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 lsgf/f nfUb} hfgyfn]sf] l:yltdf ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf
pgLxsf] k|efjsf/L, nfebfos / cy{k"0f{ PsLs/0fnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg ljz]if kxn
ug{] pb\3f]if 3f]if0ffkqn] u/]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f / cfly{s ljsf; k|lqmofdf If]qLo
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfxsf] e"ldsfnfO{ dxj lbFb} lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg'k Jofkf/
k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg;d]t of] 3f]if0ffkqn] dfu{lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 .
bf]xf sfo{;"rL (Doha Work Programme)
bf]xf sfo{;r
" L bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqcGtu{tsf] ;a}eGbf dxjk"0f{ Ph]G8f xf] . o;n] df}hb" f
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfxdf ;'wf/ ug{ gofF ;Demf}tf jftf{ k|f/De ug{]
s'/fnfO{ ;d]6s
] f] 5 . bf]xf sfo{;r
" LcGtu{t d'VotM @! j6f ljifo ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o;
cGtu{t k|dv
' Ph]G8fsf kdf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifoj:t'x x'g\ s[lif, ;]jf Jofkf/,
u}/ s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] ahf/ kx'r
F , Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/, Jofkf/ /
jftfj/0f, PG6L8lDk / cg'bfg;DaGwL ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf lgodxdf ;+zf]wg, nufgL
/ k|lt:kwf{ gLlt, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf kf/blz{tf, sdhf]/ d'ns
' xsf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu k|fljlws tyf cGo ;xfotf, ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns
' xnfO{ ljz]if /
k[ys\ Jojxf/, ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns
' sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ljsl;t ;b:oxsf] ahf/df ;xh
ahf/ kx'r
F ;'ljwf cflb . bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{ elgP klg k|:tfljt ljifosf clwsf+z
;Demf}tf jftf{x h]ge
] fd} ljleGg ;ldltcGtu{t eO/x]sf 5g\ . clwsf+z ;Demf}tf
jftf{x ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\cGtu{t /x]sf] Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;ldlt (Trade Negotiation
Committee) / o; dftxtsf ljleGg ;xfos ;ldltpk ;ldltxdf x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
sltko dxjk"0f{ jftf{xrflxF ;DalGwt kl/ifb\ / ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] ljz]if ;qdf klg
rln/x]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;ldlt (TNC) nfO{ ;Demf}tf jftf{sf nflu pko'Qm ;+oGq
/ k|lqmofx to ug]{ tyf ;Demf}tf jftf{df ePsf k|ultsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{] lhDd]jf/L
lbOPadf]lhd ;ldltn] oL sfo{x ub{} cfPsf] 5 . tbg';f/ gofF ;Demf}tf jftf{ s] s;/L
cl3 a9fpg] eGg] af/] dfu{lgb{z
] g g} klg hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ldf ;d]l6Psf
ljifosf clwsf+z Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{xnfO{ Pp6} Kofs]h (Single Undertaking) sf
kdf cl3 a9fpg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . s'g} ljifosf] ;Demf}tf ;do cufl8 g} ;DkGg
ePdf c:yfoL jf :yfoL kdf cfjZostfg';f/ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;lsg] (Early
Harvesting) sf] k|fjwfg;d]t bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ln] ;d]6s
] f] eP klg xfn;Dd s'g} klg ljifo
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

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lj:t[t / To;df klg sltko hl6n ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6s

] f]n] bf]xf sfo{;r
" Lsf] 5nkmn
cem} 6'lg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;g\ @))# sf] ;]K6]Da/df cfof]lht Sofgs'gsf] kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngn] bf]xf sfo{;r
" L cGtu{t ;dfj]z ePsf ljifodf ePsf] k|ultsf] ljj/0f ;ng
ug{] / sltko ljifodf 5nkmnsf] tl/sf / k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ug{] elgPsf] eP tfklg
;b:ob]zxaLr sfo{;r
" Ln] ;d]6s
] f ljleGg ljifodf P]sdTo gx'bF f of] ;Dd]ngn] bf]xf
sfo{;r
" LnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] ljifodf s'g} 7f]; lg0f{o lng;s]g . kl5 ;g\ @))$ sf] cui6
! df ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\n] ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zxaLr /x]sf] cGt/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f
ug{] p2]Zon] Pp6f k|md
] js{ hf/L uof] . h'nfO{ Kofs]hsf kdf kl/lrt o;n] ultxLg
cj:yfdf /x]sf] bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{nfO{ k'gM ;'rf? ug{] sfd uof] . kmntM ;g\ @))% sf]
l8;]Da/df xsdf cfof]lht 5}6f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ldf s]xL k|ult
eof] t/ Kofs]hcGtu{tsf ;a} ljifodf s'/f ldNg ;s]g . ;ftf}F / cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngaf6 klg bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{ 6'f]df k'ofpg s'g} ;fy{s kxn x'g ;s]g .
bf]xf sfo{;"rLcGtu{t ;dflji6 ljifodf l9nf]df ;g\ @))% sf] hgj/L ! ;Dd ;Demf}tf
jftf{ 6+'UofO;Sg] lg0f{o eP klg ;f] ;Dej gePsf]n] ;g\ @))^ sf] cGTo;Dddf 6+'Uofpg]
cgf}krfl/s ;xdlt ag]sf] lyof] . t/ Tof] klg ;Dej x'g ;s]g / cBko{Gt ;Demf}tf
jftf{ rfn" 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgfkl5sf] klxnf] tyf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{df gjf}F r/0fsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{sf] kdf /x]sf] of] jftf{ xfn;Dds}
;a}eGbf nfdf] ;Demf}tf jftf{sf] kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn tyf cNk
ljsl;t d'n'sxaLr s[lifdf cg'bfg s6f}tL ug{], ljsl;t b]zxsf] On]S6f]lgS;
/ c6f]df]afON; h:tf j:t'sf] lgof{tdf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zxn] nufpFb} cfPsf] pRr
eG;f/b/nfO{ s6f}tL ug{], ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sxnfO{ ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljleGg 5"6 /
;x'lnot clgjfo{ kdf pknAw u/fpg'kg{] nufotsf s]xL ljifodf ;b:o /fi6xaLr
uDeL/ dte]b sfod} /x]sf]n] bz jif{eGbf a9L cjlw JotLt eO;Sbf klg of] jftf{
cem} 6'lg ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] cl:tTj / k|efjsfl/tfdfly g}
k|Zg lrXg;d]t v8f u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf sfo{;"rLleqsf sltko d'2fxdf ljsl;t /
ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xaLrsf] b"/L k'g{ g;lsg] u/L km/flsnf] x'Fb}
uPkl5 ;7gsf dxflgb{]zs kf:sn nfdLn] ;g\ @))^ sf] h'nfO{ @$ df cgk]lIft
kdf bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{nfO{ :ylut -lgnDag_ ug{ k'u] . kl5 ;g\ @))& sf] z'?b]lv
;b:oxaLr ;dembf/L ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf]n] kl5Nnf jif{xdf bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{n]
qmdzM ult lng yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn] ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v ;b:oxaLrsf]
b"/LnfO{ sd ub{} ;Demf}tf jftf{nfO{ oyfzSo rfF8f] 6+'Uofpg kxn hf/L 5 .

-119-

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{tsf ljBdfg ;Demf}tfxsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df p7]sf sl/a

!)) j6f k]lrnf d'2fxdWo] bf]xf ;Dd]ng x'g' # -tLg_ jif{ klxn]bl] v ;b:oxaLr uDeL/
5nkmn / n]gb]g k|f/De ePsf]df bf]xf;Dd]ng;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljleGg !@ j6f zLif{scGtu{t
$) j6f eGbf a9L ljifodf ;dembf/L ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogl;t
hf]l8Psf afFsL ljifox eg] clxn] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f cGtu{t ;Demf}tfsf r/0fdf
/x]sf 5g\ . bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ln] ;d]6s
] f ;a} ljifodf ;xdlt eO;s]kl5 klg ;Demf}tf ePsf
ljifonfO{ s] s;/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf lglZrt sfo{kl| qmof (Modalities)
lgwf{/0f ug{k' g{] x'G5 . ctM cfufdL lbgsf jftf{x ;xdlt x'g afFsL ljifonfO{ 6+U' ofpg]tkm{
dfq s]lGb|t geO{ ;xdlt ePsf ljifonfO{ s] s;/L nfu" ug{] eGg];DaGwL sfo{ljlw / k|lqmof
lgwf{/0f ug{l] t/ klg pGd'v x'gk' g{] b]lvG5 . bf]xf r/0fsf] ljsf; Ph]G8fxnfO{ 6'f]df
k'ofO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;s]df Psflt/ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL ;Gt'lnt, ;dtfd"ns
/ k|efjsf/L aGg;Sg] b]lvG5 eg] csf{lt/ o;af6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gk|lt ljsf;f]Gd'v /
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] e/f];fdf j[l4 eO{ pgLxnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/df a9L dfqfdf
cfa4 x'g / cfly{s nfe lng ;d]t ;3fp k'Ug] b]lvG5 . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fcGtu{t
;Demf}tf jftf{df /x]sf d'Vo ljifoxsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
s[lif (Agriculture)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf @) n] ;f] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg'kg{] ^ jif{sf] cjlw ;dfKt x'g' Ps jif{kj" { g} s[lif If]qdf ;'wf/ k|lqmofnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg] p2]Zon] gofF r/0fsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ z'? ug{k' g{] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]6s
] f]
k[i7e"lddf o; ljifodf ;g\ @))) sf] z'?af6} ;Demf}tf jftf{ k|f/De ePsf] xf] . o;/L
z'? ul/Psf] jftf{nfO{ bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ln] klg cfTd;ft u/L lg/Gt/tf lbof] . o; cGtu{t
s[lif If]qsf] ahf/ kx'r
F df ;f/e"t ;'wf/ ug{,] s[lifdf ljBdfg lgof{t cg'bfg / 3/]n'
;xfotf;DaGwL Joj:yfx eljiodf k"0f{tj/n] x6fpg] u/L Go"g ub{} n}hfg], ljsf;f]Gd'v
b]zsf] s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ljz]if / leGg Jojxf/ ug{,] ljsf;zLn b]zxsf] vfB ;'/Iff /
u|fdL0f ljsf;nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] h:tf ljifo ;d]l6Psf lyP . o; ljifodf ;g\ @))#
sf] dfr{leq} jftf{sf] sfo{kl| qmof (Modalities) to u/L kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng cufj}
;b:o /fi6xn] cfgf] lj:t[t k|:tfj -;"rL_ sf] vfsf k]z ug{k' g{] elgP klg ;f]cg';f/
x'g ;s]g . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] cleGg c (Single Undertaking) sf] kdf /x]sf] of]
ljifodf ;7gsf] s[lif ;ldltsf] ljz]if ;qxdf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
;]jf Jofkf/ If]q (Trade in Services)
Uof6\;sf] wf/f !( df ;f] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] l9nf]df % jif{leq
-120-

