Cambridge Nationals in ICT

Unit 1 (R001) Revision Notes

Name: ______________________
Class: ______________________

Exam Questions at the back of this Booklet

(Other revision resources can be found on the school website)
Issue Dec 2013

Contents
Features and Purposes of Computing Devices ................................................................................................................. 3
Input Devices................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Other Input Devices: Sensors ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Output Devices.............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Operating Systems ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
Utility Software ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
Storage and Connectivity Devices ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Office Configurations .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Connectivity .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Connecting to Wi Fi ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Monitoring Employees .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Teleworking..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Video Conferencing ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Data Capture Methods.................................................................................................................................................... 15
Online and Paper Based Forms ................................................................................................................................... 15
Automated Methods................................................................................................................................................... 16
Data Validation............................................................................................................................................................ 16
Verification Checks:..................................................................................................................................................... 16
Factors Affecting Choice of Data Capture Method ..................................................................................................... 17
Encoding Data ............................................................................................................................................................. 18
File Formats..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Security Measures to Protect Data ............................................................................................................................. 19
How Businesses Protect Data ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Data Transfer Technologies ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Backup and Recovery Systems & Choice of System ................................................................................................... 21
Business Communications .............................................................................................................................................. 22
Diary management software ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Working Collaboratively on Documents ..................................................................................................................... 23
ICT Law ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
The Data Protection Act ................................................................................................................................................ 23
The Computer Misuse Act........................................................................................................................................... 24
Health and Safety At Work Act ................................................................................................................................... 24
Copyright Downloading Music and Copyright Issues.................................................................................................. 25
Computer Misuse Act.................................................................................................................................................. 26
Implications of Data misuse on an Organisation ........................................................................................................ 26
Threats to Data ............................................................................................................................................................... 27

Features and Purposes of Computing Devices

Lots of different people use lots of different devices to access IT. It depends on all sorts of things which one you use.
Item

Laptop

Netbook

Tablet

Smartphone

Ultrabook

Features
Large screen
Full keyboard
Touchpad mouse
Full computer
Portable
Small screen
Very light
Portable
Long battery life
Web cam
Large touch screen
Apps
Graphical interface
Wifi / 3G
Touch screen
Apps
Graphical Interface
Long battery life
Mobile phone
Internet access
Very thin
Large screen
Very powerful
Long battery life
Wifi

Purpose
Business people to use in multiple
locations.
Students to use between home/college.
Office/Multimedia/Gaming
Mobile users who need a basic computer
on the move.
Family entertainment.
Commuters working on the move.
Schools to promote learning
Entertainment
Web browsing.
Basic working
People who need a phone and business
utilities (email, web, calendar)
Entertainment: music, games and other
apps on the go.
Socially: People to use social media on
the go.
Gamers
Commuters very lightweight so easily
portable.
Business/School/Entertainment

Input Devices
An input device is something which lets you put information into a computer. Here are some common input devices.
Microphone
Graphics
Tablet
Mouse

This would be used to make recordings or as voice control giving the computer commands. It could
also be used to dictate a document.
This is like a really large touchpad mouse except you can draw on it with a special stylus. What you
draw appears on the computer. Bit like digital paper
Moving around a computer.

Touch
Screen
Keyboard

Moving around a computer or applications using your hands instead of a mouse

Touch Pad

On mobile devices like laptops where a normal mouse would not be convenient, this is a small square.
Moving your finger over it controls the cursor.

Still the most common way of quickly typing in text into a computer

Other Input Devices: Sensors

There are other input devices. The ones mentioned on the previous page are all manual; that means the user has to
use them to get data in.
But what if it is not convenient? For example what if you needed to measure temperature in a volcano? A keyboard
would not be idea. What if you also wanted to take temperature measurements every 0.01 of a second? Humans are
just not fast (or accurate) enough.
Because of this, there are things called sensors which are used all around us.
Sensor
Heat

For
Temperature

Light

Level of light

Pressure

Whether extra pressure has been

applied on a surface.

Tilt

The orientation of something

Touch

Two things have come into

contact
Noise levels

Sound

Example
Greenhouse / Home central heating.
Fire detection systems.
Security lights, street lights
Phone sensor (auto-adjusts brightness)
Car park barriers, burglar alarms
For example when a car moves over a pressure pad, the barrier
raises in a car park.
Mobile phones. For example if you put your phone landscape,
the screen rotates for you.
Mobile phones / touch screens. These are everywhere.
Security system or in public houses. It detects if noise is too loud
and alerts somebody.

