Problem no.

11
The section of a crane hook is rectangular in shape whose width is
30mm and depth is 60mm. The centre of curvature of the section is at
distance of 125mm from the inside section and the load line is 100mm
from the same point. Find the capacity of hook if the allowable stress in
tension is 75N/mm2
5
12
m
m

h=60mm
100
b=30mm

Solution:
F=?

Draw the critical section as shown in the

figure.

Outer radius of curved beam ro = 125+60

= 185mm
Radius of centroidal axis rc =100+

Radius of neutral axis rn = ln

= 153.045mm

I)

#I* %

Load line
100
co

60

rn
rc

= ln

ri = 125mm

ci
ro

l
CA
NA

= 130mm


c1

b = 30 mm

Inner radius of curved beam ri = 125mm

c2

h = 60mm
e

60

JK8

#J8%

Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn

= 155-153.045 = 1.955mm

CL

Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri

= 153.045-125 = 28.045mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn
= 185-153.045 = 31.955mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc -25 = 155-25 = 130mm
Area of cross section A = bh = 30x60 = 1800mm2
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = Fl = Fx130
= 130F
Direct stress

d =

5100

Bending stress at the inner fiber bi =

&' *
 *

5100

Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi

i.e., 75 =

5407.7/1.0,:

510075.9::75/:

5100

F = 8480.4N =Capacity of the hook.

Problem no.12
Design of steel crane hook to have a capacity of 100kN. Assume factor
of safety (FS) = 2 and trapezoidal section.

M =bi

bo
Z

Data: Load capacity F = 100kN = 105N;

Trapezoidal section; FS = 2
Solution: Approximately 1kgf = 10N
105 = 10,000 kgf =10t
Selection the standard crane hook dimensions from table 25.3 when safe
load =10t and steel (MS)
CA
NA

c =11933; Z = 14mm; M = 71mm and

h = 111mm

h = 111 mm
c2
c1

bi= M = 7133
bo = 2xZ = 2x14 = 28 mm


r1 = =
/

559
/

h = 111mm

= 59.5mm

bo=28

bi=71
ci

co
e

CL

ri=59.5 mm
rn
rc= l
ro
F

Assume the load line passes through the centre of hook. Draw the
critical section as shown in the figure.
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 59.5mm
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 59.5+111 = 170.5mm
Radius of neutral axis rn =

J
>* >) 

'* I)L ') I* I)
 + >* >) 
I*
M

J
7555725/1

]JNJ]?.8LKN8_.8 J]?.8

+ 25/1
O?
8_.8

= 98.095mm
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c1 =
=

 >* />)
4

>* >)

"

555 25/7/1
4

25/1

" = 47.465mm

Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri + c1

= 47.465+59.5= 106.965 mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn
=106.965-98.095 =8.87mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri
= 98.095-59.5=38.595mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn
= 170.5-98.095=72.0405mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc -106.965

Applied force

F = 105N
5

Area of cross section A = b Q b 

/

= x111x71 Q 28 = 5494.5mm2

/

Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = Fl = 105x141.667

= 106.965x105N-mm
Direct stress

d =

500000
:,9,.:

= 18.2N/mm2 (tensile)
Bending stress at the inner fiber bi =

&' *
 *

506.96:7508 741.:9:
:,9,.:71.127:9.:

= 142.365/mm2 (tensile)
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo =

&' )
 )

506.96:7508 72/.,0:
:,9,.5x8.127520.:

= -93.2 N/mm2 (compressive)

Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 18.2+142.365
= 160.565N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 18.2-93.2
= -75N/mm2 (compressive)
Maximum shear stress

max = 0.5x max = 0. 160.565

= 80.2825 N/mm2, at the inner fiber

The figure shows the stress distribution in the critical section.

ri=160.565 N/mm
ro =-75 N/mm2

bi=142,365 N/mm2
bo=-93.2 N/mm2
d =18.2 N/mm2

bo = 28 mm

NA

CA

h = 111 mm

bi = 71 mm

Problem no.13
The figure shows a loaded offset bar. What is the maximum offset
distance x if the allowable stress in tension is limited to 50N/mm2

Solution:
Draw the critical section as shown in the figure.
Radius of centroidal axis

rc = 100mm

Inner radius

ri = 100 100/2 = 50mm

Outer radius

ro = 100 + 100/2 = 150mm

Radius of neutral axis rn =

=
93.3mm

Dr r
W o iZ
4

2
15050
"=
4

e = rc - rn = 100 - 93.3 = 6.7mm

ci = rn ri = 93.3 50 = 43.3
mm
co = ro - rn = 150 - 93.3 =
56.7mm
i

A = x d2 = x 1002 = 7853.98mm2
,

Mb = Fx = 5000 x
Combined maximum stress at the inner fiber
(i.e., at B)

ri= Direct stress + bending stress

.