Progressive

Liberalization

nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] p2]Zosf nflu ;b:o /fi6xn] gofF r/0fsf

jftf{x z'? ug{k' g{] k|fjwfg ;d]l6Padf]lhd bf]xf sfo{;r
" L hf/L x'ge
' Gbf em08} b'O{ jif{
klxn] g} ;g\ @))) sf] z'?d} ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf jftf{ z'? ePsf] lyof] . kl5 bf]xf
sfo{;r
" Ldf o;nfO{ klg ;d]l6of] . bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ln] ;]jf Jofkf/ If]qdf ul/g] jftf{nfO{
;b:o /fi6xsf] cfly{s ljsf; / To;df klg vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t
;b:o /fi6xsf] cfly{s j[l4 tyf /f]huf/LnfO{ k|j4{g ug{] lsl;daf6 cufl8 a9fpg]
s'/fnfO{ lgb{z
] u/]sf] 5 . ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL kl/ifb\n] ;g\ @))! sf] dfr{df ;]jf
Jofkf/ If]qdf ul/g] ;Demf}tf jftf{sf nflu dfu{lgb{z
] g / k|lqmofx kfl/t u/]sf]df bf]xf
sfo{;r
" Ln] To;nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ln] ;b:o /fi6xn] #) h'g, @))@
leq cfcfgf k|lta4tfsf ;"rL k]z ug{] / ;g\ @))# sf] dfr{;Dddf cfgf k|f/lDes
k|:tfj k]z ug{] u/L Dofb tf]ss
] f]df ;f] cg';f/ x'g ;s]g . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] cleGg
c (Single Undertaking) sf] kdf /x]sf] of] ljifodf ;7gsf] ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL
kl/ifb\sf] ljz]if ;qxdf / kl/ifb\sf] lgoldt a}7sdf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

u}/s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] ahf/ kx'Fr (Non-Agricultural Market Access : NAMA)

bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ln] ;Dk"0f{ u}/s[lifhGo j:t'xsf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/ ;Dej eP;Dd
x6fpg] jf ;Dej geP 36fpg] lbzfdf sfo{ ug{ ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ lgb{l] zt u/]sf]
5 . o;n] vf;u/L pRr, c:jfefljs tyf :jb]zL k|zf]wg pBf]uxnfO{ ;+/If0f lbg]
;a} k|sl[ tsf eG;f/ dx;'nx (Tariff Peaks, High Tariffs, Tariff Escalation) nfO{
x6fpg] ljifonfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;fy}, u}/s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cfoftlgof{tdf nufOg]
;a} vfn] u}/eG;f/ cj/f]wxnfO{ x6fpg / To;df klg ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd
ljsl;t b]zsf] lgof{tdf ljz]if dxj /fVg] j:t'sf xsdf eG;f/, u}/ eG;f/ b'j} y/Lsf
cj/f]wxnfO{ x6fpg jf Go"g ug{ sfo{;r
" Ln] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; cGtu{t x'g] ;Demf}tf
jftf{n] ljsf;zLn / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Jofkf/sf ljz]if cfjZostf / lxtsf
ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL lg0f{o lng'kg{] / sdhf]/ /fi6sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf j[l4sf] nflu
cfjZos ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{t] km{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kg{] s'/f klg sfo{;r
" Ln] ;d]6s
] f] 5 .
bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] cleGg c (Single Undertaking) sf] kdf /x]sf] of] ljifodf
Market Access Negotiating Group sf] a}7sdf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/

(Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual

Property Rights : TRIPS)

bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ;Demf}tf jftf{ v'nf ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] csf{] dxjk"0f{ If]q Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ klg xf] . o; ljifonfO{ ljz]if dxj lbP/ dlGq:t/Lo
-121-

;Dd]ngn] Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ / ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo ljifodf

5'} 3f]if0ffkq klg hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . 3f]if0ffkqn] af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL
;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ ;fj{hlgs :jf:YonfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos kg{] pkfox
cjnDag ug{af6 lgif]w ug{ g;Sg] / ug{ gx'g] s'/fdf ;dy{g hgfpFb} Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] JofVof ubf{ ;7gsf ;b:o /fi6xsf]
;fj{hlgs :jf:YonfO{ ;+/If0f ug{;Sg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] / To;df klg vf;u/L
;a} gful/sxsf] cf}ifwL ;]jg;Ddsf] kx'FrnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]uL x'g] lx;fan] ug{'kg{]
s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . csf{] zAbdf eGg'kbf{ l6K;;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkqn] dfgj :jf:Yo,
gofFgofF cf}ifwL, cg';Gwfg / ljsf;h:tf ljifodf ;a}sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{] lx;fan]
o;;DaGwL gofF ;Demf}tf jftf{ cl3 a9\g'kg{] s'/fsf] pb\3f]if u/]sf] lyof] . 3f]if0ffkqn]
l6K; ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogdf ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ s]xL
nrstfsf] Joj:yf ub{} cfkTsfnLg kl/l:yltdf tL b]zsf ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yosf]
;'lglZrttfsf nflu clgjfo{ Ohfht (Compulsory Licensing) / ;dfgfGt/ cfoft
(Parallel Import) h:tf pkfox cjnDag ug{ ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 uof] . 3f]if0ffkqn]
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xnfO{ cf}ifwLsf] k]6]G6 (Pharmaceutical Patents) ;DaGwL
k|fjwfg nfu" ug{] cjlw ! hgj/L, ;g\ @)!^ ;Dd a9fpg] s'/fnfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] lyof] .
bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] l6K; ;Demf}tf / h}ljs ljljwtf;DaGwL dxf;lGw (Convention on
Biological Diversity) aLrsf] ;DaGw / k/Dk/fut 1fg tyf nf]s;+:s[lt (Traditional
Knowledge and Folklore) sf ljifoxnfO{ ljsf;sf d'2f;Fu ufF;]/ x]g{] u/L jftf{
k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg klg lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, dlb/f / l:kl/6sf cltl/Qm cGo
j:t'xnfO{ klg pRr ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ l6K;;Demf}tf cGtu{t ef}uf]lns ;]tLs/0fsf]
bfo/fnfO{ a9fpg] ;DaGwdf klg 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg sfof{b]z lbPsf] 5 . bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8fsf] cleGg c (Single Undertaking) sf] kdf /x]sf] of] ljifodf Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL kl/ifb\sf] ljz]if ;qxdf 5nkmn rln/x]sf] 5 .
l;fk'/ d'2fx (Singapore Issues)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g :yfkgf ePkl5 ;g\ !((^ sf] l8;]Da/df l;fk'/df cfof]hgf
ePsf] k|yd dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljleGg rf/j6f dxjk"0f{ ljifodf lj:t[t jftf{ z'?
ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . l;fk'/ d'2fx (Singapore Issues) sf kdf kl/lrt oL
ljifox lyP Jofkf/ / nufgL, Jofkf/ / k|lt:kwf{ gLlt, ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf kf/blz{tf
/ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f . oL ljifoxnfO{ a9L Jofjxfl/s / ;a}sf] cg's"n x'g] u/L cl3
a9fpg bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] ;Demf}tf cl3 a9fpg] s'/fnfO{ bf]xf]ofPsf] eP klg tTsfn

-122-

;Demf}tf jftf{ k|f/De ug{] 3f]if0ffrflxF u/]sf] lyPg . bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] oL ljifoxnfO{
kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;a} ;b:oxsf] ;j{;Ddltaf6 jftf{sf] sfo{k|lqmofx
lgwf{/0f ug{] sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 5nkmnsf lglDt cl3 a9fpg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] .
t/ oL rf/j6f ljifodf jftf{ k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg] sfo{ljlw to ug{] af/]df ;b:oxaLr
dt}So x'g;s]g . o;sf] kl/0ffd:jk Sofgs'gdf cfof]lht ;7gsf] kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ng g} c;kmn x'gk'Uof] . kl5 ;g\ @))$ sf] cui6df ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\af6 kfl/t
k|m]djs{ ;Demf}tfdf l;fk'/ d'2fsf kdf /x]sf rf/j6f ljifoxdWo] z'?sf tLgj6f
ljifonfO{ x6fO{ clGtd of}6f Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f sf ljifodf dfq ;Demf}tf jftf{ cl3
a9fpg] s'/f pNn]v ePcg';f/ xfn oxL Pp6f ljifodf dfq ;Demf}tf rln/x]sf] 5 .
xfn bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] cleGg c (Single Undertaking) sf] kdf 5nkmndf
/x]sf] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;Demf}tfsf af/]df tn 5'} rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf s]xL lgodxdf ;'wf/ / :ki6 ug]{ ljifo (Improvement and
Clarification on WTO Rules)

bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{t PG6L8lDk / sfpG6/e]ln dx;'n

nufpg] tyf cg'bfg;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ oL ;Demf}tfxsf] cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff /
l;4fGtxnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVb} tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v Pj+ clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o d'n'sxsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} a9L :ki6 kfg]{ / ;'wf/ ug{] s'/fnfO{ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 .
o; qmddf oL ;Demf}tfxsf] s'g s'g kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{ jf s'g s'g k|fjwfgnfO{ a9L
:ki6 ug{ cfjZos 5 jftf{ u/L ;'wf/sf If]q klxNofpg sfo{;"rLn] lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 .
o; qmddf df5f dfg{] (Fisheries) If]qdf lbOg] cg'bfg ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6sf nflu
Pp6f dxjk"0f{ If]q x'g;Sg] 7DofO /x]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t Jofkf/df ljrng Nofpg]
vfnsf Joj:yf / k|lqmofdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{] s'/fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
o; ljifodf ;g\ @))@ sf] hgj/Laf6 ;Demf}tf jftf{ z'? ePsf] lyof] . bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8fsf] cleGg c (Single Undertaking) sf] kdf /x]sf] of] ljifodf Rules
Negotiating Group sf] a}7sdf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf;DaGwL k|fjwfgdf
/x]sf c:ki6tfnfO{ lg/fs/0f ub{} cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{] ljifonfO{ klg lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 .
;7gsf] If]qLo Jofkf/;DaGwL xfnsf] lgodn] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ubf{
lglZrt zt{x k"/f ug{'kg{] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] eP klg To;sf] JofVof ljjfbf:kb
/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . xfn clwsf+z ;b:ox s'g} g s'g} If]qLo Jofkf/ ;+/rgfdf cfa4
x'Fb} hfg yfn]sf] / If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfxn] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u
-123-

k'ofpg;Sg] b]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df ;DalGwt k|fjwfgsf] JofVofdf /x]sf ljjfbnfO{ klg

:ki6 kfg{ cfjZos dx;''; u/L bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] o; ;DaGwdf jftf{ cl3 a9fpg]
s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] xf] . bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfxsf] ljsf;fTds
kIfxnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} jftf{ ;DkGg ug{ lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf]
cleGg c (Single Undertaking) sf] kdf /x]sf] of] ljifodf Rules Negotiating
Group sf] a}7sdf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
ljjfb ;dfwfg ;dembf/L (Dispute Settlement Understanding)
;g\ !(($ df df]/Ssf]sf] df/fs]zdf ePsf] Uof6 dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf ;Demf}tfx sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] $ jif{ cyf{t\ ! hgj/L ;g\ !((( leq
ljjfb ;dfwfg ;dembf/L (Dispute Settlement Understanding) ;DaGwdf k'g/fjnf]sg
sfo{ k|f/De ug{'kg{] u/L lgb{]zg lbPsf] lyof] . tbg';f/ o; ljifodf ;g\ !((&
sf] pQ/f4{lt/af6 jftf{ k|f/De eof] / ;b:oxn] klxrfg u/]sf ljleGg d'2fxdf
ljleGg r/0fdf cgf}krfl/s 5nkmnx cfof]hgf ul/P . clwsf+z ;b:oxn] ljjfb
;dfwfg;DaGwL ljBdfg k|0ffnL / k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ cfjZos /x]sf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf]
k[i7e"lddf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] o; ljifodf klg jftf{ cl3 a9fpg] s'/fsf] pb\3f]if uof] .
t/ o;nfO{ bf]xf sfo{;"rLsf] Single Undertaking af6 x6fO{ k[ys\ kdf jftf{ rnfpg]
3f]if0ffkqsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ o; ljifodf xfn 5'} 5nkmn cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . o;
;DaGwdf ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGqsf] ljz]if ;qdf 5nkmn hf/L 5 .
Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f (Trade and Environment)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] klxnf]kN6 Jofkf/ / jftfj/0faLrsf] cGt/\;DaGwnfO{ ;d]t jftf{
sfo{;r
" Ldf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ln] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf lgodx jftfj/0fLo
;Demf}tfsf kIf /fi6xdf s] s;/L nfu" ug{] eGg] ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] u/L jftf{ cl3
a9fpg lgb{z
] u/]sf] 5 . o;cGtu{t x'g] jftf{n] vf;u/L jftfj/0fLo ;Demf}tfx / ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7gsf lgodxcGtu{t /x]/ lnOPsf Jofkf/ pkfox (Trade Measures)
aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 kfg{k' g{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf]
cleGg c (Single Undertaking) sf] kdf Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f ;ldltsf] ljz]if ;qxdf
5nkmnsf] qmddf /x]sf] o; ljifosf af/]df tn 5'} rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
ljB'tLo j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ (Electronic Commerce)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/;DaGwdf klxn] g} ePsf sfo{nfO{ cg'df]bg ub{}
o; ljifonfO{ /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ug{ pko'Qm ;+:yfut Joj:yfaf/] ljrf/ ug{ ;fwf/0f
-124-

kl/ifb\nfO{ lgb{]zg lbPsf] 5 . h]g]efdf ;g\ !((* df ePsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf]
bf];|f] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljB'tLo j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/;DaGwdf hf/L u/]sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf
ljB'tLo sf/f]af/df ;b:o b]zxn] eG;f/ gnufpg] ;flassf] k|rngnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg] s'/f pNn]]v ePsf] k[i7e"lddf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] To:tf] eG;f/ gnufpg] cEof;nfO{
kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng gx'Fbf;Dd hf/L /fVg] s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g hgfPsf] lyof] .
;fgf cy{tGq ePsf b]zxsf] ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf PsLs/0f

