1.

A.
B.
C.
D.

2015 REG & PRI

Short: (World)
Climate influence is more marked on agriculture than industry
Agriculture is highly sensitive to climate variability and weather extremes, such as floods and
severe storms.
The forces that shape our climate are also critical to farm productivity.
Food production may benefit from a warmer climate, the increased potential for droughts, floods
and heat waves will pose challenges for farmers.
Additionally, the enduring changes in climate, water supply and soil moisture could make it less
feasible to continue crop production in certain regions.

2. The best fishing grounds are developed at the meeting places of warm and cold
ocean currents
The oceans in which cold and warm current are mixed together are best fishing grounds in the
world. They bring abundant plant nutrients and plankton and thus mixed current water contains
food for fishes. The temperature of mixed current is moderate & therefore fish from both cold &
hot water move towards places where cold & warm currents are mixed.
3. Write type of forests (59)
Types of forests:
Forests are widely distributed over the land surface and are divided into three major groups:
A) Temperate soft wood Forest: (Coniferous Forests)
These forests remain evergreen through the year and do not shed their leaves. The trees are tall &
straight. The wood is soft & light in weight & it is easy to cut & transport.
B) Temperate Hard Wood Forest: (Deciduous Trees)
These forest shed their leave during the hot & dry season. These forests cover about 17 % of total
forest area of the world & supply about 48% of the worlds total timber.
c) Tropical Hard Wood Forest: (Equatorial & Monsoon Forest)
These are evergreen forest & grow in those areas where there is heavy rainfall throughout the year.
These forests are dense. The wood is used for commercial purpose & also used as a fuel.
4. Write about truck farming
Truck Farming:
Vegetable growing on commercial basic is known as truck farming or market gardening.
As vegetable are perishable in nature.
So mostly they are grown in the out skirts of big cities and towns. Usually they are transported
by trucks so that is why they are called truck farming.
5. Write note on textile industry development in china or India
(1) China
China is the top producer of cotton textile.

It has a wide cotton market.

China is self sufficient in its cotton textile requirements.
Dominant Centers:
Tientsin, Shanghai, Canton, Hankow, Nanking
India:
In India climatic conditions are favorable for cotton industry.

Here other factors like cheap and skilled labor, hydalpower is available.
Transportation facilities are also available.
Dominant centers:
Mumbai, Ahmadabad, Poona, Sholapur, Nagpur, Kanpur, Madras, Delhi.
6. Write about natural gas producing countries of the world
According to the International Energy Agency, the top 10 natural gas producers in 2013 were (in
billion cubic meters):
1) United States 689 (19.8%),
4) Iran 159 (4.6%),
2) Russia 671 (19.3%),
5) Canada 155 (4.5%),
3)Qatar 161 (4.6%),
6) China 115 (3.3%),

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7) Norway 109 (3.1%),

8) Netherlands 86 (2.5%)

9) Saudi Arabia 84 (2.4%),

10) Algeria80 (2.3%)

7. Why are Prairies grasslands called the bread basket of the world
Temperate grasslands are the leader in wheat export they are also called bread basket of the
world following are some points for elaboration:
1. Temperate grass lands have ideal temperature for cultivation of wheat.
2. Rainfall is also suitable for cultivation of wheat in grasslands.
3. Soil of temperate grasslands is fertile
4. Agricultural activities are carried on the large scale.
8. Classify the economics activities:
Commercial / Economic activities:
The various ways which man adopted for the betterment of his life during so many stages can be call as
economic activities. Thus different experts have defined economic activities as under:
TYPES OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES
Primary production:
The primary activities are concerned with the extraction of resources from the nature.
The man, through primary activities, extracts the resources from the land.
They are the beginning of the production cycle, where humans are in closest contract with the
resources of environment.
They are called red collar workers due to the outdoor nature of their work.
For example:
1) Hunting of animals.
2) Harvesting of trees.
3) Fishing from rivers, lakes and oceans.
4) Extracting of minerals from the earth.
Secondary Activities:
In secondary activities man moulds and changes the shape of the products extracted from the nature
for enhancing their utility. They are called pink collar workers.
For example:
All types of manufacturing are included in secondary activities like machinery, cars, electronic goods,
space vehicles etc.
Tertiary:
The tertiary activities are referring to provide services. Some of these services are utilized to
increase the utility of primary and secondary activities products. They are called blue collar workers.
For example:
1. Repairing of simple tools and important machinery
2. Banking.
3. Teaching.
Quaternary
It represents a special type of services work, focusing on professional and administrative services,
including working in education, health, finance, government management information processing and
research. These services are performed by highly qualified people. They are called white collar workers.
Quinary:
These are the services which are provided by highly qualified persons basically it controls all the
activities at high level following are the services. They are called golden collar workers.
1. High level managerial and executive administrative (Public & Private)
2. Scientific research and development services. It mains more restricted in size in comparison of
the other groups. They are called glad called workers
Short: (Pakistan)
1. Describe the means of irrigation in Pakistan
Modes/Means of irrigation
01: Canals:
Canals refer to irrigate land from rivers by using canals.

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There are three types of canal system mostly used in Pakistan

Permanent Canals, Inundation Canals, Flood Canals
02: Kareez:
In this method a wall of stone is build between passages of two mountains.
Water is stored in this passage
It is mostly used in Baluchistan.
03: Ponds/Tanks:
Ponds are mostly used to store water for irrigation.
This is done mostly in rocky areas.
Because water is not absorbed in stones.
04: Well/ Reht:
Underground wells are dug in this method.
Animals are used to get water from these wells.
05: Tube Wells:
Tube wells refer to built wells in a form of tubes.
Water is utilized by taking it out from wells by using electrical engines.
2. In which season does Pakistan receive most of the rainfall

Pakistan receives most of the rainfall in Monsoon season.

Pakistan experiences some unique but diversified climatic pattern round the year.
Pakistan is agrarian country so it is mostly dependent on sufficient rainfall.
Monsoon is undoubtedly the principal contributor (about 65% to 70%) of the total annual
rainfall.
Monsoon sets on in Pakistan with the beginning of July & towards the end of September.

3. Give reasons for the uneven distribution of Population in Pakistan

Causes of Uneven Distribution
The factors of uneven distribution of population can be classified in to three categories:
i)

ii)
iii)

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

1. Geographical factors:
Topography:
It plays on important role in uneven distribution of population in mountains areas, plateaus, deserts
etc survival of human is quite difficult. Contrary the plain areas have facilities like irrigation etc.
Therefore people wants to live in plain areas rather deserts or mountains etc.
Climatic Conditions:
Both severe cold and intense heat are very injurious for human body, so moderate climatic areas
are comparatively more densely populated than extreme climatic areas.
Availability of water:
Water is the most important part of human life. The areas where water is found in abundance are
more densely populated while the areas where water is insufficient quality such areas are thinly
populated.
2. Economic factors:
Civic:
The areas where better facilities such as education, hospital, employment etc are available are
comparatively more dense than areas which lacks in these facilities.
Modern means of communication:
The areas which have roods links, rails and airways to big cities are most populated.
Availability of modern technology:
Now technology plays on important in human life and the areas which have facilities of modern
technology attracts the people of other areas.
Better Opportunities of Employment:
The big cities attract people due to better opportunities of employment.
4. Why is rice not grown in Baluchistan on large Scale
Rice is not grown in Baluchistan on large scale because cultivation of rice requires heavy
amount of water but in Baluchistan the rainfall is very low & irrigation system is also inefficient.
Therefore the requirement of water for rice cannot be fulfilled in Baluchistan.
5. Karachi is the main trade centre of Pakistan Comment

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Karachi is the main trade centre of Pakistan because Karachi is the main port of Pakistan. All
most all import & export of Pakistan is done through ports of Karachi which are Karachi Port &
Bin Qasim Port. Therefore Karachi is the biggest city of Pakistan in terms of population &
business.
6. Write a note on any one of the following:
Makran Coast
The Makran Coast Range forms a narrow strip of mountains along about 75 percent of the total
coast length.
Most of the coast is underdeveloped, with deserted beaches and only a few fishing villages.
The coast is rugged and tectonic in origin as evidenced by the uplifted terraces, headlands and
fluted beds.

The mud volcanoes present along the shore s further support this.
The coastline is mostly bare desert with unique landforms such as sandy beaches, mud flats,
rocky cliffs, headlands, bays, deltas etc.

Lower Indus Plain

The Lower Indus Plain includes areas from Mithankot to Thatta.
The soil is very productive and wherever water is available, the crops are cultivated.
Thar desert in its eastern portion is a classic example of how lack of water turns green fields into
treeless desert.
To the west of the delta is the seaport of Karachi
The river Indus flows very slowly and the silt carried by if is largely deposited on its bed, thereby
raising it above the level of the sandy plain.

7. Difference between barrage & Dam

Barrage:
In case of barrage, the entire length across a river that is between the banks is provided with
gates having their bottom level touching the river bed level. This implies that the water stored
behind a barrage is totally dependent upon the height of its gates.
Dam:
On the other hand, in the case of a dam, there are spillway gates near its top level and the
storage of water behind the dam is mainly due to the height of the concrete structure and
partially due to the height of the gate.
Long: (World)
1. Highlight the distribution of Iron & Steel industry in Asia
In Asia we have the largest iron and steel producer China and some other countries which are as
follows:
1. China:
China has large reserves of steel raw material iron ore & coal.
She is one of the top producers of Iron & Steel.
Here other factors like cheap labor, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
Anshan, Shanghai, Yangchuan, Hankow, Wuchang, Hanyang
2. Japan:
Japan is deficient in coal & iron ore.
She imports raw material from other countries.
But here other factors like cheap labor, modern technology etc make her leading producer of Iron
& Steel in the world.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
Kyushu, Tokyo, Yokohama, kamaishi
3. India:
India is self sufficient in iron ore & coal basic raw material for iron & steel.
Here other factors like cheap labor, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
She also exports pig iron & steel to other countries
Dominant Centers:

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Jamshedpur, Orissa, Mysore, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh

Beside these same other nations like south Korea, north Korea and Pakistan are prominent steel
producers.
2. Why is gold called precious metal? Describe the world distribution of gold
Gold:
The precious metal gold has been dearer to the man.
Gold has been used not only for making ornaments but also used as currency coins.
More ever, it has also been used for saving purposes.
Gold is precious metal because it is very scarce in supply as compared to its demand.
Gold is a heavy, soft, mint able, yellow and durable metal.
World Distribution Of Gold:
1: China:
China is the largest producer of gold in the world. China is very famous for gold production.
There are many reserves of gold in China.
Major Areas:
Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Jilin, Hubei
2: The USA:
USA is the second largest producer of gold in the world. The USA is also a big producer of gold
there are many gold mines in USA.
Major Areas:
Alaska, Bald Mountain, Nevada, California
3: Australia:
Australia is the third largest producer of gold in the world. There are many gold mines in
Australia.
Major Areas:
Sunrise Dam, Charters Towers, Queensland, Big Bell, Perth.
4: Russia:
Russia is the fourth largest producer of gold in the world. There are many gold reserves in
Australia.
Major Areas:
Kumrochand, Magadan, Yakutia, Darasun, Julietta, Omolon
5:South Africa:
South Africa ranks 5th in term of gold production. There are many gold reserves in South Africa.
Major Areas:
Westonaria, Welkom, Free State, Gauteng.
3. Write the physical & economic factors necessary for the cultivation of cotton in the
world
COTTON
Cotton is called the plant of warm temperate regions.
PHYSICAL FACTORS
TEMPERATURE: The cotton plant grows well in (Subtropical Warm Temperate) regions.
Severs cold and intense heat, both are harmful for the plantation of cotton.
Cotton crop is usually sown in the months of April or May and the temperature should be in the
range of 25c to 35c
RAINFALL: Cotton Plantation does not require abundant water or rain.

The areas of the world in which there is rain ranging from 30"to 40" inches annually are suitable
for its plantation.
Light rain and abundance of water both cause damage to cotton plant.
SOIL: The cotton plant nourishes well in the soil having sufficient quantity of Potash, Lime and
Nitrogen.
Besides this if the soil has mineral ingredients in proper quantity, the plat nourishes well.
The alluvial soil is also suitable for its plantation.

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ECONOMIC FACTORS
Fertilizers
Fertilizer is the most important input for enhancing productivity.
Contribution of balanced fertilization towards increased yield ranges 30 to 60 percent in cotton
production.
Quality of Seeds:
For achieving sustained growth in wheat, seed is a critical basic factor. The use of quality and
improved seed is imperative for increasing the production and yield of the cotton crop.
Mechanization:
Accelerated farm mechanization is one of the important ingredients to accelerate growth rate of
cotton production.
Irrigation
Pakistan is faced with increasing water scarcity.
Proper & improved irrigation should be used for development of cotton in the areas where
rainfall is less.
4. Give an account of three rice producing countries in Monsoon Asia
Asia (Rice bowl)
Asian countries producer about 90% of the world total output of rice. Following is the table which shows
top 3 producers of rice which are in Asia.
(1) China:
China with the production of 182 million tons in 2006-07 ties is the top producer of rice in the world. It
produces about 35% of the total production. Although she is thickly populated but self sufficient for rice
requirement. Dominant Centers:
South china, Szechwan rice region, young Tzu richweed, south west rice region, double chaping rice
region, rice-tea region.
(2) Indonesia:
Rice and fish is also staple food of Indonesia people.
Dominant Centers:
Java, Sumatra Borneo, New Guinea, Bali.
(3) Bangladesh:
Bangladesh has most suitable condition for rice cultivation. Rice crop is harvested thrice in a year in
Bangladesh. Rice is staple food of Bangladesh so she has to import a large amount of rice.
Dominant Centers:
Dacca, Faridpur, Rojsahi, Mymensingle
Long: (Pakistan)
1. What are the main sources of electricity generations in Pakistan? Give an account of
thermal power production in Pakistan 217
In Pakistan we consume a very small quantity of energy. But we are not self sufficient in our
power requirement. The main sources of power in Pakistan are:
1. Hydroelectricity
4. Atomic Energy / Nuclear Energy
2. Thermal Electricity
5. Wind Power
3. Solar Energy
6. Bio Gas
7.
8. Thermal Power:
9. The thermal power stations are generating power by gas, oil and coal in Pakistan
10.Production of Thermal Electricity:
11. In Pakistan near about 50% of the total electricity is produced by the thermal power.
12.
13.Station
14. Kot Addu
Power
Company
Limited

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13.Station
15. Hubco
Narowal
Power Plant
(HNPP)
16. Bin Qasim
Power Plant I
17. Bin Qasim
Power Plant
II
18. Jamshoro
Power
Station
19. Lalpir Power
Limited
20. Altern
Energy
Limited
21. Atlas Power
Limited
22. Attock Gen
Limited
23.
24.
2. Write about the main sugarcane cultivation areas in Pakistan
25.Distribution of Sugar-Cane in Pakistan
26. The cultivation areas of sugar cane in Pakistan can be divided into three types.
AREAS HAVING ABUNDANT PRODUCTION: The areas of East and central of Punjab including Gujrat and to the North spreading up to the
district of Rahim yar khan.

Central Southern areas of Sindh comprising districts of Nawabshah, Hydrabad and Badin.
Pashawas and Mardan districts in Khyber Pakhtonkuwa.
27.
28. THE AREAS HAVING MODERATE PRODUCTION: These areas are located in the surroundings of those areas which are producing sugarcane in
huge quantity.
These areas include Sheikhupura, Sahiwal, Vehari, Bahawalpur, Muzafarghar, Leiah in Punjab

Kharpur and Thatha in Sindh.

29.
30. LESS PRODUCTIVE AREAS: In the surrounding areas of less proiducing sugarcane areas, these are located.
These areas producing sugarcane in less quantity these are in addition to Sailkot and Gujarnwala
districts, Rajanpur, dera Ghazi khan, Mianwali, Bakkar, and Khushab districts.
Whereas the district of Sukkur, Sanghar, Tharparker and Dadu in Sindh are considered less
producing areas of sugarcane.
31.
32.
33. 2014 REGULAR
34.Short: (World)
9. Write any two definitions of commercial geography
35.According to G.D Chisholm:
36. Commercial geography is concerned with the geographical facts relating to commerce.
37.According to Khanna & Gupta:
38. Commercial geography attempts to provide knowledge about economic & commercial
activities of people belonging to different regions and countries

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10.Tea cannot be cultivated in Plain areas Comment

39.Tea cannot be cultivated in plain areas because water remains stagnant in roots of the
plant in plain areas but stagnant water around the roots is dangerous. The water should
be drained out frequently which requires high sloping grounds.
11.What is HDI? Write the range of it 149
40. The human development index is the summary of human development around the world.
It indicates whether a country is developed, still developing or under developed based on
factors such as life expectancy, literacy, education and gross domestic product per
capita. The range of HDI is (0 to 1)
12.If the birth rate of a country is 3% and death rate is 1% calculate the doubling time
for that country
41.
42. Doubling Time = 70/Growth Rate
43. Growth Rate= Bitrh % - Death % = 3 -1 = 2%
44. Doubling Time = 70/2 = 35 years
13.What is fertilizer? List the functions of three major fertilizer elements
45. Fertilizers:
46. Fertilizers is a chemical or natural substance added to soil to increase its fertility
47. Following are the basic functions of fertilizer elements:
48.Nitrogen:
49. It gives a dark color to the plants & helps in their growth. It also increases the protein in
the food crop.
50.Phosphorus:
51. It helps in root development, flowering & seed formation. It promotes the rapid growth of
plants
52.Potassium:
53. It increases disease resistance in plants. It strengths the straw & stems of the plants.
14.South east Asia is famous for rice cultivation Comment (Rice Bowl) 100
54. South East Asia produces over 90% of worlds total rice. It is also called rice bowl of the
world. China & India are the worlds greatest producer of rice accounting for about 60%.
The reason behind this heavy production is availability of adequate moisture, high
temperature, suitable land forms, fertile soil & large supply of labor.
15.What is truck farming 53
55.Truck Farming:
56.Vegetable growing on commercial basis is known as truck farming. As vegetable are
perishable in nature therefore mostly they are grown in the out skirts of big cities and
towns. Usually they are transported by trucks hence they are called truck farming.
16.Write a note on industrial Park
57. Industrial parks or industrial estate refers to area which has been allocated & developed
for industries. These parks offer many advantages since they provide flat land, room for
expansion, excellent communication, transportation etc.
17.List the main iron ore reserves of North America
58.North America:
59. In North America Lake Superior & Alabama are very famous for Iron ore production:
60.Lake Superior:
61. The area has huge reserves of Hematite type of iron ore. The transport is inexpensive in
this area. The major areas are Michigan & Minnesota.
62.Alabama:
63. In Alabama Missouri is famous for Iron ore reserves.
64.Canada:
65. In Canada Quebec is famous for iron ore & produces 99% of Canadas Iron ore.
18.Why is Diary Farming considered highly capital intensive 53
66. Dairy farming is highly capital intensive because animal are very costly. A part from that
animal sheds, storage for fodder, feeding & mulching machines add to the cost of dairy
farming. Cattle breeding, health care & veterinary services are also very expensive.
67.Short: (Pakistan)
8. Why are the deltaic plains not suitable for agriculture
68. The deltaic plains are consisted of marshy area having mangroves & saline marshy land.
The agriculture requires fertile soil & plenty of water both are not available in these
plains. Therefore these plains are suitable for agriculture.

