ESSAY

Time 25 minutes

Turn to page 2 of your answer sheet to write your ESSAY.

The essay gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can develop and express ideas. You should, therefore, take
care to develop your point of view, present your ideas logically and clearly, and use language precisely.
Your essay must be written on the lines provided on your answer sheet you will receive no other paper on which to write.
You will have enough space if you write on every line, avoid wide margins, and keep your handwriting to a reasonable size.
Remember that people who are not familiar with your handwriting will read what you write. Try to write or print so that what
you are writing is legible to those readers.
Important Reminders:
A pencil is required for the essay. An essay written in ink will receive a score of zero.
Do not write your essay in your test book. You will receive credit only for what you write on your
answer sheet.
An off-topic essay will receive a score of zero.
If your essay does not reflect your original and individual work, your scores for the entire test may be canceled.
An electronic copy of your essay will be made available to each of your designated score recipients: colleges,
universities, and scholarship programs.
You have twenty-five minutes to write an essay on the topic assigned below.

Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
A colleague of the great scientist James Watson remarked that Watson was always lounging
around, arguing about problems instead of doing experiments. He concluded that There is
more than one way of doing good science. It was Watsons form of idleness, the scientist
went on to say, that allowed him to solve the greatest of all biological problems: the discovery
of the structure of DNA. It is a point worth remembering in a society overly concerned with
efficiency.
Adapted from John C. Polanyi, Understanding Discovery
Assignment:

Do people accomplish more when they are allowed to do things in their own way? Plan and write an essay
in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples
taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.

BEGIN WRITING YOUR ESSAY ON PAGE 2 OF THE ANSWER SHEET.

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section in the test.

SECTION 2
Time 25 minutes
20 Questions

Turn to Section 2 (page 4) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: For this section, solve each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding
circle on the answer sheet. You may use any available space for scratchwork.

1. When 70,000 is written as 7.0 10 n , what is the

value of n ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

1
2
3
4
5

2. On a car trip Sam drove m miles, Kara drove twice as

many miles as Sam, and Darin drove 20 fewer miles
than Kara. In terms of m, how many miles did Darin
drive?
(A) 2 m + 20

(B) 2 m - 20
m
+ 20
2
m + 20
(D)
2
m
(E)
- 20
2

(C)

3. If x and y are positive integers, what are all the

solutions ( x, y ) of the equation 3 x + 2 y = 11?

(1, 4 ) only
(3,1) only
(C) (1, 4 ) and (2,2 )
(D) (1, 4 ) and (3,1)
(E) (2,2 ) and (3,1)
(A)

(B)

4. A companys profit, P, in dollars, for producing

x machines in one day is given by P = 500 x - 20 x 2 .
If the company produces 10 machines in one day, then,
according to this formula, what is the profit for that
day?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

$5,000
$4,000
$3,000
$2,000
$1,000

12 - n, 12, 12 + n

7. A fruit salad is made from pineapples, pears, and

peaches mixed in the ratio of 2 to 3 to 5, respectively,
by weight. What fraction of the mixture by weight is
pineapple?
(A)

1
5

(B)

3
10

(C)

2
5

(D)

1
2

(E)

2
3

5. What is the average (arithmetic mean) of the

3 quantities in the list above?
(A)

(B) 12
(C) 18
n
3
n
(E) 12 +
3
(D)

4+

8. In the figure above, square RSTU is inscribed in the

circle. What is the degree measure of arc ST ?
(A) 45
(B) 60
(C) 90
(D) 120
(E) 180

9. If P and Q are two sets of numbers, and if every

number in P is also in Q, which of the following
CANNOT be true?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

6. In isosceles triangle ABC above, AM and CM are

the angle bisectors of angle BAC and angle BCA.
What is the measure of angle AMC ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

110
115
120
125
130

4 is in both P and Q.
5 is in neither P nor Q.
6 is in P, but not in Q.
7 is in Q, but not in P.
If 8 is not in Q, then 8 is not in P.

10. What is the maximum number of rectangular blocks

measuring 3 inches by 2 inches by 1 inch that can be
packed into a cube-shaped box whose interior measures
6 inches on an edge?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

11. If a

24
28
30
36
40

0 and

14. A boat costs x dollars, and this cost is to be shared

equally by a group of people. In terms of x, how many
dollars less will each person contribute if there are
4 people in the group instead of 3 ?
x
12
x
(B)
4
x
(C)
3
7x
(D)
12

(A)

5
5+a
=
, what is the value of x ?
x
x+a

(E) 7x

(A) -5
(B) -1
(C) 1
(D) 2
(E) 5

15. If y = 2 x + 3 and x 2, which of the following

represents all the possible values for y ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

y
y
y
y
5

7
7
5
5
y

12. The figure above is composed of 25 small triangles that

are congruent and equilateral. If the area of !DFH is
10, what is the area of ! AFK ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

40
42.5
50
52.5
62.5

3 x + 2 y + 2 z = 19
3 x + y + z = 14

13. If the equations above are true, which of the following

is the value of y + z ?
(A) -5
(B) - 4
(C) 0
(D) 4
(E)
5

16. The graphs of the functions f and g in the interval

from x = -2 to x = 2 are shown above. Which of
the following could express g in terms of f ?
(A) g ( x ) = f ( x + 1)

(B) g ( x ) = f ( x ) + 1

(C) g ( x ) = f ( x + 1) + 1
(D) g ( x ) = f ( x - 1)

(E) g ( x ) = f ( x ) - 1

17. In the figure above, a shaded polygon which has equal

sides and equal angles is partially covered with a sheet
of blank paper. If x + y = 80, how many sides does
the polygon have?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

Ten
Nine
Eight
Seven
Six

19. On the day of a rainstorm, the depth of the water at a

certain location along the Winding River was recorded
hourly, and the results are indicated in the line graph
above. Each unit on the vertical axis represents 1 foot.
If the depth of the water decreased 10 percent from
3:00 P.M. to 4:00 P.M., what was the depth of the water
at 4:00 P.M.?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

18. If s, t, u, and v are the coordinates of the indicated

points on the number line above, which of the
following is greatest?
(A)

s+t

(B)

s+v

(C)

s-t

(D)

s-v

(E)

s+u

3 feet
15 feet
18 feet
20 feet
30 feet

20. For all numbers a and b, let a ! b be defined by

a ! b = ab + a + b. For all numbers x, y, and z,
which of the following must be true?
I. x ! y = y ! x
II. ( x - 1) ! ( x + 1) = ( x ! x ) - 1
III. x ! ( y + z ) = ( x ! y ) + ( x ! z )
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

STOP

I only
II only
III only
I and II only
I, II, and III

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section in the test.

SECTION 4
Time 25 minutes
24 Questions

Turn to Section 4 (page 5) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding
circle on the answer sheet.
Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank
indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath
the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A
through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when
inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the
sentence as a whole.
Example:
Hoping to ------- the dispute, negotiators proposed
a compromise that they felt would be ------- to both
labor and management.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

enforce . . useful
end . . divisive
overcome . . unattractive
extend . . satisfactory
resolve . . acceptable

1. Some fans feel that sports events are ------- only when
the competitors are of equal ability, making the
outcome of the game -------.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

successful . . assured
boring . . questionable
dull . . foreseen
interesting . . predictable
exciting . . uncertain

2. Alfred Schnittkes musical compositions are -------:

phrases are clipped, broken into sections, and split
apart by long rests.
(A) garnished (B) improvisational
(C) fragmented (D) cautious (E) uniform
3. The consumer advocate claimed that while drug
manufacturers ------- the supposed advantages
of their proprietary brands, generic versions of
the same medications are often equally -------.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

tout . . efficacious
research . . innocuous
market . . prohibitive
laud . . counterproductive
extract . . prescriptive

4. Latoyas ------- is shown by her ability to be -------:

she can see her own faults more clearly than anyone
else can.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

perceptiveness . . self-centered
objectivity . . restrictive
cynicism . . self-destructive
open-mindedness . . complacent
insightfulness . . self-critical

5. The bearded dragon lizard is a voracious eater, so ------that it will consume as many insects as possible.
(A) abstemious
(D) insatiable