(Integration of

Small Scale Industries into Global Trading System)

bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ;fgf cy{tGq ePsf d'n'snfO{ ;Lldt k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgnufotsf
sf/0f ljZj Jofkf/df /fd|/L ;xefuL x'g] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df To:tf
d'n'snfO{ ljZj Jofkf/df k|efjsf/L kdf cfa4 x'g ;3fp k'ofpg Jofkf/;Da4
pkfoxdf s] s:tf] ;'wf/ ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 ;dfwfg klxNofpg ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\nfO{
lgb{]zg lbPsf] 5 .
Jofkf/, C0f / ljQ (Trade, Debt and Finance)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ljsf;zLn w]/} b]zxn] uDeL/ afXo C0fsf] ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf] / sltko
uDeL/ cfly{s ;6df kml;/x]sf] sf/0f To:tf b]zxnfO{ ljQLo ;6sf] ;d:ofl;t
h'Wg pkof]uL Jofkf/;Da4 pkfox cjnDag ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg Jofkf/, C0f / ljQ
ljifodf 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg Pp6f ;ldlt u7g ug{] s'/fsf] pb\3f]if u/]sf] 5 .
Jofkf/ / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f (Trade and Technology Transfer)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ljleGg ;Demf}tf tyf k|fjwfgxn] ljsl;t b]zxn] ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n'sdf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f u/L pgLxsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u ug{'kg{] s'/fsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg Jojxf/df k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f s] s;/L ug{] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g
g;ls/x]sf] k[i7e"lddf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] o; ljifodf u[xsfo{ ug{ Pp6f sfo{bn u7g
ug{] s'/f JoQm u/]sf] 5 .
k|fljlws ;xfotf tyf Ifdtf ljsf;

(Technical Cooperation and Capacity

Building)

bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqsf ljleGg kl/R5]bxdf ljsf;f]Gd'v / vf;u/L cNk ljsl;t /fi6nfO{

ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf k|efjsf/L 9n] cfa4 x'g ;dy{ agfpg k|fljlws ;xfotf tyf
Ifdtf ljsf;sf If]qdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg cfjZos ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf 5g\ .
o;} k[i7e"lddf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] Jofkf/;Da4 k|fljlws ;xfotf (Trade Related Technical

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Assistance : TRTA)

nfO{ k|efjsf/L tj/n] sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6xnfO{

s'zn Jofkf/ gLltxsf] th{d' f ug{ tyf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{df k|efjsf/L tj/n] k|:t't
x'g ;3fpg ;7gsf ;b:oxnfO{ cfu|x uof] . bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ln] ;b:o /fi6xsf] /fli6o
ljsf; /0fgLlt tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdxdf Jofkf/nfO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f u/L
Jofkf/af6 pRrtd nfe lng ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg
cfjZos ;xfotf h'6fpg ;7gsf] ;lrjfnonfO{ ljz]if lgb{z
] g lbPsf] 5 . ljsl;t
/fi6x / ljleGg cGt/;/sf/L ;7gxaf6 pknAw u/fOg] k|fljlws ;xof]unfO{ a9L
e/kbf{,] kof{Kt, ljZj;gLo, cg'udgof]Uo / lbuf] agfpg bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ln] lgb{z
] u/]sf]
5 . ;fy}, ljleGg ;|ft] af6 k|jflxt x'g] ;xof]unfO{ ;dGjofTds, ;ltk"0f{ / kl/0ffdd'vL
agfpg]tkm{ hf]8 lbg klg o;n] cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ;7g cGtu{t k|jflxt
x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotfnfO{ bL3{sfnLg 9n] cl3 a9fpg lgb{z
] g lbPadf]lhd ;fwf/0f
kl/ifb\n] ;g\ @))! sf] l8;]Da/df k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] sf]ifdf *) k|ltztn]
/sd j[l4 u/L Doha Development Agenda Global Trust Fund :yfkgf uof] . of] sf]ifsf]
jflif{s ah]6 z'?df sl/a @ s/f]8 $) nfv l:j; k|ms
+} /x]sf] lyof] .
clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx;DaGwL sfo{;"rL (Least Developed Countries Issues)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6xn] p7fPsf Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/sf
ljifoxnfO{ pRr dxj lbFb} sdhf]/ /fi6xnfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ;dflxt
x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;xh ahf/ kx'Fr, pTkfbg tyf lgof{tsf cfwf/xsf] lj:tf/ /
ljljwLs/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf;h:tf kIfdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
o;sf] nflu sd ljsl;t /fi6sf pTkfbgnfO{ sf]6f tyf eG;f//lxt ahf/ kx'Fr (Duty
Free Quota Free Market Access) ;'ljwf lbg] s'/fdf k"0f{ k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{} o;sf
cltl/Qm oL /fi6xsf] lgof{t j[l4sf nflu ahf/ kx'Frdf ;'wf/ ug{ cGo cfjZos
pkfoxaf/]df ljrf/ ug{ ;d]t cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . 3f]if0ffkqn] clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6xsf lglDt ;7gsf] ;b:otf lng] k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n / zL3| agfpg klg lgb{]z
u/]sf] 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf nflu nlIft u/L k|jflxt x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotfnfO{
yk k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;Gbe{df bft[ d'n'sxnfO{ cfgf] of]ubfgsf] c+z pNn]Vo kdf
a9fpg klg 3f]if0ffkqn] cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] t];|f] /fi6;+3Lo
;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf] a|;]N; 3f]if0ff df plNnlvt ljifoxnfO{ k|fyldstf ;fy
sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ klg 3f]if0ffkqn] lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 . tbg';f/ ;7gsf] Jofkf/ /
ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{tsf] pk;ldltn] ;g\ @))@ sf] k]ma|'c/Ldf a|;]N; 3f]if0ffkqdf
pNn]v ePsf Jofkf/;Da4 ljifodf Ps sfo{;"rL th{'df klg u/]sf] 5 .

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ljz]if / leGg Jojxf/ (Special and Differential Treatment)

3f]if0ffkqn] ljz]if / leGg Jojxf/nfO{ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6sf] ljz]if clwsf/ (Special
Rights) sf kdf k'gM PskN6 :jLsfb{} o;;DaGwL k|fjwfgxnfO{ yk :ki6 agfO{
clgjfo{ / k|efjsf/L kdf nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos kIfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{
lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 . 3f]if0ffkqn] sfof{Gjog;Da4 d'2f / ;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6sf] ;Gbe{df ljz]if kdf ljrf/ ug{ cfu|x ug{'sf ;fy} ljz]if / leGg
Jojxf/ cGtu{t /x]sf Joj:yfxdWo] s'g s'g afWosf/L 5g\ / s'g s'g afWosf/L
5}gg\ klxrfg ub{} afWosf/L gePsf k|fjwfgnfO{ afWosf/L agfpFbf ltgaf6 kg{;Sg]
;Defljt c;/xaf/] ljrf/ ug{ Jofkf/ / ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lgb{]z ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
o;/L bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{] lj:t[t
Kofs]hnfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] . tLdWo] s]xLnfO{ kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngk"j{ / s]xLnfO{
;f] ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t ug{] k|f/lDes of]hgf lyof] . tbg';f/ kfFrf} ;Dd]ngsf]
k"j{;GWofdf Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ / ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yol;t hf]l8Psf
d'2fnufotsf s]xL ljifoxdf ;xdlt klg eof] . t/ afFsL y'k|} ljifodf ;xdlt
h'6\g g;Sbf bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] pb\3f]if u/]adf]lhd k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;do;Ldfleq clwsf+z
ljifodf ;Demf}tf 6'lg ;s]g . vf;u/L s[lif tyf u}/ s[lifhGo j:t'sf] ahf/
kx'Fr, ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL, ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/h:tf kIfdf ;Demf}tf jftf{sf
sfo{k|lqmofx (Modalities) df ;xdlt h'6\g g;Sbf gofF ;Demf}tf jftf{n] ult lng
;s]gg\ . ef}uf]lns ;]tLs/0f btf{ ug{] ljifodf klg gofF ;dembf/L aGg ;s]g .
kmntM jftf{ ;DkGg ug{] ltlyldltx af/Daf/ ;+zf]wg eO/x] . Sofgs'gdf cfof]lht
kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;b:o /fi6x y'k|} d'2fxdf ;xdltsf] glur
cfPsf] b]lvP klg s[lif / l;fk'/ d'2fnufotsf ljifodf ulx/f];Fu ljeflht ePsf]
kfOof] . kmntM ;f] ;Dd]ng ljgf s'g} lgisif{ 6'lof] . ;f] ;Dd]ng ePsf] bz dlxgfkl5
! cui6, ;g\ @))$ df ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\n] Pp6f k|m]djs{ ;Demf}tf -h'nfO{ Kofs]h_
kfl/t uof] . h;n] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ljjfbdf /x]sf l;fk'/ d'2f cGtu{tsf rf/j6f
ljifodWo] cnfO{ kl/Tofu u/L Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f Pp6f ljifonfO{ dfq ;Demf}tf jftf{
;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/L cl3 a9\g] lg0f{o uof] . ;g\ @))% sf] xsdf cfof]lht 5}6f}F
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f cGtu{tsf y'k|} ljifodf ;dembf/L ljsf;
eO{ bf]xf sfo{;"rLdf s]xL k|ult eof] . t/ klg bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] ;d]6]sf ;a} ljifodf
;xdlt h'6\gg;Sbf ;Demf}tf jftf{ nlDag k'Uof] / cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng;Dd
cfOk'Ubf klg bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fn] d"t{ k lng ;s]sf] 5}g . ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v