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9. Cotton is the most important cash crop of Pakistan

Cotton is called the plant of warm temperate regions.
Cotton is the main cash crop which contributes significantly to the national economy.
In addition to providing raw material to the local textile industry.
69.
10.Are there any negative aspects of dams? Justify your answer 218
70. Following are the negative aspects of dam:
1. It displaces many people.
2. It may damage rivers
3. It destroys prime agricultural land
4. It may destroy historic sites.
5. It reduces water flow
71.
11.Discuss the measures employed for improving occupational structure in Pakistan 231
72. Following are measures for improving occupational structure:
1. Agricultural productivity should be increased through utilization of unused land & by applying
latest technology
2. Population should be controlled
3. Labor intensive industries should be developed.
4. Rural development schemes should be launched.
5. Non agricultural sector must be extend to absorb new labor force.
73.
12.Show any four of the following in map of Pakistan
74.Guddu Barrage
River Jhelum
Mithan Kot
Mangla Dam Rachna Doab
75.
76. Will be done in class
13.Mention any four agricultural problems of Pakistan
77.Problems of Agriculture (Causes of Backwardness)
78.
1. Lack of Education
79.
The farmers of our country are mostly un-educated and lack technical knowledge. They
are unable to understand the modern scientific methods of agriculture.
80.
2. Lack of Capital
81.
The majority of our farmers are poor due to lack of capital they cannot afford to purchase
chemical manures, improved types of seeds etc.
82.
3 Following the Old Traditions
83.
Most of our farmers are still stuck to the old traditions of their forefathers. That is why
their standard is lower than that of cultivators in developed countries.
84.
4. Scarcity of Water
85.
Our farmers have to face many problems due to scarcity of water which is one our major
problems. Rainfall is uncertain and the existing irrigational facilities in our country are quite
insufficient and need to be extended.
86.
14.Mention the rail & road links of Pakistan to the neighboring countries
87. International Road Links:
1. Iran (Quetta- Zahidan, Quetta-Mashad, Gwadar-Zahidan )
2. Afghanistan (Peshawar-Jalalabad, Peshawar-Kabul)
3. India (Lahor-Delhi, Muzaffarabad-Srinagar)
88. International Railway Routes:
1. Iran (Zahedan Quetta)
2. India (Delhi- Lahore , Jodhpur-Karachi)
89.
15.Compare M- series & N series highways in Pakistan
90.The National Highways of Pakistan are a network of highways in Pakistan that are distinct
from its motorways. The main difference between the two is that, unlike motorways,
national highways are not controlled access or limited access. As in the case of
motorways, Pakistans National Highway Authority owns, maintains and operates all
national highways. Pakistans National Highways include famous highways such as the

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Grand Trunk Road, the Indus Highway, the Karakoram Highway and the Makran Coastal
Highway.All National Highways in Pakistan are pre-fixed with the letter N (for
National) followed by the unique numerical designation of the specific highway (with a
hyphen in the middle), e.g. N-S. Each numerical designation is separated by five
numerals, i.e. N-S,N-10, N-15,etc. National Highways are also distinct from
Pakistans Strategic Highways, which begin with the prefix S and are owned, controlled
and operated by Pak.s Ministry of Defense.
16.Discuss the role of KPT in the management of Water transport in Pakistan
91. KPT is responsible for the management of water transport of Pakistan. It takes a lot of
measures to improve the water transport in Pakistan. Currently it took the initiative of
branching itself to handle & cater the new generation of ships. It is also developing the
deep water container port at kemari.
92.
93.Long: (World)
5. Draw a flow chart to show the classification of natural environment & explain the
Physical environment.
94. In Book Page no 14
6. Describe any four of the followings:
Temperature required for wheat cultivation in early stages of growth
95.
Wheat cultivation requires 15c to 22c temperature in early stages of growth.
Direct method of rice field preparation
96.
Direct method of rice cultivation is the method in which seeds are drilled directly
into the field and the seedlings sprout with the occurrence of rain.
Commercial use of sugarcane
97.
The juice of sugar cane is used for making refined sugar, gur & alcohol & vinegar.
The crushed stems are used as cattle fodder, fuel & in making of chipboards & paper.
Importance of rainfall for rubber plantation
98.
Rainfall is very important for rubber cultivation it requires heavy rainfall over the
year. More than 100 inches of rain in a year is required.
World trade of tea
99.
Tea Importers:
100. Russia, USA, UAE, Egypt
101. Tea Exporters:
102. Srilanka, China, India, Vietnam
Importance of cheap labor for cotton crop
103. The whole process of cotton cultivation from sowing seeds to picking cotton
requires a large amount of labor force. The cotton is picked at different times & the
picking is generally done by labor force.
104.
7. Write a note on the sub-division of tertiary activities
105.
Tertiary:
106.
Tertiary activities are divided into the followings:
107.
Direct Services:
108.
The direct services refer to provide services. Some of these services are
utilized to increase the utility of primary and secondary activities products. They are
called blue collar workers.
109.
For example:
4. Repairing of simple tools and important machinery
5. Banking.
6. Teaching.
110.
Quaternary
111.
It represents a special type of services work, focusing on professional and
administrative services, including working in education, health, finance, government
management information processing and research. These services are performed by
highly qualified people. They are called white collar workers..
112.
Quinary:
113.
These are the services which are provided by highly qualified persons basically it
controls all the activities at high level following are the services. They are called golden
collar workers.
3. High level managerial and executive administrative (Public & Private)

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4. Scientific research and development services. It mains more restricted in size in comparison of
the other groups. They are called golden called workers
114.
8. Write about the important factors responsible for the location of manufacturing
industries
115.
Factors for Localization for Industry
116.
The factors responsible for the localization of an industry fall into major groups
these are
117.
Geographical Factor
(1) Raw Material:
Raw material is essential for every industry the establishment of industry.
Industry is more useful and profitable, if it is situated in the area of raw material production.

Contrary if industry is situated away from the raw material producing areas, it will face the
problems.
(2) Energy Resources:
To run industry some sort of power of required .
If area has abundance of energy resources like oil, coal, gas, hydro-electricity or atomic power
the establishment of industry will be easy and profitable and vice versa.
118.
(3)Location:
Needless to say that land is essential for establishing any industry.
Therefore, availably of good land at cheap cost influences the localization of the industry.
To select a site for industry it is essential to know about the location, quality and cost of the
land.
119.
(4)Water Resources:
Water resources are very essential for industry.

If area has abundance of water the establishment of industry will be easy and profitable and
vice versa.
120.
Economic Factor:
121.1: Capital:
Industry requires large plots, huge machinery, and heavy amount of raw material, transport
facilities and a large labor force.

Therefore, it needs heavy amount of capital.

122.
2: Labor:
Labor is the important factor for localization of industry.
The skill, ability and cost of labor vary from place to place.
The areas where skilled labor is found at the lower cost are suitable for localization of Industry
and vice versa.
123.
3: Means of Transportation:
Webers theory is a guide line for developing any industry and in industry.

Raw materials and finished goods both are bulky and heavy so they could occupy wide space.

Therefore, modern, cheap and fast mean of transportation is needed.

124.4: Market:
Market has become so important that lack of raw material does not affect industry, but want of
local market has become essential for industry.
125.
126.
Apart from these, demand, market, management, government subsidies and
many other socio-economic factors not only influence cotton industry but all most all
industries of the world.
127.
128.
129.
Long: (Pakistan)
3. Write a note on upper Indus plain. Draw sketches in support of your answer
130. Upper Indus Plain:
There is a vast plain located on the east of Kirthar and Sulaiman mountain ranges and south of
Salt range extending up to the Arabian Sea. River Indus and its tributaries irrigates this area
including River Sutlej, Ravi, Jehlum and Chenab. These tributaries meet the great Indus at
Mithan Kot and on its south lies the Lower Indus Plain and on the north is the Upper Indus plain.

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The upper portion of River Indus is very fertile despite the fact that there is few rainfalls in this
area, mainly because it comprises of the soil brouth by the rivers. Long chain of canals are
spread in this area which help produce a good quantity of crops. This canal system is one of a
kind in the world. There are few hills of low heights seen around Chiniot, Sangla and Sarghoda.
131. Thai desert lies on the west of River Jehlum which used to be an arid area. But due to
intense irrigation by the canals coming from the Jinnah Barrage this desert produce lots of crops.
There are many Doabas including Ban Doab, Sagar Doab, Singh Doab in the District Sahiwal and
Multan. A large part of this huge desert is populated only beause of this irrigation system which
is turn help produce different types of crops. The plain becomes higher and higher and this
raised part is known as Daras. The plains of Peshawar and Bannu are also very fertile which lies
in the north of Daras. This is also due to canal system of irrigation and tube wells. Many
crops are grown in this region including; rice, wheat, cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds and tobacco
132.
4. With the help of a given graph describe the urbanization in Pakistan
133. Urbanization is not just a side effect of economic growth; it- is an integral part of the
process, according to the World Bank. With the robust economic growth averaging 7 percent and
availability of millions of new jobs created between 2000 and 2008, there has been
increased rural to urban migration in Pakistan to fill the jobs in growing manufacturing and
service sectors. The level of urbanization in Pakistan is now the highest in South Asia, and its
urban population is likely to equal its rural population by 2030, according to a report titled Life
in the City: Pakistan in Focus, released by the United Nations Population Fund. Pakistan ranks
163 and India at 174 on a list of over 200 countries compiled by Nation master.
134. Pakistan has and continues to urbanize at a faster pace than India. From 1975-1995,
Pakistan grew 10% from 25% to 35% urbanized, while India grew 6% from 20% to 26%.
From 1995-2025, the UN forecast says Pakistan urbanizing from 35% to 60%, while Indias
forecast is 26% to 45%. For this year, a little over 40% of Pakistans population lives in the
cities. The urban population now contributes about three quarters of Pakistans gross domestic
product and almost all of the government revenue. The industrial sector contributes over 27% of
the GDP, higher than the 19% contributed by agriculture, with services accounting for the rest of
the GDP.
135.
136.

137.
2014 PRIVATE
138.
Short: (World)
19.Explain the term The Torrid Zone & write the names of any two of the countries
139.
The Torrid Zone refers to the area of the earth between the Tropic of Cancer and
the Tropic of Capricorn. Geographically, the Torrid Zone is defined by 23.5 degrees north
latitude and 23.5 degrees south latitude. The tropic zone is another name for the Torrid
Zone.
140.
Major Countries:
141.
Most of Africa, Southern Asia, Indonesia, Northern Australia, Southern Mexico,
Central America, Northern South America
142.
20.Why rubber is called plant of equatorial region
143.
Rubber is a plant of equatorial regions
144.
1. It is an equatorial or a tropical plant. It grows the best in regions having hot and humid
climate. It needs constantly high temperature. The plant requires heavy rainfall.
2. Gentle slopes provide ideal grounds for rubber plantations. It provides drainage to the plants.
3. Rich deep loamy soils are highly suitable for rubber plantations.
4. Preparation of land, looking after the plants, clearing of weeds, collection of latex,
transportation etc. involve huge labour, thus availability of cheap and efficient labour is an asset
for the development of rubber plantations.
145.
21.What do you mean by edible oil & name the main sources of edible oil

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146.
Edible Oil:
147.
Man has been using oil for cooking for a long time. In early times oil was extruded
by animals, fruits, fat, meat etc domestically. But trees were planted on commercial basic
for extruding oil from the seeds of plants. Presumably it refers to any oil used in
cooking for example, sun flower oil, vegetable oil, etc.
1. U.S.A
4. Indonesia
2. China
5. Brazil
3. Malaysia

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148.
22.China is major producer & importer of Iron Ore. Comment
149.
China is the major producer of iron ore but it is also a major importer because
most of the iron ore produce in china is of low quality .China is the leading producer of
many consumer & industrial goods it requires high quality iron-ore for producing good
quality products. Therefore inspite of being major producer it has to import iron ore from
other countries.
150.
23.Write a note on Truck Farming
151.
2015 answer no 2 (iv)
152.
24.Enlist the different factors used for establishment of industries
153.
Factors for Localization for Industry
154.
The factors responsible for the localization of an industry fall into major groups
these are
155.
Geographical Factor
156.
1: Raw Material:
157.
2: Energy Resources:
158.
3: Location:
159.
4: Water Resources:
160.
Economic Factor:
161.1: Capital:
162.
2: Labor:
163.
3: Means of Transportation:
164.4: Market:
165.
25.State the importance of Hydro-Electricity
166.
Hydroelectric energy is important because it is primarily a renewable energy
source i.e. it can be used over and over again. This is important in the society of today as
the awareness of the effects of non-renewable .energy sources are more widely known,
placing a greater importance on .sustainable sources of energy.
26.Give an account of fishing area of Easr Asia
167.
South East Asia is very famous for fishing as it is the area where current & warm
ocean currents are mixed. These areas produce most of the fish in the world.
168.
Major Areas:
169.
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar,
thePhilippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam;
170.
171.
Short: (Pakistan)
17.Write a note on geographical location of Pakistan
172.
Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands; the
Indus River plain, and the Baluchistan Plateau. Some geographers designate additional
major regions. For example, the mountain. ranges along the western border with
Afghanistan are sometimes described separately from the Baluchistan Plateau, and on the
eastern border with India, south of the Sutlej River, the Thar Desert may be
considered separately from the Indus Plain.
18.Compare the features of the upper Indus plain with those of lower Indus plain
173.
1. upper Indus plain is the north while the lower is in the south
2. Upper Indus plain has doabs lower has no doabs
3. Upper Indus Plain has Indus River and its tributaries flowing there while in lower Indus
plain has only Indus plain flowing there
4. Upper Indus plain covers most of the Punjab while lower covers most of Sindh
5. River Jhelum, Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab meet at Panjnad while in lower only Indus river flows
directly into the Arabian Sea
6. Upper Indus plain has potwar plateau next to it while Baluchistan plateaus located near
lower Indus plain.
19.Name the important highways of Pakistan

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174.

Highways:

175.

Karachi Torkham

Gwadar (Makran Coastal Highway)

(RCD Highway)

Basima Khuzdar

Quetta Taftan

Nowshera Chitral

Karachi Peshawar)
Islamabad Kohala 4

Mansehra Chilas

Quetta Sukkar
Islamabad Kohat

Karachi
Karachi Chaman

Hasan Abdal Khunjerab Pass

Kuchlack Dera Ismail Khan
Qila Saifullah Multan
Hushab Surab

Khwazakhel Besham
Chakdara Kalam
176.
20.Name the cotton producing areas of Pakistan & give their importance
177.
Distribution of Cotton in Pakistan
178.
The cultivation areas of Pakistan can be divided into three types.
AREAS HAVING ABUNDANT PRODUCTION:The south Eastern areas of Punjab province, comprising the district of Vehari, Multan, Bahawalpur
are included in the areas producing cotton in abundance.

Due to hot and dry climate there are good prospects of saving the crop from the attack of
insects and virus diseases.

That is why in these areas, the production is in abundance as compared to other areas.
179.
180.
THE AREAS HAVING MODERATE PRODUCTION: These areas are adjacent to the abundant cotton producing areas.
In Punjab, Bahawalpur, Sahiwal, Jhang, Muzaffargarh and Rajanpur districts are included.
In Sindh, the districts of Sukkur Khairpur and Hyderabad are included.
181.
182.
LESS PRODUCTIVE AREAS: The areas in this category are include Okara, Faisalbad, Toba Tek Singh, Sargodha, Mainwali,
Bakkar, Leiah and D.G Khan district in Sindh.

Beside this other district of the province in Punjab. In NWFP, Peshawar, Mardan, D,I.Khan
In Baluchistan, Lorali & Lasbela district cultivate Desi cotton in small quantity.
183.
21.Write any four positive aspects of dams
184.
Positive Aspects of Dam:
1. It reduces flood
2. It stores water for later use
3. It generates hydro power
4. It provides water for irrgation
185.
22.Why are there few major roads & railways in Baluchistan
186.
Roads & railways are built to make the travelling comfortable for large population.
As we know that in Baluchistan is the largest province in terms of area but population is
very low. It is very costly to build railway or road network throughout Baluchistan as the
flow of passengers is very low due to low population.
23.What is the Indus Basin Treaty
187.

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188.
The Indus Waters Treaty is a water is sharing treaty between India and Pakistan,
brokered by the World Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction
& Development).The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by Indian Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and President of Pakistan Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan).
The treaty was a result of Pakistani fear that since the source rivers of the Indus basin
were in India, it could potentially create droughts and famines in Pakistan, especially at
times of war. However, India did not revoke the treaty during any of three later IndoPakistani Wars.
189.
Long: (World)
9. What are commercial activities? Explain with examples
190.
Primary Activities:
The primary activities are concerned with the extraction of resources from the nature.
The man, through primary activities, extracts the resources from the land.
They are the beginning of the production cycle, where humans are in closest contract with the
resources of environment.
They are called red collar workers due to the outdoor nature of their work.
191.
For example:
5) Hunting of animals.
6) Harvesting of trees.
7) Fishing from rivers, lakes and oceans.
8) Extracting of minerals from the earth.
192.
Secondary Activities:
193.
In secondary activities man moulds and changes the shape of the products
extracted from the nature for enhancing their utility. They are called pink collar workers.
194.
For example:
195.
All types of manufacturing are included in secondary activities like machinery,
cars, electronic goods, space vehicles etc.
196.
Tertiary:
197.
The tertiary activities are divided into three categories.
198.
199.
A Direct Services:
200.
The direct services are refereed to provide services. Some of these services are
utilized to increase the utility of primary and secondary activities products. They are
called blue collar workers.
201.
For example:
202.
Fish is transported from fisheries to a region where it is needed and is said there.
203.
This achieved by transportation and trade which are important tertiary activities.
Other tertiary activities are as follows:
7. repairing of simple tools and important machinery
8. Banking.
204.
205.
B Quaternary
206.
It represents a special type of services work, focusing on professional and
administrative services, including working in education, health, finance, government
management information processing and research. These services are performed by
highly qualified people. They are called white collar workers.
207.
C Quinary:
208.
These are the services which are provided by highly qualified persons basically it
controls all the activities at high level following are the services. They are called golden
collar workers.
5. High level managerial and executive administrative (Public & Private)
6. Scientific research and development services. It mains more restricted in size in comparison of
the other groups. They are called glad called workers
209.
10.Explain the geographical conditions necessary for the production of rice in the world
210.
Factors
211.
(a) Physical factors:

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212.
Climate:
213.
For the growth of rice crops climate plays a until role:
(a) Temperature:
214.
It requires high degree of temperature ranging between 21 0C to 380C. While
average temperature of 210C is most suitable for vegetable growth. During the growing
season of 18 weeks.
(b) Rainfall:
215.
An average rainfall of at least 45 inches (113 cm) till irrigation is required during
vegetative growth of about 18 weeks. Rice crop does best under high rainfall and natural
moisture.
216.
Topography:
217.
Land must be smooth but sloped so that winter can be addled as drained as
needed.
218.
Soil:
219.
Rice can be best grown in the regions with good fertile soils. Deep clayey looms
and river plains with fertile silt at the top are reacquired as the best rice fields. It can be
grown under varied conditions of soil.
220.
(B) Economical Factors:
221.
Fertilizers
Fertilizer is the most important input for enhancing productivity.
Contribution of balanced fertilization towards increased yield ranges 30 to 60 percent in rice
production.
222.
223.
Quality of Seeds:
For achieving sustained growth in wheat, seed is a critical basic factor. The use of quality and
improved seed is imperative for increasing the production and yield of the rice crop.
224.
225.
Mechanization:
Accelerated farm mechanization is one of the important ingredients to accelerate growth rate of
rice production.
1.
2. Irrigation
Pakistan is faced with increasing water scarcity.
Proper & improved irrigation should be used for development of rice in the areas where rainfall is
less.
1.
11.State the conditions favorable for sugarcane crop & Enlist the by-products of sugar
cane
Sugarcane crop is a major raw material source for the production of white sugar and gur and is
also a cash crop.
2. PHYSICAL FACTORS
3. TEMPERATURE: For the proper production of sugar cane it is necessary that temperature must be warm.
Usually temperature ranging from 65 degree F to 80 degree F is suitable for its production.
4. RAINFALL: For the production of sugar cane sufficient quantity of rain and humidity is required.

The areas having 40 to70 rainfall annually is considered most suitable areas for the
production of sugarcane.
At the harvesting time dry weather condition is necessary so that the juice of sugarcane may
become thick.
5. SOIL: To get good crop of sugarcane, it is necessary to have fertile soil.
The suitable soil for sugarcane is a field having sufficient quantity of phosphorus.
Beside this it should contain lime for better results.
6. By Products of Sugarcane:

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Molasses:
It is used in the bakery industry, the production of alcohol, and in pharmaceuticals.
Bagasse:
The most common use for bagasse is the fuel to run sugarcane mills. It can also be processed
into paper, replacing wood pulp. Bagasse is used to manufacture plates, cups and bowls.
Beet Pulp:
Beet pulp serves as a supplemental feed for animals.

