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5 - Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions: Per-Olof Persson

This document discusses techniques for integrating rational functions using partial fractions. It covers four cases: distinct linear factors, distinct irreducible quadratic factors, repeated irreducible quadratic factors, and squared quadratic factors. For each case, it provides the partial fraction form and discusses how to integrate the resulting terms, using techniques like substitution, splitting the numerator, and trigonometric substitutions. An example is worked through for each case.

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KiKi Rizki Amalinda
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31 views

5 - Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions: Per-Olof Persson

This document discusses techniques for integrating rational functions using partial fractions. It covers four cases: distinct linear factors, distinct irreducible quadratic factors, repeated irreducible quadratic factors, and squared quadratic factors. For each case, it provides the partial fraction form and discusses how to integrate the resulting terms, using techniques like substitution, splitting the numerator, and trigonometric substitutions. An example is worked through for each case.

Uploaded by

KiKi Rizki Amalinda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5 - Integration of Rational Functions by

Partial Fractions
Per-Olof Persson
[email protected]
Department of Mathematics
University of California, Berkeley

Math 1B Calculus

Partial Fractions
Case 3: Distinct Irreducible Quadratic Factors
Q(x) = (ax2 + bx + c) =

Ax + B
R(x)
= 2
+
Q(x)
ax + bx + c

Example
x2 2x 1
A
B
Cx + D
=
+
+ 2
2
2
2
(x 1) (x + 1)
x 1 (x 1)
x +1
2
2
x 2x 1 = A(x 1)(x + 1) + B(x2 + 1)+
(Cx + D)(x 1)2
= (A + C)x3 + (A + B 2C + D)x2 +
(A + C 2D)x + (A + B + D)

Partial Fractions

Example

A+C

A + B 2C + D
A + C 2D

A + B + D

=
0
=
1
= 2
= 1

Solve by elimination = A = 1, B = 1, C = 1, D = 1 =
Z
Z
1
x2 2x 1
1
x1
dx
=

2
dx
2
2
2
(x 1) (x + 1)
x 1 (x 1)
x +1
1
1
= ln |x 1| +
ln(x2 + 1) + tan1 x + C
x1 2

Integrating Irreducible Quadratic Partial Fractions


Ax + B
ax2 + bx + c
1) Complete the square and substitute = ax2 + bx + c = u2 + d

How to integrate

2) Split numerator into a term with u and a constant term


3) Integration of first term gives ln, second term gives tan1
Example


Z
x+4
x+4
u = x2
dx =
dx =
du = dx
x2 4x + 6
(x 2)2 + 2
Z
Z
Z
u+6
u
6
=
du =
du +
du
u2 + 2
u2 + 2
u2 + 2
1
1
u
= ln(u2 + 2) + 6 tan1 + C
2
2
2

1
x2
= ln(x2 4x + 6) + 3 2 tan1 + C
2
2

Partial Fractions

Case 4: Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factors


A1 x + B1
R(x)
= 2
Q(x)
ax + bx + c
A2 x + B 2
Ar x + B r
+
+ +
+
(ax2 + bx + c)2
(ax2 + bx + c)r

Q(x) = (ax2 + bx + c)r =

Example
2x + 1
A
B
C
=
+
+
3
2
2
2
(x + 1) (x + 4)
x + 1 (x + 1)
(x + 1)3
Fx + G
Dx + E
+ 2
+ 2
x +4
(x + 4)2

Integrating Squared Quadratic Fractions

"
x = a tan ,
sin =
1
dx =
2
2
2
2
dx = a sec d, cos =
(x + a )
Z
Z
1
1
2
=

a
sec

d
=
cos2 d
a4 sec4
a3
Z
1

sin 2
= 3 (1 + cos 2) d = 3 +
+C
2a
2a
4a3
x
2a 2
2
2
1
x
= 3 tan1 + x +a 3 x +a + C
2a
a
2a
1
x
x
= 3 tan1 + 2 2
+C
2a
a 2a (x + a2 )

x
x2 +a2
a
x2 +a2

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