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b'j} d'n'sxn] km/flsnf] ;f]r /fv]/ ljleGg ljifodf /x]sf dtleGgtfnfO{ cGTo
gu/];Dd bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{ rfF8} g6'lg] nIf0f b]lvPsf] 5 .
xfn cGt/f{li6o:t/df sltko ljsl;t b]zsf] d'Vo Wofg /fli6o ;'/IffnfO{ ;'b[9
ug{]tkm{ s]lGb|t ePsf] ;Gbe{df Jofkf/nfO{ ;xh agfpg] p2]Zon] cl3 ;fl/Psf] bf]xf
ljsf; Ph]G8f clxn] s]xL cf]em]ndf kg{ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn] Jofkf/ / ;'/IffnfO{
;Fu;Fu} lnP/ cl3 a9\g'kg{] r'gf}tL ;7gsf ;b:oxnfO{ 5 . o;af6 klg bf]xf ljsf;
jftf{nfO{ rfF8} lgisif{df k'ofpg s]xL ljnDa ePsf] b]lvG5 .
bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6sf cfjZostf
/ lxtsf ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] .
sdhf]/, ;fgf / hf]lvdo'Qm cfly{s cj:yf ePsf ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf nfebfos / cy{k"0f{ x'g] u/L PsLs/0f ug{] .
ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6sf pTkfbgnfO{ ljsl;t d'n'ssf
ahf/df eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt kx'Fr ;'ljwf lbO{ lgof{tnfO{ ;xh agfpg] .
ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6sf lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL Jofkf/
lgodx ;/n, :ki6 / ;Gt'lnt agfpg] .
ljz]if tyf leGg Jojxf/;DaGwL k|fjwfgxnfO{ a9L :ki6, afWosf/L /
sfof{Gjogof]Uo agfpg] .
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws ;xfotfdf
j[l4 ug{] .
sd ljsl;t b]zxn] eG;f/sf b/x qmdzM 36fpFb} hfg] / Jofkf/
pbf/Ls/0fsf nflu yk k|lta4tfx clgjfo{ kdf nfu" ug{' gkg{] .
ljsl;t b]zxn] cEof;df NofO/x]sf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/nfO{ ljrng ug{]
k|s[ltsf 3/]n' pTkfbg cg'bfg / lgof{t cg'bfgx ;doa4kdf 36fpg] jf
x6fpg] .
&=@ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f
Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f eGgfn] j:t'xsf] cfoftlgof{tdf /x]sf k|lqmofxnfO{ ;/nLs/0f,
PsLs/0f, :t/Ls/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f ub{} j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ ;/n, ;xh / nfut
lskmfotL 9n] ;~rfng ug{] s'/fnfO{ a'lemG5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] o;nfO{ Jofkf/sf
k|lqmofxdf ;/nLs/0f / Psktfsf] cy{df kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o;cGtu{t gLltut
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;'wf/b]lv k|lqmofut kf/blz{tf / ;/nLs/0f dfq xf]Og ;'b[9 k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f
/ kf/jxg ;xhLs/0f;Ddsf lj:t[t kIfx cfpF5g\ h;n] b'O{ b]zaLr j:t'xsf]
cfoftlgof{tdf /x]sf cj/f]w / nfutnfO{ Go"g agfpg ;xof]u u5{g\ . ljz]ifu/L
Jofkf/;xhLs/0f u}/eG;f/hGo cj/f]w (Non-Tariff Barriers) nfO{ Go"gLs/0f /
lg/fs/0f ug]{, cfoftlgof{tl;t ;Da4 z'Ns / cf}krfl/stfx sd ug{], Jofkf/;Da4
P]glgodsf] bIftf;fy sfof{Gjog ug{], cfoftlgof{t;DaGwL k|lqmofxnfO{ kf/bzL{
/ cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpg] s'/fl;t ;DalGwt 5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNk ljsl;t /fi6x
cfgf] OR5f / tTk/tfsf afah"b ljleGg /fhg}lts tyf ;Lldt cfly{s ;|f]tsf] sf/0f
:jtGq kdf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf pkfox nfu" ug{ c;dy{ 5g\ . o;}n] pgLxn]
Jofkf/af6 ck]lIft nfe lng g;ls/x]sf] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L pgLxnfO{ ljZj
Jofkf/df /fd|/L PsLs/0f x'g;Sg] l:yltdf k'ofpg ljsl;t /fi6n] gLltut ;'wf/
/ k|lqmofTds Psktf sfod ug{]b]lv k"jf{wf/lgdf{0f;Dd cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gleq of}6f gofF / HjnGt d'2fsf]
kdf of] ljifon] k|j]z kfPsf] xf] . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f o:tf] If]q xf] h;n] Ps k6s
nufgL u/]kl5 jiff}F;Dd k|ltkmn lbO/xG5 / Jofkf/sf] sf/f]jf/ nfut 36fpg d2t
k'ofpFF5 . vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNk ljsl;t /fi6 / To;df klg e"kl/j]li6t /fi6sf]
Jofkf/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg of] cToGt pkof]uL / dxjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] Oltxf;df ;j{k|yd ;g\ !((^ df l;fk'/df ePsf] klxnf]
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] d'2fnfO{ klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn]
l;fk'/ d'2f cGtu{t ljleGg $ j6f ljifo klxrfg u/]sf]df rf}yf] dxjk"0f{ d'2f
Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;f]Gd'v / vf;u/L clt sd ljsl;t b]zdf
kf/jgsf] qmddf /x]sf j:t'nufot cfoftlgof{t x'g] ;a} vfn] j:t'sf] cfjfudg,
5'6sf/f / hfFrkf; k|lqmofnfO{ zL3| / ;/n agfpg pgLxnfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf
pknAw u/fpg'kg{] / Ifdtf j[l4 ug{'kg{] vfFrf] cf}FNofPsf] lyof] . o; qmddf ;g\ @))!
sf] bf]xfdf ePsf] rf}yf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fnfO{ bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8fcGtu{t ;dfj]z u/L o; ;DaGwdf gofF ;Demf}tf jftf{ k|f/De ug{] lg0f{o uof] .
t/ ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v ;b:oxaLr Ps dt x'gg;Sbf Sofgs'gdf cfof]lht
kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] o; ljifodf s'g} lg0f{o ug{ ;s]g . kl5 ;g\ @))$ sf]
cui6df ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\af6 ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNk ljsl;t /fi6;Da4 bf]xf sfo{;"rLdf
;dfj]z ePsf sltko dxjk"0f{ ljifodf 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o -h;nfO{ h'nfO{
Kofs]hsf kdf lrlgG5_ ePkl5 o; ljifodf /x]sf] uTofj/f]wnfO{ tf]8\g] sfo{ eof] .

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kmntM of] Pp6f dfq o:tf] l;fk'/ d'2f xf] h;nfO{ cg]s ljjfbsf afah"b bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8f cGtu{t Pp6f cleGg c (Part of Single Undertaking) sf]] kdf jftf{ cl3
a9fpg ;b:o b]zxaLr ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !((& b]lv ;g\ @))# ;Dd Jofkf/
;xhLs/0fsf] ljifo ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL kl/ifb\n] x]b{Yof] eg]
clxn] of] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f cGtu{t 5nkmnsf] ljifo aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{t Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f;DaGwL s'g} 5'} ;Demf}tf 5}g . vf;u/L
eG;f/ dx;'n tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, !(($ sf] wf/f % -kf/jxgsf] :jtGqtf_,
wf/f * -z'Ns tyf cf}krfl/stfx_ / wf/f !) -Jofkf/ lgodxsf] k|sfzg /
k|zf;g_ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fl;t ;Da4 5g\ . t;y{, bf]xf dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{on] klg log}
tLgj6f wf/fcGtu{tsf k|fjwfgxdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v
/ cNk ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ lgb{]zg u/]sf]
5 . tbg'k bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fleq log} ljifoxdf 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 / w]/}h;f]
ljifodf ;dembf/L klg ag]sf] 5 . t/ bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fcGtu{tsf ;a} ljifodf
;b:o/fi6xaLr ;xdlt geP;Dd s'g} klg ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg g;Sg]
k|fjwfgadf]lhd Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] ljifodf ;xdlt ePsf ljifox klg slxn]af6
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] x'g\ clxn] eGg;lsg] l:ylt 5}g .
&=# Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f (Trade and Environment)
Jfftfj/0f ;+/If0f cfh ljZjJofkL ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . lbuf] ljsf;sf] s'/f ubf{ jftfj/0f
;+/If0f klxnf] zt{sf] kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ljleGg lgod tyf
;Demf}tfxdf jftfj/0f of}6f cGt/;DalGwt (Cross Cutting) d'2fsf kdf /x]sf] 5 .
Jofkf/;DaGwL gLlt tyf pkfoxn] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fnfO{ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL
gLlt tyf Joj:yfn] Jofkf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
Ps csf{af6 k|efljt x'g] ljifo x'g\ . Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0faLrsf] kf/:kl/s
;DaGwaf/] ljZj:t/df ;g\ !(&) sf] k|f/Ded} klxrfg eP klg p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df
cfO{ gk'Ubf;Dd ax'kIfLo Jofkf/df of] ljifon] vf;} k|fyldstf kfpg ;s]sf] lyPg .
Jofkf/;Da4 jftfj/0fLo ljifoxn] p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df cfP/ dfq lj:tf/df ;b:o
b]zxsf] Wofg lvRg ;kmn eP . kmntM of] r/0fsf] jftf{df o; ljifonfO{ uDeL/tf;fy
s]nfpg] sfo{ eof] . kmntM ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g:yfkgf;DaGwL df/fs]z ;Demf}tfsf]
k|:tfjgfdf klg Jofkf/sf] ljsf;sf] nflu ljZjsf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u ubf{ lbuf]
ljsf;sf] p2]ZonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL jftfj/0fnfO{ hf]ufpg] / ;+/If0f ug{] ljifonfO{ klg
;b:oxn] cfTd;ft ug{'kg{] s'/fnfO{ ;d]l6of] . tTsfnLg Uof6cGtu{t ;g\ !(($ sf]
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clk|ndf Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwdf of}6f dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{onfO{ cg'df]bg ul/of] h;n]

Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;ldlt (Committee on Trade and Environment : CTE)
:yfkgf ug{] nufotsf ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] .
oBlk ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{t jftfj/0f / ljsf;;DaGwL s'g} 5'} ;Demf}tf 5}g t/
Uof6, !(($ sf ljleGg wf/f tyf sltko cGo ;Demf}tf jftfj/0fLo kIfl;t k|ToIf
;/f]sf/ /fVb5g\ . vf;u/L Uof6sf] wf/f ! / # df Joj:yf ePsf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/
ug{ gkfOg];DaGwL k|fjwfg, wf/f !! df /x]sf] kl/df0ffTds aGb]hnfO{ pGd"ng ug{]
;DaGwL k|fjwfg, wf/f @) df /x]sf] ;fdfGo ckjfbx;DaGwL k|fjwfg / Uof6\;sf]
wf/f !$ df /x]sf] ;fdfGo ckjfb;DaGwL k|fjwfgxn] Jofkf/ / jftfj/0faLrsf]
;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yfx u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{tsf Jofkf/sf
k|fljlws cj/f]w;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;Demf}tf,
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf / s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] klg
s]xL jftfj/0fLo ljifoxnfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\ . o:t} jftfj/0f / ljsf;;DaGwL Pj+ ;]jf
Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f;DaGwL b'O{j6f dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] klg jftfj/0f / Jofkf/sf]
;DaGwnfO{ lgb{]lzt u/]sf 5g\ .
clxn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{tsf] Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;ldlt (CTE)
n] Jofkf/;Da4 jftfj/0fLo ljifonfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] sfo{ ub{5 . o;df ;7gsf
;a} ;b:o /fi6x / jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf ljZj:t/df sfd ug{] s]xL cGt/;/sf/L
;7gx / ko{j]Ifsx /xG5g\ . ;g\ !((% af6 o;n] sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf] xf] /
o;sf] a}7s jif{df ;fdfGotM tLg k6s a:g] u/]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf pkfox
/ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf pkfoxaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ kQf nufpg], jftfj/0fLo
;+/If0fsf nflu cLsf/ ul/Psf pkfoxaf6 Jofkf/df lzlyntf / cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g
glbg] / ljZj Jofkf/sf] k|j4{gaf6 jftfj/0fdf sdeGbf sd c;/ l;h{gf u/L lbuf]
ljsf;nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] ;DaGwdf cfjZos dfkb08 tyf k|lqmofx lgwf{/0f ug{
;b:o b]zxnfO{ ;xfotf k'ofpg' o;sf] k|d'v sfo{ xf] . ;fy}, df}h"bf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLsf k|fjwfgxdf jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf b[li6n] s]xL ;'wf/ jf kl/j{tg cfjZos
eP ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\;dIf ;'emfj k]z ug{' klg o;sf] Pp6f k|d'v sfo{ xf] . ljZj Jofkf/
;7gdf x'g] Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL 5nkmn d"ntM rf/j6f ;Ldfleq /x]/
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . tL x'g\ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{] lgsfo xf]Og, Uof6 /
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf lgodxn] ;b:oxnfO{ /fli6o ;'/Iff gLltx cjnDag ug{
kof{Kt :yfg lbPsf 5g\, ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf
-131-