= Q

50 

:000

21:4.91

&' *
 *

:0007,4.4

21:4.91j6.2j:0

x= 599.9 = Maximum offset distance.

Problem no.14
An Open S made from 25mm diameter
rod as shown in the figure determine the
maximum tensile, compressive and shear
stress

Solution:
(I)

Consider the section P-Q

Draw the critical section at P

P-Q as shown in the figure.
Radius of centroidal axis

rc =100mm

Inner radius ri =100

= 87.5mm

Outer radius ro

= 112.5mm

= 100+

Radius of neutral axis

rn =

= 99.6mm
Distance of neutral axis from centroidal axis e =rc - rn
=100 - 99.6 = 0.4mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner fiber ci = rn ri
= 99.6 87.5 =12.1 mm

Distance of neutral axis to outer fiber co = ro -rn

=112.5 99.6 = 12.9 mm
Area of cross-section

A=

Distance from centroidal axis

d2 = x252 = 490.87 mm2

4

I = rc = 100mm

Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = F.l = 100 x 100

= 100000Nmm

Combined stress at the outer fiber (i.e., at Q) =Direct stress +bending

stress
ro=

F
A

M b Co
Aeo

1000
490.87

100000 X12.9
490.87 X 0.4 X 112.5

= - 56.36 N/mm2 (compressive)

Combined stress at inner fibre (i.e., at p)

ri= Direct stress + bending stress

=

F
A

M b ci

Aeri

1000

490.87

100000 X 12.1

490.87 X 0.4 X 87.5

= 72.466 N/MM2 (tensile)

(ii) Consider the section R -S
Redraw the critical section at R S as shown in fig.

rc = 75mm
ri = 75 -

25
2

=62.5 mm

ro = 75 +

A=

25
2

d2 =

rn =
=

= 87.5 mm

X 252 = 490.87 mm2

2
Dro  ri
W
Z
4
2
87.5 62.5
"
4

=74.4755 mm

e = rc - rn = 75 -74.4755 =0.5254 mm
ci = rn - ri =74.4755 62.5 =11.9755 mm
co = ro - rn = 87.5 74.4755 = 13.0245 mm
l = rc = 75 mm
Mb = Fl = 1000 X 75 = 75000 Nmm
Combined stress at the outer fibre (at R) = Direct stress + Bending stress
F

M b co

Aero

ro =

1000
490.87

75000 X13.0245
490.87 X 0.5245 X 62.5

= - 41.324 N/mm2 (compressive)

Combined stress at the inner fiber (at S) = Direct stress + Bending stress

ri =

F
A

M b co
Aero

1000
490.87

75000 X 11.9755
490.87 X 0.5245 X 62.5

= 55.816 N/mm2 (tensile)

Maximum tensile stress = 72.466 N/mm2 at P
2

Maximum compressive stress = 56.36 N/mm at Q

Maximum shear stress max=0.5 max= 0.5 X 72.466

= 36.233 N/mm2 at P

Stresses in Closed Ring

Consider a thin circular ring subjected to symmetrical load F as shown
in the figure.

The ring is symmetrical and is loaded symmetrically in both the

horizontal and vertical directions.
Consider the horizontal section as shown in the figure. At the two ends
A and B, the vertical forces would be F/2.
No horizontal forces would be there at A and B. this argument can be
proved by understanding that since the ring and the external forces are
symmetrical, the reactions too must be symmetri
symmetrical.
Assume that two horizontal inward forces H, act at A and B in the upper
half, as shown in the figure. In this case, the lower
half must have forces H acting outwards as shown.
This however, results in violation of symmetry and
hence H must be zero. B
Besides the forces, moments
of equal magnitude M0 act at A and B. It should be
noted that these moments do not violate the
condition of symmetry. Thus loads on the section can
be treated as that shown in the figure. The unknown
quantity is M0. Again Consi
Considering symmetry, We
conclude that the tangents at A and B must be
vertical and must remain so after deflection or M0
does not rotate. By Castiglianos theorem
theorem, the partial
derivative of the strain energy with respect to the load gives the
displacement of the
he load. In this case, this would be zero.