1.
12.Write notes on any one of the following:
2. OPEC

OPEC stands for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

It is permanent intergovernmental organization.
It was created at Baghdad on 14-10-1960.
Founder members were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia & Venezuela.
3. Current Members are Algeria, Angola, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, UAE,
4. Importance of Forests
1. It provides timber which is raw material for furniture
2. It provides herbs for medicines
3. It reduces flood intensity
4. It causes rainfall
5. It provides recreational sites.
5.
6.
Natural Rubber
7. Rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from certain trees. The latex is a sticky
& milky material. The latex then is refined into rubber ready for commercial processing.
Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, either alone or in
combination with other materials. In most of its useful forms, it has a large stretch ratio,
high resilience, and is extremely waterproof.
8.
9. Long: (Pakistan)
5. List the physical features of Pakistan & explain any two of them
10. Physical Regions of Pakistan:
1. North Eastern
3. The Salt Range &
7. The Baluchistan
Mountains
Potwar Plateau
Plateau
2. North Western
4. The River Indus Plain
8. The Deserts
Mountains
5. The Sulaiman Range
9. The Coastal Belt
6. The Kirthar range
10.
11.1:The North Eastern Mountains
12.
The highet mountain region of the world known as The Himalayas is in the fnorth of
Indo-Pak sub-continenet having a length of about 1500 miles. The part of this region which come
into Pakistans share consists of following four ranges:
13. The Siwalik Range:
14. THE PEER PANJAL RANGE:
15. THE CENTRAL OF GREAT HIMALAYA:
16. THE KARAKORAM RANGE:
17.
18.2: The Indus Plain
The Indus Plain lies between South of the Salt Range and east of the Suleiman and Kirther
mountains.
It extends up to the Arabian Sea.
This area is generally irrigated by the Indus River and its tributaries (Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and
Jhelum rivers).

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The rivers meet the Indus at Mithan Kot and up to this area from down south is the Lower Indus
Plain, whereas area above is called the Upper Indus Plain

The Upper Indus Plain

The Lower Indus Plain
The Indus Delta
19.
6. Describe the different methods of irrigation in Pakistan & what are the problems of
canal irrigation in Pakistan also suggest the means to solve them
20..Modes/Means of irrigation
21.01: Canals:
Canals refer to irrigate land from rivers by using canals.
There are three types of canal system mostly used in Pakistan
Permanent Canals, Inundation Canals, Flood Canals
22.
02: kareez:
In this method a wall of stone is erected between passages of two mountains.
Water is stored & then conveyed to the specified fields.
It is mostly used in Baluchistan.
23.
03: Ponds/Tanks:
Ponds are mostly used to store water for irrigation.
This is done mostly in rocky areas.
Because water is not absorb in stones.
24.
25.
04: Well/ Reht:
Underground wells are dug in this method.
Animals are used to get water from these wells.
26.
05: Tube Wells:
Tube wells refer to built wells in a form of tubes.
Water is utilized by taking it out from wells by using electrical engines.
27.
28.Problems of Canal Irrigation:
1. Water losses
29. A well designed and constructed canal system transports water from the source to the farmers
30. fields with a minimum amount of water loss. However, water losses will occur and can seriously
31. reduce the efficiency of water delivery. Water may be lost by seepage, leakage, or both.
2. Overtopping
32. Water in a canal may rise unexpectedly due to several reasons:
a. The incoming flow through the canal offtake may be much greater than the canal
capacity;
b. Obstacles such as stones, blocks or plant growth in the canal may dam up the water;
c. Outlets from a canal may be closed which should be open;
d. Rain or other water may be draining into the irrigation canal; or
e. Farmers may make temporary weirs to raise the water level.
3. Canal erosion
33. The sides and bed of an unlined canal are sometimes badly attacked by scouring water. This
34. Process is called erosion. Canal bends and sections downstream of structures in particular are
35. Susceptible to erosion, since local flow velocities can be very high and the direction of flow
changes suddenly, causing turbulence
4. Higher initial investment; a lined canal is 3 to 4 times costlier than an unlined one of the
same capacity
5. Costly repairs
6. Longer construction period
7. More sophisticated construction equipment and skilled labor are required.
36.
Solutions of Problems of Canal Irrigation:

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1. Modern techniques of irrigation can solve the problems of irrigation in Pakistan. This includes
drip irrigation and sprinkle irrigation methods. By using this technique the farmers can save a
huge some of money which he pays for irrigation through tubewells and tractors.
2. More dams should be constructed on Indus, Jehlum and Chenab rivers. This will enhance the
storage capacity of water and reduce the per acre cost of all the crops. This step will also
reduce the salinity chances of the lands as less tubewell water will be flooded to the lands
which cause salinity
37.
38.
7. Mention the problems faced by Karachi due to high density of Population
39. Population growth in both underdeveloped and developed nations can cause an array of
problems. Similarly Karachi is facing many problems due to high density of population.
These problems typically include deficiencies in health care programs, lack of resources and
pollution, food shortages, outbreaks of disease.
1. Health Conditions:
There are severe health issues in Karachi due lack of medical facilities as population is increasing
rapidly. Medical facilities especially government hospital are becoming inefficient to provide proper
medical facilities.
2. Unemployment:
Unemployment is another major problem in Karachi as the majority of people migrate to Karachi in
search of job which is making the job market more competitive & leads to unemployment.
3. Crime:
The increasing population also leads to increase in crimes such as snatching, kidnapping etc.
4. Pollution:
Due to large population there is huge quantity of vehicles to provide transport facilities. These
vehicles create a lot of pollution. A part from that there are many industries which also creates
pollution.
5. Educational Facilities:
40.

Due to large population it is also difficult to provide educational facilities.

41.
42.
43. 2013 Regular
44. Short Questions World
45.
46.1: Explain the importance of commercial geography for an industrialist?
47. For the study of economic and commercial geography it is essential that the rate of industries in
different regions, their production and resources are to be studied. By the study of economic and
commercial geography the industrialist can hire labor and purchase raw material at cheap cost
and can also find new markets for their products.
48.
49.2: Define growth rate of population. How is it calculated?
50. Population growth is the change in a population over time. The number of persons added or
subtracted from a population in a year due to natural increase & net migration.
51.
52. Growth Rate= Birth% - Death% + or (Net Migration %)

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53.
54.3: Write a note on interrelation of commercial activities?
55. All commercial activities are interrelated for production & exchange of goods. The goods are
extracted through primary activities, then we increase their utility by secondary activities &
goods reach at consumer through tertiary activities. For Example: the production of cotton by
agriculture is a primary activity, then we convert it in cotton textile by manufacturing process
which is secondary activity & finally for selling it we required services of different people which
are come under tertiary activities.
56.
57.
58.4: How does intensive commercial agriculture f=differs from Extensive Grain
production?
59. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
60. System of cultivation using large amounts of labor & capital and small amount of land area.
Large amounts of labor and capital are necessary for using fertilizer, insecticides, growing crops,
and capital is particularly important to the purchase and maintenance of machinery for planting,
cultivating, and harvesting as well as irrigation.
61. EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
62. System of crop cultivation using small amounts of labor and capital and large area of land being
farmed. The crop yield in extensive agriculture depends primarily on the natural fertility of the
soil, rain, climate, and the availability of water.
63.
64.5: The Eskimo hunters are distinguished for special aptitudes & methods. Comment?
65. The Eskimo hunters are distinguished for special aptitudes & methods because they have totally
different style of hunting. They follow the seasons & climatic factors in the process of hunting. In
autumn they catch birds, in summer they catch fishes, in winter they hunt seals & polar bears.
They make snow houses which are called Igloos
66.
67.6: Great Britain is the pioneer in textile industry. Comment?
68. During the early eighteenth century, Great Britain was the pioneer in textile industry. Laws
forbade the export of Britain textile machinery. Britain had the power loom, a steam-powered,
mechanically-operated version of a regular loom for weaving. Britain also had the spinning
frame that could produce stronger threads for yarns at a faster rate. Now these all machinery is
expanded in other countries & Britain does not have much share in cotton textile.
69.
70.7: The total crop duration of spring wheat is lesser than winter wheat. Write two
major reasons in support?
71. The major reasons for lesser duration of spring wheat than winter wheat are as follows:
72. Spring wheat is only sown when the severe winter is over & it grows in cool moist spring. It is
harvested in late summer while winter wheat is cultivated in late summer or early autumn. It
needs a few weeks of cold before being able to flower but continuous snow is harmful for winter
wheat. It is harvested in May to July.
73.
74.8: Write a note on solar energy technology & its types?
75. Solar energy is energy that is present in sunlight. It has been used for thousands of years in
many different ways by people all over the world. As well as its traditional human uses in
heating, cooking, and drying, it is used today to make electricity where other power supplies are
absent, such as in remote places . It is becoming cheaper to make electricity from solar energy
and in many situations it is now competitive with energy from coal or oil.
76.Types of solar energy

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1. Photovoltaic Systems
Producing electricity directly from sunlight.
2. Solar Hot Water
Heating water with solar energy.
3. Solar Electricity
Using the sun's heat to produce electricity.
4. Passive Solar Heating and Day lighting
Using solar energy to heat and light buildings.
5. Solar Process Space Heating and Cooling
Industrial and commercial uses of the sun's heat.
77.
78.9: List the major fishing grounds of the world & describe any 1 fishing ground of the
USA?
79. Some fishing grounds have special importance which is as follows:
1. North Eastern Asia.
4. North western Europe
2. North Eastern North America
5. West central south Asia
3. North Western North America
6. South East Asia.
7. USA
8. In the US, there are numerous fishing spots that one can choose to go to. The best fishing spot
in the US is the Outer Bank, which is situated in North Carolinas coast. The Outer Banks offers
ideal vacation site for fishermen. This particular fishing spot is special in the sense that it is
situated along pathways of the big fish. The most active and exciting fishing time at the Outer
Banks is during the month of November.
9.
10. Short Questions Pakistan
11.
12.1: The monsoon & the western disturbances are two main factors which affect the
climate of Pakistan: Comment?
13. 1: The monsoon occurs from the month of June to September. Monsoon rains provide relief from
extreme hot in summer. Monsoon rains are quite heavy in Pakistan & sometimes they cause
flooding in Pakistan.
14. 2: The Western disturbances mostly occur during winter from December to March. It causes
moderate rainfall in southern part while heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the world.
15.
16.2: Describe canal system on the right or West Bank of Indus?
17. The canal system on the right or west bank of the river Indus are following:
18. 1:The SWAT canals which are further divided into Upper SWAT canal & Lower SWAT canal.
19. 2:The Warsak multipurpose project which is located 30 KM in northwest of Peshawar.
20. 3: The Kurrm Garhi project on the river Kurram which is located at Tehseel Bannu
21.
22.3: Why is Pakistan important in respect of its marine location?
23. Most of the trade between east and west is done through Indian Ocean. Pakistan through Arabian
Sea is linked with the Muslims Countries of Persian Gulf. All of them are rich in oil. Karachi, Bin
Qasim and Gwader ports are important seaports of Pakistan. Pakistan has an important strategic
position in the world trade especially for China.
24.
25.4: Although contributing a lesser share in GDP, the primary sector plays an important
role in Pakistans economy. Comment
26. Although contributing a lesser share in GDP, the primary sector plays an important role in
PakistanS economy
27. Following are some reasons:
28. 1: It is a big source of employment for our population. More than 50% of our population is
associated with primary sector.
29. 2: Primary sector especially agriculture fulfills the food requirement of Pakistan.
30. 3: Primary sector earns more than 70% of foreign exchange for Pakistan through exports
31.
32.5: (A)Functions of NHA:

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33. The National Highway Authority is responsible for building & maintaining highways & motorways
in Pakistan. The objective of the NHA is to plan, promote & organize programs for construction,
development, operation, repairs & maintenance of National Highways, Motorways & Strategic
roads.
34.
35.5 (B) Makran Coastal Highway:
36. Makran Coastal Highway is a 653 km-long coastal highway along Pakistans Arabian coastline.
It is a part of Pakistan's National Highways network. It runs primarily
through Baluchistan province between Karachi and Gwadar, passing near the port towns
of Ormara and Pasni.
37.
38.6: Give any 4 Govt Oriented solutions for agricultural problems:
1. Govt should provide Agricultural education to farmers.
2. Govt should provide Agricultural loans to farmers
3. Govt should organize proper & modern Agricultural markets
4. Govt should provide better facilities in rural areas so rural urban migration will be controlled.
39.
40.7: (A) What is Pass ? List any two passes & their connective areas.
41. The transportation route over or through a mountain is known as Pass.
42. 1: The Lowari Pass (s a high mountain pass that connects Chitral with Dir in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
The Lowrarai Pass connects Peshawar to Chitral.
43. 2: The Khyber Pass is a mountain pass connecting Afghanistan and Pakistan
44.
45.7: (B) Bongar Soils:
46. Bongar soils cover a vast area of Indus plain. The area includes most of the part of Punjab,
Peshawar, Mardan, Bannu and Kachhi plain. A major part of the province of sindh is also
comprised of these soils. Some of these soils are rich and irrigated give very good production.
Usually these soils are far from the present rivers beds.
47.
48. Sec C (Detailed Answers)World
49.
50.4 (i): Write a note on the history of world population growth with special reference to
three revolutions:
51. The History of World Population growth can be described as three major revolutions:
52. A: Agricultural Revolution
53. B: Industrial Revolution
54. C: Medical Revolution
55.A: Agricultural Revolution
56. The agricultural revolution started When man learnt to grow the crops & started to rear animals.
Farming & domestication of animals had started in the beginning. It contributed to the population
growth. The agriculture revolution created a surplus of food, so fewer people died from
starvation. Statistics show that the agricultural revolution contribution a rapid growth in
population
57.B: Industrial Revolution:
58. Industrial revolution occurred in 1750. Human population grew much faster than agricultural
revolution as world's population increased over 6-fold in industrial revolution. The Industrial
Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in
population and in per capita income. The basic factors for such a rapid growth were improving
the quality of water supply, the proper sanitation & waste removal .They main disadvantage was
that after some time thousands of people died from different diseases which spread rapidly in
crowded working conditions in industries.
59.C: Medical Revolution:
60. Medical revolution took place for curing diseases mostly occurred after industrial revolution. It
was period when man learnt the methods to cure various kinds of diseases death rate started to
decrease & human population started to grew rapidly. The public health boards were formed to
detect illness, researching causes of diseases. New vaccines & antibiotics were discovered.
Workplace & health safety rules & laws were made. Proper balance of nutrition & vitamins were

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used in food. All those steps leads radically improved living conditions which leads to another
rapid growth in population.

61.
62. B Diagram of History of Population:
63. In book page no 24
64.
65.4 : (ii) A Rubber Plantation in South East Asia:
66. Asia is now home to around 92% of the world supply of natural rubber, raw material for the
production of thousands of articles of everyday use. Malaysia is the largest producer of rubber in
world. The major countries are:
1. Sri Lanka
5. India
2. Thailand
6. China
3. Indonesia
7. Philippines
4. Malaysia
8. Vietnam.
9.
10.B Wheat Trade of USA:
11. U.S.A is the third largest producer of wheat in the world. She is also the greatest exporter of
wheat. Almost every state of U.S.A is enjoyed in heat cultivation. Both Winter and spring wheat
are cultivated in U.S.A.
12.Dominant Centers:
13. Texas, Merry land, California, Kentucky Montana, Minnesta, Indiana, Oklahoma etc
14.
15.C: By Products of Rice Crop:
16. Rice Bran
17. Produced from the outer layer of the brown rice grain. Used in cereals, mixes and vitamin
concentrates due to its high levels of vitamin B6, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium,
niacin, and thiamin. Also rich in fiber.
18. Rice Bran Oil
19. Extracted from the outer layer on the brown rice kernel. A high quality, delicate tasting cooking
oil. Studies have shown that it is effective in lowering blood cholesterol levels.
20. Rice Flour
21. Produced from either white or brown rice ground. Its free from gluten so is non-allergenic. Used
to produce rice pasta, crisps, cereals and snacks.
22. Rice Husk
23. The inedible outer husk layer has many uses from fuel in power plants to mulch and abrasives. It
can be sued as a packing material to pad fragile cargo during shipping

o
o

24.
25.D: Climate for Tea Cultivation:
26. For the growth of tea climate plays a vital role:
Temperature: 21C to 29C is ideal for the production of tea. High temperature is required in
summer. The lowest temperature for the growth of tea is 16C.
Rainfall: 150-250 cm of rainfall is required for tea cultivation. It needs plenty of water. An
average rainfall of at least 150 cm is required during for tea plant.
27.
28.E: Socio-Economic Factors for Sugarcane Cultivation:

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29. There are many socio economic factors required for cultivation of sugarcane some are as follows
1. Availability of cheap and efficient labor is essential for the cultivation of sugar cane
2. Availability of insecticides & pesticides
3. Availability of proper irrigation facilities
4. Availability of quality seeds
30.
31.F: Importance of Irrigation for cotton crop:
32. The availability of water is very necessary for cotton therefore proper irrigation is necessary for
the cultivation of cotton crop. Better quality fibers are obtained with the use of irrigation. Cotton
field are usually irrigated which a certain amount of water every 10 to 15 days during the
growing period
33.
34.4 (iii) A Draw a chart to show the classification of commercial activities.
35. In book Page no 38
36.
37.B: How do the specific & relative locations affects on the choices of commercial
activities in a region?
38.
39.The Effect of Specific Location:
40. The exact location or site where a commercial activity is located is known as Specific Location.
This location is very important for commercial activities human decide their commercial activities
regarding to their climate or natural resource found in their region like in Pakistan we follow
agriculture in Arab countries mostly people are engage with mineral oil refineries.
41.The Effect of Relative Location:
42. The relative location means the resources are found nearby of that location In short the
resources are not found exactly in that location but it also affects on the commercial activities of
relative location because people choose those activities which will give them benefit regarding
their relative location.
43. For example Faisalabad is famous for cotton textile manufacturing because it is near to cotton
growing areas
44.
45.4 (iv) a Write a note on fossil fuel as non renewable resources of energy. Also list
major world deposits on any of these.
46.
47. Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried
dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of
years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural
gas.
48. A non-renewable resource is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for
sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames.
49. Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), and certain aquifers are all non-renewable
resources
50.Resources & coal in the world
(1) China:
China is on the top of coal production in 2008-09
51.Dominant Centers:
52.
loang, shanton, Szechwan, shensi, kansu
(2) U.S.A:
53.
USA is on the second position in coal production in 2008-09
54.Dominant Centers:
55.
Southern Appalachian coal mines, northern Appalachian coal mines central Appalachian
coal mines.
(3) Russia:
56.
Russia is on the third position in coal production in 2008-09
57.
Dominant Centers:
58.
Karaganda, Tula, Pachore kuznetz
(4) Germany:

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59.
60.
61.