nflu ahf/ kx'Frsf] a9\bf] ;'ljwf lbg'kg{] / Jofkf/ / jftfj/0fsf d'2fxaLr ;dGjo
;'b[9 x'g'kg{] . ;+If]kdf eGg'kbf{ Psflt/ ;b:o /fi6xaf6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] gfddf
hl6n / k|lqmofd'vL pkfoxsf] cjnDag eO{ ljZj Jofkf/df lzlyntf gcfcf];\
eGg] / csf{]lt/ jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ k"/} a]jf:tf u/L Jofkf/sf] dfq lj:tf/ ug{] PsfL
b[li6n] gLlt, lgod / k|lqmofx agfpg] / v's'nf] kdf nfu" ug{] sfo{ klg gxf];\ eGg]
b[li6sf]0faf6 of] cjwf/0ff lgb{]lzt ePsf] kfOG5 . Jofkf/sf] ljsf; / jftfj/0fsf]
;+/If0f b'O{ kIfaLr ;Gt'ng / ;dGjo ldnfO{ cl3 a9\g] s'/fdf o;n] hf]8 lbG5 .
ljsf; / jftfj/0f bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fn] klg ;d]6]sf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . bf]xf
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] jftfj/0fl;t ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tfx (MEA) df
jftf{ cl3 a9fpg] ;xdlt JoQm u/]sf] lyof] . bf]xf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] vf;u/L
jftfj/0fsf tLgj6f kIfdf 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f ;ldltnfO{ lgb{]z
u/]sf] lyof] . tL x'g\ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL pkfoxn] ahf/ kx'Frdf kfg{] k|efjx,
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf jftfj/0fl;t ;/f]sf/
/fVg] ljifox h:t} h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, jftfj/0fLo k|of]hgsf nflu lgof{t
x'g] j:t'df k|of]u ul/g] n]an;DaGwL . To;}u/L jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf an k'ofpg
jftfj/0fLo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Jofkf/df eG;f/ dx;'n x6fpg] jf sd ug{] tyf u}/
eG;f/hGo cj/f]wxnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{] ;DaGwdf klg 5nkmn ug{ sfof{b]z lbOPsf]
lyof] . oL ljifoxdf Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;ldltsf] ljz]if ;q (CTESS) df
5nkmn x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
&=$ If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf (Regional Trade Agreements: RTAs)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;b:o /fi6xaLr Jofkf/ tyf cfly{s
;xof]unfO{ k|j4{g ug{] p2]Zon] Jofkf/df /x]sf eG;f/ tyf u}/ eG;f/hGo cj/f]wxnfO{
kf/:kl/s ;xdltdf x6fpg] jf Go"g ug{] p2]Zon] ul/g] Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ If]qLo
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] If]qLo ;Demf}tf ljutdf ;fdfGotM
Pp6} ef}uf]lns If]qleqsf /fi6xaLr Jofkf/df ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfx nfu" ug{]
p2]Zon] x'g] u/]sf] eP klg xfn ljleGg If]qdf kg{] /fi6xaLr klg Jofkf/ / cfly{s
;xof]unfO{ k|j4{g ug{] p2]Zon] cGt/If]qLo:t/df klg o:tf ;Demf}tf x'g] u/]sf
5g\ . If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ;Demf}tfsf kIf /fi6xn] Ps csf{nfO{
Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/df ljleGg 5"6 tyf ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{] u/L ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/
ub{5g\ hals ;Demf}tfsf kIf g/x]sf afFsL cGo /fi6xnfO{ o:tf] ;x'lnot tyf 5"6
lbOFb}g . If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfxdWo] s]xLn] j:t' tyf ;]jf b'j} If]qnfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\
-132-

eg] w]/}h;f]n] rflxF j:t' Jofkf/nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf b]lvG5g\ .

clxn] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/sf If]qdf Pp6f d'Vo ljz]iftfsf] kdf If]qLo Jofkf/
;Demf}tfsf] nx/ g} rn]sf] 5 . European Union, NAFTA, SAFTA, ASEAN,
MERCOSUR, COMESA cflb o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ . vf;u/L ;g\ !(() b]lv
If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] pkqmd z'? ePsf]df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgfkl5
o;n] emg\ ult lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @)!@ sf] hgj/L;Dd ;+;f/df %!! j6f ljleGg
lsl;dsf If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] / tLdWo] #!( j6f xfn sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf] s'/f ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] hfgsf/Ldf 5 . kl5Nnf jif{xdf ax'rlr{t bf]xf
ljsf; Ph]G8fdf ;xdlt x'g g;Sbf If]qLo:t/df Jofkf/ tyf nufgL k|j4{g ug{ o;
lsl;dsf ;Demf}tfx ug{ ;7gsf ;b:o b]zxn] ?lr lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
ljleGg :t/df x'g] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+j4{g ug{
;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ jf cj/f]w k'ofpF5 eGg] af/]df Pp6} dt kfOGg . ljleGg
:t/df ljleGg zt{ / ;x'lnot tf]s]/ ul/g] o; k|sf/sf If]qLo ;Demf}tfxn] ljZj
Jofkf/df cGof}n / yk hl6ntfx l;h{gf u/]sf] egL s]xLn] o;nfO{ Spaghetti
bowl jf Noodle bowl effect sf] kdf rrf{ ub{} If]qLo Jofkf/nfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLsf] cj/f]ws tj (Stumbling Block) sf kdf lnPsf 5g\ . t/ csf{]lt/ s]xL
ljZn]ifsxsf] ljrf/df If]qLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ sdhf]/
xf]Og alnof] g} agfpg] sfd ug{] x'Fbf of] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] kl/k"/s jf
;xof]uL tj (Building Bloc) xf] eGg] egfO kfOG5 . x'g klg If]qLo ;Demf}tfxn]
Pp6f lglZrt If]qe"uf]nleq ;b:o /fi6xaLr cfly{s PsLs/0f a9fpg, ;b:o
b]zxaLr x'g] Jofkf/df nufO{ cfPsf] eG;f/ dx;'n / cGo u}/ eG;f/ cj/f]wxnfO{
36fO{ Jofkf/nfO{ ;xh / :jtGq kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Nb5 . t/
o:tf] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ubf{ ;f] ;Demf}tf aflx/sf ;b:oxnfO{ pgLxn]
klxnfb]lv pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf] ;'ljwf 36\g] u/L jf ;Demf}tf x'g'k"j{ eGbf a9L pgLxsf]
Jofkf/nfO{ lgoGq0ffTds agfpg] u/L zt{x yf]kg{ rflxF kfOGg . ;fdfGotM If]qLo
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf zt{xeGbf aflx/ uP/ ug{ kfOGg .
cyf{t\ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] k|bfg u/]sf ;'ljwfeGbf sd ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{
kfpg] lx;fan] o:tf] ;Demf}tf ul/Fb}g . o;}n] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf zt{xsf]
cwLgdf /xL ul/g] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ;Demf}tfxn]
klg 5"6 g} lbPsf 5g\ . j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf -Uof6_, !(($ sf] wf/f @$ / ;]jf
Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf -Uof6\;_, !(($ sf] wf/f % n] kf/:kl/s ;xdltsf cfwf/df
-133-

Jofkf/sf d'Vo If]qx (Substantial Sector) nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L eG;f/ b/ s6f}tL tyf
cGo ;x'lnot lbg] u/L ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{ 5"6 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . oBlk
o; k|sf/sf] ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ubf{ ;7gsf] l;4fGtcg's"n x'g] u/L ug{'kg{] / ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L ;7gnfO{ lbg'kg{] k|fjwfgrflxF tL wf/fxdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf klg ljleGg kfFr txx 5g\ . logdf ;a}eGbf tNnf]
k|fyldstfk"0f{ Jofkf/ If]q (Preferential Trading Area : PTA) xf] eg] To;kl5sf cGo
txxdf qmdzM :jtGq Jofkf/ If]q (Free Trade Area : FTA), eG;f/ o'lgog (Customs
Union : CU), ;femf ahf/ (Common Market : CM) / cfly{s ;+3 (Economic Union
: EU) x'g\ . logdf hlt hlt dflysf] txdf uOG5 Tolt Tolt cfly{s PsLs/0fsf]
;3gtf ulx/f] x'Fb} hfG5 . cfly{s PsLs/0fsf] pRr / ;3g k cfly{s ;+3sf] txdf
b]Vg kfOG5 . lsgls of] txdf k'u]kl5 ;b:ob]zxaLr j:t' tyf ;]jf / pTkfbgsf
;fwgxsf] :jtGq cfjfudg dfq xf]Og ;b:o b]zxsf] /fli6o cfly{s gLltx /
s/ k|0ffnLdf ;d]t Psktf /xG5 . Tolt dfq geP/ ;b:o b]zxaLrdf Pp6} ;femf
d'b|fsf] k|rng x'g] ub{5 . o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] o'/f]lkog o'lgog .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;+/rgfleq If]qLo Jofkf/sf ljifoxnfO{ x]g{ of}6f 5'} ;ldlt
g} u7g ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !((^ sf] k]ma|'c/L ^ df :yflkt If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf
;ldlt gfdsf] of] ;ldlt ;7gsf] ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ cGtu{t lqmofzLn 5 . ;ldltn]
If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfxsf] d"Nofg ug{], ;DkGg ;Demf}tfx ;7gsf] l;4fGt /
;Demf}tfx cg's"n 5g\, 5}gg\ ljZn]if0f ug{] / If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/nfO{ s] s:tf] c;/ kf5{ cWoog ug{'sf ;fy} oL b'O{aLr s] s:tf] ;DaGw x'g;S5
eGg] nufotsf ljifodf ljZn]if0f ug{] sfo{ ub{5 . If]qLo Jofkf/;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf
tYox ;ng u/L k|sfzg ug{] sfo{ klg o;n] ub{5 . If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] tLj|
lj:tf/sf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ Jojl:yt, kf/bzL{ / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;xof]uL
x'g] 9n] cl3 a9fpg ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{'kg{] s'/f clxn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gleq
ax;sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fleqsf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ ljifo If]qLo Jofkf/
;Demf}tf klg xf] .

-134-

kl/R5]b*

ljljw
*=! g]kfnn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng cfufdL lbgdf
rfNg'kg{] sbdx
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 l;lh{t r'gf}tLxnfO{ Go"g ub{} pknAw cj;/xsf]
clwstd pkof]usf nflu cfGtl/s / afXo b'j} :t/df ljleGg kxnx x'g' cfjZos
5 . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/ PSn}sf] dfq k|of; kof{Kt x'Fb}g . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf]
;b:otfaf6 d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffdx leofpg, cfDbfgL, /f]huf/L
/ lgof{t Jofkf/sf If]qdf cg's"n cj;/x l;h{gf ug{ ;/sf/, lghL If]q, :yfgLo
lgsfo, gful/s ;dfh tyf ljsf;sf afXo ;fem]bf/x ;a}sf] plQs} dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf
x'G5 . oL ;a} lgsfoxsf] ;lqmotf / /rgfTds ;xsfo{n] dfq ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6
d'n'sn] lng vf]h]sf] jfl~5t k|ltkmn kfpg ;S5 . o; ;Gbe{df plNnlvt ;a} If]qn]
lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ e"ldsfnfO{ ;+If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ ;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf
d'n'ssf] jfl0fHo If]qsf] ;du| ljsf;df ;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf ;a}eGbf dxjk"0f{ /x]sf]
x'G5 . vf;u/L ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/n]
lgjf{x ug{'kg{] d'Vo e"ldsfnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd cf}FNofpg ;lsG5
Jofkf/nfO{ /fli6o tyf If]qut ljsf;sf gLltxdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L /fli6o
cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxjk"0f{ ;+jfxssf kdf :yflkt ug{] .
Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos gLlt, P]g tyf lgodx ljZj Jofkf/
;7gsf] ;Demf}tf cg's"n x'g] u/L ;doa4 kdf th'{df, ;+zf]wg jf
kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfxnfO{ ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfo;Fu
;dGjo u/L lgwf{l/t ;do;Ldfleq} k"/f ug{] .
cfk"lt{hGo cj/f]wxnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfxsf] ljsf;df
nufgL k|jflxt ug{] . kf/jxg ;'ljwfnfO{ yk ;/n, ;'/lIft / ;'lglZrt
t'Nofpg] .
lgsf;L x'g] j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos P]g th{'df u/L

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sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . d'n'sleq cGt/f{li6o :t/sf] k|of]uzfnfxsf] lgdf{0f

tyf df}h"bf k|of]uzfnfxsf] :t/f]Gglt u/L k|df0fLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{nfO{
;xh agfpg] .
:jb]zL pBf]uxnfO{ ljb]zL pBf]usf] c:jR5 cfly{s sf/f]af/af6 x'g;Sg]
xflggf]S;fgLaf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ PlG68lDk, sfpG6/e]ln tyf ;]kmuf8{h:tf
ljifosf P]gx oyfzL3| th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
nufgL tyf Joj;fod}qL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos gLlt tyf P]g
hf/L ug{] / cf}Bf]lus zflGt / ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{] .
cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f;Fu;Fu} ahf/df b]vfkg{] ahf/ ljs[ltxnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
;/sf/sf] lgofds IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] .
ljb]zL k"FhL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fnfO{ pRr kdf k|j4{g ug{ o;;DaGwL
gLlt tyf P]gnfO{ ;d;fdlos agfpg] .
Jofkf/sf] nflu k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u -Aid for Trade_ sf] kl/rfngnfO{ yk
k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos k|aGw ldnfpg] .
ljleGg txdf x'g] Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{af6 clwstd nfe lng ;/sf/L tyf
lghL If]qsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ Ifdtf / ;Lk a9fpg] .
ljleGg :t/sf cWoog, gLlt tyf /0fgLltdfkm{t klxrfg ePsf k|lt:kwf{Tds
/ t'ngfTds nfe ePsf j:t', ;]jf / If]qxsf] k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbg] / To;
lsl;dsf cWoogxnfO{ hf/L /fVg] .
gofF lgof{t ahf/ klxrfg u/L j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{t ljljwLs/0fdf hf]8
lbg] .
Jofkf/;DaGwL ljifodf ;/sf/L tyf lghLIf]qsf ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf]
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ;Demf}tfxn] clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sxnfO{ pknAw
u/fPsf] ljleGg ;x'lnot tyf 5"6;DaGwL Joj:yfx cWoog u/L ltgsf]
clwstd ;b'kof]u ug{] .
ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]uxdf nufgL ug{ cfjZos gLlt, /0fgLlt
th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
Jofkf/ s"6gLltnfO{ cfly{s s"6gLltsf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ csf] kdf ljsf;
/ kl/rfng ug{] . ljb]zl:yt lgof]uxnfO{ Trade Intelligence sf kdf
kl/rfng u/L Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] .

