CHAPTER 2

2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

2-1.*

a)

XYZ = X + Y + Z

Verification of DeMorgans Theorem

X

XYZ

XYZ

X+Y+Z

X + YZ = ( X + Y ) ( X + Z )

b)

The Second Distributive Law

X

YZ

X+YZ

X+Y

X+Z

(X+Y)(X+Z)

c)

2-2.*

XY + YZ + XZ = XY + YZ + XZ

XY

YZ

a)

XZ XY+YZ+XZ XY

XY + XY + XY

YZ

XZ XY+YZ+XZ

X+Y

= ( XY + XY ) + ( XY + XY )
= X(Y + Y) + Y( X + X )
= X+Y
b)

AB + BC + AB + BC
= ( AB + AB ) + ( BC + BC )
= B(A + A) + B(C + C)

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Problem Solutions Chapter 2

B+B = 1
c)

Y + XZ + XY

X+Y+Z

XY + XZ + YZ

B + CD

= Y + XY + XZ
= ( Y + X ) ( Y + Y ) + XZ
= Y + X + XZ
= Y + ( X + X )( X + Z )
= X+Y+Z
d)

XY + YZ + XZ + XY + YZ
= X Y + YZ ( X + X ) + XZ + XY + YZ
= XY + XYZ + XYZ + XZ + XY + YZ
= XY ( 1 + Z ) + XYZ + XZ + XY + YZ
= XY + XZ ( 1 + Y ) + XY + YZ
= XY + XZ + XY ( Z + Z ) + YZ
= XY + XZ + XYZ + YZ ( 1 + X )
= XY + XZ ( 1 + Y ) + YZ
= XY + XZ + YZ

2-3.+

a)

ABC + BCD + BC + CD

= ABC + ABC + BC + BCD + BCD + CD

= AB ( C + C ) + BC ( D + D ) + BC + CD
= AB + BC + BC + CD
= B + AB + CD
= B + CD
b)

WY + WYZ + WXZ + WXY

WY + WXZ + XYZ + XYZ

= ( WY + WXYZ ) + ( WXYZ + WXYZ ) + ( WXYZ + WXYZ ) + ( WXYZ + WXYZ )

= ( WY + WXYZ ) + ( WXYZ + WXYZ ) + ( WXYZ + WXYZ ) + ( WXYZ + WXYZ )
= WY + WXZ ( Y + Y ) + XYZ ( W + W ) + XYZ ( W + W )
= WY + WXZ + XYZ + XYZ
c)

AD + AB + CD + BC

(A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D)

= AD + AB + CD + BC
= (A + D)(A + B)(C + D )(B + C )
= ( AB + AD + BD ) ( BC + BD + CD )
= ABCD + ABCD
= (A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D) = (A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D)

2-4.+

Given:

A B = 0, A + B = 1

Prove:

( A + C ) ( A + B) ( B + C )
= ( AB + AC + BC ) ( B + C )
= AB + AC + BC

15

BC

Problem Solutions Chapter 2

= 0 + C( A + B)
= C(A + B)(0 )
= C(A + B)(A + B)
= C ( AB + AB + B )
= BC

2-5.+

Step 1:

Step 2:

2-6.

Define all elements of the algebra as four bit vectors such as A, B and C:
A

(A3, A2, A1, A0)

(B3, B2, B1, B0)

(C3, C2, C1, C0)

Define OR1, AND1 and NOT1 so that they conform to the definitions of AND,
OR and NOT presented in Table 2-1.

a)

A + B = C is defined such that for all i, i = 0, ... ,3, Ci equals the OR1 of Ai and Bi.

b)

A B = C is defined such that for all i, i = 0, ... ,3, Ci equals the AND1 of Ai and Bi.

c)

The element 0 is defined such that for A = 0, for all i, i = 0, ... ,3, Ai equals logical 0.

d)

The element 1 is defined such that for A = 1, for all i, i = 0, ... ,3, Ai equals logical 1.

e)

For any element A, A is defined such that for all i, i = 0, ... ,3, Ai equals the NOT1 of Ai.

a)

