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Only A Small Amount of Energy Available in Glucose Is Captured in Glycolysis Cellular Respiration

This document discusses cellular respiration and the citric acid cycle. It begins by outlining glycolysis and defining cellular respiration. It then focuses on the citric acid cycle, describing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and how the citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for fuel molecule oxidation. It outlines the steps of the citric acid cycle, explaining how it captures energy in NADH and FADH2 and produces GTP and discusses regulation of the cycle.

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Yousif Kashat
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41 views9 pages

Only A Small Amount of Energy Available in Glucose Is Captured in Glycolysis Cellular Respiration

This document discusses cellular respiration and the citric acid cycle. It begins by outlining glycolysis and defining cellular respiration. It then focuses on the citric acid cycle, describing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and how the citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for fuel molecule oxidation. It outlines the steps of the citric acid cycle, explaining how it captures energy in NADH and FADH2 and produces GTP and discusses regulation of the cycle.

Uploaded by

Yousif Kashat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cellular respiration

Conversion of pyruvate to activated acetate


Reactions of the citric acid cycle
Regulation of the citric acid cycle
Conversion of acetate to carbohydrate precursors in the
glyoxylate cycle

Only a small amount of energy available in glucose


is captured in glycolysis

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

G = 146 kJ/mol
GLUCOSE
Full oxidation (+ 6 O2)
G = 2,840 kJ/mol

Cellular respiration

Mitochondrion
Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to
acetyl-CoA, & citric acid cycle take
place in matrix.
Site of oxidative phosphorylation

Permeable

Double membrane, & cristae:


invaginations of inner membrane

The Citric Acid Cycle

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

The final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel


molecules: amino acids, fatty acids, & carbohydrates.

Most fuel molecules enter the cycle


as acetyl coenzyme A.
It is also an important source of
precursors for building blocks
Also known as, Krebs Cycle, &
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)

PDH Complex

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A large, highly integrated complex (10 Mda) of three enzymes

Groups travel from one active site to another, connected by


tethers to the core of the structure

Oxidative decarboxylation

E2

E1 has bound TPP.


E2 has three domains and lipoate
covalently linked to a lysine
residue.
E3 has bound FAD.

Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate


- C1 of pyruvate is released as CO2, and C2 which has an oxidation state
of an aldehyde is attached to TPP as a hydroxyethyl gp.
- slowest and therefore the rate limiting step of the reaction.

Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate

Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate

Substrate Channeling

Prosthetic group: Lipoate bound to Lysine residue of E2

Acetyl-CoA

Thioester linkage
(Energy rich bond)

Regulation of PDH

Regulation of PDH

Citric Acid Cycle

Citric Acid
Cycle

Overview of citric acid cycle

Overview of citric acid cycle

Citric acid cycle

Regulation of Citrate Synthase

Homodimer with large & small domains

Open form

Closed form

Citric acid cycle

Citric acid cycle


Step 3: Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate is catalyzed by isocitrate
dehydrogenase
-ketoglutarate.
Second irreversible step.
NAD+ is reduced to NADH and one C is removed as CO2.

Citric acid cycle

Citric acid cycle


Step 5: Hydrolysis of the thioester bond of succinyl CoA
Releases ~31 kJ/mol - synthesis of GTP from GDP and Pi.
Substrate level phosphorylation
Enzyme: Succinyl CoA synthetase.

Mechanism of Succinyl-CoA Synthetase

Citric acid cycle


Step 6: Succinate is oxidized to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase.
A double bond is introduced between the 2 central carbons and FAD is
reduced to FADH2.
Succinate dehydrogenase is an electron carrier of the ETC and is the
only enzyme of the TCA cycle present on the inner mitochondrial
membrane rather than in the matrix. It has three iron-sulfur clusters
and covalently bound FAD.

Citric acid cycle


Step 7: Fumarate is hydrated to malate by the enzyme fumarase.

Citric acid cycle


Step 8: Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate with the coupled reduction of
NAD+ to NADH
Enzyme malate dehydrogenase.

Overall reaction of CAC cycle

Net oxidation of two carbons to CO2


Equivalent to two carbons of acetyl-CoA
but NOT the exact same carbons

Overall reaction of CAC cycle


Recent evidence suggests that enzymes of the TCA cycle
may be physically associated with each other to facilitate
handing of substrates from one enzyme to the next.
Such complexes known
substrate channeling.

as

metabolons

Energy captured by electron transfer to NADH and FADH2


Generates 1 GTP, which can be converted to ATP
Completion of cycle

Overall reaction of CAC cycle

Direct and Indirect ATP Yield

facilitate

Regulation of CAC cycle

Regulation of CAC cycle

Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Additional Regulatory Mechanisms

Regulation of CAC cycle

CAC cycle is an amphibolic pathway

Enzyme

+ Effectors

- Effectors

Citrate synthase:

ADP

Isocitrate dehydrogenase:

ADP, Ca2+

ATP, NADH

Ca2+

ATP, NADH,
succinyl-CoA

-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase :

ATP, NADH
citrate, succinyl-CoA

CAC cycle is an amphibolic pathway

Anaplerotic reactions

Anabolic role of TCA cycle


CAC intermediates serve as precursors for biosynthesis of biomolecules.
Fatty acids and sterols are synthesized from citrate.
Many amino acids are synthesized starting with transamination of
-ketoglutarate.
Porphyrins and heme are synthesized from succinyl-CoA.
Oxaloacetate -keto acid) transamination leads to aspartate and
other amino acid biosynthesis.
OAA is also the precursor of purines and pyrimidines via aspartate.

Anaplerotic reactions

Glyoxylate cycles
Vertebrates cannot use acetate as sole source of carbon.
Many plants, especially germinating seeds, and several microorganisms
like yeast can live on acetate as sole source of carbon.
This is because these organisms can metabolize acetate through
glyoxylate pathway.
Glyoxylate cycle operates in glyoxysomes

EM cucumber seed

Glyoxylate Cycle

Relationship between glyoxylate cycle and CAC cycle


TCA cycle and glyoxylate cycle are
coordinately regulated.

Summary

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