(B) cannibalistic
(E) unpalatable

(C) slovenly

6. Because drummer Tony Williams paved the way for

later jazz-fusion musicians, he is considered a ------of that style.
(A) connoisseur
(D) disparager

(B) revivalist
(C) beneficiary
(E) progenitor

7. The politicians speech to the crowd was composed of

nothing but -------, a bitter railing against the partys
opponents.
(A) digressions (B) diatribes (C) platitudes
(D) machinations (E) acclamations
8. Favoring economy of expression in writing, the
professor urged students toward a ------- rather
than an ------- prose style.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

spare . . ornate
terse . . opinionated
personal . . academic
baroque . . embellished
repetitive . . intricate

The passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also
be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the
passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Questions 9-12 are based on the following passages.
Passage 1

Line
5

10

Food has always been considered one of the most salient

markers of cultural traditions. When I was a small child,
food was the only thing that helped identify my family as
Filipino American. We ate pansit lug-lug (a noodle dish)
and my father put patis (salty fish sauce) on everything.
However, even this connection lessened as I grew older.
As my parents became more acculturated, we ate less
typically Filipino food. When I was twelve, my mother
took cooking classes and learned to make French and
Italian dishes. When I was in high school, we ate chicken
marsala and shrimp fra diablo more often than Filipino
dishes like pansit lug-lug.
Passage 2

15

20

Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin who in 1825 confidently announced, Tell me what you eat, and I will tell
you who you are would have no trouble describing
cultural identities of the United States. Our food reveals
us as tolerant adventurers who do not feel constrained
by tradition. We play with our food far more readily
than we preserve the culinary rules of our varied ancestors.
Americans have no single national cuisine. What unites
American eaters culturally is how we eat, not what we
eat. As eaters, Americans mingle the culinary traditions
of many regions and cultures. We are multiethnic eaters.
9. Which of the following statements best captures
the relationship between the two passages?
(A) Passage 1 notes problems for which Passage 2
proposes solutions.
(B) Passage 1 presents claims that are debunked
by Passage 2.
(C) Passage 2 furnishes a larger context for
the experiences described in Passage 1.
(D) Passage 2 provides an update of the situation
depicted in Passage 1.
(E) Passage 2 uses material presented in Passage 1
to correct a popular misconception.

10. The author of Passage 2 would most likely regard

the mothers willingness to make French and
Italian dishes (lines 9-10, Passage 1) as
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

laughably pretentious
understandably conservative
typically American
a regrettable compromise
a surprising attitude

11. The two passages differ in their discussions of food

primarily in that Passage 1
(A) considers specific dishes eaten by particular
people, whereas Passage 2 comments on
a cultures general attitude toward eating
(B) contrasts the cuisines of different cultures,
whereas Passage 2 emphasizes culinary
practices common to all cultures
(C) presents an abstract theory of food, whereas
Passage 2 offers a historical analysis of
consumption
(D) emphasizes the role of nostalgia in food
preferences, whereas Passage 2 rejects
that approach as overly sentimental
(E) outlines some popular choices in cuisine,
whereas Passage 2 underscores those
that are more unusual
12. Unlike the author of Passage 2, the author of
Passage 1 makes significant use of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

direct quotation
sociological analysis
hypothetical assumptions
historical sources
personal experience

Questions 13-24 are based on the following passages.

The passages below discuss the possibility of locating
intelligent life on other planets. Passage 1 has been
adapted from a 1999 book on the history of the universe.
Passage 2 was excerpted from a 2000 book on the
scientific quest for extraterrestrial life.
Passage 1

Line
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Generations of science-fiction movies have conditioned

us to consider bug-eyed monsters, large-brained intellectual
humanoids, and other rather sophisticated extraterrestrial
creatures as typical examples of life outside Earth. The
reality, however, is that finding any kind of life at all, even
something as simple as bacteria, would be one of the most
exciting discoveries ever made.
The consensus within the scientific community seems to
be that we eventually will find not only life in other parts of
the galaxy but also intelligent and technologically advanced
life. I have to say that I disagree. While I believe we will
find other forms of life in other solar systems (if not in
our own), I also feel it is extremely unlikely that a large
number of advanced technological civilizations are out
there, waiting to be discovered. The most succinct support
for my view comes from Nobel laureate physicist
Enrico Fermi, the man who ran the first nuclear reaction
ever controlled by human beings. Confronted at a 1950
luncheon with scientific arguments for the ubiquity of
technologically advanced civilizations, he supposedly
said, So where is everybody?
This so-called Fermi Paradox embodies a simple logic.
Human beings have had modern science only a few hundred years, and already we have moved into space. It is not
hard to imagine that in a few hundred more years we will
be a starfaring people, colonizing other systems. Fermis
argument maintains that it is extremely unlikely that many
other civilizations discovered science at exactly the same
time we did. Had they acquired science even a thousand
years earlier than we, they now could be so much more
advanced that they would already be colonizing our solar
system.
If, on the other hand, they are a thousand years behind
us, we will likely arrive at their home planet before they
even begin sending us radio signals. Technological
advances build upon each other, increasing technological
abilities faster than most people anticipate. Imagine, for
example, how astounded even a great seventeenth-century
scientist like Isaac Newton would be by our current global
communication system, were he alive today. Where are
those highly developed extraterrestrial civilizations so dear
to the hearts of science-fiction writers? Their existence is
far from a foregone conclusion.

Passage 2
45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

Although posed in the most casual of circumstances,

the Fermi Paradox has reverberated through the decades
and has at times threatened to destroy the credibility
of those scientists seriously engaged in the Search for
Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) research program.
One possible answer to Fermis question (If there are
extraterrestrials, where are they?) is that extraterrestrials
have in fact often visited Earth, and continue to do so.
This is the answer of those who believe in the existence
of unidentified flying objects, or UFOs. But few scientists, even those engaged in SETI, take the UFO claims
seriously. You wont find anyone around here who
believes in UFOs, says Frank Drake, a well-known
SETI scientist. If one discounts the UFO claims, yet still
believes that there are many technological civilizations in
the galaxy, why have they not visited us? Drakes answer
is straightforward: High-speed interstellar travel is so
demanding of resources and so hazardous that intelligent
civilizations dont attempt it. And why should they
attempt it, when radio communication can supply all
the information they might want?
At first glance, Drakes argument seems very persuasive. The distances between stars are truly immense.
To get from Earth to the nearest star and back, traveling
at 99 percent of the speed of light, would take 8 years.
And SETI researchers have shown that, to accelerate
a spacecraft to such a speed, to bring it to a stop, and
to repeat the process in the reverse direction, would
take almost unimaginable amounts of energy.
Astronomer Ben Zuckerman challenges Drakes
notion that technological beings would be satisfied with
radio communication. Drakes implicit assumption is
that the only thing were going to care about is intelligent life. But what if we have an interest in simpler
life-forms? If you turn the picture around and you have
some advanced extraterrestrials looking at the Earth, until
the last hundred years there was no evidence of intelligent
life but for billions of years before that they could have
deduced that this was a very unusual world and that there
were probably living creatures on it. They would have had
billions of years to come investigate. Zuckerman contends
that the reason extraterrestrials havent visited us is that so
few exist.