Germany is on the 4th position in coal production in 2008-09

Dominant Centers:
Ruhr Coal mines, Saar Aachen Saxony etc

62.
63.4 (iv) b Explain any two of the following
64.Geothermal Energy Wind Energy Biofuels
65.
66. Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. The geothermal
energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and
from radioactive decay of minerals (80%).The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in
temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of
thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface.
67.
68. Wind Energy:
69. The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to
generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power. A generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity to
power homes, businesses, schools, and the like.
70.Wind Turbines
71. Wind turbines, like aircraft blades, turn in the moving air and power an electric generator that
supplies an electric current.
72.
73.Biofuels
74. Biofuels are produced from living organisms or from metabolic by-products (organic or food
waste products). In order to be considered a biofuel the fuel must contain over 80 percent
renewable materials. There are many pros and cons to using biofuels as an energy source.
75. These fuels are produced from living organisms. These fuels are made by a biomass conversion
(biomass refers to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived
materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in three
different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This
biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can be used
for biofuels.
76.
77.Sec C (Detailed Answers)Pakistan
78.
79.5: (i) Show the Physical regions of Pakistan in the given outline map & write a note
on the importance of northern mountains.
80. Mapping will be done in class
81.Importance of Northern Mountains:
1. It creates a barrier for movement from central Asian countries & Afghanistan into the Pakistan
2. It intercepts the monsoon winds
3. Their higher peaks are covered in snow which are melted in summer & provide water in rivers
4. There is number of tourist resorts.
5. There are places of winter sports in this region.
6. Snow covered peaks have a great charm for climbers & hikers of the world.
82.
83.
84.5: (ii)a Write a note on the forest types of Pakistan
85.
1. The Alpine Forests:

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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

86.
The alpine forests occur in the northern districts of Chitral, Swat, Kohistan, Here winter is
long & severe. The tress of silver Fir, Juniper are found their.
The coniferous forests
87.
The coniferous forests occur from 1,000 to 4,000 m altitudes. Chitral, Swat, Upper
Dir, Lower Dir, Malakand, Mansehra andAbbottabad districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad
Kashmir and Islamabad district of the Punjab are the main areas covered with coniferous forests.
Silver fir, spruce, deodar , blue pine , chir pine are the most common varieties. The Coniferous
forests also occur in Balochistan hills. Chilghoza pine and juniper are the two most common species
of Balochistan.
The sub-tropical dry
88.
The sub-tropical dry forests are found in the Attock
Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Jhelum and Gujrat districts of the Punjab, and in the Mansehra,
Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa up to a height of
1,000 m. In Balochistan, they are confined to the Sulaiman Mountains and other hilly areas.
Dominant tree species are phulai , kau and hopbush .
The tropical thorn forests
89.
The tropical thorn forests are dominated by Xerophytic scrubs. They are most widespread
in the Punjab plains but also occupy small areas in southern Sindh and western Balochistan. They
are mainly used for grazing purposes, watershed protection and fuelwood. Common species are
vann , khejri , kair , etc.
The irrigated plantations
90.
The irrigated plantations were first developed in 1866 at Changa Manga in Lahore. Today
they occupy about 226,000 ha. Sheesham , mulberry , babul and species
of Eucalyptus and Populus are the common tree species grown in the irrigated plantations.
The Riverine forests
91.
The riverine forests grow in narrow belts along the banks of River Indus and its tributaries.
They are more commonly found in Sindh and to some extent in the Punjab. Babul , Shisham
and Tamarax dioica are the most common species. Khejri and Populus euphratica are some other
species. They are mainly used for lumber.
The mangrove Forests
92.
The mangrove Forests are located in the Indus River Delta. Other saltwater wetlands are
located on the coast of Balochistan such as at Sonmiani and Jiwani. These
support mangrove forestry, mainly of species Avicennia marina as well as bamboo species and
marsh grasses of Apluda and Cenchrus.
93.
94.B Show any four of them in the given outline map of Pakistan

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95.
96.
97.
98. C: Commercial Importance of Forests in Pakistan (182)
99.
100.
1. Source of Raw Material:Forests provide the raw material to the various industries like sports goods industry, paper
industry and furniture industry. It has vital importance for industrial development.
2. Source of Fuel:Forests are sources of fuel for domestic and commercial consumption. It is cheap source as
compared to oil and electricity.
3. Source of Foreign Exchange:Forests produce various goods like honey, timber and oil which can be exported to other
countries. So it is also a source of foreign exchange.
4. Source of Employment:Forests provide employment to a large number of people. There is forest department which look
after forest's affairs.
5. Climatic Importance:Forests make the climate more pleasant. Population problems can be solved by increasing the
area of forests.
101.
102.
Q: Point out the reasons for downfall of railway in Pakistan. Suggest the steps
to uplift railway services for passengers
103.
The primary factors are the following:
1. Distorted administrative structures that reflect interests of groups rather than designed for
performance.
2. Faulty planning of infrastructure development and implementation.
3. Failing locomotive fleet.
4. Massive corruption being the common denominator of all activity
5. PR delivers a service to the poor so it must be kept away from profit seeking capitalist
businessmen.
6. The government gives more funds to the road sector and PR receives less, hence the deficiencies
in PR.

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7. People feel very difficulty while they are using Pakistan railway service but they get very tied
due to uncomfortable seats.
8. It consume more time of their customers. The people cannot reach t
h e i r destination on time.
9. Train is always overloaded with the bundle of people and Customer feel very diffi cult
to take their seats.
10. The expenditure of Pakistan Railway is very high as compare to revenue.
104.
Steps to uplift railway services for passengers
1. Ministers should be heavily involved in managerial matters to improve PR.
2. If given adequate financial resources, PR will flourish and lack thereof is the major cause of its
decline.
3. Corruption should be tolerated as long as performance is satisfactory.
4. The management should hire those employees who carry the ability to instill and can give a
better impression to their customers by helping them correctly
5. The railway stations and the equipment required must be of latest technology so that
everything could be managed easily and with saving time of the departments well as of the
passengers.
6. There must be no political interference
7. Pakistan Railway should launch some comfortable Trains because customers feel comfortable
Journey through comfortable buses and vehicle like Daewoo and Airplanes. So they
capture the market of Pakistan Railway
105.
106.
107.
108.
2013 Private
109.
Short Questions World
1. Difference between economic activities & commercial activities
110.
(2012 Regular Short Ans no 2)
111.
2. What do you mean by opec Write four members
112.
OPEC stands for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
113.
It is permanent intergovernmental organization.
114.
It was created at Baghdad on 14-10-1960.
115.
Founder members were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia & Venezuela.
116.
Current Members are Algeria, Angola, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, UAE, Venezuela & Ecuador.
117.
3. Write the density of population in different areas of world
118.
119.
Ra

120.
Cou
ntry/Regio
n

121.
Populati
on

122.
Area
(km2
)

124.
1

125.
gapore

Sin

126.
5
,183,70
0

127.
10

129.
2

130.
ng Kong

Ho

131.
7
,061,20
0

132.
,104

134.
3

135.
hrain

Ba

136.
1
,234,59
6

137.
50

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123.
D
ensity
(Pop.
per km2)
128.

7301

133.

6396

138.

1646

118.
119.
Ra

120.
Cou
ntry/Regio
n

121.
Populati
on

122.
Area
(km2
)

123.
D
ensity
(Pop.
per km2)

139.
4

140.
ngladesh

141.
1
52,518,
015

142.
1
47,570

143.

144.
5

145.
Tai
wan (R.O.C)

146.
2
3,361,1
47

147.
3
6,190

Ba

148.

1034

646

149.
4. What is importance of iron ore
150.
Significance of iron ore:
151.
Iron is the main raw material for steel industry & steel industry is indispensible in modern
world:
(a) Fast cheap means of transportation in the form of airplanes, rails is possible because of steel &
iron.
(b) Machine needed for other industries are made of iron.
(c) Tall buildings and other mega construction protects requires abundance of steel.
(d) Mostly consumer goods are made on machines which are made of iron and steel.
152.
5. Name the cotton producing areas of the world
153.
Following are the names of major cotton producing areas in the world:
154.
1: China
6: Uzbekistan
155.
2: India
7: Australia
156.
3: United States
8: Turkey
157.
4: Pakistan
9: Turkmenistan
158.
5: Brazil
10: Greece
159.
6. Name the coastal regions in Asia
160.
Indonesia
Malaysia
161.
Russia
India
162.
Japan
Sri Lanka
163.
China
Bangladesh
164.
Pakistan
Philippines
165.
Thailand
Burma
166.
7. Describe the influence of land forms& climate on economic activities
167.
Weather & Climate:
168.
Weather & climate influence the commercial activities to a great extend. The
occupation of a specific region depends on its climate.
169.
Forms of Land:
170.
If the surface of land is leveled and continuous it would be suitable for agriculture
but in case of unleveled or mountains land, it would be suitable for maintaining cattle herds,
mining etc
8. Why the main fisheries of the world are located in the cool moderate temperate
regions
171. There are many reasons for which the main fisheries of the world are located in the cool
moderate temperate regions
In cold moderate climate fish is found in the form of flocks so it is easy to catch fish in bulk.
Fish can be preserved without refrigeration in cold.
In these oceans cold and warm current are mixed together which are best fishing grounds in
the world. They bring abundant plant nutrients and plankton.

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172.
173.
Short Questions Pakistan
1. Different modes of irrigation in Pakistan
174.
Modes/Means of irrigation
175.
01: Canals:
Canals refer to irrigate land from rivers by using canals.
There are three types of canal system mostly used in Pakistan
Permanent Canals, Inundation Canals, Flood Canals
176. 02: Kareez:
In this method a wall of stone is build between passages of two mountains.
Water is stored in this passage
It is mostly used in Baluchistan.
177. 03: Ponds/Tanks:
Ponds are mostly used to store water for irrigation.
This is done mostly in rocky areas.
Because water is not absorbed in stones.
178.
04: Well/ Reht:
Underground wells are dug in this method.
Animals are used to get water from these wells.
179. 05: Tube Wells:
Tube wells refer to built wells in a form of tubes.
Water is utilized by taking it out from wells by using electrical engines.
180.
2. Give reasons of agricultural backwardness of Pakistan
181.
Problems of Agriculture (Causes of Backwardness)
182.

1. Lack of Education

183. The farmers of our country are mostly un-educated and lack technical knowledge .They
are unable to unde4rstand the modern scientific methods of agriculture and often remain
ignorant of good means to protect and increase their yield. Their production is therefore low.
184.

2. Lack of Capital

185. The majority of our farmers are poor and they often live in a hand to mouth position. Most
of them are always under heavy burdens of debts. So due to lack of capital they cannot afford to
purchase modern scientific implements, chemical manures, improved types of seeds etc. Hence
they cannot attain the required standards.
186.

3 Following the Old Traditions

187. Most of our farmers are still stuck to the old traditions of their fore fathers. The
circumstances have compelled them to use the crude implements, because due to small
holdings of land and poverty they are unable to acquire and use modern scientific methods. That
is why their standard is lower than that of cultivators in developed countries.
188.

4. Scarcity of Water

189. Our farmers have to face many problems due to scarcity of water which is one our major
problems. Large tracts of land estimated to be about 22 million acres is lying uncultivated due to

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shortage of water. Rainfall is uncertain and the existing irrigational facilities in our country are
quite insufficient and need to be extended.
190.

5. Pests and Crop Diseases

191. Due to lack of agricultural education and methods of modern research, our farmers
cannot control the various diseases of crops and attacks of pests and insects. The result is low
yields.
192.

iv)

v)
vi)

v)
vi)
vii)
viii)

3. What are importance of Railway in Pakistan

193.
Railways
Railway is also considered as most popular and important means of transportation.

In sub continent system of railway was introduced by the British.

It plays on important role in the progress of our country.

Although it is an important source of revenue to the government.
But Our railway is facing many problems.
194.
Following are some advantages of Railway.
1. Railway transport is less affected by weather conditions.
2. Railways transport is much safer then road transportation.
3. It is economical for the movement of bulk and heavy goods.
4. Railways service is quiet punctual in time table except in extra ordinary circumstances.
195.
4. Give reasons for uneven distribution of Population in Pakistan
196.
Causes of Uneven Distribution
197.
The factors of uneven distribution of population can be classified in to three categories:
198.
3. Geographical factors:
Topography:
199.
It plays on important role in uneven distribution of population in mountains areas,
plateaus, deserts etc survival of human is quite difficult. Contrary the plain areas have facilities like
irrigation etc. Therefore people wants to live in plain areas rather deserts or mountains etc.
Climatic Conditions:
200.
Both severe cold and intense heat are very injurious for human body, so moderate
climatic areas are comparatively more densely populated than extreme climatic areas.
Availability of water:
201.
Water is the most important part of human life. The areas where water is found in
abundance are more densely populated while the areas where water is insufficient quality such areas
are thinly populated.
4. Economic factors:
Civic:
202.
The areas where better facilities such as education, hospital, employment etc are
available are comparatively more dense than areas which lacks in these facilities.
Modern means of communication:
203.
The areas which have roods links, rails and airways to big cities are most populated.
Availability of modern technology:
204.
Now technology plays on important in human life and the areas which have facilities of
modern technology attracts the people of other areas.
Better Opportunities of Employment:
205.
The big cities attract people due to better opportunities of employment.
206.
5. Why Karachi records lower temperature in Summer & higher in winter in relation to
Lahore. Give Reasons
207.
Ans: 2012 Regular (Pak Short Q no 6)

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208.
209.
6. What are the causes of rapid growth of E-Banking in Pakistan
1. Decreased costs in operating and using the banking e-services.
2. Increased relief and timesaving operation can be made 24 hours a day, without consulting with
the bank.
3. Rapid and enhanced access to information. Organizations or customers will have much easy
access to get information.
4. Consumers can withdraw money at any time through ATMs that are now generally available all
over the
country.
5. E banking has also provided the facility in payment of utility bills. There is no need to stand in
long queues for these matters.
210.
.
7. Describe the distribution of coal fields in Pakistan
211.
Coal Mines of the Punjab:
213.
Coal Mines of Sindh:
1. Salt Range Mines
1. Lakhara Coal Mines
2. Malarial Coal Mines
2. Meting Jhimpur Coal Mines
3. Degari Coal Mines
3. The Thar Coalfield
212.

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214.
Long Questions World
1. Give an account of Iron & Steel Industry in the world
215.
Steel & Iron
216.
Steel is indispensable in modern civilization, its abundance; cheapness and versatility of
use make it important. Iron is the most important widely used metal in the service of the man
217.
Europe
218.
Iron and steel industry has been concentrated in many parts of Europe. Such as Britain,
Germany, and France etc:
1. Britain:
Britain was leading producer in early 19th century but now her production has been declined.
She imports most of raw material from other countries.
Here other factors like modern technology, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
219.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
220.
Dudley, Wallshall, Manchester, Liverpool, Sunderland, Hartlepool, Yorkshire, Newport.
221.
2. Germany:
Germany has to import iron ore from other countries.
But here other factors like coal, skilled labor, modern technology, water resources etc are also
found in abundance.
222.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
223.
Essen, Bochum, Dortmund, Zwickau, Chemnitz.
224.
3. France:
France has iron ore reserves but she has to import coal from other countries.
She is one of the top producers of Iron & Steel.
Here other factors like modern technology, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
225.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
226.
Lorraine, Longwy, Nancy, Marseilles, St Etlenne
227.
228.
Beside these Belgium, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Holland, Russia and Lunenburg are other
major producers of iron and steel in Europe.
229.
230.
Asia
231.
In Asia we have the largest iron and steel producer China and some other countries which
are as follows:
4. China:
China has large reserves of steel raw material iron ore & coal.
She is one of the top producers of Iron & Steel.
Here other factors like cheap labor, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
232.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
233.
Anshan, Shanghai, Yangchuan, Hankow, Wuchang, Hanyang
234.
5. Japan:
Japan is deficient in coal & iron ore.
She imports raw material from other countries.
But here other factors like cheap labor, modern technology etc make her leading producer of Iron
& Steel in the world.
235.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
236.
Kyushu, Tokyo, Yokohama, kamaishi
237.
6. India:
India is self sufficient in iron ore & coal basic raw material for iron & steel.
Here other factors like cheap labor, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
She also exports pig iron & steel to other countries
238.
Dominant Centers:

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239.
Jamshedpur, Orissa, Mysore, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh
240.
241.
Beside these same other nations like south Korea, north Korea and Pakistan are
prominent steel producers.
242.
243.
North America
244.
In North America all conditions are favorable for iron and steel industry like sufficient
supply of water, wide markets and coal reservoirs.
1. United States:
U.S.A is the major producer of Iron & Steel.
She gets enough iron ore & coal for production of iron & steel.
Here modern technology is used for making Iron & Steel.
245.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
246. Pittsburgh Region, Lake Erie Region, Lake Michigan Region, Birmingham Region,
Mid-Atlantic Region, Western States.
247.
2. Canada:
Canada is also very rich in raw material for iron and steel industry.

Here modern technology is used for making Iron & Steel.

Thus here iron and steel industry has been developed.
248.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
249.
Lake Ontario Hamilton, Ontario, Nova Scotia
250.
3. Mexico:
Mexico gets enough iron ore & coal for production of iron & steel.
Here modern technology is used for making Iron & Steel.
251.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
252.
Monterry, Monclova, Manganillo, Colima, Durango, Vera Cruz
253.
254.
Some other countries like chilly are also producer of steel
255.
256.
Africa
Africa contributes insignificant amount of iron and steel.
South Africa is the only major country producing Iron & Steel in Africa
Beside Zimbabwe & Egypt are iron and steel centers.
257.
South America
258.
South America is also important for the production of iron and steel.
259.
Brazil:
Brazil is the leading producer in South America.
Here consumption of steel is very low.
Therefore, brazil is able to export bulk quantity of steel.
260.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
261.
Sao-Paulo, Corumba, Volta Redonda.
262.
263.
A part from Brazil some other countries has large steel plants which are Venezuela, Peru,
Argentina, Chile, Columbia.
264.
World Trade
265.
Exporters:
266.
U.S.A Britain, Japan, Belgium, China, Russia
267.
Importer:
268.
Egypt, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Africa countries.
269.
270.
2. What are the types of Commercial activities? Explain with examples
271.
Commercial / Economic activities:
272.
(2014 private long)

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(4)

273.
3. Name the factors for the localization of cotton textile industry. Where are these
industries located
274.
Factors for Localization for Industry
275.
The factors responsible for the localization of an industry fall into major groups these are
276.
Geographical Factor
(3) Raw Material:
Raw material is essential for every industry the establishment of (
) industry.
(
) Industry is more useful and profitable, if it is situated in the area of raw material
production.

Contrary if ( ) industry is situated away from the raw material producing areas, it will face the
problems.
(4) Energy Resources:
To run (
) industry some sort of power of required .
If area has abundance of energy resources like oil, coal, gas, hydro-electricity or atomic power
the establishment of industry will be easy and profitable and vice versa.
277.
(3)Location:
Needless to say that land is essential for establishing any industry.
Therefore, availably of good land at cheap cost influences the localization of the industry.
To select a site for ( ) industry it is essential to know about the location, quality and cost of the
land.
278.
(4)Water Resources:
Water resources are very essential for (
) industry.

If area has abundance of water the establishment of industry will be easy and profitable and
vice versa.
279.
Economic Factor:
280.1: Capital:
(
) industry requires large plots, huge machinery, and heavy amount of raw material,
transport facilities and a large labor force.

Therefore, it needs heavy amount of capital.

281.
2: Labor:
Labor is the important factor for localization of (
) industry.
The skill, ability and cost of labor vary from place to place.
The areas where skilled labor is found at the lower cost are suitable for localization of (
)
Industry and vice versa.
282.
3: Means of Transportation:
Webers theory is a guide line for developing any industry and in (
) industry.

Raw materials and finished goods both are bulky and heavy so they could occupy wide space.

Therefore, modern, cheap and fast mean of transportation is needed.

283.4: Market:
Market has become so important that lack of raw material does not affect ( ) industry, but
want of local market has become essential for ( ) industry.
284.
285.
Apart from these, demand, market, management, government subsidies and many other
socio-economic factors not only influence cotton industry but all most all industries of the world.
286.
Cotton Textile Industry
Man is using cotton for making cloth for a long time.
In first step fiber is extracted from cotton then yarn from fiber & finally cloth is manufactures
from yarn.
Cotton textile is one of the most important textile industries in the world.
287.
World distribution cotton textile
288.
Asia
289.
In Asia worlds top must cotton producers lies which are India, china and Japan.
(3) China
Japan:

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(6)

India:
Pakistan:
290.
Besides, Bangladesh, South Korea and Indonesia are important cotton textile producers in
Asia.
291.
Europe
292.
In Europe many countries are engaged in cotton textile production.
293.
(1) United Kingdom:
294.
(2)Germany:
295.
(3)France:
296.
The other European countries for the production of cotton textile include Italy, Spain,
Sweden, Finland, Poland etc
297.
North America
298.
North America is very important and one of the biggest cotton textile industrial area in
the world.
(1) U.S.A
299.
Besides, Canada and Mexico are also very important for cotton textile.
300.
World trade of cotton textile
301.
Exporters:
302.
Pakistan, India, china, Japan, Britain, Russia, Belgium and U.S.A
303.
Importers:
304.
African countries, Malaysia, Philippine, Canada, Indonesia, Australia, Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh and Netherlands.
305.
4. Write short note on any two of the following
306.
International Trade of Fish
Shifting Cultivation
Distribution of Iron
ore in World
307.
International Trade of Fish
308. In many countries, the rapid increase in aquaculture output has been based on
species diversification which has led to an increase in the demand for introduction and transfers
of live non-indigenous aquaculture animals.
309.
Importer:
310.
U.S.A, U.K, German, France
311.
Exporter:
312.
Japan, Canada, China, Norway.
313.
314. Shifting Cultivation:
This type of cultivation is one of the most primitive types of agriculture.
Shifting cultivation has two particularly important characteristics.
First the new land is cleared usually from fattest by slashing the vegetation and burning the
debris.
Second farmers grow crops and on a clear field for only few years and then leave it for many
years, to retain its fertility.
A new plot of land is than cleared and again left for a few years to retain its fertility.
In this way the shifting for cultivation goes on from plot to plot.