Output Devices
An output device is something which is used to display or return information to a user.
Screen
Printer
Touch Screen
Projector
Speakers

Used for displaying information.

Used for producing a hard copy of information which can be taken away from a computer
Used for interacting with a computer
Displaying information from a computer for an audience on a large screen
Used for hearing sounds, music.

Summarise the key points of this section here:

Operating Systems
An operating system is what every computing device has to have. It allows us to interact (use) a computer. Without
it, your computer would just be plastic and metal. It controls everything the computer does.

An operating system (or OS) is a computer program which controls everything the computer does
(absolutely everything!!!).
It is essential software. Without it, a computer cannot run (It will not know what to do!!!)

Jobs of the OS:

Load and run applications

Share out (and manage) memory
Communicate with peripherals
Accept data from input devices
Provide an interface
Basic Features
WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointers)
Search facilities
Help
Personalisation (changed backgrounds etc)
Disability access
Touch? Drag?
Storage
Sound

Geeky Features
Manage memory
Save, Print
Provide an interface
Shortcuts for experts
Run software
Communicate with devices.
Process inputs

Icons
windows

gadgets

The desktop
menu

There are lots of different operating systems which you need to know about. Here they are
Operating
System

Devices

Desktop PC
Laptop
Netbook
Ultra Book
Windows

iPad
IPhone
iPod

Apple iOS

Smart Phone
Tablet
Netbook
Googles Android

Mac
Computers
Mac OS X

Features
Windows, Icons, Menus Pointers
Start Menu
Customisable background, icons.
windows files, folders.
Shortcuts (e.g. CTRL+C etc)
Separate usernames and passwords.
Accessibility features (magnify,
narrator etc)
F1 Help
App Store
Music
Camera
Bluetooth
Email/Internet
3G/WiFi
iCloud
Siri Voice Control

App Store
Music
Camera
Bluetooth
Email/Internet
3G/WiFi
iCloud
Finder quickly find programs and
files.
Dock to locate all programs
iLife: Garageband, iMovie, iDVD etc
for creativity.

Purpose
Can run a wide range of software:
Business E.g. to use Office
Personal Gaming, Entertainment
Social Internet browsing etc.
Mainly for working computers where
people do lots of different things.
Downloading and running apps on the
go via the app store. These can be for
entertainment, business or social
purposes.
Entertainment devices.
Business can use the calendar, email
and internet features.
Socially social media links and built in
camera etc.
All the same purposes as IOS
Users can also tether and connect their
laptop or other device to the internet
via their phone.

Very fast computers.

Creativity a lot of creative people
(business/families) can use the built in
facilities.
Business: Like Windows it provides
office facilities for professional workers.

Utility Software
An operating system is something which allows us to interact with a computer. An example is Microsoft Windows.
Many operating systems have four features; Windows Icons Menus and Pointers. Instead of pointers, some mobile
operating systems like iOS or Android have a touch screen.
As well as these features, many operating systems have quick access to help facilities and shortcuts such as ctrl+c for
copy and ctrl+v for paste. Most OS also allow the user to personalise the desktop, for example by changing the
background or icon sizes.
Utility software allows us to manage specific parts of our computer. An example includes Anti-Virus software which
protects us against viruses A firewall also stops hackers or other unauthorised people getting in to our computer.
Disk cleanup allows the system to remove old files and software from our computer saving space and allow the
computer to run faster.
6

Item

Firewall

Anti-Virus
Software

System
Update

Disk
Cleanup

AntiSpyware

Definition / Meaning
A firewall is a piece of software which
controls what information comes in to
your computer and also what leaves your
computer based on a series of rules.
Software which checks files and
programs to ensure you do not get
infected with a virus.
Software which updates your operating
system or other programs with the latest
updates.

A utility which scans your computer and

allows you to remove files/software
which you have not used in a long time.
Spyware is software which monitors
what you do on a computer and reports
it to someone.
Anti-Spyware removes any spyware
issues and protects your computer from
these threats.

Why needed / used

To prevent nasty spyware or hackers trying to
get in to your computer.
To stop viruses which may infect your
computer from sending personal information
out of your computer.
To ensure your computer is protected from
viruses.
You must update it and scan your computer
on a regular basis for it to be effective.
Software can have bugs or issues which
need to be fixed. These issues could cause
security problems for you. Keeping your
computer up to date ensures issues do not
affect you.
Removing software and files keeps your
computer running efficiently and ensures you
save disk space.
If you do not use this, your computer could
be at risk and you could be being watched.
Your personal information may be stolen or
your computer severely slowed down as a
result.