13. Which statement about the Fermi Paradox is supported

by both passages?
(A) It articulates a crucial question for those interested
in the existence of extraterrestrials.
(B) It clarifies the astronomical conditions required
to sustain life on other planets.
(C) It reveals the limitations of traditional ideas
about the pace of technological change.
(D) It demonstrates the scientific communitys
fascination with the concept of interstellar
travel.
(E) It suggests that advanced extraterrestrial
civilizations may be uninterested in our
culture.
14. Which statement best describes a significant difference
between the two passages?
(A) Passage 1 analyzes a literary form, while
Passage 2 argues that literature has little
bearing on science.
(B) Passage 1 presents an argument, while Passage 2
surveys current opinion in a debate.
(C) Passage 1 concludes by rejecting the Fermi
Paradox, while Passage 2 opens by
embracing it.
(D) Passage 1 describes a phenomenon, while
Passage 2 details a belief system that would
reject such a phenomenon.
(E) Passage 1 defends a viewpoint, while Passage 2
questions that viewpoints place in scientific
research.
15. The author of Passage 1 mentions monsters,
humanoids, and creatures (lines 2-4)
primarily to
(A) question the literary value of science fiction
(B) contrast fictional notions with a scientific
perspective
(C) offer examples of the human fear of the unknown
(D) criticize science fiction for being unduly alarmist
(E) suggest that scientific research has been influenced by science fiction
16. In line 17, ran most nearly means
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

fled
accumulated
traversed
managed
incurred

17. Passage 1 suggests that the Fermi Paradox depends

most directly on which assumption?
(A) Extraterrestrial civilizations may not wish to be
discovered by human beings.
(B) Extraterrestrial civilizations would most likely
have discovered technology at about the same
time human beings discovered it.
(C) Extraterrestrial technology would develop at
roughly the same rate as human technology.
(D) Extraterrestrial civilizations would inevitably
use technology for aggressive ends.
(E) Science is a more powerful form of human
knowledge than are art and literature.
18. The claim made in Passage 1 that a consensus
exists (lines 8-11) would most likely be interpreted
by the author of Passage 2 as
(A) evidence of compromise in the scientific
community
(B) an attack on SETI researchers
(C) support for Fermis analysis
(D) a revelation of an unexpected truth
(E) an oversimplification of a complex debate
19. The author of Passage 1 mentions Isaac Newton
(lines 37-40) in order to
(A) emphasize the rapid rate of technological
innovation
(B) acknowledge the impact of a profound thinker
(C) criticize the inflexibility of Newtons
contemporaries
(D) speculate about Newtons influence on current
research
(E) highlight the value of scientific curiosity
20. In lines 44-48, the author of Passage 2 indicates that
the Fermi Paradox has been
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

thoroughly misunderstood
surprisingly influential
overwhelmingly perplexing
intermittently popular
frequently misquoted

21. How would Frank Drake (line 56, Passage 2) most

likely respond to the statement by the author of
Passage 1 about humans colonizing other systems
(line 26) ?
(A) The means to accomplish such a project may be
beyond our reach.
(B) Interstellar colonization is as morally problematic
as was colonization on Earth.
(C) We would do better to study indigenous life-forms
rather than search for extraterrestrial creatures.
(D) Humans would be wise to consider that they
themselves are subject to colonization.
(E) Funding for such an undertaking would pose
a thorny political issue for any government.

23. In line 63, radio communication is cited as a

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

24. Both the author of Passage 1 and Ben Zuckerman

(line 73, Passage 2) imply that researchers seeking life
on another planet should focus on which of the
following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

22. In line 57, claims most nearly means

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

complex interaction
technological relic
common occurrence
practical alternative
dramatic advance

demands
assertions
rights
territories
compensations

Seasonal variations in color due to plant life

Evidence of the most basic forms of life
Signs of artificially created structures
Signals that might be radio communications
Changes in geological surface features

NOTE: The reading passages in this test are generally drawn from
published works, and this material is sometimes adapted for testing
purposes. The ideas contained in the passages do not necessarily
represent the opinions of the College Board.

STOP

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section in the test.

SECTION 5
Time 25 minutes
35 Questions

Turn to Section 5 (page 5) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding
circle on the answer sheet.

The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness

of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence
is underlined; beneath each sentence are five ways of
phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the
original phrasing; the other four choices are different. If
you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence
than any of the alternatives, select choice A; if not, select
one of the other choices.
In making your selection, follow the requirements of
standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar,
choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation.
Your selection should result in the most effective
sentenceclear and precise, without awkwardness or
ambiguity.
EXAMPLE:
Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book
and she was sixty-five years old then.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

and she was sixty-five years old then

when she was sixty-five
at age sixty-five years old
upon the reaching of sixty-five years
at the time when she was sixty-five

1. The library is older than it but still just as beautiful as

the courthouse.
(A) older than it but still just as beautiful as the
courthouse
(B) older and it is just as beautiful as the courthouse
(C) older than the courthouse; it is just as beautiful as it
(D) older than the courthouse but just as beautiful
(E) just as beautiful as the courthouse and it is older
than it

2. Winslow Homer, one of Americas foremost artists,

spent his last 27 years and painted on the scenic Maine
coast.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

spent his last 27 years and painted

spent his last 27 years having painted
spent his last 27 years painting
having spent his last 27 years doing his painting
spending his last 27 years painting

3. Researchers are experimenting with various techniques

for preventing the accumulation in water of high levels
of nitrogen, which can kill plants and animals.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

nitrogen, which can kill plants and animals

nitrogen; plants and animals can be killed
nitrogen, that is what can kill plants and animals
nitrogen, they could kill plants and animals
nitrogen, and they can kill plants and animals

4. When the news spread how new goldfields were

discovered in Nome, Alaska, thousands abandoned
Dawson, the site of the previous gold rush.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

how new goldfields were discovered

how there was discovery of new goldfields
about new goldfields, which they discovered
about new goldfields, and they were discovered
about new goldfields that had been discovered

5. When the Berlin Wall, long a symbol of the Cold War,

began to be torn down in 1989, five million people
went to Berlin to celebrate that.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

to celebrate that
for its celebration
to celebrate
in celebration of that
in celebrating

6. To complete the music program, a student must present

one vocal performance, one instrumental performance,
and composing one original work.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

and composing one original work

and one original composition
with one original composition
and to compose one original work
as well as the students original composition

7. Zookeepers have expanded ones definition of care to

include concern for the animals mental state as well as
for its physical well-being.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

have expanded ones definition of care to include

have expanded ones definition of care, including
expand their definition of care, they include
expanding the definition of care to include
have expanded their definition of care to include

8. The time and the place for such a large event is subject
to approving from the mayors office.
(A) The time and the place for such a large event is
subject to approving from the mayors office.
(B) For such a large event, the time and the place are
subject to the mayors offices approving them.
(C) The time and the place for such a large event are
subject to the approval of the mayors office.
(D) The time and place for such a large event are
subject to be approved by the office of the
mayor.
(E) Subject to the approval of the mayors office are
the time and place for such a large event taking
place.

9. New Zealands Kaikoura Peninsula, a ruggedly

beautiful spit of land, borders an undersea canyon that
is home to the sperm whale and the giant squid.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

borders an undersea canyon that is

bordering an undersea canyon,
and it borders an undersea canyon, which is
which borders an undersea canyon,
is the border of an undersea canyon, being

10. In similarity with some other great works, the enduring

horror tale Frankenstein was first published
anonymously; its author, Mary Shelley, wrote the
novel when she was not quite nineteen years old.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

In similarity with
As
Like what happened with
Like the case with
Like

11. The book is useful because it offers not just philosophy and theory but also tells you what and how to
live every day.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

but also tells you what and how to live every day
but also it gives ways of everyday living
but also advice for everyday living
but also it gives practical advice for everyday life
and also tells you what to do and how to live
every day

The following sentences test your ability to recognize

grammar and usage errors. Each sentence contains either
a single error or no error at all. No sentence contains more
than one error. The error, if there is one, is underlined
and lettered. If the sentence contains an error, select the
one underlined part that must be changed to make the
sentence correct. If the sentence is correct, select choice E.
In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard
written English.