It is practical in south Asia, central, Africa, tropical areas of both America.

315.
316.
Distribution of Iron ore in World
317.
Iron ore production is mostly found in ASIA, EUROPE & NORTH AMERICA. In Asia China is
the largest producer of Iron ore not only in Asia but in the world other countries in Asia are India,
Japan. In Europe we have Russia, France, Sweden & Ukraine. In North America we have Canada,
Alabama, Mexico etc
318.
319.
320.
Long Questions Pakistan
1. Define physical features of Pakistan
321.
Physical Features of Pakistan

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322.
The study of physical map of Pakistan shows that it can be divided into the
following regions:
323.
324.
1: The North Eastern Mountains
325.
The highest mountain region of the world known as The Himalayas is in the
north of Indo-Pak sub-continent having a length of about 1500 miles. The part of this region
which comes into Pakistans share consists of following four ranges:
326.
A: The Siwalik Range:
The height of this range is 2000 to 3000 feet from the sea level.
These hills are situated near Hazara division, Attack, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Gujrat & sialkot
districts.
327.
B: THE PEER PANJAL RANGE:
These ranges lie further of the north and mostly run parallel to the Siwalik hills.
It has an average altitude of 14000 to 15000feet
Most of the peaks remain snow covered during winter.
These are also covered with natural vegetation & forests are also seen at some places.
328.
THE CENTRAL OF GREAT HIMALAYA:
These mountains lie in between the Pir Pinjal range & Karakoram range.
These ranges have an average height of 2000feet.

Most of the peaks remain snow-covered throughout the year.

The highest peak of this range known as Nanga Parbet lies in Kashmir.
329.
THE KARAKORAM RANGE:
The famous Karakoram Range lies to the north of central Himalaya in northern Kashmir and Gilgit
area.

This range has an average height of about 20000 feet above sea level.
The second highest peak of the world and highest peak of Pakistan, Godwin Austin (K-2) having a
height of 28,250 feet or 8475 meters in this range near Gilgit.

The peak having a high altitude remain snow covered throughout the year.
330.
2. Types of Forest found in Pakistan & Explain its economic importance
331.
332.
2013 (5 ii)
333.
2012 Regular
334.
Short Questions World
335.
1: What are the basic functions of fertilizers?
336.
Following are the basic functions of fertilizer elements:
337.
Nitrogen:
338.
It gives a dark color to the plants & helps in their growth. It also increases the protein in
the food crop.
339.
Phosphorus:
340.
It helps in root development, flowering & seed formation. It promotes the rapid growth of
plants
341.
Potassium:
342.
It increases disease resistance in plants. It strengths the straw & stems of the plants.
343.
344.
2: Difference between Commercial activities & economic activities?
345.
Although both share similarities, the following differences could be highlighted.
346.
347.
Economics is a broader study about how individuals, businesses and societies use the
resources, whereas Commerce involves the study of goods sold by producers to the consumers.
348.
Economics goes on to study the impact of businesses, government legislation, banks
etc., as opposed to Commerce, which doesnt have a wide area of study.
349.
Commerce detains its scope to business, whereas economics explores not only the
business but also pubic policies and division of labor.

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350.
Economics has a broad number of fields and areas to specialize in compared to
commerce.
351.
Commerce examines trade and exchange, while economics examines this and extends
its study to production and consumption.
352.
3: Why farming is not practiced in polar & desert region?
353.
Farming requires moderate temperature & rainfall for productive growth. In Polar Regions
temperature remains below freezing point & there is snowfall rather than rainfall. In desert
regions temperature is extremely hot & rainfall is very low. Therefore farming is impossible in
both regions.
354.
355.
4: Which region of the world is the front runner in rubber production
nowadays? Write three points in support of your answer.
356.
Asia is the front runner in rubber production nowadays:
1. Asia is now home to around 92% of the world supply of natural rubber, raw material for the
production of thousands of articles of everyday use.
2. The continent provides around 70% of the global requirement of tires.
3. More than half of the synthetic rubber produced and consumed in the world is now in Asia.
357.
358.
5: The sugar industry is located close to the sugarcane plantation because of
several factors. List any four for this.
359.
1. Basic raw material for sugar industry is sugarcane & it should be transferred without any
delay.
2. Sugar industry requires same climate as per sugarcane crop
3. Labor required for sugar industry must be familiar with sugarcane crop
4. Both sugarcane crop & sugar industry requires plenty amount of water.
360.
361.
362.
6: Importance of Commercial geography for Commerce students:
363.
1. In economic and commercial geography, we study the factors responsible for the trade &
production.
2. Every country in the world is not self sufficient in mineral resources, so in economic and
commercial geography, we study about the production, regional division and distribution of
different minerals found in the world.
3. For the study of economic and commercial geography it is essential that the rate of industries in
different regions, their production and resources are to be studied.
364.
These factors provide guidance for commerce students in choosing their specialize field.
365.
366.
7: Why are temperate grasslands the leader in wheat export? (Give any Four
reasons)
367.
Explain bread basket of the world:
368.
Temperate grasslands are the leader in wheat export they are also called bread basket of
the world following are some points for elaboration:
5. Temperate grass lands have ideal temperature for cultivation of wheat.
6. Rainfall is also suitable for cultivation of wheat in grasslands.
7. Soil of temperate grasslands is fertile
8. Agricultural activities are carried on the large scale.
369.
370.
8: USA & Canada are both importers & exporters of Iron Ore Comment
USA & Canada are big producers of Iron ore.
In USA & Canada domestic supply of iron ore is of inferior quality.
Due to high quality production of iron products USA & Canada requires higher quality of
iron ore.

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That is the reason USA & Canada has to import higher quality iron ore from other
countries.
They export inferior quality Iron ore to other countries.
371.
372.
Short Questions Pakistan
01: Draw a sketch to show the physical regions of Pakistan?
Map of Pakistan

373.
374.
375.
376.
02: Run of water & dams are the two ways to produce hydroelectricity?.
Explain the statement
377.
Dam:
378.
Most hydroelectric power comes from the dam water driving a water turbine and
generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in
height between the source and the water's outflow
379.
Run of water:
380.
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir capacity, so
that the water coming from upstream must be used for generation at that moment.
381.
382.
03: Why Quetta is not suitable for cotton textile industry? (Give any four
reasons)
1. Climate of Quetta is dry but cotton industry requires humid climate.
2. Means of transport is very essential for any industry but in Quetta modern means of
transport is not available.
3. Cotton industry requires abundant water supply which is not available in Quetta.
4. Technical labor & Machines are also not available in Quetta.
383.
384.
04: Write a note on sugarcane growing regions of Pakistan
385.
386.
The cultivation areas of sugar cane in Pakistan can be divided into three types.
AREAS HAVING ABUNDANT PRODUCTION: The areas of East and central of Punjab including Gujrat and to the North spreading up to the
district of Rahim yar khan.

Central Southern areas of Sindh comprising districts of Nawabshah, Hydrabad and Badin.
Peshawar and Mardan districts in Khyber Pakhtonkuwa.
387.
388.
THE AREAS HAVING MODERATE PRODUCTION: These areas are located in the surroundings of those areas which are producing sugarcane in
huge quantity.
These areas include Sheikhupura, Sahiwal, Vehari, Bahawalpur, Muzafarghar, Leiah in Punjab

Khairpur and Thatha in Sindh.

389.
390.
LESS PRODUCTIVE AREAS: In the surrounding areas of less producing sugarcane areas, these are located.
These areas producing sugarcane in less quantity these are in addition to Sailkot and Gujarnwala
districts, Rajanpur, dera Ghazi khan, Mianwali, Bakkar, and Khushab districts
Whereas the district of Sukkur, Sanghar, Tharparker and Dadu in Sindh are considered less
producing areas of sugarcane.
391.
392.
5: Write the names of four barrages built on the left bank tributaries of
River Indus:
393.
Jinnah Barrage
Tonsa Barrage Guddu Barrage
Sukkhar Barrage
Ghulam
Muhammad Barrage
394.
395.
6: Karachi records lower temperature in summer & higher in winter as
compared to Lahore: Comment

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Karachi is located near the surface of the sea.

Lahore is located far from the sea.
The sea remains warmer in winter & cold in summer.
This is the reason the in summer Karachi records lower temperature & in winter temperature is
higher as compared to Lahore.
396.
397.
398.
7: Canal irrigation system causes loss of water & water logging & salinity.
Comment:
399.
The canal system has two major problems that are Water logging & Salinity. Due to
seepage of water under the ground in the plain areas & due to blockades in the course of water,
level of water under the surface began to rise with an alarming rate per year. Using sub-soil
water for irrigation through tube wells is also making the agricultural land saline & this problem
is fast growing in these irrigated areas.
400.
401.
Section C Deatailed Questions World
402.
1: Draw a chart to show the classification of commercial activities. Give a comparative
analysis of tertiary commercial activities in the developed & developing countries
403.
Commercial Activities
404.
1: Primary Activities
2: Secondary Activities 3: Tertiary Activities
4:
Quternary Activities
405.
5: Quinary Activities
406.
Tertiary commercial activities in the developed & developing countries
407.
408.
409.
The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector provides services to
the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this sector include retail and
wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment (movies, television, radio, music,
theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and
law.
410.
In most developed countries, a growing proportion of workers are devoted to the tertiary
sector. In the U.S., more than 80% of the labor force is tertiary workers. For the last 30 years
there has been a substantial shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary sector
in developed countries. The tertiary sector is now the largest sector of the economy in the
Western world, and is also the fastest-growing sector.
411.
In most developing countries, there is slow progress in tertiary sector. The main reason is
that mostly people are unskilled they are employed in labor work.
412.
413.
414.
415.
2: Give a detailed account on any two of the following petroleum producing
regions:
(a) South West Asia
(b) American regions
(c) North Africa
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
421.
422.
423.
424.
425.

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426.
427.
428.
429.
430.
431.
432.
433.
434.
435.
436.
437.
438.
439.
440.
441.
North Africa
442.
Despite the extent of their reserves, oil production in most countries of the Middle East
and
443.
North Africa is not likely to increase significantly in the years ahead. Exports from the
444.
Middle East, 75% of which are to Asia, and those from North Africa, most of which are
445.
focused on Europe, should remain stable overall. The increase in gas production will
446.
contribute more to meeting fast-growing domestic demand than to boosting exports.
447.
Indeed, many Middle Eastern countries are paradoxically experiencing strains on domestic
448.
energy supplies due to energy demand stimulated by energy prices that are generally
449.
and artificially very low, and the adoption of economic development models based on
450.
energy-intensive industries.
451.
Famous Countries:
452.
Arabia
Iraq
Iran
Qatar
Algeria
453.
454.
3: What is population transition? With the help of a diagram, explain the
different stages of population growth:
455.
Population transition
456.
457.

In Book Population Chapter

458.
4: Write a note on the types of agriculture
and point out their major areas & crops:
459.
As there is great difference between the physical, economic, social and political conditions
found in the various parts of the word, thus various methods are used for cultivation which are
follows:
(1) Humid farming:
460.
Humid farming is practiced in region having moderate rainfall, where the annual rainfall
is above 0 inches.
(2) Irrigation Farming:
461.
This type of farming is adopted in the areas of seasonal rainfall. Although it is costly but
yield of crops can be increased by the use of irrigated water.
(3) Dry Farming:
462.
In the areas of meager rainfall where irrigation facilities are not available such type of
farming is adopted.
(4) Shifting Cultivation:
463.
This type of cultivation is one of the most primitive types of agriculture. Shifting
cultivation has two particularly important characteristics. First the new land is cleared usually
from fattest by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. Second, farmers grow crops and a
clear field for only a few years and then leave it for many years, to retain its fertility. A new plot
of land is than cleared and again left for a few years to retain its fertility. In this way the shifting

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for cultivation goes on from plot to plot. It is practical in south Asia, central, Africa, tropical areas
of both America.
(5) Subsistence Farming
464.
Subsistence farming is also known as domestic farming, because such farming is carried
on intensive scale and most of the production is locally consumed and only a small surplus is
exported. The farmer also kept some cattle to get milk and butter. In subsistence farming every
farmer cultivates crops for the food requirement of his family and animals and surplus amount of
his production is used for parching other commodities.
(6) Mixed farming:
465.
In this type of farming the two economic activities go side by side at the some time, such
as rising of crops and rearing of cattle. It is mostly adopted in western and America countries.
(7) Mechanized Commercial Farming:
466.
It is also called modern farming in which not only the farming tools are modern but
methods of cultivation are also scientific. Farm machines like tractors and combines are used in
mechanized farming. This farming is mostly performed for commercial purposes and on large
scale.
(8) Plantation Farming:
467.
In this type of farming commonly one are two cash crops are grown on large scale for
commercial purposes and other needs of food and clothing are fulfilled from the imparts.
(9) Truck Farming:
468.
Vegetable growing on commercial basic is known as truck farming or market gardening.
As vegetable are perishable in nature. So mostly they are grown in the out skirts of big cities and
towns. Usually they are transported by trucks so that is why they are called truck farming.
(10)
Gardening or fruit farming:
469.
The value of fruit cultivation is profitable, because fruit trees can be planted on slopes of
hills and rugged lands where agriculture is impossible. These slopes are utilized profitable for
planting fruit trees.
(11) Pastoral Farming:
470.
Pastoral farming is based on the herding of domesticated animals. It is adopted in too
rough, too dry, too wet, too poor or the areas where cultivation is difficult as impossible. Cattle
and sheep are mostly used in pastoral farming.
471.
472.
Major Areas:
473.
China European Union India United States Brazil
Indonesia Nigeria Japan Russia Turkey Australia
474.
Major Crops:
475.
Food:
Wheat Rice Jawar Maize
476.
Beverages:
Tea Coffee Tobacco Sugarcane
477.
Industrial:
Cotton Jute Silk
478.
Misc:
Rubber Oil Seeds
479.
480.
481.
Section C Detailed Questions Pakistan
482.
1: Name 8 highways & motorways of Pakistan.
Write four characteristics of motorways:
483.
Motorways:
484.
Lahore

Peshawar Islamabad
Pindi Bhattian (M-2) Faisalabad

485.
Ghazi Khan

Islamabad

Faisalabad Multan

Multan Dera

Dera Ghazi Khan Ratodero

486.
Hyderabad Karachi
487.

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M-9 N-25 (Karachi Northern Bypass)
Highways:

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Ratodero Gwadar

488.

Karachi Torkham

Gwadar (Makran Coastal Highway)

Highway)

Basima Khuzdar

Nowshera Chitral
Quetta Sukkar
Islamabad Kohat
Kalam
489.
490.
491.
1:Lanes

Mansehra Chilas

Karachi Chaman (RCD

Hasan Abdal Khunjerab Pass

Kuchlack Dera Ismail Khan

Qila Saifullah Multan
Hushab Surab

Karachi

Quetta Taftan

Karachi Peshawar)

Islamabad Kohala 4

Khwazakhel Besham

Chakdara

Characteristics of motorways

492.
Pakistan's motorways are either 6 or 4 lanes, with all 4-lane motorways upgradable to 6lanes as traffic on them increases.
493.

2:Patrolling and enforcement

494.
Pakistan's Motorways are patrolled by Pakistan's National Highways & Motorway Police
(NH&MP), which is responsible for enforcement of traffic and safety laws, security and recovery
on the Pakistan Motorway network.
495.
3:Emergency runways
496.
The M-1 motorway (Peshawar-Islamabad) and the M-2 motorway (Islamabad-Lahore) each
include two emergency runway sections of 9,000 ft. length each. Pakistan Air Force (PAF) has
used the M-2 motorway as a runway on two occasions
497.
4:Tolling
498.
Toll plazas are located on all entry and exit points of Pakistan's motorways and are
equipped with a computerized tolling system
499.
500.
2: List the types of forest in Pakistan &
explain their environmental & economic importance for the country
501.
502.
(2013 Regular Pakistan long)
503.
504.
505.
2012 Private
506.
Short Questions World
507.
1: Difference between Commercial activities & economic activities?
508.
Economic Activities:
509.
Economic activities helps in understanding the fact that how does a man adjust his
activities in a particular environment and at a certain place. In other words What Occupation
Profession should be adopt?
510.
Commercial Activities:
511.
Commercial activities determine that what goods could be produced at what place and
what means of transportation could be used to transfer these goods from one place to another.
512.

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513.
2: Role of secondary activities in the growth of developed countries?
514.
The secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods. All of manufacturing,
processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector. Activities associated with the
secondary sector include metal working, automobile production, textile production, chemical and
engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, construction, and shipbuilding. Mostly
developed countries are standing on secondary activities because secondary activities are more
in control of human than primary activities.
515.
3: Why farming is not practiced in POLAR REGIONS?
516.
Farming requires moderate temperature & rainfall for productive growth. In Polar Regions
temperature remains below freezing point & there is snowfall rather than rainfall. Therefore
farming is almost impossible in both regions.
517.
518.
4: Write a note on highly populated regions of the world?
519.
Density can be computed for any area - as long as one knows the size of the land area
and the population within that area. The tiny country of Monaco has the world's highest
population density. Monaco has a density of almost 43,000 people per square mile. Bangladesh is
often considered the most densely populated country, with more than 2,200 people per square
mile.
520.
521.
5: Why are irrigated deserts important to produce good quality of cotton?
5. The ideal physical factors required for cotton plant are similar to irrigated deserts.
6. The cotton plant requires 30 inches Rainfall but deficiency in rainfall can be overcome by
artificial irrigation.
7. The soil of deserts is ideal for cultivation of cotton.
8. That is the reason irrigated deserts are important to produce good quality of cotton.
522.
523.
6: What are the basic functions of fertilizers?
524.
Following are the basic functions of fertilizer elements:
525.
Nitrogen:
526.
It gives a dark color to the plants & helps in their growth. It also increases the protein in
the food crop.
527.
Phosphorus:
528.
It helps in root development, flowering & seed formation. It promotes the rapid growth of
plants
529.
Potassium:
530.
It increases disease resistance in plants. It strengths the straw & stems of the plants.
531.
532.
7: Why is commerce developed between various regions or countries?
533.
Nature has not given the same geographical environment & natural resources to all
countries. Every country is specialized in producing some goods. They have to buy other goods
of their need from other countries. They sale their goods to other countries & buy goods of their
need from other countries. In this way commerce is developed between various regions or
countries.
534.
535.
8: Cheap Labor is one of the major factors for tea Plantation. Comment
536.
Cheap labor is one of the major factors for tea plantation because tea gardening is
entirely depends on human labor. Leaves picking also cannot be done by machines. Therefore
there is requirement of large labor at cheap cost
537.
538.
539.
540.
541.
Short Questions Pakistan

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542.
01: Coastal areas records lower temperature in summer & higher in winter
as compared to inner areas: Comment
Coastal areas are located near the surface of the sea.

Inner areas are located far from the sea.

The sea remains warmer in winter & cold in summer.