Summarise the key points of this section here:

Storage and Connectivity Devices

Media /
Connectivity

Memory Cards

Modem

Router

DVD

Cloud Storage

Solid State Drive

CD

Magnetic Tape

Internal Hard Disk

External Hard Disk

Main Features

Who would use it & what for (be specific)

Large capacity
Cheap
Small and portable

Used in mobile phones, tablets and digital

cameras for storing pictures, applications, videos
etc.

Used to connect a physical place to the internet.

Connects to an internet
connection.
Speeds can vary
Allows you to share an internet
connection.
If you have a slow router, this
will affect your transfer speeds.
Large capacity (4-8GB)
Good quality
Read only (cannot overwrite)
Portable, light, cheap.
Access anywhere
Requires an internet connection.
Easily share with people.

Very fast.
Store a lot of data
No moving parts.
Very expensive.
700MB size.
Very cheap 10p
Portable, light.
Read only
Large capacity
Portable
Can be overwritten

Large sizes (up to terabytes!)

Very fast
Inexpensive
Easily damaged
Portable
Store a lot of files.
Inexpensive.
Can be easily broken

Anywhere where the internet needs to be shared

(home, business, school)

Movies, Music, Backups.

Businesses who work on the move.

iPhone/iPad/iPod devices to synchronise data
between them.
Schools to work online.
Families to store data online.
New computers. This is very expensive but very
very fast and reliable it replaces a harddrive.
In moveable devices: iPhones, Tablet PCs etc to
store apps etc.
Music CDs
Small backups.

Company backups.
It is very slow for anything else.

All computers: desktops, laptops, netbooks.

Mobile users, businesses, teachers, students who

need to access all their files on the move without
having to rely on an internet connection.

Office Configurations
People with various impairments may need help when accessing IT systems. Lots of technology exists which would
help them.
Braille Keyboards

A way for blind people to be able to use touch to

recognise keys on the keyboard and type.

Microphone input

Give voice commands to a computer (e.g. Siri)

Magnifier

On Screen Keyboard

To enlarge parts of a screen to make it easier to see for

visually impaired people.

For people who cannot use a keyboard, an on-screen

keyboard could be used.

Foot mouse

For people unable to use a traditional mouse, a foot

mouse allows someone to navigate around a computer
with their feet.

Sip and Puff Technology

A technology which allows people to give commands to

a computer using short sips and puffs into a straw.

Shortcuts and large screen

resolution

System shortcuts like ctrl+p (print) which makes some

tasks a bit easier for people. Changing the screen size so
everything is much larger will also help visually impaired
people.

Text to speech (screen

readers)

The computer can read out what is on screen for the

user which is useful for visually impaired people.

Touch Screens

For those who cannot access a computer traditionally, a

touch screen could be used to allow a user to interact
naturally.

High Contrast Screens

This makes colours and fonts much clearer and sharper

on the screen, making it easier for people with sight
problems to better see what is being displayed

Large icons/mouse
pointers etc

Icons or the cursor could be made a lot larger, making

them easier to spot.

Factors Affecting Choice of System

When you are choosing what kind of computer to buy in a business you need to think about a few different things.
Otherwise, the computer you may spend a lot of money on, may not actually be fit for purpose or be unusable by
the person who will be using it.

Remember: CASE
Area

Key Questions

Cost

How much does it cost?

How much money is available?
Are there cheaper alternatives?
Is it cost effective can it be done cheaper in
a different way?
Availability Is the system readily available or is there a
wait time?
Can the system easily be repaired/replaced?
Is the system up to date?
Needs
What do I need the system to do?
Does the system allow me to do it?
Is there anything the system does not allow
me to do?

Security

How secure does my system need to be?

Does the system keep my data secure?

Example
If the computer is 2000 and it is only going to be
used by a receptionist to type letters is it worth it?
Will you use all the extra stuff it does?

If it is only available online, what happens if it breaks?

Can you replace it quickly?

If you need to make DVDs, does it have a DVD

burner? If you are plugging in a scanner, printer and
mouse; does it have enough USB ports?
Are there any users with impairments you need to
think about?
If you are storing a lot of personal data on it, will it be
secure? Does the computer encrypt the data?
Does the operating system have username and
password access?

Summarise the key points of this section here:

10

Connectivity
So when buying a computer system, there are lots of different add-ons that you could connect (e.g. printer, scanner,
camera, keyboard, mouse, monitor etc.) These things are all called peripherals and they can connect in lots of
different ways.