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-v_ lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf M

v'nf / pbf/ cy{Joj:yf cGtu{t cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfng / k|j4{gdf lghL
If]qsf] e"ldsf dxjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . cfgf pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ Pj+ k|lt:kwL{ IfdtfnfO{
pRr agfpFb} cGt/f{li6o ahf/df cfgf] klxrfg :yflkt / ;'/lIft u/fpg] k|d'v
lhDd]jf/L lghL If]qs} xf] . o; qmddf ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng]
;Gbe{df lghL If]qn] v]Ng'kg{] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5
pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/Lotfsf lgldQ cfjZos k|ljlw, ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf
:t/o'Qm pTkfbg k|lqmof / tf}/ tl/sf cjnDag ug]{ .
g]kfndf pTkflbt lgof{tof]Uo j:t'xsf] ahf/ lj:tf/sf nflu ;"rgf cfbfg
k|bfg, cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ / ;/sf/;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{] .
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ cg';Gwfg / ljsf; (R&D) df nufgL j[l4
ug{] .
cfgf] pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4{g, :t/f]Gglt, k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu
Jofj;flotfsf] ljsf; ug]{ . o;sf] nflu Joj:yfkgsf gofF / Jofjxfl/s
cjwf/0ffx cjnDag ug]{, Joj;fodf d"No clej[l4sf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf]
Ifdtf ljsf;, sfo{ jftfj/0f ;an agfpg] nufotsf sfo{ ug]{ .
Joj;fosf] cleGg csf] kdf ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] kl/kfngf ug]{ .
;/sf/ / gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;dembf/L sfod u/L /fli6o gLlt lgdf{0fdf
cfjZos /fo ;'emfj pknAw u/fpg] .
;/sf/l;t nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf lglDt sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ug{] .
Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ Ifl0fs d'gfkmfeGbf klg a9L d"No clej[l4 x'g], cu|
/ k[i7 ;DaGw sfod x'g], lbuf] kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg], /f]huf/L l;h{gf,
cfly{s j[l4 / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ;sf/fTds nfe k'Ug] s'/f nfO{ b[li6ut u/L
ug{] . To;sf] nflu cfjZos Jofj;flos /0fgLlt th{'df u/L cl3 a9\g] .
ljBdfg ;/sf/L gLlt, P]g, of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] kl/lwleq /xL cfgf]
Jofj;flos pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f nufotsf Jofj;flos / nufgLsf sfo{
ug]{ .
/fli6o / cGt/f{li6o kdf dfGo l;4fGt / k|0ffnLcg'k :jR5 / dof{lbt
kdf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ k|oTgzLn /xg] .
Jofkf/sf] bfo/f a9fpg / lgof{t ljljwLs/0f ug{ Joj;foLxaLr cGt/f{li6o
Jofkf/ sfg"g tyf k|lqmofxaf/]df ;xL hfgsf/L / ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug{] .
-137-

-u_ :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsf

:yfgLo lgsfo hg:t/df ljsf; lgdf{0fsf lqmofsnfkx ;~rfng ug{] / ljsf;
k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug{] dxjk"0f{ ;+oGq x'g\ . oBlk g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
xfn;Dd ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsfnfO{ lnP/ vf;} w]/}
ljZn]if0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo :t/df s[lif tyf u}/ s[lif j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] k|j4{g,
ahf/Ls/0f, ;fgfltgf Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] 7f]; e"ldsf
x'G5 . t;y{, ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 nfe lng] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;lqmotf
/ ;+nUgtfnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVg' h?/L 5 . o; qmddf :yfgLo lgsfoxnfO{
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{] / o;af6 pTkGg x'g] nfe tyf
r'gf}tLsf] af/]df hfu?s agfpg klg cfjZos 5 . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6
clwstd nfe lng] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfon] v]Ng;Sg] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't
ug{ ;lsG5
:yfgLo pBdL, Joj;foL / Jofkfl/s ;d'bfonfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf]
;DaGwdf r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] . u|fdL0ftx;Dd ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7g;DaGwL ljifoj:t'df hgr]tgf j[l4 ug{] .
/fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ahf/dfucg'k :yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{ k|j4{g /
ljljwLs/0f ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
:yfgLo pTkfbsx;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L pTkflbt j:t'sf] d"No z+[vnf (Value
Chain) nfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] .
:yfgLo:t/df Jofkf/nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfxsf]
lgdf{0f ug{] .
j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ / pTkfbg j[l4sf nflu lghLIf]q;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L cfjZos
sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug]{ .
;DefJo :YffgLo pTkfbgsf] lgof{t k|j4{g;DaGwdf ;Da4 ;/sf/L tyf lghL
lgsfo;Fu cfjZos ;Dks{, ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{ u/L ;xh lgsf;Lsf]
jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] .
lgof{tsf] b[li6n] dxjk"0f{ :yfgLo ljlzi6tfsf j:t'sf] klxrfg, k|j4{g /
lgsf;L j[l4sf nflu sfo{ ug{] .
j:t' pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf lgof{t;DaGwdf /fli6o:t/df ul/g'kg{] sfo{xsf
nflu :yfgLotxdf /fo;'emfj ;ng u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpg] .

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-3_ gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf

cfhef]ln cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
;xeflutfsf] gofF t/ dxjk"0f{ kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] 5 . vf;u/L cfd gful/s;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs d'2fxdf pgLxsf] ;+nUgtfn] tL d'2fxnfO{ a9L
Jofjxfl/s, hgkIfLo / nf]ssNof0fsf/L agfpg ;xof]u k'Ug] x'Fbf gful/s ;dfhl;tsf]
;xsfo{nfO{ clxn] nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ ljz]iftfs} kdf
:jLsfl/Psf] 5 . o; qmddf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lhDd]jf/, hglxtsf/L tyf
nfebfoL agfpg] ;afndf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg pRr kdf cfTd;ft
ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o;af6 ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfd gful/ssf] ;/f]sf/ l;h{gf ug{ /
o; k|0ffnLsf] j}wtf j[l4 ug{ ;d]t ;3fp k'Ug;S5 . o; k[i7e"lddf gful/s ;dfhn]
v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsfnfO{ lgDg kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ljleGg kIfdf ;r]tgf j[l4;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug{] . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ;an / b'a{n kIf, cj;/ tyf hf]lvdsf]
;DaGwdf tYout ax;, k}/jL / 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 nfe lng tyf hf]lvd sd ug{ ;/sf/
tyf lghL If]qnfO{ ;hu u/fpg] tyf /rgfTds ;'emfjx lbg] .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 l;lh{t cj;/xnfO{ clwstd pkof]u
ug{ ;/sf/, lghL If]q / bft[ lgsfonfO{ 3R3Rofpg] / cfjZostfg';f/
;dGjostf{sf] e"ldsf v]Ng] .
g]kfnn] ;7gsf] ;b:otf lnFbf k|lta4tf JoQm u/]adf]lhd cfjZos sfg"g
th'{df / ;+zf]wg ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj, ;"rgf / k[i7kf]if0f
k|bfg ug{] .
ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfPsf gofF cjwf/0ff tyf k|0ffnL ;DaGwdf cWoog
ug]{, ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] / o;;DaGwdf hgr]tgf j[l4;DaGwL sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{] .
bft[ lgsfo tyf ;+:yfaf6 Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu k|fKt ;xof]usf]
k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug{ ;r]tssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] . ;fy}, Jofkf/ If]qdf
kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj / ;'zf;g ;'lgZrt ug{ /rgfTds e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{] .

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-_ cGt/f{li6o ljsf; ;fem]bf/xsf] e"ldsf M

g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf
k|efjsf/L 9n] cfa4 x'g ;3fp k'ofpg cGt/f{li6o ljsf; ;fem]bf/xsf] dxjk"0f{
e"ldsf x'G5 . g]kfnn] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gcGtu{tsf
ljleGg ;+oGqxsf ;fy} ljleGg bft[ lgsfoxaf6 cfly{s k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw
ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf] cy{tGq ePsf] d'n'snfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng ;3fp k'ofpg] ;Gbe{df ljsf; ;fem]bf/xn] cfufdL
lbgdf v]Ng'kg{] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5
g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ d~rxdf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg] t'Nofpg
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg] . o;sf] nflu bft[ lgsfoxn] ;Demf}tf jftf{sf ljleGg kIfdf ;}4flGts
tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fg k|bfg ug{{ ljleGg lsl;dsf tflnd, Exposure Visit /
cWoog e|d0fsf] cfof]hgf ug{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
ljsl;t /fi6xn] g]kfnnufotsf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 lgof{t x'g] j:t'
tyf ;]jfnfO{ ;xh kdf cfgf] ahf/df kx'Fr lbgsf nflu o:tf d'n'sxsf]
lgof{tdf SPS / TBT ;DaGwL dfkb08nfO{ s]xL v's'nf] agfO{ ;/n / ;xh
dfkb08 sfod ug{]tkm{ kxn ug{'kg{] . ;fy}, bL3{sfndf SPS / TBT ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o dfkb08xsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;sf lglDt
cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg' klg plQs} cfjZos 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ljleGg ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{ofg';f/
ljsl;t /fi6xn] ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ pknAw u/fpg'kg{]
egL pNn]v ePcg';f/sf ;'ljwfx tTsfn / ljgf zt{ pknAw u/fpg pbf/tf;fy
kxn x'g'kg{] . vf;u/L clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf] s[lifnufotsf pTkfbgnfO{ zt
k|ltzt eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ ;'ljwf lbg ljsl;t /fi6xaf6 pbf/tf
b]vfOg' cfjZos 5 .
;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog tyf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ d~rxdf x'g] ;Demf}tf jftf{ tyf
5nkmndf ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] nflu ljz]if ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
lgof{tof]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfxsf] pTkfbg j[l4, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ / d"No z+[vnfdf
;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos cfly{s k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] . o; qmddf g]kfn

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Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) / jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% n] klxrfg u/]sf k|d'v
lgsf;LhGo j:t'xsf] k|j4{gsf nflu 7f]; ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg' h?/L 5 .
e"kl/j]li6t /fi6 g]kfnsf] lgof{t Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf
If]qdf nufgL lj:tf/ ug{] . o;qmddf vf;u/L Jofkfl/s dxjsf ;8s ;~hfnsf]
lgdf{0f, ;'Vvf aGb/ufxsf] ljsf; / ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf
nflu ;xfotfnfO{ lgb{]lzt ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
cfgf] tkm{af6 g]kfnnfO{ Jofkf/sf nflu ;xfotf (AfT) / Jofkf/;Da4 k|fljlws
;xfotf (TRTA) cGtu{t pknAw u/fOg] ;xfotf /flzdf j[l4 ug{] . ;fy}, clt
sd ljsl;t b]z g]kfnsf] ;xfotf kl/rfng Ifdtf ;'b[9 agfpg / k|zf]rg
Ifdtf (Absorptive Capacity) j[l4 ug{ ;+:yfut Ifdtf tyf hgzlQm ljsf;sf
If]qdf klg ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{] .
*=@ pk;+xf/
cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lgoddf cfwfl/t agfO{ :jR5, kf/bzL{ / Jojl:yt
9n] ;~rfng ug{ tyf j}b]lzs Jofkf/df /x]sf ljleGg cj/f]wxnfO{ Go"g ub{}
Jofkf/ j[l4dfkm{t ;b:o /fi6xsf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ b|'tt/ agfpg ;3fp k'ofpg
;g\ !((% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;7gn] d'VotM ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnL / o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / lg0f{oxsf] sfof{Gjog,
cg'udgsf] sfo{ ub{5 . cfh ljZjsf !%% eGbf a9L /fi6 tyf :jtGq eG;f/ If]q o;
;7gdf cfa4 /x]sf 5g\ . ljZj Jofkf/sf] (% k|ltzteGbf a9L sf/f]jf/ ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] :yfkgfkl5 ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lgoda4 tl/sfn] ;~rfng ug{, Jofkf/df /x]sf eG;f/ tyf u}/
eG;f/hGo cj/f]wxnfO{ Go"gLs/0f / lg/fs/0f ub}{ :jtGq / ;xh tl/sfn] j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] Jofkf/nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ tyf j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf ;DaGwdf ;b:o /fi6xaLr
pTkGg ljjfbxnfO{ ;dod} ;dfwfg ug{ dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'u]sf] dx;''; ul/Psf]
5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / lg0f{oxdf ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6sf nflu ljz]if, ;x'lnotk"0f{ / k[ys\ Jojxf/;DaGwL Joj:yfxnfO{
klg ;d]l6Psf] x'Fbf xfnsf jif{xdf ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sxn]
;7gsf] ;b:otf lng] qmd a9\bf] 5 .
Plzofsf b'O{ 7"nf cy{tGqaLrsf] e"kl/j]li6t / ;fgf] cy{tGq ePsf] d'n's g]kfnn]
d'VotM j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf qmddf ef]Ug'k/]sf ljleGg hl6ntfxnfO{ ;Daf]wg