AC + ABC + BC = AC + ABC + ( A BC + BC )
= AC + ( ABC + ABC ) + BC
= ( A C + AC ) + BC = A + BC

b)

( A + B + C ) ( ABC )
= AABC + ABBC + ABCC
= ( AA )BC + A ( BB )C + AB ( CC )
= ABC + ABC + ABC = ABC

c)

ABC + AC = A ( BC + C ) = A ( B + C )

d)

ABD + ACD + BD
= ( AB + B + AC )D
= ( A + AC + B )D
= ( A + B )D

e)

( A + B ) ( A + C ) ( ABC )
= ( AB ) ( AC ) ( A + B + C ) = ABC ( A + B + C )
= 0

2-7.*

a)

XY + XYZ + XY = X + XYZ = ( X + XY ) ( X + Z ) = ( X + X ) ( X + Y ) ( X + Z )
= ( X + Y ) ( X + Z ) = X + YZ

b)

X + Y ( Z + X + Z ) = X + Y ( Z + XZ ) = X + Y ( Z + X ) ( Z + Z ) = X + YZ + XY

c)

WX ( Z + YZ ) + X ( W + WYZ ) = WXZ + WXYZ + WX + WXYZ

= ( X + X ) ( X + Y ) + YZ = X + Y + YZ = X + Y

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Problem Solutions Chapter 2

= WXZ + WXZ + WX = WX + WX = X
d)

( AB + AB ) ( CD + CD ) + AC = ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + A + C

= ABCD + A + C = A + C + A ( BCD ) = A + C + C ( BD ) = A + C + BD

2-8.
a)

F = ABC + AC + AB

b)

F = ABC + AC + AB

= (A + B + C ) + (A + C ) + ( A + B)

2-9.*

= ( ABC ) ( AC ) ( AB )

a)

F = (A + B )( A + B )

b)

F = ( ( V + W )X + Y )Z

c)

F = [ W + X + ( Y + Z ) ( Y + Z ) ] [ W + X + YZ + YZ ]

d)

F = ABC + ( A + B )C + A ( B + C )

2-10.*
Truth Tables a, b, c
X

a)

Sum of Minterms:

b)

Sum of Minterms:

c)

Sum of Minterms:

XYZ + XYZ + XYZ + XYZ

Product of Maxterms: ( X + Y + Z ) ( X + Y + Z ) ( X + Y + Z ) ( X + Y + Z )
ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

Product of Maxterms: ( A + B + C ) ( A + B + C ) ( A + B + C ) ( A + B + C )
WXYZ + WXYZ + WXYZ + WXYZ + WXYZ + WXYZ
+ W XYZ
Product of Maxterms: ( W + X + Y + Z ) ( W + X + Y + Z ) ( W + X + Y + Z )
( W + X + Y + Z )( W + X + Y + Z ) ( W + X + Y + Z )
( W + X + Y + Z )( W + X + Y + Z ) ( W + X + Y + Z )

2-11.

a)

E = m ( 1, 2, 4, 6 ) = M ( 0, 3, 5, 7 ) ,

F = m ( 0, 2, 4, 7 ) = M ( 1, 3, 5, 6 )

b)

E = m ( 0, 3, 5, 7 ) ,

F = m ( 1, 3, 5, 6 )

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Problem Solutions Chapter 2

2-12.*

c)

E + F = m ( 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 ) ,

E F = m ( 2, 4 )

d)

E = XYZ + XYZ + XYZ + XYZ ,

F = XYZ + XYZ + XYZ + XYZ

e)

E = Z ( X + Y ) + XYZ ,

F = Z ( X + Y ) + XYZ

a)

( AB + C ) ( B + CD ) = AB + ABCD + BC = AB + BC s.o.p.
= B ( A + C ) p.o.s.
X + X(X + Y)(Y + Z) = (X + X)(X + (X + Y)(Y + Z))

b)

= ( X + X + Y ) ( X + Y + Z ) p.o.s.
= ( 1 + Y ) ( X + Y + Z ) = X + Y + Z s.o.p.
( A + BC + CD ) ( B + EF ) = ( A + B + C ) ( A + B + D ) ( A + C + D ) ( B + EF )

c)

= ( A + B + C ) ( A + B + D ) ( A + C + D ) ( B + E ) ( B + F ) p.o.s.
( A + BC + CD ) ( B + EF ) = A ( B + EF ) + BC ( B + EF ) + CD ( B + EF )
= A B + AEF + BCEF + BCD + CDEF s.o.p.