How Peripherals (devices) connect

Bluetooth

USB

A wireless technology which allows one device to talk and connect to another. It can be
used in anything (phones, computers, even TVs!). It is secure and has a long battery life.
Uses: Bluetooth headset, Sending/Receiving files on phones, Car-Phone connection,
Wireless games controllers.
This is a standard technology on most computers that allows lots of different things to
connect to a computer. Examples include printers, mouse, keyboard, cameras etc

Firewire / Thunderbolt

Some devices have a lot of data, for example a video camera might have hours of film
footage from a family day out. Firewire is like a really fast USB connection that allows you
to transfer multimedia really quickly. Thunderbolt is a new version which is really really
fast!

HDMI or VGA

These are the two current main ways to connect a screen to a computer. VGA is an older
standard connection for normal quality screens. HDMI allows for much clearer quality
pictures and is high definition. It is used for computers, TVs and things like games
consoles.
A bit like Bluetooth you but the two devices connecting together have to be close next to
each other. It is really slow. Its an old technology now and is used in things like your
remote control for your TV. You will notice that it does not work around corners or too far
away from your TV.

Infra-Red

Summarise the key points of this section here:

11

Connecting to Wi Fi
When connecting to wifi, these rough steps are needed; which are similar for most devices.
Diagram
Explanation
1. Check your wireless is switched on on your
computer, laptop etc

2. Find the SSID (Service Set Identifier) of the wireless

connection you would like to connect to.

3. Click connect on the SSID of the connection you want

to connect to.

4. Enter the secret encryption key.

5. The connection will then be made between your

device and the connection.
6. You will then be prompted to select the appropriate
firewall settings for your connection
Home: Select this is you trust the connection and want
to allow your computer to send information out and
receive information from other computers connected
to the network.
Work: Select this is you trust the connection and trust
other people connected, with some caution that other
computers may not be totally secure.
Public: Select this option if you are in a public place or
you do not know who owns the connection to ensure
your computer is fully protected when using the
internet.
Summarise the key points of this section here:

12

Monitoring Employees
If people are working from home, it is important that an employer can monitor their performance. Technology now
allows this to happen.
Term
Meaning
How work/used
GPS signal provided by
It can be used to track where you are in the world, whether
phone/device.
Using
satellites
you are moving and approximately what speed.
GPS
to track your location.
Employees may use it to determine whether you are where
Coordinates used in third
you are supposed to be. For example if you are working from
party software (e.g. Google
home checking if you are actually at home!
Earth) to determine employee
location on earth.
Internet Logging

Logging websites accessed,

time spent visiting, search
history, actions on a site etc.

Communications
Monitoring

Messages, dates, times, length

of calls, conversations,
voicemails etc.

System
Monitoring

Cookies

Key Logging

How long not working, how

much work done, software
used etc.

These are small files which

websites use to remember
what personal information
you have entered whilst on
the site.
This is a small program which
logs every key you type,
including passwords etc.

Your mobile phone connects

to a phone cell to get a
connection. Using this and two
other cells close by, your
location can be determined by
working out how far away or
close you are to each cell.
Summarise the key points of this section here:
Mobile Phone
Triangulation

Can be used at work or remotely. Every website you visit is

logged with your name, date and time. This is then checked
by your employer to ensure you are working and not just
browsing online.
Instant messaging / voicemail and call logs can all be
recorded. Your employer can check that you are using them
appropriately (not for personal communications) or to see if
are using them appropriately (e.g. not bringing the company
into disrepute).
If you stop working the computer could notify your employer
about how long you have stopped for. This is so they can
ensure you are not taking too many breaks at home. Also, it
could measure things like your words per minute (your
productivity rate) to ensure you are working fast enough.
Cookies can be checked to see what websites you have
visited and what information you typed in. For example if
you were accessing social network sites, there will be traces
of this on your computer in cookie files.
This can be used to record what you type in a computer, to
ensure you are only using the computer for what is meant to
be. For example if your parents could see everything you
type on your phone, the chances are you would use it
differently!
Like GPS this can be used to track your location at any given
time.

13

Working Patterns
Now we live in a globalised world, people can live anywhere and work for anyone. There is no need for a fixed office
any more. People can work together from anywhere at any time.

Teleworking

Summarise the key points of this section here:

14

Video Conferencing

Data Capture Methods

Data capture just means to get data from someone and store it electronically. There are lots of ways to do this, both
manually and automatically using technology.