This is the reason the in summer Coastal areas records lower temperature & in winter
temperature is higher as compared to Inner areas.
543.
544.
02: List any four soils & their areas found in the Indus Plain.
545.
Indus basin Soils
546.
The Indus plain is made with the deposition of alluvium by the Indus river its tributaries.
These soils have more calcium carbonate and less organic matter. The soil is divided into the
following three main categories:
547.
Bongar Soils
548.
It is the best soil for agriculture. It covers a vast area of Indus plain which includes Punjab,
KPK & a major part of the province of sindh. Some of these soils are rich and irrigated give very
good production.
549.
Khaddar Soils
550.
Khaddar soils are formed along the rivers. Ever year new layer of salt clay is deposited.
These soils have low content of organic matter and salt.
551.
Indus Delta Soils
552.
These soils cover the river Indus Delta. They extent from Hyderabad to the south coastal
area. Most of the soils is clay and developed under floodwater. Rice is cultivated in the major part
of these soils
553.
554.
03: There is great potential for the production of Hydroelectric Power in the
north of Pakistan.
5. The rainfall in northern areas is very high.
6. Glacier melting water runs in the rivers of Northern areas.
7. The rivers are flowing from the high mountains & drops in the form of waterfall.
8. We can produce great amount of electricity from this flow of water through the year.
555.
556.
04: CNG has opened new opportunities employment in Pakistan
557.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or
propane/LPG. It provides employment in following sections
1. Gathering Systems
2. The Transmission System
3. Compressor Stations
4. Line pack
5. The Distribution System
6. Moving Natural Gas Into the Home
558.
559.
560.
5: Write the names of four Western right bank tributaries of river indus:
561.
Indus River is the biggest & most important river in the river system of Pakistan. This river
flows from North-West through Sindh as a life cord of the economy of Pakistan. Its right hand
tributaries are:
1. River Kabul
3. River Tochi
2. River Surat
4. River Kurram.
5.
6. 6: Discuss Road Transport is more effective than Railways in Pakistan
7.
Following are the reasons why Road Transport is more effective than Railways in Pakistan

The Road transport is backbone of Pakistans transport system

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The structure of roads is more spread than railway tracks.
Roads are cheaper to construct than railway tracks.
The quality control is very good in road transport as compared to railways.
8.
9.
10. 7: What is dry port? Name any 4 dry ports of Pakistan.
11. The dry port concept is based on a seaport directly connected by rail to inland terminals, where
shippers can leave and/or collect their goods in loading units as if directly at the seaport.
Lahore Dry Port
Karachi Dry Port
Quetta Dry Port
Peshawar Dry Port
Multan Dry Port
Rawalpindi Dry Port
12.
13.Section C Detailed Questions World
14. 1: Describe the Geo-Economical conditions for the cultivation of wheat in temperate
Grasslands. List four main importers of wheat from this region.
15. Geo-Economical Factors:
(1) Climate:
16. Climate is the major factor which specifies the growth of wheat like all other crops. Specific
amount of rainfall and temperature is required for the growth of wheat.
(i)
Temperature:
17. For profitable growth of wheat the average temperature up to 6ooF-66OF during sowing, (500F600F) during vegetative growth and 700F-800F during ripening are most suitable for wheat
cultivation. The temperature in temperate grasslands is suitable for wheat cultivation.
(ii)
Rainfall:
18. The minimum requirement of rainfall for warm land is 20 inches while 10 inches rainfall is
enough for coal lands. It rainfall is less than 20 inches in warm areas; wheat cultivation is not
possible without irrigation water. The average Rainfall in the temperate grasslands is 20 to 25
inches per year.
(2) Soil:
19.
Temperate grasslands have soils that are nutrient-rich from the growth and decay of
deep, many-branched grass roots. The rotted roots hold the soil together which is suitable for
wheat cultivation.
20.
21.
List four main importers of wheat from this region.
1. Turkey
3. Tajikistan
2. Uzbekistan
4. China
5.
6. 2: Discuss the role of Middle East in the production of natural oil & name four
major oil exporting countries of this region.
7. As the world economy highly depends on crude oil, it is important to understand the
dynamics of crude
8. oil production and export capacity of major oil-exporting countries. Since crude oil
resources are Predominately located in the OPEC, these countries are expected to have
significant Leverage in the world crude oil markets by taking into account a range of
uncertainties.
9. 1: Saudi Arabia:
10. Proven oil reserves in Saudi Arabia are the second largest claimed in the world. The
Saudi reserves are about one-fifth of the world's total conventional oil reserves, a large
fraction of these reserves comes from a small number of very large oil fields, and past
production amounts to 40% of the stated reserves. The petroleum sector accounts for
roughly 92.5% of budget revenues, 55% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings.

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11.2: Iran:
12. Iran is an energy superpower and the Petroleum industry in Iran plays an important part
in it. In 2004 Iran produced 5.1 percent of the worlds total crude oil and was the
countrys primary source of foreign currency. In 2010, Iran was the second-largest
exporter among the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Several major
emerging economies depend on Iranian oil like South Korea, India & china.
13.
14.3: UAE:
15. Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates, according to its government almost as big as
Kuwait's claimed reserves. The UAE is the second largest economy in the region,
recording one of the highest economic growth rates in the Arab region because of its
growing oil and gas exports. The UAE exports 60 percent of its crude oil to Japan, making
it the UAEs largest customer. Gas exports are almost entirely to Japan, the world's
largest buyer of liquefied gas, with the UAE supplying almost one-eighth of Japan's entire
requirements.
16.4: Kuwait:
17. The petroleum industry in Kuwait is the largest industry in the country, accounting nearly
half of the country's GDP. Kuwait has a proven crude oil reserves are the fourth largest in
the world. Kuwait is the world's eleventh largest oil producer and seventh largest
exporter. Kuwait's oil production accounts for 7% of world-wide oil production.
18.
19.3: What is population transition? With the help of a diagram, explain the
different stages of population growth:
20. In Book page no 32
21.

1.
2.
3.
7.

8.

22.4: Give an account of the distribution of Iron & Steel industry in China & U.S.A.
Locate major reserves of these countries.
23. China:
China has large reserves of steel raw material iron ore & coal.
It is one of the top producers of Iron & Steel.
China lagged the western countries in its steel industry development.
Here other factors like cheap labor, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
China is the world's largest tin producer.
Due to heavy production of iron products china requires higher quality of iron ore.
In china domestic supply of iron ore is of inferior quality.
That is the reason China has to import higher quality iron ore from other countries.
24.Dominant Centers (Districts):
Anshan
4. Hankow
Shanghai
5. Wuchang
Yangchuan
6. Hanyang
United States:
U.S.A is the major producer of Iron & Steel.
It gets enough iron ore & coal for production of iron & steel.
Here modern technology is used for making Iron & Steel.
USA is big producers of Iron ore.
In USA domestic supply of iron ore is of inferior quality.
Due to high quality production of iron products USA requires higher quality of iron ore.
That is the reason USA has to import higher quality iron ore from other countries.
USA export inferior quality Iron ore to other countries
Dominant Centers (Districts):
1. Pittsburgh Region
4. Birmingham Region
2. Lake Erie Region
5. Mid-Atlantic Region
3. Lake Michigan Region
6. Western States.

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7.

8.
9. Section C Detailed Questions Pakistan
10.1: Explain the horizontal & vertical growth of a crop and list the main CottonProducing areas in Pakistan.
11.
12.
13.Horizontal Gowth:
14. This is the expansion of production unit by adding more land area or setting more
machinery & workers
15.
16.Vertical growth
17. This is the growth within existing service areas through product diversification, utilization
of latest technology, yield increase, volume expansion etc.
18.
19.
20.Distribution of Cotton in Pakistan
21. The cultivation areas of Pakistan can be divided into three types.
AREAS HAVING ABUNDANT PRODUCTION:The south Eastern areas of Punjab province, comprising the district of Vehari, Multan, Bahawalpur
are included in the areas producing cotton in abundance.
Due to hot and dry climate there are good prospects of saving the crop from the attack of
insects and virus diseases.
That is why in these areas, the production is in abundance as compared to other areas.
22.THE AREAS HAVING MODERATE PRODUCTION:These areas are adjacent to the abundant cotton producing areas.
In Punjab, Bahawalpur, Sahiwal, Jhang, Muzaffargarh and Rajanpur districts are included.
In Sindh, the districts of Sukkur Khairpur and Hyderabad are included.
23.LESS PRODUCTIVE AREAS:The areas in this category are include Okara, Faisalbad, Toba Tek Singh, Sargodha, Mainwali,
Bakkar, Leiah and D.G Khan district in Sindh.
Beside this other district of the province in Punjab. In KPK, Peshawar, Mardan, D,I.Khan
In Baluchistan, Lorali & Lasbela district cultivate Desi cotton in small quantity.
24.
25.2: State the role of canals in the irrigation system of Pakistan and also explain
the importance of link canals
26.Important Canals of Pakistan
27. River Indus, Jhelum and Chenab are the math sources of water for Pakistan. These rivers
have maximum quantity of water during summer but minimum during winter season 84%
of the total water flows in these rivers in summer.
28.The Canals of River Ravi
29. Upper Bari Doab (originates from Madhupur headworks in India) and Lower Bari Doab
(originates from the Balloki Headworks) are two important canals of river Ravi. These
canals are very important for the production of summer crops. The upper Bari Doab is and
old canal which was constructed in 1868. Apart from this the Sidhnai Canal rises from the
left bank of the Ravi where the Headworks have been built at Sidhnai.
30.The Canals of River Chenab
31. The Upper Chenab flows from the Marala Weir in the Sialkot district and Lower Chenab
flows from the Khanki weir and irragates a vast wheat and cotton area of Rachna Doab.
The haveli system of canals is also located in this Doab that comes out from Trimmu Head
Works.
32.The Canals of River Jhelum
33. Chaj Doab has two important canals i.e. Upper Jhelum and Lower Jhelum. The upper
Jhelum canal originates at the Mangla Weir in Jhelum district. It joins the Chenab at Khanki
and gives its surplus water to lower Chenab Canal. The Lower Jhelum canal flows from the
River Jhelum at the Rasul Weir in district Gujrat.These canals irrigate a large part of the

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Triple Canal Project and have increased agricultural production. These two canals along
with lower Ban Doab link the three rivers i.e. Jhelum Chenab and Ravi.
34.The Canals of River Sutlej
35. There are three Head Works on river Sutlej i.e. Feroze-Wala, Sulaimanki and Islam,
whereas fourth is on the Puhjnad. These canals irrigate the area of Nili Bar and
Bahawalpur.
36.The Canals of River Indus
37. The canals from Jinnah Barrage near Kalabagh irrigate the desert area of Thar for
agricultural purpose. Districts of D.G. Khan and D.I. Khan are irrigated by a link canal from
Chashma barrage, Taunsa barrage and Guddu barrage also have canals which irrigate
vast areas. At Sukkur Barrage four canals flow from the right bank and three from the left
bank of the river Indus. Following are imporatant canals from river Indus for KPK.
38. 1. The Canal of River Swat.
40. 3. The Peshawar area.
39. 2. The Canal from Swat River
41. 4. The Warsak Proje
Irrigates.
42.Link Canals:
43. Link Canals Are The Canals Which Are Directly Connected From River & supplies water to
areas where water is required.
44.
45.
2011 Regular
46.
47.Short Answers (world)
1. Explain renewable & non-renewable natural resources
48.Renewable Resources:
A natural resource that can be used to benefit people & can then replace for other people to get
benefit is called renewable natural resource.
Cotton & other growing plants & trees are the example of renewable resources.
49.Non-Renewable Resources:
A natural resource that can not be replaced to other people to get benefit is called nonrenewable natural resource.
These are mostly mined from the earth.
Petroleum, Coal & metals are the example of renewable resources.
50.
2. Climate does not greatly influence industrial development comment
1. Industries as compared to agriculture does not influenced by climate very much.
2. Most of the factors required for industries do not effect by climate.
3. The main factors required for industries are in control of human beings.
4. The factors which influence industries are as follows:
5. Capital(2) Transportation
(3) Raw Material
(4) Labor
51.
3. Rubber is a plant of equatorial region comment
52. Repeated
53.
4. Explain the role of transport network in the development of mining in any area
54. Transport is very important for mining in any area because the martial extracted from mining is
processed at different industries or it is exported. Mostly these industries are situated in cities
therefore there must be proper transport network from mining areas to cities or ports.
55.
5. What is meant by E-commerce? How does it operates
1. Therefore new opportunities and business has been opened by the use of internet and computers
which is called E-commerce.
2. It has changed the way of doing business, now no need to go others countries for making
business relation you can easily advertise your product, communicate with other and make
business relation with the people while sitting in front of your computer.
3. I.T is also being used ion many other fields like, medical, education, politics etc.

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56.
6. The largest tea producers have no role in world tea trade comment
57. The largest tea producers are India China Kenya & Sri lanka . They have no role in world
trade because as their own consumption of tea is very high. Apart from that tea is
produced in these countries mostly by poor farmers who do not have access in
international market.
58.
7. Explain the importance of electronic media in the world
59. Electronic Media denotes, the main means of communicating with large number of
people, especially television, radio, internet and satellite.
60.The electronic media have four basic functions; to inform, entertain, educate and
influence the public opinion. Electronic media has revolutionized the information system.
Now everyone can be aware himself with current information and updates. So many TV
channels in the country and internet websites justify the importance and advantages of
electronic media where everyone has a freedom to exchange his view point freely.
61.
62.
8. Explain three main types of chemical fertilizers
63. Repeated
64.
65.Short answers (Pakistan)
1. In how many climatic regions may Pakistan be divided
66. In Pakistan humidity is mostly low and they air is dry for the greater part of the year. Only
in coastal areas lied Karachi, there is enough amount of humidity throughout the year.
Thus keeping in view the various climatic factors Pakistan can be divided into the
following climatic regions:
67. 1. SUB-TROPICAL CONTINENTAL HIGLAND TYPE:
68. 2. SUB-TROPICAL CONTINENTAL PLATEAU TYPE:
69. 3. SUB-TROPICAL CONTINENTAL LOW LANDS TYPE:
70.4. SUB-TROPICAL COASTAL AREA TYPE:71.
2. Name any four right bank tributaries of river Indus
Right hand tributaries of river Indus are:
1. River Kabul
2. Surat
3. Tochi
4. River Kurram
72.
3. What is the importance of monsoon rainfall for Pakistan
Pakistan experiences some unique but diversified climatic pattern round the year.
Pakistan is agrarian country so it is mostly dependent on sufficient rainfall.
Monsoon is undoubtedly the principal contributor (about 65% to 70%) of the total annual rainfall.
Monsoon sets on in Pakistan with the beginning of July & towards the end of September.
73.
4. Baluchistan constitutes 43.6% of the total area of Pakistan. Explain the reason of low
population in Baluchistan
Following are the causes of low population in Baluchistan:
* Area are low populated due to unavailability and scarcity of water and job opportunities are
also not available.
* Absence of agriculture activities is also the cause of low population.
* The area which are not receiving the basis facilities of life from government are also low
populated.
* Political instability and law and order situation are also the causes of low population. Economic
activities are also decreasing.
* The area where weather and climate is extreme are also low populated areas.

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8)

9)

* Those area having traditional tribal system, feudal system is present or have landlord system
are also low population and economic development also hinders.
74.
5. Write a note on the nuclear power plants of Pakistan
75.
Following are the
Nuclear Power Plants in Pakistan .
76.
Atomic Power
House at Karachi:
Atomic electricity was introduced in Pakistan IN 1971 at Hawks bay near Karachi.
First atomic power plant started its production with the corporation of Canada.
This Power House was started working as Karachi Nuclear Power Plant and famous as the
name of KANUPP.
This Power house produces 137 mega watts electricity.
77.
Atomic Power
House at Chashma:
Second Atomic Power House of Pakistan was set at Chashma near city of Mianwali.

It is completed with the corporation of brotherly neighboring country China.

Chashma Power Plant started working on 15 September 2000.
78.
6. What is food autarky? Write present position of Pakistan in food autarky
79. Food autarky is a policy of national self-sufficiency and non-reliance on imports or
economic aid. Food autarky has been the primary goal of policy makers. Food selfsufficiency is an important element of overall security environment as its deficiency leads
to outside pressure. In addition, the food industry, circumscribed by unfavorable factors,
has failed to make quantum leap, notwithstanding the emphasis on value addition.
Pakistan is quite self sufficient in its food requirement.
80.
7. Describe the means of irrigation in Pakistan
81. Repeated
82.
83.
84.Long Answers (World)
1. Give an account of cotton textile distribution in the world
85.World distribution cotton textile
86.Asia
87. In Asia world s top must cotton producers lies which are India, china and Japan.
(7) China
China is the top producer of cotton textile.

It has a wide cotton market.

China is self sufficient in its cotton textile requirements.
88.Dominant Centers:
89. Tientsin, Shanghai, Canton, Hankow, Nanking
90.
Japan:
Japan has to import all most all raw material needed in textile industry.

Here other factors like cheap labor, Hydle-power, moist climate, modern means of transportation
and technical knowledge are found in abundance.

Due to these factors Japan is able to compete in international cotton market.

91.
Dominant centers:
92. Osaka, Nagoya, Tokyo, Yokohama, Wakayama, Okayama, Hiroshima.
93.
India:
In India climatic conditions are favorable for cotton industry.

Here other factors like cheap and skilled labor, hydle-power is available.
Transportation facilities are also available.

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0)

94.

Dominant centers:
95. Mumbai, Ahmadabad, Poona, Sholapur, Nagpur, Kanpur, Madras, Delhi.
96.

Pakistan:
In Pakistan we have enough resources for cotton textile industry.

Cotton industry is termed as a back bone of Pakistans economy.

Pakistan is self sufficient in its cotton textile requirements.
Pakistan also exports a large number of cotton goods.
97.Dominant centers:
98. Karachi, Faisalabad, Multan, Lahore, Rahim yar khan, Hyderabad, Rawalpindi, Okara,
Sargodha, Peshawar, Khair purr.
99.
100.
Besides, Bangladesh, South Korea and Indonesia are important cotton textile
producers in Asia.
101.
102.
Europe
103.
In Europe many countries are engaged in cotton textile production.
104.
(1) United Kingdom:
U.K had a monopoly of the words trade in cotton textile goods in early 19 th country because of
introduction of machines in textile industries.
But now British cotton industry is declined due to growth of cotton industries in many other
countries with better location & advantages.
She imports cotton from other countries for spinning cotton yarn

She produces finer yarn and fabrics.

105.
Dominant centers:
106.
Lancashire, Midland, Scotland, Manchester
107.
108.
(2)
Germany:
Germany is one of the leading producers of cotton textile.
The industry is dependent upon-imported cotton.

Germany is popular for its high quality textiles and other specialties like laces, ribbons, and
hosiery.
109.
Dominant centers:
110.
Bremon, Chemnitz, Zwickau, Elberfeld
111.
112.
(3)France:
Cotton textile industry is flourishing in France.
Some cotton textile products are also being manufactured at different places.
113.
Dominant centers:
114.
Nancy, Colman, Lille, Rouen, Belfort
115.
116.
The other European countries for the production of cotton textile include Italy,
Spain, Sweden, Finland, Poland etc
117.
118.
North America
119.
North America is very important and one of the biggest cotton textile industrial
area in the world.
(2) U.S.A:
The U.S.A is one the front runners among the cotton textile manufacturing countries.
Here other factors like moist climate, modern means of transportation and technical knowledge
are found in abundance.
120.
Dominant centers:
121.
Massachusetts, Rohde Island ,Philadelphia, Virginia, Carolina, Georgia Alabama .
122.
123.
Besides, Canada and Mexico are also very important for cotton textile.
124.