2-13.
b)

a)

c)

X
Y
Z

A
C

X
Z

2-14.
a)
1
X

b)

Y
1
1

1
X 1

Z
XZ + XY

c)

Y
1

A 1

Z
XY + XZ + YZ

d)

A 1

1
C
C + AB

1
X

b)

or

1
1
Z
XZ + XY

1
A

c)

B
1

1
C
A + CB

18

B
1

A 1

C
B+C

C
BC + AB + AC
BC + AB + AC

2-15. *
a)

1 1

Problem Solutions Chapter 2

2-16.
1

1
1

1
X
A

1
1

AC + AD + ABC

YZ + XZ + XYZ + ( WXZ or WXY )

BD + ABC + ACD

2-17.
a)

b)

Y
1
W

1
1

1
1 1

X
A

1 1

D
F = BD + ABC + ABC + ( AD or CD )

F = XZ + WY + WX + XYZ

2-18. *
a)

b)

1
1

1 1

A
1

Z
m ( 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15 )

m ( 3, 5 , 6 , 7 )

1
1

C
1

Y
X

c)

D
m ( 0, 2 , 6, 7 , 8 , 10, 13, 15 )

2-19.*
a) Prime = XZ, WX, XZ, WZ
Essential = XZ, XZ

2-20.

b) Prime = CD, AC, BD, ABD, BC

Essential = AC, BD , ABD

a) Prime = XY, XZ, WYZ, WXY, XYZ, WXZ, WYZ

c) Prime = AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD

Essential = AC, BC, BD

b) Prime = ABC, ACD, ABC, ACD, BD

Essential = XY, XZ

Essential = ABC, ACD, ABC, ACD

F = XY + XZ + WXY + WXZ

Redundant = BD
F = ABC + ACD + ABC + ACD

c) Prime = YZ, WY, WZ, WXZ, XYZ, WXY

Essential = WY, WZ
Redundant = YZ
F = WY + WZ + XYZ

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Problem Solutions Chapter 2

2-21.
a)

1
1

b)

Y
1

1
1

1
Z

F = m ( 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14 )

F = m ( 0, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 )

F = YZ + WXZ + WXY

F = BC + BD + AD + ABC

F = ( Y + Z )( W + X + Z )( W + X + Y )

F = (B + C )( B + D ) ( A + D ) ( A + B + C )

2-22.*
a) s.o.p. CD + AC + BD

c) s.o.p. BD + ABD + ( A BC or ACD )

b) s.o.p. AC + BD + AD

p.o.s. ( C + D ) ( A + D ) ( A + B + C )

p.o.s. ( C + D ) ( A + D ) ( A + B + C )

p.o.s. ( A + B ) ( B + D ) ( B + C + D )

2-23.
a) s.o.p.

ABC + ABD + ABC + ABD

b) s.o.p.

or ACD + BCD + ACD + BCD

Z + WX + XY
(W + X + Z)(X + Y + Z )

p.o.s.

( A + B + C ) ( A + B + D )( A + B + C ) ( A + B + D )

p.o.s.

or ( A + C + D ) ( B + C + D ) ( A + C + D ) ( B + C + D )

2-24.
a)

b)

C
1

X
1 X

1 X

B
W

B
X

X 1
X X

X 1
A 1

X X

c)

Y
X 1

C
Z

F = BC + BCD + ABD F = XY + WYZ + WXZ + (WXY or WYZ )

F = A+C

2-25.*
b)

a)
B
X
A

1
X

1
1

C
Primes = AB, AC, BC, ABC
Essential = AB, AC, BC
F = AB + AC + BC

c)

Y
1

1
1

Z
Primes = XZ, XZ, WXY, WXY, WYZ, WYZ
Essential = XZ
F = XZ + WXY + WXY

20

C
X X

X 1

1 X

X X

D
Primes = AB, C, AD, BD
Essential = C, AD
F = C + AD + ( BD or AB )