14. The newly elected Prime Minister, to the dismay

A
B
of opponents from other parties, have argued for
C
the strict regulation of campaign financing. No error
D

15. Studies have suggested that eating nuts almonds

EXAMPLE:
The other delegates and him immediately
A
B
C
accepted the resolution drafted by the
D
neutral states. No error
E

12. The country found that its economy was growing

A
more stronger , with an improved outlook and more
B
C
opportunities for training and employment. No error
D
E

13. The iris, the colored part of the eye, contains delicate
A
patterns that are unique to each person, offering a
B
C
powerful means of identification. No error
D

A
in particularmight help to lower blood cholesterol
B
levels in humans and reducing the risk of heart disease
C
by protecting the blood vessels. No error
D

16. In English literature James Boswell is the prime

A
example of a biographer who, by ensuring the
B
immortality of another author, has achieved
C
immortality for himself . No error
D

17. Because the garden was untended , the windows

A
had no shutters, and the lawn overrun by weeds,
B
C
people passing by the old house assumed that
D
it was unoccupied. No error
E

18. Until recently, most people entering politics feel that

A
B
loss of privacy was a fair price to pay for the chance
C
D
to participate in policy making. No error
E

22. It was a Chinese American grower who finally

A
succeeded with adapting the now familiar
B
C
orange tree to the American climate. No error
D
E

19. Only by tapping their last reserves of energy were the

23. The survey indicated that workers in the United States

A
B
team members able to salvage what was beginning

hope that his or her wages will keep pace with

C
to look like a lost cause. No error

A
B
the rising cost of living. No error

20. When Doris Lessing published The Golden Notebook

in 1962, it instantly established herself as one of
A
B
C
the most important literary voices of her generation.
D
No error
E

21. Not many authors have described the effects

A
B

24. In Angkor, Cambodias ancient city, a clever

A
designed reservoir, five miles long and one mile wide,
supplied fish and helped farmers to produce
C
D
B
three crops of rice annually. No error
E

25. Last summer, when Marys aunt and uncle

of environmental pollution as effective as

C

flew from Turkey to visit their relatives and tour

A
B

Rachel Carson, whose work is still a model for

D

the United States, Mary invited Sandhya and I to

C

nature writers. No error

E

her house to meet them. No error

D
E

26. Ongoing research by several scientists suggest that

A
B
regular periods of meditation reduce blood pressure
C
and are likely to contribute to other improvements
D
in health. No error
E

27. Because the American Indian rodeo includes games

and exhibitions developed as early as the seventeenth
A
century, they predate by a few hundred years
B
C
the form of rodeo now seen on television. No error
D

28. Five years in the writing , her new book is

A
both a response to her critics mistrust with
B
C
her earlier findings and an elaboration of her
D
original thesis. No error
E

29. Despite its cultural importance, the Daily Gazette

A
lost 70 percent of its subscribers since 1920 and,
B
by 1955, was losing as much as $200,000 a year.
C
D
No error
E

Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an

essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten.
Read the passage and select the best answers for the
questions that follow. Some questions are about particular
sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve
sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask you
to consider organization and development. In choosing
answers, follow the requirements of standard written
English.

Questions 30-35 are based on the following passage.

(1) No one owns Antarctica. (2) The nations of
the world agreed some of them reluctantly that all
countries would share the continent for the purposes of
scientific research. (3) Governed by the Antarctic Treaty,
written in 1959 and adopted in 1961, which has been
signed by 27 countries. (4) Another 17 countries have
agreed to abide by the treaty in order to participate in
research being done in Antarctica.
(5) In Antarctica, relations among the researchers and
their countries are both simpler and more complicated than
in the rest of the world. (6) Relations are simpler because
each country has only a few scientists on this isolated
continent. (7) Treaty clauses assure that the research there
is nonmilitary. (8) On the other hand, when conflicts do
arise, there is no clear process for dealing with them.
(9) Decisions that can make or break the preservation
of Antarcticas unique environment and its scientific
opportunities depend on a political system designed to
have nobody in command.
(10) Clear decision making has become a more urgent
challenge as more tourists are attracted to Antarctica.
(11) Scientists living on Antarctica were not always as
careful to preserve the pristine environment as they are
now. (12) Tour operators are working with treaty members
to devise regulations, and there are plans to assess the
environmental impacts of tours. (13) But regulations
and assessment plans may prove difficult to settle on
and enforce in a place where jurisdiction is unclear.
30. What must be done to sentence 3 ?
(A) Combine it with sentence 2, putting a comma
after research.
(B) Begin it with the words Antarctica is.
(C) Replace the comma after 1961 with a
semicolon.
(D) Place the words it was before written.
(E) Change 1961, which to 1961. It.

34. Which sentence should be deleted?

31. What should be done with sentence 7 ?

(A) Change assure to make sure.
(B) Change Treaty clauses to The clauses agreed
to by the diverse countries represented there.
(C) Place sentence 7 before sentence 6.
(D) Combine sentence 7 with sentence 6 by changing
the period after continent to a comma.
(E) Combine sentence 7 with sentence 6 by changing
continent. Treaty to continent and also
because treaty.

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 11
(D) 12
(E) 13

35. The third paragraph would be improved if which of the

following sentences were added?

32. In context, which is the best revision of the underlined

portion of sentence 9 (reproduced below) ?
Decisions that can make or break the preservation of Antarcticas unique environment and
its scientific opportunities depend on a political system
designed to have nobody in command.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

create or destroy
support or dispute
be determined by
be critical to
be an adjustment to

(A) Scientists collect ice cores by driving a hollow

tube deep into the miles-thick ice sheets.
(B) If the West Antarctic ice sheet melted,
global seas would rise by 15 to 20 feet.
(C) It is the driest place in the world, yet it contains
70 percent of Earths freshwater.
(D) One cruise ship encountered 30-foot waves all the
way across the Drake Passage.
(E) Last year, more than 10,000 tourists visited
Antarctica, bringing soiled boots, climbing gear,
and trash to many locations.

33. The purpose of the second paragraph is to

(A) present a situation that has contradictory elements
(B) offer a solution to a problem discussed in the first
paragraph
(C) present an argument and its final resolution
(D) examine a theory in light of new discoveries
(E) discuss a theory that will be refuted in the third
paragraph

STOP

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section in the test.

SECTION 6
Time 25 minutes
18 Questions

Turn to Section 6 (page 6) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: This section contains two types of questions. You have 25 minutes to complete both types. For questions 1-8, solve
each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. You may
use any available space for scratchwork.

1. If x + k = 12 and p( x + k ) = 36, what is the value

of p ?
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 9
(E) 12

2. If 13 is added to one-half of a certain number, the

result is 37. What is the original number?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

24
40
48
61
80

5. In the figure above, point B lies on AC. If x and y

are integers, which of the following is a possible value
of x ?
3. In the figure above, the usual route from Town A to
Town D is indicated by the solid line. The broken line
indicates a detour route from B to C through E .
Each line segment is labeled with its length in miles.
How many more miles is the trip from Town A to
Town D via the detour than via the usual route?
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 10
(D) 12
(E) 18

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

30
35
40
50
55

6. The least and greatest numbers in a list of 7 real

numbers are 2 and 20, respectively. The median of the
list is 6, and the number 3 occurs most often in the list.
Which of the following could be the average (arithmetic
mean) of the numbers in the list?
I. 7
II. 8.5
III. 10

7.5

13.0

18.5

24.0

4. Which of the following equations expresses

y in terms of x for each of the four pairs of values
shown in the table above?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

y
y
y
y
y

=
=
=
=
=

5 x + 7.5
5.5 x + 2
5.5 x + 7.5
7.5 x
7.5 x + 5.5

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

I only
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II, and III

7. In the xy-coordinate plane, how many points are a

distance of 4 units from the origin?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

One
Two
Three
Four
More than four

Family

Number of
Consecutive
Nights

Jackson

10

Callan

Epstein

Liu

Benton

8. The table above shows the number of consecutive

nights that each of five families stayed at a certain
hotel during a 14-night period. If the Liu familys stay
did not overlap with the Benton familys stay, which of
the 14 nights could be a night on which only one of the
five families stayed at the hotel?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

The 3rd
The 5th
The 6th
The 8th
The 10th

9. If a cake is cut into thirds and each third is cut into

fourths, how many pieces of cake are there?

h
, where h is a constant, and if y = 3 when
x
x = 4, what does y equal when x = 6 ?

10. If y =

15. The area of the figure above is

9
. What is the
4

perimeter of the figure?

11. In the figure above, point B lies on side AC. If

55 x 60, what is one possible value of y ?

12. The price of a certain item was $10 in 1990 and it

has gone up by $2 per year since 1990. If this trend
continues, in what year will the price be $100 ?

16. If j is chosen at random from the set 4, 5, 6 and

k is chosen at random from the set 10, 11, 12 , what
is the probability that the product of j and k is divisible
by 5 ?

