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The document provides information about thermocouples and Hall effect sensors. It discusses how thermocouples work by producing a voltage based on the junction of two dissimilar metals. Common thermocouple types and their temperature ranges are identified. Hall effect sensors produce a voltage in response to a magnetic field and are used for proximity switching, positioning, and speed/current detection. Key materials for Hall sensors and their working principle are explained. Applications of both sensors are outlined.

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Shaharyar Waliullah
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111 views

Embedded Assignment 01

The document provides information about thermocouples and Hall effect sensors. It discusses how thermocouples work by producing a voltage based on the junction of two dissimilar metals. Common thermocouple types and their temperature ranges are identified. Hall effect sensors produce a voltage in response to a magnetic field and are used for proximity switching, positioning, and speed/current detection. Key materials for Hall sensors and their working principle are explained. Applications of both sensors are outlined.

Uploaded by

Shaharyar Waliullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Group Members:

Muhammad Fuzail Hashmi(EE-856)


Shaharyar Shafiq Waliullah(EE-929)
Ali Abbas(EE-951)
Zakir Khan(EE-946)

1-Thermocouple
A thermocouple is a simple, robust and cost-effective temperature sensor
used in a wide range of temperature measurement processes. It consists of
two dissimilar metal wires, joined at one end. When properly configured,
thermocouples can provide measurements over a wide range of
temperatures.
Known for their versatility as a temperature sensors, thermocouples are
manufactured in a variaty of styles, such as thermocouple probes,
thermocouple probes with connectors, transition joint thermocouple probes,
infrared thermocouples, bare wire thermocouple or even just thermocouple
wire. They are commonly used in a wide range of applications. Due to their
wide range of models and technical specifications, it is extremely important
to understand its basic structure, functionality, ranges as to better determine
the right type and material of thermocouple for an application.

How does a thermocouple work?


When two wires composed of dissimilar metals are joined at both ends and one of
the ends is heated, there is a continuous current which flows in the thermoelectric
circuit. If this circuit is broken at the center, the net open circuit voltage (the
Seebeck voltage) is a function of the junction temperature and the composition of
the two metals. Which means that when the junction of the two metals is heated, or

cooled, a voltage is produced that can


correlated back to the temperature.

be

Thermocouple types:
Thermocouples are available in different combinations of metals or
calibrations. The most common are the Base Metal thermocouples known
as Types J, K, T, E and N. There are also high temperature calibrations - als
known as Noble Metal thermocouples - Types R, S, C and GB.

Common Thermocouple Temperature Ranges


Calibration

Temperature
Range

Standard Limits
of Error

Special Limits
of Error

0 to 750C
(32 to 1382F)

Greater of 2.2C
or 0.75%

Greater of 1.1C
or 0.4%

-200 to 1250C
(-328 to 2282F)

Greater of 2.2C
or 0.75%

Greater of 1.1C
or 0.4%

-200 to 900C
(-328 to 1652F)

Greater of 1.7C
or 0.5%

Greater of 1.0C
or 0.4%

-250 to 350C
(-328 to 662F)

Greater of 1.0C
or 0.75%

Greater of 0.5C
or 0.4%

Choosing a Thermocouple:

Because a thermocouple measures in wide temperature ranges and can be


relatively rugged, thermocouples are very often used in industry. The
following criteria are used in selecting a thermocouple:
- Temperature range
- Chemical resistance of the thermocouple or sheath material
- Abrasion and vibration resistance
- Installation requirements (may need to be compatible with existing
equipment; existing holes may determine probe diameter)

Applications:
Thermocouples are suitable for measuring over a large temperature range,
from 270 up to 3000 C (for a short time, in inert atmosphere).
Applications include temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine
exhaust, diesel engines, other industrial processes and fog machines. They
are less suitable for applications where smaller temperature differences need
to be measured with high accuracy, for example the range 0100 C with 0.1
C accuracy. For such applications thermistors, silicon bandgap temperature
sensors and resistance thermometers are more suitable.

2-Hall effect sensor:


A Hall effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response
to a magnetic field. Hall effect sensors are used for proximity switching,
positioning, speed detection, and current sensing applications.

In its simplest form, the sensor operates as an analog transducer, directly


returning a voltage. With a known magnetic field, its distance from the Hall
plate can be determined. Using groups of sensors, the relative position of the
magnet can be deduced.

Frequently, a Hall sensor is combined with threshold detection so that it acts


as and is called a switch. Commonly seen in industrial applications such as
the pictured pneumatic cylinder, they are also used in consumer equipment;
for example some computer printers use them to detect missing paper and
open covers. When high reliability is required, they are used in keyboards.

Materials for Hall effect sensors:


The key factor determining sensitivity of Hall effect sensors is high electron mobility.
As a result, the following materials are especially suitable for Hall effect sensors:
gallium arsenide (GaAs)
indium arsenide (InAs)
indium phosphide (InP)
indium antimonide (InSb)

Working principle:
When a beam of charged particles passes through a magnetic field, forces act on
the particles and the beam is deflected from a straight path. The flow of electrons
through a conductor is known as a beam of charged carriers. When a conductor is
placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the electrons, they will
be deflected from a straight path. As a consequence, one plane of the conductor will
become negatively charged and the opposite side will become positively charged.
The voltage between these planes is called Hall voltage.

Advantages:
A Hall effect sensor may operate as an electronic switch.
Such a switch costs less than a mechanical switch and is much more reliable.
It can be operated up to 100 kHz.

It does not suffer from contact bounce because a solid state switch with hysteresis
is used rather than a mechanical contact.
It will not be affected by environmental contaminants since the sensor is in a sealed
package. Therefore, it can be used under severe conditions.
In the case of linear sensor (for the magnetic field strength measurements), a Hall
effect sensor:
can measure a wide range of magnetic fields
is available that can measure either North or South pole magnetic fields
can be flat

Applications:
Direct current (DC) transformers:Hall effect sensors may be utilized for
contactless measurements of DC current in current transformers. In such a case the
Hall effect sensor is mounted in the gap in magnetic core around the current
conductor.[7] As a result, the DC magnetic flux can be measured, and the DC
current in the conductor can be calculated

Position sensing:Sensing the presence of magnetic objects (connected with the


position sensing) is the most common industrial application of Hall effect sensors,
especially those operating in the switch mode (on/off mode). The Hall effect sensors
are also used in the brushless DC motor to sense the position of the rotor and to
switch the transistors in the right sequence.
Smartphones use hall sensors to determine if the Flip Cover accessory is closed.

Automotive fuel level indicator:he Hall sensor is used in some automotive


fuel level indicators. The main principle of operation of such indicator is position
sensing of a floating element.[8] This can either be done by using a vertical float
magnet or a rotating lever sensor.
In a vertical float system a permanent magnet is mounted on the surface of a
floating object. The current carrying conductor is fixed on the top of the tank lining
up with the magnet. When the level of fuel rises, an increasing magnetic field is
applied on the current resulting in higher Hall voltage. As the fuel level decreases,
the Hall voltage will also decrease. The fuel level is indicated and displayed by
proper signal condition of Hall voltage.
In a rotating lever sensor a diametrically magnetized ring magnet rotates about a
linear hall sensor. The sensor only measures the perpendicular (vertical) component
of the field. The strength of the field measured correlates directly to the angle of the
lever and thus the level of the fuel tank.

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