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125.
World trade of cotton textile
126.
Exporters:
127.
Pakistan, India, china, Japan, Britain, Russia, Belgium and U.S.A
128.
Importers:
129.
African countries, Malaysia, Philippine, Canada, Indonesia, Australia, Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh and Netherlands.
130.
2. Describe the factors that influence the development of fishing industry in any area
131.
Factors for the development of fishing industry
132.
Factors, which govern the distribution of fishes in the world are as follows:
1. Physical factors
2. Economical Factors
133.
1. Physical Factory:
134.
The physical factors responsible for fishing are as follows:
1. Climate:
135.
In cold climate fish is found in the farm of flocks and fish can be preserved without
refrigeration in cold.
2. Fish Food:
136. Abundance of plankton or the natural fish food affect directly the variety and abundance
of fish, which ultimately affect the fishing development and intensity.
3. Condition of Coastlines:
137. The indentured or broken coastlines are mostly suited for fishing industry, because these
costliness help in breeding and hatching periods which is necessary for the development of
fishing.
4. Topography of land:
138. In those countries where topography of the land is not suited for agriculture, there main
occupation of the people is fishing, such as Japan, Ice land, Norway.
5. Current Mixed:
139. The oceans in which cold and warm current are mixed together are best fishing grounds in
the world. They bring abundant plant nutrients and plankton and thus mixed water is exercised
with food for fishes.
140.
141.
Economic Factors:
142. Fishing is also carried on for commercial purposes. Following are economic factors
involves in fishing.
1. Cheap Labor:
143.
Cheap labor is essential for the growth of fishing industry and more profit can be
also achieved.
2. Scientific Methods
144.
Use of scientific methods like steamers trawlers and other mechanical devices
have revolutionized the fishing industry.
3. Refrigeration:
145.
Refrigeration facilities are used for preservation of fish.
4. Food Staffs:
146.
The supply of food staffs and prices of the alternative protein substance.
147.
3. China Brazil & Austrailia together produce more than 55% of the worlds iron-ore.
Write a note on the distribution of iron0ore in these countries
148. China:

China has large reserves of steel raw material iron ore

She is the top producer of Iron ore

Here other factors like cheap labor, water resources etc are also found in
abundance.
149. Dominant Centers (Districts):
150. Shimalangchin, Hankao, Manchoria
151. Brazil:

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Brazil is the leading producer in South America & ranks 3 rd in the world.
Here consumption of steel is very low.
Therefore, brazil is able to export bulk quantity of steel.
152. Dominant Centers (Districts):
153.
Sao-Paulo, Corumba, Volta Redonda.
154.
155.
Australia:
Austrailia is the second largest producer of iron ore in the world.
There are many iron ore reserves in Austrailia.
It exports a large amount of iron ore in the world.
156.
Dominant Centers:
157.
Chichester and Solomon, Western Australia
158.
159.
4. Write physical & economical factors necessary for the cultivation of wheat in the
world.
160.
161.
Repeated 2012 Private
162.
Long Answers (Pakistan)
1. Give an account of occupational structure of the people of Pakistan
163.
Following are the points which show the occupational structure of Pakistan:
1. Agriculture is the main occupation in Pakistan
2. Industries are less developed in Pakistan
3. The economy is unbalanced
4. Per Capita income is very low
5. The agriculture is backward
6. Most of the labour is engaged in agriculture
7. There are no proper trends in occupational structure
8. Tertiary activities or service sector is less developed.
164.
165.
Measures to Improve Occupational Structure:
Agriculture should be improved by using mechanization & good quality seeds & fertilizers
Population should be controlled
Labor intensive industries should be developed
Rural development schemes should be launched
Non agricultural sector should be expanded to absorb new labor force
166.
2. Name the main gas fields of Pakistan & explain use of gas in different industries
167.
Gas field in Pakistan
1. Sui reserves:
Sui is located at Sibbi district in the skirt of mountainous region of Murri_Bugti in Quetta .
It was discovered in 1950

According to estimation the Sui reserve has about 2440 million cubic meters.
168.
2. PIR KOH REVERSE :
National gas reserve of Pir Koh was discovered by Pakistan Oil and Gas Developed Corporation in
1977.

Pir Koh is a tehsil of district Bugti in Baluchistan.

Pir Koh reserive is the third biggest of Pakistan and second biggest reserve of Baluchistan.
Pir Koh has been linked with the sui though a pipe line.
Natural gas has been explored from Pir Koh since 1984.
169.
3. DHALIAN reserve:
Attock Oil Company discovered natural gas at Pansi in 1937 in district .

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Dhalian Atttock. Nevertheless, when more drilling was exercised for oil, the natural gas was
discovered in 1944.
The arrangements have been made for the transmission of natural gas from Pansi to Rawalpindi
and vicinity.

According a cautious estimation Dhalian reserve have 12.8 million cubic meter gas.
170.
4. Toot resrve:
Oil Gas Developed Corporation discovered oil at Toot in district Attock in 1968.

Natural gas is also been explored from here on commercial basis.

171.
5. Myal reserves:
Natural gas has been discovered at Sari, Nehdi, Mari and Kundh Kot in the province of sindh.
The gasof these reserves is being used in the province of Sindh.
The gas of these reserve is being used in the fertilizer factories of Mirpur Mathelo and Machi
Goth as generating power.
172.
173. Uses of Gas in Industries
174.
175.
176.
177.
Natural gas has a multitude of industrial uses.
It provides the base ingredients for such varied products as plastic, fertilizer, anti-freeze, and
fabrics.
In fact, industry is the largest consumer of natural gas, accounting for 43 percent of natural gas
use across all sectors.
Natural gas is the second most used energy source in industry, trailing only electricity.
179.
180.
181.
182.
2011 private
183.
184.
Short Answers (world)
1. Explain renewable & non-renewable natural resources
185.
repeated
2. The construction & maintenance of railway in the deserts & equatorial regions is
difficult. Discuss
186.
There are few basic reasons of non development of roads & railway which are as follows:
The population is very thin.
Villages are situated at long distances from one another.
Area is not leveled.
It is difficult to make roads on sandy deserts & tropical area.
187.
3. Climatic influences are more marked on agriculture than industries comment
1. Agriculture is highly sensitive to climate variability and weather extremes, such as floods and
severe storms.
2. The forces that shape our climate are also critical to farm productivity.
3. Food production may benefit from a warmer climate, the increased potential for droughts, floods
and heat waves will pose challenges for farmers.
4. Additionally, the enduring changes in climate, water supply and soil moisture could make it less
feasible to continue crop production in certain regions.
188.
4. What is the most important by product of cotton? Explain its importance
1. The most important by product of cotton is cotton textile.
2. Fiber of cotton is used for making fabric.

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3. Today, the world uses more cotton than any other fiber, and cotton is a leading cash crop.
4. It has hundreds of uses, from blue jeans to shoe strings.
5. Clothing and household items are the largest uses.
189.
5. China is the largest producer of iron ore in the world but it is also a major importing
country. Comment
1. China is the world's largest tin producer.
2. Due to heavy production of iron products china requires higher quality of iron ore.
3. In china domestic supply of iron ore is of inferior quality.
4. That is the reason China has to import higher quality iron ore from other countries.
190.
6. Highlight the major buyers (importer) of coal in the world
191.
India & china are the major buyer of coal in the world.
192.
Importers: Japan, France, Italy, Holland, China, India
193.
194.
7. Why are the accurate details of uranium not available
Uranium is radioactive element.
Uranium is used in atomic energy & nuclear weapons.
Many countries keep secret about their about resources.
That is why it is difficult to calculate the actual reserves of uranium in the world
195.
8. Why rice is not grown in Tundra? Explain
1. Tundra is the cold region where temperature is below freezing point.
2. While rice is the plant of tropical regions.
3. It requires hot & humid climate.
4. Rice is cultivated best in warm & rainy areas.
196.
197.
Short answers (Pakistan)
1. The salt range & potwar plateau are noted for non-metallic minerals. Explain
Potohar plateau and salt range are situated in the south of northern mountains.
The northern hills of this range comprise of the range of Kala Chatta and the margalla mountains
while the south limits are confined to the salt range.
The basin of swan is located between the north and south limits.
There are not only the salt mines in these areas but the mines of Gypsum, coal and lime also. Oil
reserves are also includ3ed in Potohar Plateau.
198.
2. Differentiate between Makran Coast & Sindh Coast
199.
The coastline of Pakistan extends 1,050km (650 mi), 250 km falling in sindh
province and 800 km in Balochistan.
200.
Sindh Coast

The continental shelf of the Sindh coast extends to a distance of 150 km.

whereas that of Balochistan only measures 15-40 km.

Tides are neither very high nor very low, but intermediate the mean average height is
about 10-11 feet.
Tides are higher on the eastern side and their velocity is generally between 1-2 knots but
may increase to 4 knots in narrow creeks.
201.
Makran Coast
The Makran Coast Range forms a narrow strip of mountains along about 75 percent of the total
coast length.
Most of the coast is underdeveloped, with deserted beaches and only a few fishing villages.
The coast is rugged and tectonic in origin as evidenced by the uplifted terraces, headlands and
fluted beds.

The mud volcanoes present along the shore s further support this.

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3.

4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
5.

The coastline is mostly bare desert with unique landforms such as sandy beaches, mud flats,
rocky cliffs, headlands, bays, deltas etc.
202.
Pakistan has great potential for the development of solar power. Why is the
generation of solar power less developed in Pakistan
The energy which we get from sun is known as solar energy
In Pakistan there are many solar energy plants are set but they are set on small scale
Therefore these plants cannot produce much energy
As Pakistan is a warm climatic country it has great potential for development for solar energy.
If government develops solar plants on large scale there is a big chance of development of Solar
Power
203.
Briefly explain the share of primary sector in the GDP of Pakistan
Agriculture has remained the mainstay of the Pakistan economy .
It provides employment to 45 percent population and provides input for agrobased industry.
Agriculture income has created demand for industrial products.
Agriculture provided main impetus to economic growth by creating additional demand of goods
and services.
Agriculture sector recorded modest growth of 1.2 percent in 2010-11 but provided much needed
support to boost exports, revival of manufacturing sector and responsible for upbeat in the
consumption.
Given the enormous price inducement, the agriculture sector is likely to spearhead economic
growth in the next fiscal year as well.
204.
Write a short note on Tobacco growing areas of Pakistan
205.
The cultivation areas of Pakistan can be divided into three types.

AREAS HAVING ABUNDANT PRODUCTION:Districts Peshawar and Mardan of Khyber Pakhtonkhuwa province are at the top of the list of
tobacco producing areas.

From total production 54% are cultivated in these two districts and 50% production is obtained
from these areas.
206.
THE AREAS HAVING MODERATE PRODUCTION: This area comprises of the central Eastern districts of Punjab.
In these Faisalabad, Sahiwal, T.T.Singh, Gujranwala are important.
In Khyber Pakhtonkhuwa Mansehra is important.
In Baluchistan district Pishin's is included.
207.
LESS PRODUCTIVE AREAS: The surrounding districts moderate tobacco producing areas
Sheikhupura, Okara, Vehari, Multan, Jhang, Gujrat and Attock are included in this category
208.
6. Uses of CNG have opened new opportunities of employment in Pakistan. Comment
209.
Use of C.N.G has increased employment in Pakistan
210.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol),
diesel, or propane/LPG. It provides employment in following sections
7. Compressor Stations
11.Moving Natural Gas Into the Home
8. Line pack
12. Gathering Systems:
9. Gate Stations
13.The Transmission System
10.The Distribution System

7. What is food autarky? What is the present position of Pakistan in food autarky?
repeated
Long Answers (World)

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1. What do you mean by growth rate of population? With the help of following data,
describe its trends in different countries of the world.

Growth Rate:
Population growth is the change in a population over time. The number of persons added or subtracted
from a population in a year due to natural increase & net migration.
Growth Rate= Birth% - Death% + or (Net Migration %)
China:
In china the growth rate is 0.36 which is quite good because it is not very high
India:
In India the growth rate is 1.46 which is very high & it is alarming for the development of India.
USA:
In USA the rate is 0.97 which is again quite high
Indonesia:
In Indonesia the growth rate is 1.16 which is very high & it is difficult for the country to manage
such growth in population.
Pakistan:
In Pakistan the rate is 1.84 which is very high & it is creating major problems in a country.
Nigeria:
In Nigeria the growth rate is highest among all given countries. This much high growth rate is
very dangerous for the country.
Russia:
In Russia the growth rate is -0.51 which is also not good for the country as it will leads to major
labor problems in a country
Japan:
In Japan the growth rate is zero which is also not good for the country as it will create labor
problems in a country.

2. What is Human resource management? Indicate the important aspects to show the
quality of Human resources
Human resource management (HRM), entails planning, implementing, and managing
recruitment, as well as selection, training, career, and organizational development initiatives
within an organization. The goal of HRM is to maximize the productivity of an organization by
optimizing the effectiveness of its employees while simultaneously improving the work life of
employees and treating employees as valuable resources. Consequently, HRM encompasses

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efforts to promote personal development, employee satisfaction, and compliance with

employment-related laws.
To achieve equilibrium between employer and employee goals and needs, HRM departments
focus on these three general functions or activities: planning, implementation, and evaluation.
The planning function refers to the development of human resource policies and regulations.
Human resource managers attempt to determine future HRM activities and plan for the
implementation of HRM procedures to help companies realize their goals.
The primary goal of the quality of HRM is to provide an atmosphere that promotes employee
equipment. Empowerment requires the alignment, authority, capability, and commitment of
employees. In order to achieve these goals, there are several steps that must be taken to
achieve each goal.
Alignment:
Alignment can be realized if employees:
Know the needs 6f customers and stakeholders
Know, concur in, and be prepared to contribute effort
to organization strategies, goals, objectives, and plans.
Authority:
In order for employees to the have the authority and opportunity to contribute to the
organization, the following steps are required:
Individual authority, responsibility, and capability are consistent
Barriers to successful exercise of authority have been removed
The necessary tools and support are in place
Capability:
Employee capability can be developed through:
Organizational training initiatives
Educational development
Commitment:
An organization must earn the commitment of employees through:
Reinforcement
Recognition
Rewards

3. Write in detail the factors that determine the regional location of an industry
Repeated
4. Give an assessment of E-commerce development in different regions of the world.
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or
the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the Internet. These
business transactions occur either business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-toconsumer or consumer-to-business.
China
E-commerce has grown by 120% a year since 2003
Set to surpass US in 2013 as largest e-commerce market
Alibaba now employs 24,000 workers
China, India and Indonesia expected to grow fastest in 2013
Latin America: from $1.6 billion to $43 billion in past decade
Brazil accounts for largest market share (59%)
Middle East and Africa: its share in global e-commerce expected to rise from 1.6% to 3.5% by
2016

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Long Answers (Pakistan)

1. What is the role of canal irrigation system in agriculture in Pakistan? Write its merits
& demerits
Role of Canal Irrigation in agriculture of Pakistan (Merits & Demerits)
The economy of Pakistan is agrarian in nature.
Most of the cultivated land depends on irrigation.
There are three major groups of canal system found in Pakistan:
1. Canals on upper Indus Tributaries
2. Systems on the Indus
3. Systems west of the Indus
Merits Canal Irrigation:
1. Flatter slope in lined canal system results in low height of dam and consequent saving in cost of
dam construction
2. Brings more area under command due to very flat slope possible
3. More hydel power generation possible with saving in water from losses and conservation of head
losses due to flatter bed slope possible
4. Lined canal water does not pick up harmful salts from the soil through which it passes because
canal water does not come in contact with the subsoil
5. Theft of water by cultivators is stopped
Demerits Canal Irrigation:
1. Higher initial investment; a lined canal is 3 to 4 times costlier than an unlined one of the same
capacity
2. Costly repairs
3. Longer construction period
More sophisticated construction equipment and skilled labour are required.
2. Write a detailed note on hydroelectric power production in Pakistan
Hydro Power Production in Pakistan
Pakistan had faced the problem of shortage of electricity after its independence.
Management of electricity was in the hands of India.
Other than the country using coal and oil but it was not sufficient for newly state.
That is why Government of Pakistan had to give its attention for providing electricity and an
institution was set with the name of Water and Power Development Authority WAPDA. Many
development plants were started through WAPDA.

But few plans are still in progress and after these projects will get completed.

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Four large projects of electricity are as fellow:

1. Plant of hydro-Electricity from Tarbela:
The world largest earth-filled dam on one of the worlds most important river- the Indus.
It is the biggest hydel power station in Pakistan having a capacity of generating 3,478MW
of electricity.

The Demand Power House can be visited after acquiring permits from the Water and
Power Development Authority(WAPDA) along with a No-Objection Certificate(NOC) from
the ministry of interior.
2. Plant of hydro-Electricity from mangla:
The power station of Mangla dam consists of 10 units each having capacity of 100 MW.
In order to remedy the storage capacity decreases, the Pakistani government has decided
to raise the dam by 40 feet (12 m), to 494 feet (151 m) high.
This will increase the reservoir capacity by 18% and provide an additional 644 MW of
power, but will displace 40,000 people currently living near the reservoir
3. Plant of hydro-Electricity from Warsa:
Warsak Dam is a mass concrete gravity dam located on the Kabul River approximately 20 km
northwest of the city of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
4. Plant of hydro Electricity from Chashma:
It is a multi purpose project which supplies drinking water to Islamabad and Rawalpandi and
irrigation water to Khyber Pukhtoonkhaw (110 cusecs) and Punjab (87 cusecs).

The dam is 167 feet high and store s 106,000 acre feet of 1983 at a cost of Rs.1352 million
Small Project of Generating Hydro-Electricity in Pakistan:
Other than these four large projects some small projects at different places are also constructed
in Pakistan which are as follows:
1. Projects of Hydro-Electricity at Reenala
2. Projects of Hydro-Electricity at Malakand
3. Project of Hydro-Electricity at Dargal
4. Project of Hydro-Electricity at Rasool
5. Projects of Hydro-Electricity at Chichu ki Malian
6. Project of Hydro-Electricity at Kurram Garhi
7. Projects of Hydro-Electricity at Mian wali
8. Project of Hydro-Electricity at Gujranwala
9. Project of Hydro-Electricity at Shadiwal
10. Project of Hydro-Electricity at Chitral
2010
Short Answers (world)
1. Describe the international trade of rice
The bulk of rice is produced in Asia but there is big self consumption in Asian countries therefore
they are not big exporters
Importers
India, Japan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Philippines, Vietnams
Exporter
Burma, Thailand, Pakistan, U.S.A, Egypt, Italy, Australia, Brazil
2. Explain importance of electronic media in the world
Repeated
3. What do you mean by truck farming
Repeated 2015
4. Why anthracite called the best quality of coal?

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1. Anthracite is called best kind of coal because it containing 80 percent carbon and 92 percent
heat.
2. It burns longer converting into minimum ash.
3. The color of this coal is shining black while the flame is small and bluish.
4. Since it is hard and solid like stone. The cost of exploration is high.
5. It catches fire lately.
5. Discuss the economic importance of the mineral oil
The mineral oil when extracted liquid, known as crude oil. Then it is brought to refineries, where
it is converted in the following shapes through many processes.
(1) Gasoline (2) petrol
(3) Diesel oil (4) Kerosene oil
(5) Furness oil
(6)
Road oil (wax for candles).
The remaining dust is used in cement manufacturing a part from all of that it is an important row
material for petrochemical industry.
World distribution of mineral oil
Saudi Arabia Iran
USA
Russia:
6. Write a note on Gold
Repeated 2015
7. What do you mean by OPEC? Write down the names of the member of OPEC
Repeated 2012
8. Discuss the Subsistence Farming
Subsistence farming is carried on intensive scale and most of the production is locally consumed
and only a small surplus is exported. In subsistence farming every farmer cultivates crops for the
food requirement of his family and animals and surplus amount of his production is used for
parching other commodities.
Short answers (Pakistan)
1. Name the different climatic regions of Pakistan
Repeated
2. What are the factors responsible for the migration of rural to urban areas of Pakistan
The main causes of transfer of population from rural to urban areas could be explained as under:
1. Having educated, obviously the rural youth tend to be settled in the urban areas rather to return
to villages because they could get the job opportunities according to their educational
qualification in the urban areas.
2. The employment opportunities in the urban areas are more as compared to the rural areas, the
population tends to shift from village to cities.
3. As a result of mechanical farming in the rural areas, the machine are replacing human labor ,
obviously displaced workers migrate to the urban areas.
4. The owner of small farms also migrate to urban areas. Small uneconomic holdings which can not
be cultivated profitably.
3. Describe the road transport of Pakistan
Roads are very important means of transport for inland trading and business.
In our country many villages and cities are connected with each others by roads 92% of goods
are sent by roads from one place to another.
But our roads are still insufficient to meet the requirement of the rapidly growing population.

However many projects are in progress and many steps has been taken.
Following are some advantages of roads
1. Perishable goods fruits, vegetables milk etc can be moved quickly be fast speed vehicles.
2. Risk of damage is eliminated because not much handling of goods in transit s required.
3. Goods can be delivered door to door

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4. Roads network is bigger than railway network so goods can be transferred to a the places where
railway cannot reach.
5. Complicated formalities and classification of goods is not required in roads transportation.
4. Differentiate between dam & barrage
In case of barrage, the entire length across a river that is between the banks is provided with
gates having their bottom level touching the river bed level. This implies that the water stored
behind a barrage is totally dependent upon the height of its gates.
On the other hand, in the case of a dam, there are spillway gates near its top level and the
storage of water behind the dam is mainly due to the height of the concrete structure and
partially due to the height of the gate.
5. What are the causes of backwardness of agriculture of Pakistan
Repeated
6. What are the Rabi & Kharif crops of Pakistan
There are two major crops in Pakistan: first rabi crop and second kharif crop. The kharif crop
starts from April-June and ends in October-December while the rabi crop starts from OctoberDecember and end in April-May. The crops of kharif include cotton, rise, sugar cane, maize, jawar
and measel while the crops of rabi are wheat, oram, barley, tobacco, mustered etc. The minor
crops include potato, onion, chilly, garlic etc.
7. Describe the role of soil in the agriculture of Pakistan
Most of the soil in Pakistan is transported by rivers.
In Pakistan soil varies from place to place because Chemical composition & organic content are
different.
Most of the soil is generally fertile.
Soil contains the nutrients to feed the plant and water for the plant.