17. Tom and Alison are both salespeople. Toms weekly

compensation consists of $300 plus 20 percent of his
sales. Alisons weekly compensation consists of $200
plus 25 percent of her sales. If they both had the same
amount of sales and the same compensation for a
particular week, what was that compensation, in
dollars? (Disregard the dollar sign when gridding your
answer.)

13. The figure above shows the graph of a quadratic

function in the xy-plane. Of all the points ( x, y ) on the
graph, for what value of x is the value of y greatest?

tx + 12 y = -3

18. The equation above is the equation of a line in the

xy-plane, and t is a constant. If the slope of the line
is -10, what is the value of t ?

14. The number n is a 2-digit number. When n is divided

by 10, the remainder is 9, and when n is divided by 9,
the remainder is 8. What is the value of n ?

STOP

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section in the test.

SECTION 7
Time 25 minutes
24 Questions

Turn to Section 7 (page 6) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding
circle on the answer sheet.
Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank
indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath
the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A
through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when
inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the
sentence as a whole.
Example:
Hoping to ------- the dispute, negotiators proposed
a compromise that they felt would be ------- to both
labor and management.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

enforce . . useful
end . . divisive
overcome . . unattractive
extend . . satisfactory
resolve . . acceptable

1. Black Americans in Flight, a mural honoring several

aviation pioneers, also ------- the 1992 spaceflight of
astronaut Mae Jemison.
(A) discerns (B) introduces (C) approximates
(D) commemorates (E) asserts

2. The new antifungal agent has such ------- uses, from

treating Dutch elm disease to rescuing water-damaged
works of art from molds, that it is considered one of
the more ------- antibiotics.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

disturbing . . explicit
innovative . . precipitous
mysterious . . recognized
varied . . versatile
similar . . discriminating

3. The child had a tendency toward aggressive behavior,

a ------- fighting rather than resolving differences
amicably.
(A) propensity for (B) confusion about
(C) disregard of (D) hostility toward
(E) compunction about
4. Physical exercise often has a ------- effect, releasing
emotional tension and refreshing the spirit.
(A) pejorative (B) debilitating
(D) retentive (E) tenacious

(C) cathartic

5. Because rap and hip-hop offer such ------- commentary

on contemporary issues, they are often said to be
sharp-edged musical genres.
(A) nebulous
(D) prosaic

(B) trenchant
(E) benign

(C) circumspect

Each passage below is followed by questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied
in each passage and in any introductory material that may be provided.

Line
5

10

Questions 6-7 are based on the following passage.

Questions 8-9 are based on the following passage.

Mechanical pencils rule, my fifteen-year-old

grandniece, Genevieve, declared when I invited her to
be her generations voice on school supplies. Nobody
sharpens anymore. Then, continuing with a fashion
mavens hyperbole and arbitrary imperatives, she gave
a passionate disquisition on types of clickers, new grips,
smaller lead sizes, and other niceties of pencil selection.
As she consigned the yellow-painted wooden pencil to
the wastebasket of history, I felt a rush of nostalgia for
the perfumed sharpener shavings of my youth.

Black holes are the most efficient engines of destruction

known to humanity. Their intense gravity is a one-way
ticket to oblivion, and material spiraling into them can
heat up to millions of degrees and glow brightly. Yet, they
are not all-powerful. Even supermassive black holes are
minuscule by cosmic standards. They typically account for
less than one percent of their galaxys mass. Accordingly,
astronomers long assumed that supermassive holes, let
alone their smaller cousins, would have little effect beyond
their immediate neighborhoods. So it has come as a surprise over the past decade that black hole activity is closely
intertwined with star formation occurring farther out in the
galaxy.

6. In lines 4-5, the author refers to a fashion mavens

tone primarily in order to
(A) imply that Genevieve has only a superficial
appreciation of mechanical pencils
(B) suggest that Genevieve is excessively concerned
about her clothing
(C) illustrate some of the exaggerated claims made
by mechanical pencil manufacturers
(D) emphasize the unpredictability of trends in consumer tastes
(E) indicate that Genevieve expresses her opinions
with authority and flair
7. The author mentions sharpener shavings (line 10)
in order to portray a mood of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

unrestrained joy
sentimental reminiscence
bitter disappointment
cautious optimism
dark foreboding

Line
5

10

8. Which best describes the function of the statement

in lines 10-13 (So it . . . galaxy) ?
(A) It summarizes the points made in the first
four lines of the passage.
(B) It provides support for the argument asserted
in the preceding statement.
(C) It introduces a new view of information
presented earlier in the passage.
(D) It challenges recent scientific findings.
(E) It offers examples to support a theory.
9. Which of the following most resembles the relationship
between black hole activity and star formation
(lines 11-12) as described in the passage?
(A) A volcanic eruption on one continent results
in higher rainfall totals on another continent.
(B) Industrial emissions in one region lead to an
increase in airborne pollutants in adjacent
regions.
(C) A drought in a wilderness area causes a
significant loss of vegetation in that area.
(D) Decreased oil production in one country results
in higher gas prices in oil-dependent countries.
(E) Overfishing in a gulf leads to an increase in
the population of smaller aquatic organisms.

Questions 10-15 are based on the following passage.

The following passage is an excerpt from a 1909 novel.
Georgia, the main character, is a reporter in an otherwise
all-male newsroom.

Line
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Georgia was to be married. It was the week before

Christmas, and on the last day of the year she would
become Mrs. Joseph Tank. She had told Joe that if
they were to be married at all they might as well get it
over with this year, and still there was no need of being
married any earlier in the year than was necessary. She
assured him that she married him simply because she was
tired of having paper bags waved before her eyes everywhere she went and she thought if she were once officially
associated with him people would not flaunt his idiosyncrasies at her that way. And then Ernestine, her best friend,
approved of getting married, and Ernestines ideas were
usually good. To all of which Joe responded that she
certainly had a splendid head to figure it out that way.
Joe said that to his mind reasons for doing things werent
very important anyhow; it was doing them that counted.
Yesterday had been her last day on the paper. She had
felt queer about that thing of taking her last assignment,
though it was hard to reach just the proper state, for the
last story related to pork-packers, and pork-packing is
not a setting favorable to sentimental regrets. It was just
like the newspaper business not even to allow one a little
sentimental harrowing over ones exodus from it. But the
time for gentle melancholy came later on when she was
sorting her things at her desk just before leaving, and
was wondering what girl would have that old desk if
they cared to risk another girl, and whether the other poor
girl would slave through the years she should have been
frivolous, only to have some man step in at the end and
induce her to surrender the things she had gained through
sacrifice and toil.
As she wrote a final letter on her typewriter she did
hate letting the old machine go Georgia did considerable
philosophizing about the irony of working for things only
to the end of giving them up. She had waded through snowdrifts and been drenched in pouring rains, she had been
frozen with the cold and prostrated with the heat, she had
been blown about by Chicago wind until it was strange
there was any of her left in one piece, she had had front
doors yes, and back doors too slammed in her face,
she had been the butt of the alleged wit of menials and
hirelings, she had been patronized by vapid women as
the poor girl who must make her living some way, she
had been roasted bybut never mind she had had
a beat* or two! And now she was to wind it all up by
marrying Joseph Tank, who had made a great deal of

50

money out of the manufacture of paper bags. This from

herwho had always believed she would end her days
in New York, or perhaps write a realistic novel exposing
some mighty evil!
* the area regularly covered by a reporter

10. Based on information presented in the passage, which

best describes what Georgia was tired of (line 8) ?
(A) Being forced to earn a living
(B) Being teased about Joseph Tank
(C) Being considered a hack writer by some
of her colleagues
(D) Being betrayed by her supposed friends
(E) Being the only woman in the newsroom
11. The second paragraph suggests that Georgia believes
the proper state (line 19) would be one of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

excitement
wistfulness
amusement
annoyance
relief

12. In line 27, poor most nearly means

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

pitiable
indigent
inferior
humble
petty

13. Which most resembles the irony mentioned

in line 34 ?
(A) A worker moving to a distant state to take
a job, only to be fired without warning
(B) An executive making an important decision,
only to regret it later
(C) An athlete earning a starting position on
a good team, only to quit in midseason
(D) A student studying for a major exam, only
to learn that it has been postponed
(E) A person purchasing an expensive umbrella,
only to lose it on the first rainy day

14. The description in lines 35-45 (She . . . two!)

primarily serves to
(A) suggest that Georgia envied those women
who did not have to work
(B) imply that Georgia would be unlikely ever
to consider working as a reporter again
(C) indicate the role that weather plays in the
everyday life of a reporter
(D) exaggerate Georgias reluctance to relinquish
her job
(E) show the adversities Georgia had to overcome
as a reporter

15. In context, the phrase This from her (lines 47-48)

helps to suggest that a
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

specific feeling is quite heartfelt

stated viewpoint is highly personal
certain decision is out of character
particular behavior is extremely upsetting
given attitude is unsurprising

Questions 16-24 are based on the following passage.