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ug{ tyf /fli6o cy{tGqnfO{ ljZj cy{tGq;Fu cfa4 u/L ljZj ahf/df cfgf]
Jofkf/nfO{ ;/n / ;xh kdf lj:tf/ ug{ ;3fp k'Ug] p2]Zon] ;7gsf] ;b:otf
lnPsf] xf] . ;7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljZjahf/df kx'Fr :yflkt
eO{ Psflt/ lgof{t k|j4{gdfkm{t cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ b|'tt/ agfpg ;xof]u k'Ug] /
csf{tkm{ j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgL, cfw'lgs k|ljlw / ;:tf] d"Nodf b]zleq sRrf kbfy{
lelqO{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0fnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ d2t k'Ug] ck]Iff lnOPsf] lyof] . ;fy}, ljZjJofkL
k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0f t'ngfTds nfe ePsf j:t' tyf ;]jfxsf] klxrfg / k|j4{g eO{
k|lt:kwL{ d"Nodf j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg eO{ lgsf;L j[l4dfkm{t /fli6o cy{tGqdf
;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug] cfzf /flvPsf] lyof] . g]kfnh:tf] ;Lldt cfly{s ;fwg;|f]t
/ Ifdtf ePsf] d'n'snfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 x'Fbf v'nf ljZj Jofkf/
k|0ffnLaf6 pTkGg x'g;Sg] r'gf}tLsf t'ngfdf a9L dfqfdf cj;/ / nfex pknAw
x'g;Sg] / o;/L pknAw cj;/ / nfex g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ b|'tt/
/ ;dfj]zL agfpg 7"nf] ;xof]uL x'g;Sg] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L g]kfnn] 7"nf] tof/L /
k|of;sf ;fy ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:otf lnPsf] xf] . t/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf
cfa4 ePsf] cf7 jif{kl5 ePsf] g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIffn] g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ gLlt
tyf cEof;x t'ngfTds kdf pbf/, kf/bzL{ / v'nf cy{tGqsf] glur /x]sf] kfOP
klg g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/, nufgL / cf}Bf]]lusLs/0f cflb If]qdf h] h:tf] a9f]Q/Lsf]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] Tof] k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] tYo cufl8 NofPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lgof{t
Jofkf/df pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf] / o;sf] ljk/Lt cfoft x'g] j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] kl/df0f / d"No eg] lg/Gt/ psfnf] nfUb} uO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f pRr x'g k'u]sf] tYo
;dLIffn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . lgZro klg of] g]kfnsf] nflu ;'vb s'/f xf]Og .
g]kfnsf] lg/fzfhgs j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] l:ylt k5fl8 cfGtl/s / afXo b'j} sf/0f
lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . d'n'sdf nlDabf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f, c;xh >d ;DaGw, ljB't\,
vfg]kfgL, af6f]3f6f] nufotsf k"jf{wf/ ;]jfxsf] ckof{Kttf, lgsf;L x'g] j:t'xsf]
u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fsf] ;d:of, ljQLo ;'rg, lgsf;L x'g] j:t'sf] sdhf]/ cu| /
k[i7;DaGw, sd d"No clej[l4 x'g] j:t'df cTolws lge{/tf, pRr kl/jxg nfut cflb
cfGtl/s sf/0fxn] d'n'ssf] cfk"lt{Ifdtfdf ;'rg NofPsf 5g\ . csf{lt/ cGt/f{li6o
ahf/df eO/x]sf] k]6f]lnod kbfy{ nufotsf sRrf kbfy{sf] d"Nodf lg/Gt/ j[l4, ljZj
cfly{s ;6sf sf/0f j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] dfudf cfPsf] ljZjJofkL x|f; cflb afXo
sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] lgsf;L Jofkf/df gsf/fTds c;/ l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnh:tf
sdhf]/ cy{tGq ePsf cNk ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ ljleGg ;x'lnot, 5"6 / ;'ljwfx

-142-

k|bfg u/L ljZj Jofkf/df k|efjsf/L 9n] cfa4 x'g ;3fp k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;7g cGtu{t gofF ;Demf}tfsf] qmddf /x]sf] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fdf ;dod}
;xdlt x'g g;Sbf klg g]kfnh:tf ;fgf / cNk ljsl;t /fi6 ljZj Jofkf/k|0ffnLdf
;LdfGtLs[t x'Fb} hfg] vt/f a9\bf] 5 .
o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn kl/l:yltdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gn] g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;+oGq / k|lqmofdfkm{t pknAw u/fPsf cfly{s
k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] cTo'Qd kl/rfng ub{} :jb]zL j:t'sf] pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj / ljZj
ahf/df k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf j[l4 u/]/ lgsf;L j[l4 ug{ hf]8 lbg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
;7gsf ljleGg ;Demf}tfcGtu{tsf k|fjwfg / lg0f{oxn] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf
nflu pknAw u/fPsf ljleGg ;x'lnot / 5"6sf] clwstd pkof]u ub{} ljZj Jofkf/
;7gn] pknAw u/fPsf] ljZjJofkL ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwf / cGo cj;/xaf6
plrt nfe lng ;ts{ /xFb} a'l4dQfk"0f{ 9n] cl3 a9\g' cfjZos 5 . o; qmddf
cfGtl/s kdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfadf]lhd gLltut, sfg"gL,
;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf pkqmdxnfO{ lg/Gt/ cl3 a9fpFb} b]zleq nufgL
d}qL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{' h?/L 5 eg] cGt/f{li6okdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / ;f]
cGtu{tsf d~rxdf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6sf lglDt yk 5"6, ;x'lnot / cfly{s
k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] dfunfO{ yk ;zQm agfpFb} hfg cfjZos 5 .
ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] jt{dfg o'udf ljZjsf ;fgf 7"nf ;a} /fi6x
cfly{skn] Pscsf{df lge{/ aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . clxn] wgL /fi6sf] cfly{s ;d[l4 /
:yfloTjsf nflu ul/a /fi6sf] klg cfly{s l:ylt ;Fu;Fu} cl3 a9\g' h?/L 5 eGg]
dfGotfsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] Pp6f p2]Zo klg ;fgf / sd
ljsl;t /fi6xsf] Ifdtf j[l4 u/L ljZj Jofkf/df k|efjsf/L 9n] PsLs[t x'g
;3fp k'ofpg] xf] . o;sf nflu ;7g cGtu{t ljleGg cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xfotfb]lv
;Demf}tfxdf ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/sf] Joj:yf 5 . g]kfnn] o:tf cfly{s, k|fljlws
;xfotf tyf ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|fjwfgxsf] ;b'kof]u ub{} Jofkf/ Ifdtf j[l4dfkm{t ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng ;r]i6 x'g'kg{] a]nf cfPsf] 5 . lgoddf cfwfl/t
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd kmfObf lng lgZro klg ;j{k|yd cfGtl/s
IfdtfnfO{ g} ;'b[9 / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q,
gful/s ;dfh / bft[lgsfoxaLr plrt ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ lj:tf/ u/L cufl8 a9\g'
cfjZos x'G5 . o;f] x'g ;s]df cfk"lt{ Ifdtfdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ cfO{ ljZj Jofkf/

-143-

;7gcGtu{tsf v'nf / pbf/ Jofkf/k|0ffnLaf6 g]kfnn] cfzf u/]cg'k nfe lng;Sg]