Soil should be cared for and improved to make healthier plants

8. Describe the means of irrigation in Pakistan
Repeated

Long Answers (World)

1. What are commercial activities & explain its types
Repeated
2. Give an account of Iron & Steel distribution in the world
Europe
Britain:
Britain was leading producer in early 19th century but now her production has been declined.
She imports most of raw material from other countries.
Here other factors like modern technology, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
Dudley, Wallshall, Manchester, Liverpool, Sunderland, Hartlepool, Yorkshire,Newport.
Germany:
Germany has to import iron ore from other countries.
But here other factors like coal, skilled labor,modern technology, water resources etc are also
found in abundance.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
Essen, Bochum, Dortmund, Zwickau, Chemnitz.

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France:
France has iron ore reserves but she has to import coal from other countries.
She is one of the top producer of Iron & Steel.
Here other factors like modern technology, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
Lorraine, Longwy, Nancy, Marseilles, St Etlenne
Beside these Belgium, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Holland, Russia and Lunenburg are other major producers
of iron and steel in Europe.
Asia
In Asia we have the largest iron and steel producer China and some other countries which are as follows:
China:
China has large reserves of steel raw material iron ore & coal.
She is one of the top producer of Iron & Steel.
Here other factors like cheap labor, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
Anshan, Shanghai, Yangchuan, Hankow, Wuchang, Hanyang
Japan:
Japan is deficient in coal & iron ore.
She imports raw material from other countries.
But here other factors like cheap labor, modern technology etc make her leading producer of Iron
& Steel in the world.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
Kyushu, Tokyo, Yokohama, kamaishi
India: (260,000 tones) 2010
India is self sufficient in iron ore & coal basic raw material for iron & steel.
Here other factors like cheap labor, water resources etc are also found in abundance.
She also exports pig iron & steel to other countries
Dominant Centers :
Jamshedpur, Orissa, Mysore, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh
Beside these same other nations like south Korea, north Korea and Pakistan are prominent steel
producers.
North America
In North America all conditions are favorable for iron and steel industry like sufficient supply of water,
wide markets and coal reservoirs.
United States:
U.S.A is the major producer of Iron & Steel.
She gets enough iron ore & coal for production of iron & steel.
Here modern technology is used for making Iron & Steel.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
Pittsburgh Region, Lake Erie Region, Lake Michigan Region, Birmingham Region, MidAtlantic Region, Western States.
Canada:
Canada is also very rich in raw material for iron and steel industry.

Here modern technology is used for making Iron & Steel.

Thus here iron and steel industry has been developed.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
Lake Ontario Hamilton, Ontario, Nova Scotia

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Mexico:
Mexico gets enough iron ore & coal for production of iron & steel.
Here modern technology is used for making Iron & Steel.
Dominant Centers (Districts):
Monterry, Monclova, Manganillo, Colima, Durango, Vera Cruz
Some other countries like chilly are also producer of steel
Exporters:
U.S.A Britain, Japan, Belgium, China, Russia
Importer:
Egypt, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Africa countries.
3. Explain distribution of world population according to density
World Population Distribution
Population Distribution means the study of population Geography relating to the problems of
1) Uneven density of population
2) Over Population
3) Various Density Areas
1) High Density of Population: (Uneven Density of Population)
Not all parts of a country are evenly populated. The high density of population depends upon
several factors of an area such as
i)
Manufacturing activities
ii)
Agriculture Activities
iii)
Mining Prospects
iv)
Lumbering prospects
v)
Animal Activities and Forestry
vi)
Oil, coal and gas and mineral deposits
vii)
Technical Education and adoption of new technologies
As there exists large difference between the aforesaid factors of various of country/ various
countries their standards of living are different so there exists uneven distribution of population.
2) Over Population:
If a countrys population does not have favourable economic factors mentioned under section (a)
above its standard of living, per capita income and National income would be considered low and
hence the country is called Over Populated
3) Various Density Areas:
Following are the various population density areas
i)
High Density Areas:
S.E Asia Europe and N.E. North America are the High population Density areas of the
world which have together 70% of population of the world with population density of more
than 125 persons per sq mile.
ii) Moderate Density Areas:
These areas have 25 to 125 people per square mile. They include Niger valley, East Coast
of Africa, Turkey, central Iran, Pakistan. Highlands of China and also same parts of Eastern
USA and Europe.
ii)
Sparsely Populated Areas:
These are have 2 to 25 person per square mile. They include uneven High Lands, Taiga
and tropical Africa having unhealthy climate and no rainfall and Agriculture.
iii)
Nearly Uninhabited regions:
These are areas with less than 2 persons per square mile and include extremely Northern
areas of continents of Asia, Europe and America Western Australia, African Sahara (Great
Desert) Amazon and Congo Basins and Gobi Desert and other deserts of the world.

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4. Write physical & economical factors necessary for the cultivation of cotton in the
world
PHYSICAL FACTORS
TEMPERATURE: The cotton plant grows well in (Subtropical Warm Temperate) regions.
Severs cold and intense heat, both are harmful for the plantation of cotton.
Cotton crop is usually sown in the months of April or May and the temperature should be in the
range of 77F to 90F.
RAINFALL: Cotton Plantation does not require abundant water or rain.

The areas of the world in which there is rain ranging from 30"to 40" inches annually are suitable
for its plantation.
Light rain and abundance of water both cause damage to cotton plant.
SOIL: The cotton plant nourishes well in the soil having sufficient quantify of Potash, Lime and
Nitrogen.
Besides this if the soil has mineral ingredients in proper quantity, the plat nourishes well.
The alluvial soil is also suitable for its plantation.
ECONOMIC FACTORS
Fertilizers
Fertilizer is the most important input for enhancing productivity.
Contribution of balanced fertilization towards increased yield ranges 30 to 60 percent in cotton
production.
Quality of Seeds:
For achieving sustained growth in wheat, seed is a critical basic factor. The use of quality and
improved seed is imperative for increasing the production and yield of the cotton crop.
Mechanization:
Accelerated farm mechanization is one of the important ingredients to accelerate growth rate of
cotton production.
Irrigation
Pakistan is faced with increasing water scarcity.
Proper & improved irrigation should be used for development of cotton in the areas where rainfall
is less.
Long Answers (Pakistan)
1. Name the physical regions of Pakistan & five the salient features of plain areas of
Pakistan
Physical Features of Pakistan
2. The Northern Mountains
6. The Sulaiman Range
3. The Northern Western Bordering
7. The Kirthar Range
Mountains
8. The Baluchistan Plateau
4. The Salt Range & The Potwar Plateau
9. The Deserts
5. The Indus Plain
10. The Coastal Belt

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11.

12.The Indus Plain

The Indus Plain lies between South of the Salt Range and east of the Suleiman and Kirther
mountains.
It extends up to the Arabian Sea.
This area is generally irrigated by the Indus River and its tributaries (Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and
Jhelum rivers).
The rivers meet the Indus at Mithan Kot and up to this area from down south is the Lower Indus
Plain, whereas area above is called the Upper Indus Plain

1. The Upper Indus Plain

2. The Lower Indus Plain
3. The Indus Delta
13.
14.
15.Write a note on railways of Pakistan
16. Repeated
17.
18.Name the main Gas fields of Pakistan & explain the uses of gas in different
industries.
19. Repeated
20.
21.
22.
23.

24.

World Distribution of Industries

25.
Cou
nt
ry

26.

28.Chi
na

29.South Manchuria, HopehShantung, Yangtze Valley

30.Shanghai, Manchuria, Tientsin,

Hankow, Canton, Nanking

31.US
A

32.Pittsburg, Lake Erie Region,

Lake Michigan Region,
Birmingham Region, MidAtlantic region, Western States

34.Jap
an

35.Kyushu, Osaka, Tokyo,

Yokohama, Kamaishi, Hokkaido

37.Indi
a

38.Damodar Valley, west Bengal,

Behar, Orissa, Madhya
Pradesh, Mysore, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
41.

33.Pawtucket, Rhode Island,

Massachusetts, New York,
Pennsylvania, Mary Land,
Philadelphia, Virginia, Caroline,
Georgia, Alabama, Columbia,
Atlanta
36.Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe,
Okayama , Yokohama,
Hiroshima, Honshu, Wakayama
39.Maharashtra, Gujrat, West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu , UP

40.BRI
TAI
N
43.Pak
ista
n

Iron & Steel

44.

Cotton Textile

42.Lancashire, Midland, West riding,

Scotland, Manchester, Liverpool
45.Karachi, Faisalabad, Hyderabad,
Lahore, Multan, Hub, Kotri,
Noshera, Peshawar

46.
47.

27.

Industries

World Trade of Industries

48.

Exporters

49.

Importers

50.Iron & Steel

51.Algeria, Australia,
Brazil, Chile,
Mauritania, Sweden,
Venezuela
54.China, Turkey, Pakistan,
India, Taiwan,
Bangladesh, Poland,
Thailand, Brazil,
Greece
57.Russia
60.USA, Russia, China
63.Canada, Russia,
Belarus

53.Cotton Textile

56.Fertilizer (Nitrogen)
59.Fertilizer (Phosphate)
62.Fertilizer (Potash)

65.

52.China, Germany,
France, Italy, Japan,
Pakistan, UK, USA
55.USA, Germany, Japan,
UK, France, Italy,
Belgium, Netherlands,
Mexico
58.USA
61.India, Brazil, Vietnam
64.USA, china ,India,
Brazil

Physical Factors of Agriculture

66.

Crops

67.
e

Temperatur

68.

69.
72.
75.

wheat
Rice
Tea

70.
73.
76.

15c to 22c
20c to 27c
13c to 24c

78.
Sugarcane
81.
Cotton/ Cotton
Seed
84.
Rubber

79.
82.

18c to 30c
25c to 35c

71.
10
74.
45
77.
90
inches
80.
60
83.
20

85.

121c to 27c

87.
90.
93.
96.
99.

Palm oil
Coconuts
Groundnuts
Soya beans
Olives

102.
Rape
105.
108.

Mustard or
seed
Sesame (Till)
Sunflower

88.
warm
91.
44c to 48c
94.
warm
97.
21c
100.
Mediterranean
climate
103.
winter

111.

Maize

106.
21c to 23c
109.
-------------------------------112.
21c to 27c

114.

Tobacco

115.

10c to 27c

Rainfall
to 30 inches
to 50 inches
to 200
to 65 inches
to 40 inches

86.
100 to 105
inches
89.
80 inches
92.
80 inches
95.
25 to 35 inches
98.
40 inches
101.
------------------------------104.
---------------------------107.
20 to 25 inches
110.
--------------------113.
cm
116.

62 cm to 125
20 to 30 inches

117.
118.
119.
120.
123.

World Trade of Agriculture

Crop
s

121.

Exporters/Pro
ducers

Wheat

124.
USA, Canada,
Australia, EU-27, Russia,
Ukraine, Kazakhstan,

122.

Importers

125.
EU-27, Japan, China,
Indonesia, South Korea,
Brazil,

126.

Rice

129.

Tea

132.
ane

Sugarc

135.
Cotton/
Cotton Seed

138.

Rubber

141.
Oil
144.
ts

Palm

147.
nuts
150.
ns
153.

Ground

Coconu

soybea
Olives

156.
Mustar
d Oil or Rape
Seed
159.
Sesame
Seed (Till)
162.
Sunflow
er

Argentina
127.
Burma, Pakistan,,
Thailand, Kampuchea,
USA, Egypt, Italy,
Australia, Brazil
130.
Kenya, Sri Lanka,
China, India, Vietnam
133.
Brazil, Australia,
Thailand, Cuba,
Philippines, Mauritius,
Peru
136.
USA, Australia,
Brazil, India, Uzbekistan,
Greece, Turkmenistan,
Mali, Malaysia, Pakistan,
Tajikistan
139.
Malaysia,
Indonesia, Thailand, Sir
Lanka, Nigeria, Vietnam,
Burma, Zaire
142.
West Africa, South
east Asia
145.
Sri Lanka, India,
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Mexico, Fiji, Philippines
148.
USA
151.
USA, China,
Indonesia
154.
Italy, Spain,
Greece, Portugal, France,
Turkey, Syria, Morocco
157.
India, Pakistan,
West Europe
160.
India, Mexico,
China
163.
Pakistan, East
Europe, Turkey, Argentina,
Romania, Hungary,
Bulgaria

128.
India, Japan, Malaysia,
Hong Kong, Sri Lanka,
Indonesia, Bangladesh,
Philippines, Vietnams, UK,
Germany, Poland, Portugal
131.
Russia, UK,USA, UAE,
Egypt
134.
EU-27, Indonesia, USA,
Korea, Malaysia, Bangladesh,
Japan, Russia, Canada
137.
China, Bangladesh,
Turkey, Indonesia, Mexico,
Vietnam, Thailand, Russia,
South Korea, Italy
140.
USA, Britain, Germany,
Japan, China, France, Canada

143.
-146.

------------------------------

149.
-152.

------------------------------

155.
--

------------------------------

158.

-----------------------------

161.
-164.

------------------------------

-----------------------------

-----------------------------

-----------------------------

165.
166.

Minerals Mines

167. Co
untries

168. Iron
ore

169.

171.
Nort
h Amercia

172.
Lake
Superior,
Alabama,
Canada, Mexico

173.

Gold

170.
174.

Uranium

175.
a

Chin

179.
a

Indi

183.
n
187.

Japa

191.
ia

Russ

195.
ce
199.
den
203.

Fran

196.

Swe

201.

USA

200.
Kiruna,
Garpenberg
204.

207.
ralia

Aust

208.

211.
Sout
h Africa

212.

215.
Kaz
akhstan
219.
Can
ada

216.

209.
Sunrise
Dam, Warroir
Dam, Agnew &
Big Bell
213.
Mponeng
, Tshepong,
Blyyooruitzicht
217.

220.

221.

Iran

176.
Manchuri
a,
Shimalangchin,
Hanko
180.
Madhya
Pradesh, Goa,
Orissa,
Karnataka,
Bihar
184.
Hokido,
Honshu,
188.
Chadorm
alou, Gol Gohar
192.
Lebidinsk
y, Bekal Lake,
Crivoiirov
Lorain

177.
Jinfeng,
Tanjianshan,
White Mountain

178.

181.

185.

182.
Jaduruga,
Bhatin,
Narwapahar,
Turamdih,
Domiasiat
186.

189.

190.

193.
Darasun,
Julietta Kubaka,
Omolon,
Kumrochand
197.

194.
Khiadinkoye
,Strltsovkoye

198.
Jouac,
Forez,Vendee, Hest
202.

205.
Bald
Mountain,
Betze-Poste,
Briggs

206.
Crow Butte,
Gas Hills,
Highlands,
Kingsville Dome,
Rosita
210.
Alligator
River,

214.
Vaal River
mine
218.
Akdala,
Inkai, Muyunkum
222.
Gigar Lake,
Cluff Lake, Key
Lake

223.
224.

World Trade of Minerals

225.

Minerals

226. Exporters/P
roducers

227.

Importers

228.

Iron ore

230.
China, EU, Japan,
South Korea, Taiwan

231.

Gold

234.

Uranium

229.
Austrailia, Brazil,
India, South Africa,
Canada, China
232.
Hong Kong,
Canada, Australia,
Peru, Italy, Germany,
Mexico, South Africa
235.
Australia,
Canada, China, Gabon,

233.
India, Slovakia,
Egypt, Malaysia, USA,
China
236.
France,
Germany, India,

Indonesia, Kazakhstan,
Korea, Malawi,
Mongolia, Namibia,
Niger, Russia, Somalia,
South Africa, Ukraine,
Uzbekistan

Indonesia, Iran, Japan,

Korea, Mexico,
Pakistan, Romania,
Russia, Switzerland,
Taiwan, USA

237.
238.

Energy Reserves

239. C
ountri
es
241.
A
243.

240.

US

Coal

242.
Allegheny Mountains, Appalachian Moutains, North Antolope,
Virginia
244.
West midland region, englsih midland, brimingham,
wolverhampton
246.
Asturias, Leon

UK

245.
Sp
ain
247.
Uk
raine
249.
Ge
rmany
251.
Ch
ina
253.
In
dia
255.
Pa
kistan
257.
So
uth
Africa
259.
Ru
ssia
261.
Ca
nada

248.

Donbas, Volyn, Halychyna

250.

Lusatia,

252.

Shanxi Province, Southern Mines

254.
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Madhya
Pradesh
256.
Thar coal field, Makarwal, Degari, Salt Range
258.

Limpopo, Dundee, New Castle

260.

Ural Mountains, Kuznetsk

262.

Saskatchewan, British Columbia

263.
264.

World Trade of Minerals

265.

266.267.

Producer

268.

270.
1
274.
2
278.
3
282.
4
286.

271.

China

272.

275.

USA

279.

Coal
Exporter

269.

Import
er

Australia

273.

Japan

276.

Indonesia

277.

China

India

280.

Russia

283.

Australia

284.

Columbia

281.
South
Korea
285.
India

287.

Indonesia

288.

South Africa

289.

Taiwan

5
290.
6
294.
7
298.
8
302.
9
306.
1

291.

South Africa

292.

USA

293.

Germany

295.

Russia

296.

Kazakhstan

297.

Turkey

299.

Kazakhstan

300.

Canada

301.

UK

303.

Poland

304.

Vietnam

305.

Italy

307.

Columbia

308.

Mongolia

309.

Malaysia

310.
311.
312.
313.

Petroleum

314.315.

Producer

317.
1
320.
2
323.
3
326.
4
329.
5
332.
6
335.
7
338.
8
341.
9
344.
1

318.

Russia

319.

316.

SAUDI ARABIA

Reserves

321.

Saudi Arabia

322.

CANADA

324.

USA

325.

IRAN

327.

IRAN

328.

IRAQ

330.

CHINA

331.

KUWAIT

333.

CANADA

334.

UAE

336.

VENEZUELA

337.

VENEZUELA

339.

MEXICO

340.

RUSSIA

342.

UAE

343.

LIBYA

345.

NIGERIA

346.

NIGERIA

347.
348.
349.350.
354. 355.
1
359. 360.
2
364. 365.

Prod
ucer

351.

Natural Gas

Reser
ves

352.

Exporte
r

Russia

356.

RUSSIA

357.

RUSSSIA

USA

361.

IRAN

362.

NORWAY

CANAD

366.

TURKME

367.

QATAR

353. Im
porter
358.
JAPA
N
363.
GER
MANY
368.
ITAL

3
369.
4
374.
5
379.
6
384.
7
389.
8
394.
9
399.
1

A
370.

IRAN

NISTAN
371.
QATAR

375.

QATAR

376.

380.
AY
385.

NORW

381.
SAUDI
ARABIA
386.
AZERBA
IJAN
391.
VENEZU
ELA
396.
NIGERIA

CHINA

390.
NETHE
RLANDS
395.
INDON
ESIA
400.
SAUDI
ARABIA

USA

401.

ALGERIA

372.

CANADA

377.
NDS
382.

NEHTHERLA

387.

INDONESIA

392.

USA

397.

MALAYSIA

402.

ASUTRAILIA

ALGERIA

404.
405.

Nuclear power (Electricity)

406.
408.
1
410.
2
412.
3
414.
4
416.
5
418.
6
420.
7
422.
8
424.
9
426.
10

407.
409.

USA

411.

FRANCE

413.

JAPAN

415.

RUSSIA

417.

SOUTH KOREA

419.

UKRAINE

421.

CANADA

423.

GERMANY

425.

CHINA

427.

UK

Country

428.
429.

Y
373.

USA

378.
FRA
NCE
383.
SOU
TH KOREA
388.
UKR
AINE
393.
TUR
KEY
398.
UK
403.
N

SPAI