.(1)

The bending moment at any point C, located at angle ,, as shown in the

figure.
Will be

..(2)

As per Castiglianos theorem,

From equation (2)

And,

ds = Rd

As this quantity is positive the direction assumed for Mo is correct and it

produces tension in the inner fibers and compression on the outer.
It should be noted that these equations are valid in the region,
= 0 to = 900.
The bending moment Mb at any angle from equation (2)
2) will be:

It is seen that numerically, Mb-max is greater than Mo.

The stress at any angle can be found by considering the
forces as shown in the figure.
Put = 0 in Bending moment equation (4) then we will
get,
At A-A Mbi = 0.181FR
Mbo = - 0.181FR
And = 90,
At B-B
Mbi = - 0.318FR
Mbo = 0.318FR
The vertical force F/22 can be resolved in two
components (creates normal direct stresses) and S
(creates shear stresses).

The combined normal stress across any section will be:

The stress at inner (1Ai) and outer points ((1Ao) at A-A

A will be (at = 0)

On similar lines, the stress at the point of application of load at inner

i
and
0
outer points will be (at = 90 )

It should be noted that in calculating the bending stresses, it is assumed

that the radius is large compared to the depth, or the beam is almost a
straight beam.

A Thin Extended Closed Link

Consider a thin closed ring subjected to symmetrical load F as shown in

the figure. At the two ends C and D, the vertical forces would be F/2.

No horizontal forces would be there at C and D, as discussed earlier

ring.
The unknown quantity is M0. Again considering symmetry, we
conclude that the tangents at C and D must be vertical and must remain
so after deflection or M0 does not rotate.
There are two regions to be considered in this case:
 The straight portion, (0 < y < L) where
Mb = MO
 The curved portion, where

\
As per Castiglianos theorem

It can be observed that at L = 0 equation reduces to the same expression

as obtained for a circular ring. Mo produces tension in the inner fibers
and Compression on the outer.
The bending moment Mb at any angle will be

Noting that the equation are valid in the region, = 0 to = p/2,

p/2

At = 0
B bending moment at inner and outer side of the fiber is
At section B-B

At section A-A
A the load point, i.e., at = p/2, the maximum value of
bending moment occurs (numerically), as it is observed that the second
part of the equation is much greater than the first part.

It can be observed that at L = 0, equation (v) reduces to the same

expression as obtained for a circular ring.
It is seen that numerically, Mb-max is greater than Mo.

The stress at any angle can be found by considering the force as

shown in the figure.
The vertical force F/22 can be resolved in two components (creates
normal direct stresses) and S (creates shear stresses).

The combined normal stress across any section will be

The stress at inner fiber 1Bi and outer fiber 1Bo and at section B-B
B will
be (at = 0):

The stress at inner fiber 1Ai and outer fiber 1Ao and at section A-A
A
0
will be (at the loading point = 90 ):

Problem 15
Determine the stress induced in a circular ring of circular cross section
of 25 mm diameter subjected to a tensile load 6500N. The inner
diameter of the ring is 60 mm.
Solution: the circular ring and its critical section are as shown in fig.
1.29a and 1.29b respectively.
Inner radius ri =

= 30mm

Outer radius = 30+25 = 55mm

Radius of centroidal axis rc = 30 +

= 42.5mm

Radius of neutral axis rn =

=

=42.5mm

Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn

= 42.5 41.56 = 0.94mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri
= 41.56 30 = 11.56mm

Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn

= 55 - 41.56 = 13.44mm
Direct stress at any cross section at an angle with horizontal
d =

. k
/

Consider the cross section A A

At section A A, = 900 with respect to horizontal
Direct stress

d =

. k 90
/

=0

Bending moment Mb = - 0.318Fr

Where r = rc, negative sign refers to tensile load
M>l = - 0.318x6500x42.5 = -87847.5 N-mm
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber l =Direct stress + Bending stress
=0-

&' *
 *

=!