s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .

```
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M
World Trade Organization (2008), Understanding the WTO,
5th Edition. WTO- Information and External Relations Division,
Geneva.
World Trade Organization (2010), Background Material for WTO
Training Activities. WTO- Institute for Training and Technical
Cooperation, Geneva, Switzerland.
World Trade Organization (2009), The Doha Round Texts and
Related Documents. WTO- Information and External Relations
Division, Geneva.

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt Jofkf/ / ljsf; klqsfsf ljleGg

cx
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g / g]kfn
k'l:tsfsf ljleGg ;+:s/0fx
;fjtL -@)^%_, ljZj Jofkf/ ;7g M Ps kl/ro . ;fpy Plzof jfr cg
6]8, Osf]gf]ldS; P08 OGefo/f]Gd]G6 (SAWTEE), sf7df08f} .
www.wto.org
www.mocs.org.np

-144-

k'l:tsfdf k|of]u ePsf s]xL ;+If]kLs[t zAbx

(Acronyms)

AfDB
AfT
AGOA
AoA
CDP
COMESA
CPC
CTE
CTESS
DDA
DFQF
DTIS
EBA
EIF
ENTReC
GATS
GATT
GI
GIZ
GSP
IBRD
IF
IFWG
IMF
IPoA
ITO
LDCs
LLDC
MEA
MFA

- African Development Bank

- Aid for Trade
- African Growth and Opportunity Agreement
- Agreement on Agriculture
- Committee for Development Policy
- Common Market for East and Southern Africa
- Central Products Classification
- Committee on Trade and Environment
- Committee on Trade and Environment in Special Session
- Doha Development Agenda
- Duty Free Quota Free
- Diagnostic Trade Integration Strategy
- Everything but Arms
- Enhanced Integrated Framework
- Enhancing Nepal's Trade Related Capacities
- General Agreement on Trade in Services
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- Geographical Indication
- Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internatioale Zusammenarbeit
- Generalized System of Preferences
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- Integrated Framework
- Integrated Framework Working Committee
- International Monetary Fund
- Istanbul Plan of Action
- International Trade Organization
- Least Developed Countries
- Land-locked Least Developed Countries
- Multilateral Environmental Agreement
- Multi- fibre Agreement

-145-

MFN
- Most Favored Nation
MoFTR
- Memorandum of Foreign Trade Regime
NAMA
- Non-Agricultural Market Access
NECTRADE - Nepal Enhanced Capacities for Trade and Development
NIU
- National Implementation Unit
NTCS
- Nepal Trade and Competitiveness Study
NTIS
- Nepal Trade Integration Strategy
OECD
- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
PPD
- Public Private Dialogue
RoO
- Rules of Origin
S & DT
- Special and Differential Treatment
SAWTEE - South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics and Environment
SCM
- Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
SPS
- Sanitary and Phytosanitary
STDF
- Standards and Trade Development Facility
TA&CB
- Technical Assistance and Capacity Development
TBT
- Technical Barriers to Trade
TFF
- Trade Facilitation Facility
TMSA
- Trade Mark Southern Africa
TNC
- Trade Negotiation Committee
TPR
- Trade Policy Review
TPRB
- Trade Policy Review Body
TPRM
- Trade Policy Review Mechanism
TRIPS
- Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
TRTA
- Trade Related Technical Assistance
UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP
- United Nations Development Programme
UNOPS
- United Nations Office for Project Services
USAID
- United States Agency for International Development
WIPO
- World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO
- World Trade Organization

-146-

cg';"rL!
ljZjJofkf/
Jofkf/
;7gsf]
/rgfStructure)
ljZj
;7gsf]
;+/rgf ;+(WTO

cg';"rL!

Ministerial
Conference
General Council Meeting as
Dispute Settlement Body

General Council Meeting as

Trade Policy Review Body

General Council

Appellate Body Dispute

Settlement Panels

Committees on

Trade & Environment

Trade & Development
Sub-Committee on LDCs
Regional Trade Agreements
Balance of Payments Restrictions
Budget, Finance and Administration

Working Parties on
Accession

Working Groups on

Trade, Debt & Finance

Trade & Technology Transfer
(Inactive:
-Relationship between Trade &
Investment
-Interaction between Trade and
Competition Policy
-Transparency in Government
Procurement)

Council for

Council for

Trade in Goods

TRIPS

Committees on

Market Access
Agriculture
SPS Measures
TBT
Subsidies & Countervailing
Measures
Anti-Dumping Practices
Customs Valuation
Rules of Origin
Import Licensing
TRIMs
Safeguards

Working Party on

Council for
Trade in
Services
Committees on

Trade in Financial
Services
Specific Commitments

Working Parties on

Domestic Regulation
GATS Rules

Plurilaterals

Trade in Civil Aircraft

Committee
Government Procurement
Committee

State- Trading Enterprises

Plurilateral
Information Technology
Agreement Committee

Doha Development Agenda

TNC and its bodies

Key
Reporting to General Council (or subsidiary
& Dispute Settlement Body)
Plurilateral Committees inform the General
Council or Goods Council of their activities,
although these agreements are not signed by all
WTO members
Trade Negotiations Committee Reports to
General Council

Trade Negotiations
Committee
Special Sessions of
Services Council/TRIPS Council/Dispute Settlement Body
/Agriculture Committee & Cotton Sub-Committee/Trade
& Development Committee/ Trade & Environment
Committee
Negotiating Groups on
Market Access/ Rules/ Trade Facilitation

The General Council also meets as the Trade Policy Review Body and Dispute Settlement Body.

Source: www.wto.org

-147-

cg';"rL@
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gdf k]z u/]sf] sfg"gL ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf
(Legislative Action Plan : LAP) adf]lhd
k|lta4tf sfof{Gjogsf] cBfjlws l:ylt
-@)^( c;f/d;fGt_
qm=;+=
k|lta4tfx
gLlt
!= ljb]zL nufgL tyf
Psf/ gLlt, @)$(
-;+zf]wg_
@
P]g
!

cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)$(

-;+zf]wg_
cfos/ P]g, @)%*
-gofF_

bfdf;fxL;DaGwL P]g
-gofF_

ljb]zL ljlgdo
-lgoldt ug]{_ P]g,
@)!(
-;+zf]wg_
k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g P]g
-gofF_

eG;f/ P]g,@)!(
-;+zf]wg_

jt{dfg l:ylt

;DalGwt lgsfo

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] k|fjwfg

adf]lhd df}h"bf gLltsf]
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg
eO{ gofF gLltsf] d:of}bf tof/
eO/x]sf] .
ldlt @)^&.!.@! Dff gofF
cf}Bf]lus gLlt hf/L eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .

pBf]u dGqfno

ldlt @)%*.!@.@( df gofF

cfo s/ P]g hf/L eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf]
k|fjwfg cg's"n x'g] u/L
ldlt @)^#.*.$ df gofF
bfdf;fxL;DaGwL P]g hf/L eO{
xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
ldlt @)%(.$.@@ df bf];|f]
;+zf]wg eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf] .

cy{ dGqfno

ldlt @)^#.(.#) df k|lt:kwf{

k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g
hf/L eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf] .
ldlt @)^$.%.!$ df gofF
eG;f/ P]g hf/L eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .

Jffl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfno

-148-

pBf]u dGqfno

cy{ dGqfno

cy{ dGqfno

cy{ dGqfno

qm=;+=
k|lta4tfx
^
la?jf ;+/If0f P]g,
@)@(
-;+zf]wg_
& PG6L8lDk tyf
sfpG6/e]ln P]g
-gofF_
*

lgsf;Lk}7f/L
-lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)!#
-;+zf]wg_

g]kfn u'0f:t/ -k|df0f

lrXg_ P]g, @)#&
-;+zf]wg_

!)

aLp lahg P]g,

@)$% -;+zf]wg_
cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ
;DaGwL PsLs[t P]g
-gofF_

!!

!@
!#
!$

k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g,

@)%( -;+zf]wg_
j}b]lzs nufgL tyf
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g,
@)$( -;+zf]wg_
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]g, @)$( -;+zf]wg_

!%

g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL

kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%)
-;+zf]wg_

!^

>d P]g, @)$*,

-;+zf]wg_

jt{dfg l:ylt
ldlt @)^$.%.@& df ;+zf]wg
eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .

;DalGwt lgsfo
s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno

P]gsf] lj:t[t
d:of}bf tof/ eO;s]sf] . xfn
;/f]sf/jfnfxsf] /fo k|ltlqmof
lng] sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
ldlt @)^#.*.* df ;7gsf]
k|fjwfgcg's"n ;+zf]wg eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] . kl/jlt{t
;Gbe{cg';f/ gofF lgsf;L
k}7f/L lgoGq0f P]gsf] d:of}bf
tof/ ug{] sfo{ cl3 al9/x]sf] .
gofF P]gsf] d:of}bf th{'df eO{
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] :jLs[ltsf nflu
k]z ug{] r/0fdf /x]sf] .

Jffl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfno

ldlt @)^$.!).!) df ;+zf]wg

eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
df}h"bf P]gxnfO{ kl/dfh{g
ul/;lsPsf], gofF PsLs[t P]g /
gLltsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{] sfo{
eO/x]sf] .
ldlt @)^#.*.* df ;+zf]wg eO{
xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
P]g ;+zf]wgsf] nflu d:of}bf
tof/ ug{] sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] . kl/dfh{g
u/L clGtd k lbg] sfo{
eO/x]sf]
;+zf]wgsf nflu cfjZos
tof/L e}/x]sf] .
;+zf]wgsf nflu kxn
eO/x]sf] .

-149-

Jffl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfno
jfl0fHo ljefu

pBf]u
dGqfnog]kfn
u'0f:t/ tyf
gfktf}n ljefu
s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno
pBf]u
dGqfnopBf]u
ljefu
pBf]u dGqfno
pBf]u dGqfno
pBf]u
dGqfnopBf]u
ljefu
sfg"g, Gofo,
;+ljwfg;ef tyf
;+;bLo dfldnf
dGqfno
>d tyf /f]huf/
Joj:yf dGqfno

qm=;+=
k|lta4tfx
!& jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g,
@)%# -;+zf]wg_
!*
!(
@)
@!

@@
@#

jg:klt ;|f]t;DaGwL
P]g -gofF_
cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tdf
kx'Fr;DaGwL P]g
-gofF_
cf}ifwL P]g, @)#%
-;+zf]wg_
ljB'tLo sf/f]af/
-;fOa/_ P]g -gofF_
sDkgL P]g, @)%#
-;+zf]wg_

g]kfn rf6{8{
PsfpG6]G6\; P]g,
@)%# -k|yd ;+zf]wg_
@$ a}s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g
-gofF_
@% :jf:Yo ;+:yf
;~rfng P]g -gofF_
@^ lwtf]kq
ljlgdo;DaGwL P]g,
@)$) -;+zf]wg_
@& aLdf P]g, @)$(
-;+zf]wg_
lgodfjnL
!
lgsf;L k}7f/L
-lgoGq0f_ lgodfjnL,
@)#$ -;+zf]wg_
@ g]kfn u'0f:t/ -k|df0f
lrXg_ lgodfjnL,
@)$) -;+zf]wg_

jt{dfg l:ylt
;+zf]wgsf nflu cfjZos
tof/L e}/x]sf] .
kxn x'g afFsL .
kxn x'g afFsL .
;+zf]wgsf nflu tof/L e}/x]sf] .
ldlt @)^#.*.@@ df ljB'tLo
-On]S6f]lgs_ sf/f]af/ P]g gofF
hf/L eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf] .
ldlt @)^#.&.@$ df gofF
sDkgL P]g hf/L eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
ldlt @)%(.#.@$ df ;+zf]wg
eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .

;DalGwt lgsfo
jftfj/0f, lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno
jg tyf e";+/If0f
dGqfno
jg tyf e";+/If0f
dGqfno, s[lif
ljsf; dGqfno
:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfno
lj1fg, k|lalw tyf
jftfj/0f dGqfno
pBf]u dGqfno
cy{ dGqfno

ldlt @)^#.&.!( df gofF P]g

hf/L eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf]
gofF P]g th'{dfsf] nflu
cfjZos tof/L e}/x]sf] .
ldlt @)^#.(.#) df ;+zf]wg
eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .

cy{ dGqfno
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s

;+zf]wgsf nflu kxn x'g

afFsL.

cy{ dGqfno

gofF P]gsf] d:of}bf adf]lhdsf]

lgodfjnLsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{]
sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
P]g ;+zf]wg ePkl5 th{'df
x'g] .

Jffl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfno
jfl0fHo ljefu
pBf]u
dGqfnou'0f:t/
tyf gfktf}n
ljefu

-150-

:jf:Yo tyf
hg;+Vof dGqfno
cy{ dGqfno

qm=;+=
k|lta4tfx
#
j}b]lzs nufgL tyf
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f
lgodfjnL
$ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
lgodfjnL
%

eG;f/ lgodfjnL,
@)@^ -;+zf]wg_

la?jf ;+/If0f
lgodfjnL, @)#!
-;+zf]wg_
;Demf}tfdxf;lGwcle;lGw
!
ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf]
;Demf}tfxnfO{
g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ug{]
;DaGwL] b:tfj]h

j:t'sf] cGt/f{li6o
ljqmL;DaGwL s/f/
af/]sf] /fi6;+3Lo
dxf;lGw -leogf,
!(*)_ sf] cg'df]bg
cGt/f{li6o la?jf
;+/If0f dx;lGwsf]
b:tfj]h (Instrument

jt{dfg l:ylt
P]g kl/dfh{g ePkl5 th{'df
x'g] .
P]g kl/dfh{g ePkl5 th{'df
x'g] .
ldlt @)^^.#.@( df gofF
P]gcg';f/sf] lgodfjnL hf/L
eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
ldlt @)^^.!@.( df ;+zf]wg
eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .

;DalGwt lgsfo
pBf]u
dGqfnopBf]u
ljefu
pBf]u
dGqfnopBf]u
ljefu
cy{ dGqfno
s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno

@$ dfr{ @))$ df g]kfnn]

ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf] ;b:o
aGg] ;DaGwL k|f]6f]sn :jLs[t
u/]sf] ;"rgf ljZj Jofkf/
;7gdf lbPsf] . To;sf] #)
lbgkl5 @# clk|n @))$ b]lv
g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;7gsf]
ljlwjt\ ;b:o ag]sf] .
pk;ldlt u7g u/L dxf;lGwsf]
cWoog tyf kIf /fi6 aGg
ug{'kg{] tof/Lsf ;DaGwdf
;'emfj k]z ug{] u/L sfo{ cl3
al9/x]sf]
g]kfnn] * d] @))^ df ;f]
dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] .

jffl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ dGqfno

s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno

!! cS6'a/, @))% df cfj]bg

lbPsf]df !! hgj/L @))^ df
;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] .

;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf

gful/s pog
dGqfno

Jffl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnojfl0fHo
ljefu

of International
Plant Protection
Convention -IIPPC)

;flxlTos tyf
snfTds ;[hgfx?sf]
;+/If0f ug]{ ;DaGwL
ag{ dxf;lGwdf
;dy{gsf] b:tfj]h

-151-

qm=;+=
k|lta4tfx
;Dks{ laGb'xsf] :yfkgf
! ;Dks{ laGb'
-Jofkf/sf k|fljlws
cj/f]wx;DaGwL
ljifodf cfjZos
;"rgf k|jfxsf nflu_
@ ;Dks{ laGb' -:jf:Yo
tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo
pkfox;DaGwL
ljifodf cfjZos
;"rgf k|jfxsf] nflu_
# ;Dks{ laGb'
-;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL
ljifodf cfjZos
;"rgf k|jfxsf] nflu_

jt{dfg l:ylt

;DalGwt lgsfo

lj=;+= @)^) ;fnb]lv g]kfn

u'0f:t/ tyf
u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefudf
gfktf}n ljefu
TBT Inquiry Point :yfkgf eO{
sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] .
lj=;+= @)^) ;fnb]lv vfB
k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
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