Problem Solutions Chapter 2

2-26.
a)(1)
0

b)(1)

0 X

0 0

X 1

0
A

a)(2)

B
W

0 X

F = BD

X X

1 X

1 X

D
F = B+D
F = BD

X
1

b)(2)

1 X
1

Z
Z
F = W X +W Y + X Y Z F = (WZ or X Z) + WXY + WXY
+WXY
+ (WXY or XYZ)
F = ((W + Z) or (X + Z)) (W + X + Y)(W + X + Y)
+ (W + X + Y) or (X + Y + Z)

2-27.
b) F = A C + AB + BD + AC + AB

a) F = A B C D + ABC + A C D + ABD + ABCD + BCD

C
1

1
1

C
1

B
A

1 1

There are other solutions depending on how

ties are resolved.

There are other solutions depending on how

ties are resolved.

2-28.+
F = A B D + B C D + BC + AB + ACD

C
1

1 1

B
A

1 1

1
B
A

F and F; Cost = 18

X X X
X

REDUCE

1 1

B
A

1 X
1 X

X X X
A
X

1 X
1 X

ESSENTIAL PRIMES

EXPAND

1 X
1 X

X X X
X

X
1

B
A

D
EXPAND

1 X
1 X

X X X
X

D
IRREDUNDANT COVER;
Cost = 17

REDUCE, EXPAND,
IRREDUNDANT COVER,
and LAST GASP produce
no lasting changes.

D
IRREDUNDANT COVER;
Cost = 13

A
FINAL SOLUTION;
Cost = 13

21

1
1

1
1 1

1
D

Problem Solutions Chapter 2

2-29.
a) F = ABC + ABC + ABD + ABD
X 1 = AB
X 2 = AB
F = X 1C + X1 D + X2 C + X2 D
= ( X1 + X 2 ) ( C + D )
X3 = C + D
F = ( X 1 + X 2 )X 3

X1

A
B

X2
F
X3

C
D

b) F = WY + XY + WXZ + WXZ
= ( W + X )Y + ( WX + WX )Z
= ( W + X )Y + ( W + X ) ( W + X )Z
X1 = W + X
F = X 1 Y + X 1 ( W + X )Z

Y
X1

W
X

2-30.
a) F

b) G

C
1

1
1

1
1 1
1 X

B
A

D
F = AC + ABCD + ABCD

G = AC + BCD + ABCD

= A C + AC ( BD + BD )

= AC + ( ABCD + ABCD ) + ABCD

= AC + AC ( BD + BD )
X 1 = AC
X 2 = BD + BD

F = X 1 + ACX 2

G = X 1 + ACX 2
A
C

X1

G
F
B
D

X2

2-31.
a) F = AB ( CD + CD ) + B ( CD + CD ) + A ( B + CD )

b) T = YZ ( W + X ) + YZ ( WY + X )

= AB ( C + D ) ( C + D ) + B ( CD + CD ) + A ( B ( C + D ) )
= A BCD + ABCD + BCD + BCD + ABC + ABD

22

= WYZ + XYZ + XYZ

Problem Solutions Chapter 2

2-32.*
X Y = XY + XY
Dual (X Y ) = Dual ( XY + XY )
= ( X + Y) ( X + Y)
= XY + XY
= XY + XY
= XY

2-33.
ABCD + AD + AD = ABCD + ( A D )
Note that X + Y = ( X Y ) + XY
Letting X = ABCD and Y = A D ,
We can observe from the map below or determine algebraically that XY is equal to 0.
C

1
1

1
D

For this situation,

X + Y = ( X Y ) + XY
= (X Y) + 0
= XY
So, we can write F ( A, B, C , D ) = X Y = ABCD ( A D )

A
B
D
C

2-34.
a)
X
Y
H = XY + XZ
Z

b)
X
Y
F = XY + XY

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Problem Solutions Chapter 2

2-35.
a)
A
AB
B

F = ABC + ABD + A B D

C
AB
D
D
AB
0
AB

Necessary to make F = 0
for A = B = 0; otherwise F
would be Hi-Z for this combination.

b)
There are no three-state output conflicts.

24