The following passage is adapted from a book about
television and popular culture.

Line
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Ridiculing television, and warning about its inherent

evils, is nothing new. It has been that way since the
medium was invented, and television hasnt exactly
been lavished with respect as the decades have passed.
I suspect, though, that a lot of the fear and loathing
directed at television comes out of a time-honored,
reflexive overreaction to the dominant medium of the
moment. For the past several decades, television has
been blamed for corrupting our youth and exciting
our adults, distorting reality, and basically being a
big, perhaps dangerous, waste of time. Before TV,
radio and film were accused of the same things. And
long before that in fact, some 2,500 years earlier
philosophers were arguing that poetry and drama
should be excluded from any ideal city on much the
same grounds.
In Book 10 of the Republic, Plato (428-348 B.C.)
attacks epic poet Homer (c. 850 B.C.) and the tragedians on several grounds, all of which have a familiar
ring. Their productions are appearances and not realities,
he gripes. Drawing, and in fact all imitation . . . [is] quite
removed from the truth. The audience, as well as the art
form, troubled Plato, whose remarks are colored by an
implied disdain for the popularity of public performances.
The common people, as Plato so charitably calls them,
are drawn to peevish and diverse characters such as
Odysseus and other heroes in the Iliad and the Odyssey
who (to Plato, anyway) engage in such questionable
displays of emotion as spinning out a long melancholy
lamentation or disfiguring themselves in grief. To
Plato, baring such intimate sorrows is not to be condoned.
(Clearly, he would have given thumbs down to the central
characters of Shakespeares Hamlet and Macbeth.) If you
receive the pleasure-seasoned Muse1 of song and epic,
Plato warns, pleasure and pain will be kings in your city,
instead of law. Finally, Plato sums up his anti-arts argument with the cold, sweeping pronouncement that poetry
is not to be taken seriously.
One academic who has studied and written extensively
about both Plato and television suggests that Plato, rather
than being anti-arts, was merely an elitist. Plato wanted
to ban poetry readings and live theater, the argument
goes, because, being free and accessible and raucous and
extremely popular, they were the mass entertainment
of that era. If, instead of tragedy and poetry, and
Homer and Aeschylus,2 you read mass entertainment
or popular media, youll recognize Platos arguments as
the ancestor of all the reasons we have today for being
suspicious of television.
To wit: poetry, by which Plato means drama, confuses
us between appearance and reality. The action it presents

55

60

is too extreme and violent. Most important, its a corrupting influence, perverting its audience by bombarding it
with inferior characters and vulgar subjects and constituting, in Platos own words, a harm to the mind of
its audience.
If Platos Republic had become reality, it would have
been a republic with a lot of empty libraries, theaters, and
museumsif, indeed, those repositories of the arts would
have survived at all. Platos personal utopia never came to
pass but throughout the centuries, wherever and whenever a new medium of artistic expression attracted a lot
of people, someone has been ready, waiting, and eager to
attack its content and fear its impact.
1 The Muses inspired poetry and song in Greek mythology.
2 Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.) was a Greek tragic dramatist.

16. The opening paragraph primarily serves to

(A) criticize the way television distorts the truth
(B) examine the evolution of television as a medium
(C) place contemporary criticism of television in a
historical context
(D) directly compare television and drama as art
forms
(E) explain why television, radio, and drama appeal
to the masses
17. Which of the following television shows would
be LEAST vulnerable to the criticism expressed
in lines 8-11 (For . . . time) ?
(A) A melodrama in which police detectives attempt
to solve crimes
(B) A soap opera depicting interpersonal conflicts in
a fictional law firm
(C) A comedy whose primary characters are
supernatural
(D) A documentary on the state of education in
the nation
(E) A talk show that encourages people to confront
each other in front of a studio audience
18. In line 26, drawn most nearly means
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

brought
depicted
selected
attracted
shaped

19. Which of the following best characterizes Platos view

of the heroes mentioned in line 27 ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

Admiration
Curiosity
Distrust
Disappointment
Contempt

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

20. The academic (line 39) indicates that Plato was

primarily characterized by his
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

22. The fourth paragraph (lines 50-56) indicates that

Platos principal objection to poetry (line 50)
was its

23. The author of the passage would probably agree with

which of the following statements about the utopia
referred to in line 60 ?

insight
artistry
cynicism
irreverence
snobbishness

(A) It would have encouraged new artistic ventures.

(B) It would have stifled human creativity.
(C) It is an ideal that we should continue to work
towards.
(D) It may come to pass because of the popularity
of television.
(E) It was a notion rejected by Greek philosophers.

21. The primary purpose of the statements in lines 39-45

(One . . . that era) is to
(A) provide an interpretation of a viewpoint
described in the previous paragraph
(B) show how Platos view of politics should
be understood in todays terms
(C) put divergent interpretations of Plato into
historical perspective
(D) account for the appeal of Platos writings
(E) signal a digression in the passage

confusing language
widespread popularity
depiction of turbulent events
influence on peoples morals
misrepresentation of historical figures

24. The comment about a new medium of artistic

expression (line 62) primarily suggests that
(A) the author holds a fatalistic view of the
future for artistic expression
(B) certain societies in the past have been
slow to accept new art forms
(C) people often disguise their true feelings
when it comes to art
(D) the popular response to a new art form
will often overcome opposition to it
(E) a popular new art form will always
receive some form of negative response

STOP

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section in the test.

SECTION 8
Time 20 minutes
19 Questions

Turn to Section 8 (page 7) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding
circle on the answer sheet.
Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank
indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath
the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A
through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when
inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the
sentence as a whole.
Example:
Hoping to ------- the dispute, negotiators proposed
a compromise that they felt would be ------- to both
labor and management.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

enforce . . useful
end . . divisive
overcome . . unattractive
extend . . satisfactory
resolve . . acceptable

1. As a child, Mary ------- her stringent upbringing;

however, as she grew older she began to appreciate
her grandmothers strict -------.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

tolerated . . autonomy
despised . . discipline
embraced . . authority
disavowed . . abstinence
loathed . . liberality

2. His mouth stinging and burning, Virgil hurried to the

kitchen for water to wash away the dishs ------- taste.
(A) earthy (B) exotic (C) cloying
(D) acrid
(E) succulent

3. Since other seabirds customarily nest in colonies on

ocean cliffs and islands, the marbled murrelets ------nesting in forests many miles from the sea must be
considered -------.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

ambivalence about . . hypothetical

indifference to . . bold
insistence upon . . evident
aversion to . . dangerous
predilection for . . atypical

4. The cause of Mozarts ------- is a long-standing

medical -------: over the years, physicians have
suggested more than 100 possibilities, including
poisoning, malnutrition, kidney disease, and
heart failure.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

mortality . . phenomenon
bereavement . . controversy
genius . . enigma
demise . . mystery
death . . trial

5. At first the children were -------, but as the morning

progressed they began to laugh and talk eagerly.
(A) ostentatious (B) myopic
(D) puerile (E) reticent

(C) solicitous

6. Oren missed the plays overarching significance,

focusing instead on details so minor that they would
best be described as -------.
(A) pragmatic (B) indelible
(C) moribund
(D) picayune (E) impervious

The passage below is followed by questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied
in the passage and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Questions 7-19 are based on the following passage.
The following passage is from a 1979 essay by a Native
American writer.