121,2.:755.:6

,90.12,70.9,740

= - 73.36N/mm2 (compressive)
Maximum stress at outer fiber l = Direct stress + Bending stress
=0+

&' )
 )

121,2.:754.,,

,90.12,70.9,7::

= 46.52N/mm2 (tensile)
Consider the cross section B B

At section B B, = 00 with respect to horizontal

Direct stress

d =

. k 0

2A

6:007 cos 0
/7,90.12,

= 6.621 N/mm2

Bending moment Mb = 0.182Fr

Where r = rc, positive sign refers to tensile load
M>o = 0.182x6500x42.5 = 50277.5 N-mm
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber o =Direct stress + Bending stress
= d -

&' *
 *

= 6.621 +

:0/22.:755.:6

,90.874x0.9,740

= 48.6 N/mm2 (tensile)

Maximum stress at outer fiber l = Direct stress + Bending stress
= d +

&' )
 )

=6.621+

:0/22.:754.,,

,90.12,70.9,7::

= -20 N/mm2 (compressive)

Problem 16
Determine the stress induced in a circular ring of circular cross section
of 50 mm diameter rod subjected to a compressive load of 20kNN. The
mean diameter of the ring is 100 mm.
Solution: the circular ring and its critical section are as shown in fig.
1.30a and 1.30b respectively.
Inner radius ri =
Outer radius =

= 25mm

= 75mm

Radius of centroidal axis rc =

= 50mm

Radius of neutral axis rn =

=

= 46.65mm

Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn

= 50 - 46.65 = 3.35mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri
= 46.65
46.65-25 = 21.65 mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn
= 75 - 46.65 = 28.35mm
Area of cross section A = x552 = 1963.5mm2

Direct stress at any cross section at an angle with horizontal

d =

p qrs t
/u

Consider the cross section A A

At section A A, = 900 with respect to horizontal
Direct stress

d =

p qrs 90
/u

=0

Bending moment Mb = + 0.318Fr

Where r = rc, positive sign refers to tensile load
vwx = + 0.318x20000x50 = 318000 N-mm
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber yz{x =Direct stress + Bending stress
=0+

|} q ~
uz~

31800021.6:
5964.:4.4:/:

= 41.86 N/mm2 (tensile)

Maximum stress at outer fiber yzrx = Direct stress + Bending stress
=0 -

|} q
uz

=-

451000/1.35

5964.:4.4:2:

= - 18.27 N/mm2 (compressive)

Consider the cross section B B

At section B B, = 00 with respect to horizontal
Direct stress

d =

. k 0
/

/00007 k 0
/75964.:

= 5.093 N/mm2 (compressive)

Bending moment Mb = -0.1828Fr
Where r = rc, negative sign refers to tensile load
M>o = - 0.182x20000x50 = -182000 N-mm
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber o =Direct stress + Bending stress
= d -

&' *

Aer*

= -5.093 +

51/0007/5.6:

5964.5x3.4:7/:

= - 29.05 N/mm2 (compressive)

Maximum stress at outer fiber l = Direct stress + Bending stress
= d +

&' )
 )

= -5.093 +

51/0007/1.4:

5964.:74.4:72:

= 5.366 N/mm2 (tensile)

Problem 17
A chain link is made of 40 mm diameter rod is circular at each end the
mean diameter of which is 80mm. The straight sides of the link are also
80mm. The straight sides of the link are also 80mm.If the link carries a
load of 90kN; estimate the tensile and compress
compressive
ive stress in the link
along the section of load line. Also find the stress at a section 900 away
from the load line
Solution: refer figure
= 80mm; dc = 80mm;

rc = 40mm;

F = 90kN = 90000N
Draw the critical cross section as shown in fig.1.32
Inner radius ri = 40 Outer radius =

= 20mm
= 60mm

Radius of centroidal axis rc = 40mm

Radius of neutral axis rn =
=

= 37.32mm

Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn

=40-37.32 = 2.68mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri
= 37.32-20 = 17.32 mm

Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn

= 60 37.32 = 22.68mm
Direct stress at any cross section at an angle with horizontal
d =

. k
/

Consider the cross section A A [i.e., Along the load line]

At section A A, = 900 with respect to horizontal
Direct stress

d =

. k 90
/

Bending moment M>l = M>l =

900007,07/7,010
/7,010

=0

.I /
/

where r = rc,

= 1.4x106N-mm

This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber l =Direct stress + Bending stress
=0+

&' *
 *

5.,750< 752.4/

7,0 7/.617/0

= - 360 N/mm2 (tensile)

Maximum stress at outer fiber l = Direct stress + Bending stress
=0-

&' )
 )

5.,750< 7//.61

=-

7,0 7/.61760

= 157.14 N/mm2 (compressive)

Consider the cross section B B [i.e., 900 away from the load line]
At section B B, = 00 with respect to horizontal
Direct stress

d =

. k /
/

5.,750< 7 k 0

(compressive)
Bending moment M>l = M>l =

.I /+
/

900007,07/7,0+710
/7,010

/7 7,0
O

= 35.81 N/mm2

where r = rc,

= - 399655.7N-mm

This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber o =Direct stress + Bending stress
= d -

&' *
 *

= 35.81 +

4996::.2752.4/

/7O7,0 7/.617/0

= 138.578 N/mm2 (tensile)

Maximum stress at outer fiber l = Direct stress + Bending stress
= d +

&' )
 )

= 35.81 -

4996::.27//.61

/7O7,0 7/.61760

= - 9.047 N/mm2 (compressive)

Maximum tensile stress occurs at outer fiber of section A A and
maximum compressive stress occurs at the inner fiber of section A A.

