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Answer Form Experimental Problem No. 2 Birefringence of Mica Task 2.1 A) Experimental Setup For I - (0.5 Points)

This document summarizes an experiment measuring the birefringence of mica. It reports measuring the parallel (IP) and perpendicular (IO) intensities of light passing through a mica sample at different angles (θ) and using this data to calculate: 1) The phase difference (∆φ) between the ordinary and extraordinary rays, found to be 2.54 ± 0.04 radians. 2) The birefringence (n1 - n2) of the mica sample, found to be (3.94 ± 0.16) × 10-3, using the measured sample width, light wavelength, and phase difference. 3) An alternative graphical analysis yielding a larger birefring

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

52 views

Answer Form Experimental Problem No. 2 Birefringence of Mica Task 2.1 A) Experimental Setup For I - (0.5 Points)

Uploaded by

Phan

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Answer Form

Experimental Problem No. 2

Birefringence of mica
Task 2.1 a) Experimental setup for IP . (0.5 points)

Task 2.1 b) Experimental setup for IO . (0.5 points)

2.1

1.0

Experimental setup for measurement of mica birefringence

Task 2.2 The scale for angles.

2.2 The angle between two consecutive black lines is

0.25

int = 3.6 degrees because there are 100 lines.

Tasks 2.3 Measuring IP and IO .Use additional sheets if necessary.

TABLE I

(degrees)

(3 points)

(IP 1) 103

(IO 1) 103

-3.6

46.4

1.1

48.1

0.2

3.6

47.0

0.6

7.2

46.0

2.0

10.8

42.3

4.9

14.4

38.2

9.0

18.0

33.9

12.5

21.6

27.7

17.9

25.2

23.4

22.0

28.8

17.8

27.0

32.4

12.5

31.7

36.0

8.8

34.8

39.6

5.2

38.0

43.2

3.6

39.4

46.8

3.2

39.6

50.4

4.5

38.7

54.0

6.9

36.6

57.6

10.3

33.6

61.2

14.7

29.4

64.8

20.1

24.7

68.4

25.4

19.7

72.0

30.5

14.7

75.6

36.6

10.2

79.2

40.7

6.1

82.8

44.3

3.2

86.4

46.9

1.0

90.0

47.8

0.2

93.6

47.0

0.4

97.2

45.7

2.0

Parallel IP and perpendicular IO intensities vs angle .

GRAPH NOT REQUIRED!

Task 2.4 Finding an appropriate zero for .

2.4 a) Graphical analysis

1.0

The value for the shift is = 1.0 degrees .

Add the graph paper with the analysis of this Task.
b) Numerical analysis
From Table I choose the first three points of and IO ( ) :
(intensities in millivolts)

(x1, y1) = (3.6,1.1)

(x 2, y 2 ) = (0,0.2)

(x 3, y 3 ) = (3.6,0.6)

We want to fit y = ax 2 + bx + c . This gives three equations:

1.1 = a(3.6) 2 b(3.6) + c
0.2 = c
0.6 = a(3.6) 2 + b(3.6) + c
0.9 + a(3.6) 2
3.6
2
0.6 = a((3.6) + (3.6) 2 ) 0.9 + 0.2

second in first
in third

a = 0.050

b = 0.069

The minimum of the parabola is at:

min =

b
0.7 degrees
2a

Therefore, = 0.7 degrees.

Task 2.5 Choosing the appropriate variables.

2.5 Equation (2.4) for the perpendicular intensity is

1
IO ( ) = (1 cos )sin 2 (2 )
2

0.5

This can be cast as a straight line y = mx + b , with

1
(1 cos )
2
from which the phase may be obtained.

y = IO ( ) , x = sin 2 (2 ) and m =

NOTE: This is not the only way to obtain the phase difference. One may,
for instance, analyze the 4 maxima of either IP ( ) or IO ( ) .

Task 2.6 Statistical analysis and the phase difference.

2.6 To perform the statistical analysis, we shall then use

y = IO ( ) and x = sin 2 (2 ) .

1.0

Since for : 0

, x : 0 1, we use only 12 pairs of data points to

4
cover this range, as given in Table II.
x may be left without uncertainty since it is a setting. The uncertainty in y
may be calculated as
IO 2 2 IP 2 2
IO = IO +
IP and one gets
IO
IP
IO2 + I P2
IO =
IO 0.018 , approximately the same for all values.
(IO + I P ) 2

TABLE II

(degrees)

x = sin 2 (2 )

y = IO 0.018

2.9

0.010

0.013

6.5

0.051

0.042

10.1

0.119

0.104

13.7

0.212

0.191

17.3

0.322

0.269

20.9

0.444

0.392

24.5

0.569

0.484

28.1

0.690

0.603

31.7

0.799

0.717

35.3

0.890

0.798

38.9

0.955

0.880

42.5

0.992

0.916

2.6 We now perform a least square analysis for the variables y vs x in Table
II. The slope and y-intercept are:
m m = 0.913 0.012

b b = 0.010 0.008
The formulas for this analysis are:

1.75

n =1

N x n y n x n y n
n =1

n =1

n = 1

x n2 y n x n x n y n

where
N
= N x x n
n=1
n=1
N

2
n

with N the number of data points.

The uncertainty is calculated as

(m)

2 =

(b)

2
n

with,

n=1

1
2
(y n b mx n )

N 2 n=1

with N = 12 in this example.

Include the accompanying plot or plots.

2.6 Calculate the value of the phase in radians in the interval [0, ].
1
From the slope m = (1 cos ), one finds
2
( ) = 2.54 0.04
Write down the formulas for the calculation of the uncertainty.
We see that,

0.5

m =

2 m
m
1
.
( ) = sin( )( ) , therefore, ( ) =
sin( )

Task 2.7 Calculating the birefringence n1 n 2 .

1.0

2.7 Write down the width of the slab of mica you used,
L L = (100 1) 106 m

Write down the wavelength you use,

= (663 25) 109 m (from Problem 1)

Calculate the birefringence

n1 n 2 n1 n 2 = (3.94 0.16) 103

The birefringence is between 0.003 and 0.005. Nominal value 0.004

Write down the formulas you used for the calculation of the uncertainty of
the birefringence.
Since the width L > 82 micrometers, we use
2 =

n1 n 2

The error is
n n2
n1 n 2
n1 n 2
2
2
2
n1 n 2 = 1
+
L +
( )

L

2

n1 n 2
n1 n 2
2
2
2
2
n1 n 2 =
( )
+
L +
2L

L
2

Since the data may appear somewhat disperse and/or the errors in the
intensities may be large, a graphical analysis may be performed.
In the accompanying plot, it is exemplified a simple graphical analysis:
first the main slope is found, then, using the largest deviations one can
find two extreme slopes.
The final result is,

m = 0.91 0.08

and

b = 0.01 0.04