Line
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

An understanding of any national literature depends

very much on an awareness of the larger cultural context.
Without some knowledge of language, of history, of
inflection, of the position of the storyteller within the
group, without a hint of the social roles played by males
and females in the culture, without a sense of the societys
humor or priorities without such knowledge, how can
we, as reader or listener, penetrate to the core of meaning
in an expression of art?
The difficulty of gaining access to the literature of a
different culture may be illustrated by an exemplary folktale (in translation) from the Tanaina (Athabaskan) culture
of south-central Alaska. It would typically be told to a
general audience within the society, including the full range
of ages from young children to grandparents; it would be
recounted with gesticulation and exaggeration by a performance specialist. It would be expected to have different
meanings to the various categories of listeners instructive,
entertaining, reinforcing, or all three. Here is a brief version
of the story:
Once upon a time there was a porcupine woman who
decided to do some hunting on the far side of the river. She
went to the bank, where she met a beaver.
Hello, she said to him. I need to do some hunting over
there. Will you ride me across on your back?
Id be glad to, replied the beaver. Hop on.
So the porcupine woman climbed on his back, and he
started swimming for the other side. When he had almost
made it, the porcupine woman said, Oh my! Ive forgotten
to bring my sack. Ill need to go back to the other bank and
get it.
All right, said the beaver, and swam back. He was
panting while the porcupine woman went to get her sack.
Okay, she said. Lets go. So they started across
again. The beaver was swimming much more slowly. When
they had practically reached the other side, she said, Oh
my! Ive forgotten to bring my needle. Well have to go
back and get it.
This time the beaver didnt say anything he didnt
have enough breath! But he turned around and pulled them
back to the shore and nearly passed out while she got her
needle.

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

Hurry up, now, the porcupine woman said as she

climbed back on his back. He could hardly keep his nose
above water, but he had almost made it to the far bank
again when she said, Oh my! Ive forgotten my staff.
Well have to . . . .
Before she had finished her sentence the beaver had
flipped over in the water and dragged himself onto the
bank, where he lay half dead. The porcupine woman
managed to make the shore too, and climbed up onto a bear
path. When she had caught her breath, she turned on the
beaver and quilled him to death.
The Tanaina live in an environment that could euphemistically be described as difficult. Survival, especially
in the wild, is always precarious. Further, they were, in the
precontact period, a nonliterate people. Oral communication was therefore the method of cultural transmission,
legal understanding, and meaningful communication. It is
also necessary to know that a staff, as mentioned in the
story, functions as both a walking stick and a weapon, and
that in the Tanaina symbol system, porcupines were
supposed to be rather ponderous, dull-witted creatures, and
beavers were thought to be energetic and industrious but
overly spontaneous and erratic.
For the reader armed with these data, the story becomes
more accessible as a lesson in contract law, with several
additional minor themes. A culturally attuned listener
would notice, for instance, that when the porcupine woman
proposed passage to the beaver, he agreed without any
stipulations or clarifications of the terms. He gave a
basically open-ended agreementmade a contract and
hence the porcupine woman was perfectly within her rights
both in demanding that he return three times and in quilling
him to death when he reneged.
The story is not, however, without its moral for the porcupine women of this world. Her stated aim is to go
hunting, and yet she sets out without the three essentials of
that endeavor: a sack in which to carry home her game, a
needle with which to sew up the intestines, and, most
important, an implement with which to hunt and defend
herself. True, she had an open-ended contract, but where
does she wind up at the conclusion of the story? Sitting,
exhausted, quills used up, weaponless, and not only on the
wrong side of the river from her home but on a bear path!
The hunter is about to become the hunted, and all because
of her own improvidence.

7. In the opening paragraph, the author assumes that the

meaning (line 8) is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

culturally determined
intensely personal
essentially moralistic
permanently inscrutable
uniquely artistic

8. In the context of the passage, which expression of art

(line 9) would be the most difficult to interpret?
(A) A contemporary play written by a prolific playwright
(B) A fable from a nonliterate society with which
anthropologists are very familiar
(C) A single text produced by a previously unknown
society
(D) A sitcom from the early days of television
(E) A single myth from an ancient culture with a welldocumented mythological structure
9. How does the author respond to the question posed in
lines 3-9 ?
(A) By proposing an innovative strategy
(B) By confirming the futility of such analysis
(C) By describing a personal experience with the
problem
(D) By illustrating his point within a particular context
(E) By documenting a traditional approach to the
problem
10. The author discusses Tanaina culture from the
perspective of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

a concerned parent
a bewildered visitor
a performance artist
an informed outsider
an indignant reader

11. The sentence in which difficult appears (lines 54-55)

indicates that the author considers the word to be
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

an exaggeration
an estimate
an understatement
a contradiction
a preconception

12. In relation to the passage, the statements in lines 59-65

serve a function most similar to which of the following
items?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

A menu in a restaurant
The key or legend to a map
A department store directory
The outline of a term paper
An illustration of a fairytale

13. The authors analysis of the folktale offers which

insight into Tanaina beliefs?
(A) A fanciful story is most suitable for an audience
of children.
(B) A verbal exchange can establish a binding
contract.
(C) A person who behaves impulsively is most often
sincere.
(D) A shared task should be divided fairly between
two people.
(E) A painstaking plan may nonetheless fail to
anticipate all problems.
14. The porcupine women of this world (lines 76-77) are
best described as people who
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

plan inadequately for their own needs

postpone necessary work in favor of leisure
depend heavily upon help from their close friends
return repeatedly to their favorite places
flee quickly from any laborious task

15. The final paragraph (lines 76-87) suggests that the bear
path mentioned in lines 51-52 is significant because it
(A) foreshadows the arrival of a benevolent character
from Tanaina folklore
(B) suggests an alarming alternative to crossing
the river
(C) marks the boundary of the beavers natural
surroundings
(D) explains the porcupine womans fear of
unfamiliar territory
(E) poses a new peril for the porcupine woman

16. In lines 83-87, the description of the porcupine woman

emphasizes the discrepancy between her
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

social position and her private feelings

physical wealth and her moral poverty
hostile action and her ultimate gratitude
original goal and her actual situation
grandiose ambition and her real needs

17. As a commentary on legal relations, this folktale is best

described as
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

18. The authors attitude toward the Tanaina folktale is

best described as

an example of traditional practices

an outline for social behavior
a warning about ill-conceived assent
a criticism of obsolete customs
a parody of actual situations

(A) excitement at an unexpected discovery

(B) admiration of the storytellers performance
(C) appreciation of the folktale as a means of communicating values
(D) enthusiasm for the Tanaina cultures concept of
legality
(E) enjoyment of the comical aspects of the folktale
19. Which statement is most consistent with the authors
argument?
(A) Translating a literary text requires formal linguistic training.
(B) Tales transmitted by a nonliterate society elude
transcription in later eras.
(C) Listening to a skilled storyteller is more instructive than entertaining.
(D) Simple enjoyment of a tale is incompatible with
scholarly analysis.
(E) To read a text is not necessarily to understand it.

STOP

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section in the test.

SECTION 9
Time 20 minutes
16 Questions

Turn to Section 9 (page 7) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: For this section, solve each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding
circle on the answer sheet. You may use any available space for scratchwork.

1. If

1
y + 9 = 0, then y =
3

(A) -27
(B) -9
(C) -3
(D)
3
(E) 27

2. In the figure above, P, Q, and R lie on the same line.

P is the center of the larger circle, and Q is the center
of the smaller circle. If the radius of the larger circle
is 4, what is the radius of the smaller circle?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 4
(D) 8
(E) 16

1
of his land. If he planted
5
45 acres of corn, how many acres of land does
he have?

3. Roy planted corn on

(A)

90

(B) 112

1
2

(C) 135

6. If h and k are positive numbers and h + k = 7,

7-k
=
then
h
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) -1
(D) h
(E)
k -1

(D) 225
(E) 337

1
2

6, 10, 18, 34, 66

4. The first number in the list above is 6. Which of the

following gives a rule for finding each successive
number in the list?
(A) Add 4 to the preceding number.
1
(B) Take
of the preceding number and then add 7
2
to that result.
(C) Double the preceding number and then subtract 2
from that result.
(D) Subtract 2 from the preceding number and then
double that result.
(E) Triple the preceding number and then subtract 8
from that result.