Using usual notations prove that the moment of resistance M of a

curved beam of initial radius R1 when bent to a radius R2 by
uniform bending moment is
M = EAeR1
Consider a curved beam of uniform cross section as shown in Figure
below. Its transverse section is symmetric with respect to the y axis and
in its unstressed state; its upper and lower surfaces intersect the vertical
xy plane along the arcs of circle A
AB
B and EF centered at O [Fig. 1(a)].
1(
Now apply two equal and opposite couples M and
d M' as shown in Fig. 1.
(c). The length of neutral surface remains the same. and ' are the
central angles before and after applying the moment M. Since the length
of neutral surface remains the same
R1 =R2''
..... (i)

Figure
Consider the arc of circle JK located at a distance y above the neutral
surface. Let r1 and r2 be the radius of this arc before and after bending
couples have been applied. Now, the deformation of JK,
.... (ii)
From Fig. 1.2 a and c, r1 = R1 y; r2 = R2 y

..... (iii)

 = (R2 y) ' (R1 y)

=R2'' 'y R1 + y
= y ((' ) [ R1 = R2'' from equ (i)]
= y

[ ' = + = ]
..... (iv)
The normal strain x in the element of JK is obtained by dividing
the deformation by the original length r1 of arc JK.
x =
..... (v)
The normal stress x may be obtained from Hooke's law x = Ex
x =E
i.e. x

..... (vi)

= E

( r1 = R1 y) .(vii)
Equation (vi) shows that the normal stress x does not vary linearly
with the distance y from the neutral surface. Plotting x versus y, we
obtain an arc of hyperbola as shown in Fig. 1.3.

From the condition of equilibrium the summation of forces over the

entire area is zero and the summation of the moments due to these forces
is equal to the applied bending moment.
F =0
i.e., xdA =0
..... (viii)
and ( yxdA)=M
..... (ix)

Substituting the value of the x from equation (vii) into equation

(viii)
t
+z

 J J "dA=0
t

Since

t
t

i.e.

zJ

is not equal to zero 

R1 

R1 

i.e., .

!  =0

z1
u
z1

J +zJ
zJ

"dA = 0

! =0

R1 = x

1

It follows the distance R1 from the centre of curvature O to the

u
..... (x)
neutral surface is obtained by the relation R1 = x


The value of R1 is not equal to the 1 distance from O to the centroid

of the cross-section, since 1 is obtained by the relation,
5
1 =  1
..... (xi)
u
Hence it is proved that in a curved member the neutral axis of a
transverse section does not pass through the centroid of that section.
Now substitute the value of x from equation (vii) into equations (ix)


t J +zJ
t

zJ

"y dA =M

i.e.,

i.e.,
i.e.,

i.e.,
#5 / 

t
t
t

t
t

t
u

#5 / 

zJ
u

J +zJ /
zJ

" dA = M

/
CJ  +/J zJ zJ  E
zJ

($ r1 = R1 - y from iii)

dA = M

! 25  Q  1%= M

! 25 Q 5 % = M [using equations (x) and (xi)]

i.e.,

t
t

5 ! 25 Q 5  v
t

i.e.,

i.e.,

5 ! 5 =M

i.e.,

t
t

..... (xii)

^^^+
uz
1
1

u

Substituting

($e =
1 R1 from Fig. 1.2a)
xiii)

into equation (VI)

x =
u1 +
x=

Mz1 +1 
uz1

..... (xiv)
($ r1 = R1 y

..... (xv)

An equation (xiv) is the general expression for the normal stress x in a

curved beam.
To determine the change in curvature of the neutral surface caused by
the bending moment M
From equation (i),
5

5 t


J t
5 tt
J

"

u

{$From equation (xiii)

"=

#1 Q

1Q


5

i.e.

References:

u

1
v
Q
5 5

M
EAeR1

M =EAe R1
Hence proved

"