Country

Total
Population

Population
Density

6,500,000 people

600 people
per square mile

7,600,000 people

400 people
per square mile

7. The table above shows the populations of two

countries and their population densities. The
number of square miles in the area of Country B
is approximately how much greater than the
number of square miles in the area of Country A ?
(A)
200
(B)
3,600
(C)
5,000
(D)
8,000
(E) 905,000,000

8. If x 2 = x + 6, which of the following must be true?

(A) x = 6
(B) x 3
(C) x 0
(D) x 2

(E) x

5. The two semicircles in the figure above have centers

R and S, respectively. If RS = 12, what is the total
length of the darkened curve?
(A) 8p
(B) 9 p
(C) 12 p
(D) 15p
(E) 16 p

9. Let the function f be defined by f ( x ) = 5 x - 2 a,

where a is a constant. If f (10 ) + f (5) = 55, what
is the value of a ?
(A) - 5
(B) 0
(C) 5
(D) 10
(E) 20

10. A number is called even-odd if it is halfway between

an even integer and an odd integer. If x is an even-odd
number, which of the following must be true?
I. 2x is an integer.
II. 2x is even-odd.
III. x is halfway between two even integers.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III

12. According to the graph above, in which year was the

ratio of the number of students enrolled at School B
to the number of students enrolled at School A the
greatest?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

1990
1991
1992
1993
1994

11. If m is a positive integer, which of the following is

( )

NOT equal to 2 4
(A)

24m

(B)

42 m

(C)

2 m 23 m

(D)

( )
4 m (2 m )

(E) 16 m

13. In the figure above,

must equal 180 ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

k +n+r
k+p+s
n+p+s
n+ p+t
r+s+t

|| m. Which of the following

14. How many different ordered pairs ( x, y) are there such

that x is an even integer, where 4 x 10, and y is
an integer, where 4 y 10 ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

16. A sphere of radius r inside a cube touches each one

of the six sides of the cube. What is the volume of the
cube, in terms of r ?
(A) r 3

8
12
20
30
36

(B) 2r 3
(C) 4r 3
(D)

4 3
pr
3

(E) 8r 3
n (t ) = 500 (0.81)t

15. The function above can be used to model the

population of a certain endangered species of
animal. If n (t ) gives the number of the species
living t decades after the year 1900, which of the
following is true about the population of the species
from 1900 to 1920 ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

It increased by about 1,000.

It increased by about 320.
It decreased by about 180.
It decreased by about 320.
It decreased by about 1,000.

STOP

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section in the test.

SECTION 10
Time 10 minutes
14 Questions

Turn to Section 10 (page 7) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding
circle on the answer sheet.

The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness

of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence
is underlined; beneath each sentence are five ways of
phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the
original phrasing; the other four choices are different. If
you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence
than any of the alternatives, select choice A; if not, select
one of the other choices.
In making your selection, follow the requirements of
standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar,
choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation.
Your selection should result in the most effective
sentenceclear and precise, without awkwardness or
ambiguity.
EXAMPLE:
Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book
and she was sixty-five years old then.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

and she was sixty-five years old then

when she was sixty-five
at age sixty-five years old
upon the reaching of sixty-five years
at the time when she was sixty-five

1. The Amazon River carries more water than the water

carried in any of the worlds other rivers.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

the water carried in any of the worlds other rivers

the water elsewhere in the worlds rivers
any other river in the world
all rivers in the world
any of the worlds rivers elsewhere

2. The owners of stadiums that bear the names of now

bankrupt companies have a problem what to do about
the names.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

what to do about the names

what they should do about the names
deciding what to do about those names
to decide as to whether the names should stay
should they change those names or not

3. During the Fourth of July weekend in 1947, about six

million people crowded onto the beach and into the
amusements at Coney Island, Americas Playground,
in Brooklyn, New York.
(A) During the Fourth of July weekend in 1947,
(B) It was the Fourth of July weekend in 1947 that
(C) The Fourth of July weekend that occurred in 1947
was when
(D) The Fourth of July weekend in 1947,
(E) Occurring in 1947 over the Fourth of July
weekend,
4. Because fiscal problems will force some cities to lay
off firefighters, and so the state legislature must decide
whether to provide those cities with financial aid.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

firefighters, and so
firefighters is a matter
firefighters,
firefighters; then
firefighters; this is a problem

5. A recently published history of comic books reveal that

Batman was begun as an experiment but became an
institution.
(A) recently published history of comic books reveal
that Batman was begun as an experiment
(B) recently published history of comic books reveals
that Batman began as an experiment
(C) recent published history of comic books revealed
that Batman, who began as an experiment
(D) history of comic books, recently published,
revealing Batman first began as an experiment
(E) history of comic books having been recently
published, it reveals how Batman began as an
experiment

6. A discovery in New Jersey actually contributed to the

early economic development of America and, in 1714,
a worker uncovered a green rock containing copper.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

America and, in 1714, a worker uncovered

America when, in 1714, a worker uncovered
America, thus, in 1714, a worker uncovered
America, that being a worker in 1714 uncovering
America, it was in 1714 a worker uncovered

7. Selected as an astronaut by NASA in 1990, over

719 hours in space were spent by Dr. Ellen Ochoa
on three flights by 2001.
(A) over 719 hours in space were spent by
Dr. Ellen Ochoa on three flights by 2001
(B) by 2001, and on three flights, Dr. Ellen Ochoa
spent over 719 hours in space
(C) three flights and 719 hours were spent by
Dr. Ellen Ochoa in space by 2001
(D) Dr. Ellen Ochoa, by 2001 spending over
719 hours in space on three flights
(E) Dr. Ellen Ochoa had spent over 719 hours
in space on three flights by 2001
8. The old maxim Let the buyer beware suggests that as
a buyer we are responsible for inspecting merchandise
for flaws before paying for it.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

as a buyer we are responsible

as a buyer it is their responsibility
the buyer is the responsible one
buyers are responsible
buyers are to be the ones responsible

9. The same analysts who once favored public-opinion

polls now see them as hampering representative
government.
(A) The same analysts who once favored publicopinion polls now see them
(B) The same analysts which were once in favor of
public-opinion polls now have come to see them
(C) Public-opinion polls, once favored by
analysts, but now seen by these same analysts
(D) As for favoring public-opinion polls, the same
analysts now see them
(E) Analysts once were in favor of public-opinion
polls, which these same analysts now see

10. Santa Fe is one of the oldest cities in the United States,

its adobe architecture, spectacular setting, and clear,
radiant light have long made it a magnet for artists.
(A) Santa Fe is one of the oldest cities in the United
States, its
(B) Santa Fe, which is one of the oldest cities in the
United States, its
(C) Santa Fe, which is one of the oldest cities in the
United States, has
(D) Santa Fe is one of the oldest cities in the United
States; its
(E) Santa Fe, one of the oldest cities in the United
States, and its
11. Dime novels, known in nineteenth-century England
as penny dreadfuls, flourished because increased
mechanization of printing and increased literacy rates
made production of large numbers of these books
profitable.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

and increased literacy rates made

with increased literacy rates also made
and also literacy rates increased and made
as well as increased literacy rates, making
and literacy rates increased, making

12. Frequently on tour, a band called the Chieftains

revered internationally as spirited performers of
traditional Irish music.
(A) revered internationally as spirited performers
(B) revered internationally and they are spirited
performers
(C) is revered internationally for its spirited
performances
(D) is revered internationally as giving spirited
performances
(E) are revered internationally as being spirited
performers

13. Psychologists advise that before making any major

changes in your life, a person needs to focus on ones
goals.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

14. Some beaches are frequently contaminated by

untreated sewage that flows into the ocean, which can
last for several days.

your life, a person needs to focus on ones goals

their life, a person needs to focus on their goals
their lives, focus on the goals
ones life, you should focus on your goals
their lives, people should focus on their goals

STOP

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

ocean, which can last for several days

ocean that can last for several days
ocean, it can last for several days
ocean, while contamination can last several days
ocean; the contamination can last for several days

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section in the test.