Input

(Data entered)

Process
(used)

Output

(displayed)

Online and Paper Based Forms

15

Automated Methods
Method
RFID
Radio Frequency
Identification

NFC
Near Field
Communication

Barcode

How it works
RFID uses a small chip which placed
underneath packaging or inside clothes.
It contains information such as item
name, price, expiry, where bought from
etc. When an RFID reader passes near it,
the chip is powered and the information
is read from it.
A small chip located in electronic devices
and also in readers. When the two come
into near contact (close proximity), the
information is read.

Where it could be used AND what for

In supermarkets to stock take all items on shelves or
to check which items are going out of date.
Delivery companies to track a parcel being
delivered.

Trains to pay for tickets.

Shops to pay for shopping via your mobile just
touch and go.
To impulse buy. Imagine you saw a poster of a
concert you want to see. Waive your phone past the
poster and youve bought tickets!
In schools as students enter a classroom to register
them.
A unique number based system on
On products in shops to lookup price at the
products. When scanned, the number is
checkout.
checked in a database somewhere to find To track items have been delivered.
out details of the product.

Data Validation
Validation aims to make sure that data is sensible, reasonable and allowable.
It does NOT check data is correct. How can it! E.g. 9/7/1984 is a VALID date of birth, but it would not be correct for
someone who is 14 years old.
Validation Checks:
Type Check checks something of the correct type is entered. E.g. a date in a date field, a number in a number
field etc.

Range Check checks something is within a specific range. E.g. an order quantity is between 1 and 10, > 18years
old, or <21 etc.

Presence Check checks that something is there. E.g. Mandatory field. Makes sure REQUIRED fields are entered.

Format Check checks what is entered is of the correct structure. E.g. Postcode (LLNN NLL) E.g. TS23 3DX.
E.g. a phone number is STD: NNNNN Num: NNNNNN

Length Check Ensures that information is of a specified length. For example a name field may be more than 2
characters. If it is less it would not be accepted.

Verification Checks:

Entering the data twice.

Checking the data on the screen against the original paper document
Printing out a copy of the data and comparing the printout to the original paper document.
16

Verification ONLINE
This is used to ensure data is as accurate as possible. Remember, it is not possible to check data is 100% correct.
Verification means to check the data that you have entered against the original source data.
You may also be aware of CATCHPA checks which ask you to type in a word, phrase or collection of letters/numbers.
This is to ensure you are a real person and not a scammer of automated computer trying to hack.
How is this done?
Entering the data twice (e.g. PASSWORDS).- Double Keying
Double Checking (Proof reading)
Verifying you are a human to prevent BOTS or AUTOMATED SIGN UPS by using CAPTCHA.

Factors Affecting Choice of Data Capture Method

When you are wanting to get hold of data you need to consider lots of different things.

Remember: CADEN
Cost
Availability

Data Security

Is it cost effective
Do the benefits outweigh cost
Is it easy to implement.
Do all people involve use the
technology.
Is it secure enough to store data?

Ease of Use

Is it easier/faster than current

methods

Nature of data
collected

Environmental conditions
Where is the information.

If you are surveying 20 people, is it cheaper to use paper,

than to setup and manage an electronic system?
If you create a digital survey for pensioners and send it
1000 people, will they be able to actually use it?
If you are asking personal information, where is this being
kept? Is paper sensible? If electronic, how will you keep it
safe?
If you are trying to find out the average shoe size of every
pupil at school, is it worth distributing paper surveys and
then typing it in? How else could it be done.
If you are taking volcano measurements after a recent
eruption, should you be there or should you be using
sensors to capture it automatically?

Summarise the key points of this section here:

17

Encoding Data
Encoding simply means shortening what is entered into a computer system when inputting data. It is all around us
and happens all over the place.

Registration Plates

Flight Names

Signs

Company Names

Computers do it because:
Takes up less storage space
Faster to enter / type
Easier to check with validation (no spelling etc).
Faster to use and send the data (smaller file sizes).

File Formats

Proprietary File Formats: created and owned by a company and can only be used properly in the software they
create.
File
Format
Creator
Used for

.doc
.docx
Microsoft
Word
processing
documents
made in Word.

.xls
.xlsx
Microsoft
Spreadsheets
made in Excel

.ppt
.pptx
Microsoft
Presentations
made in
PowerPoint

.fla

.wma

.aac

Adobe
Animation files
made in Flash.

Microsoft
Music to be
played back in
Windows
Media Player.

Apple
Music to be
played back
in Apple
iTunes.

Open File Formats: general formats which do not need one specific software package and can be adopted and
used by any developer

File
Format
Used
for

.rtf

.pdf

.csv

.exe

.txt

.mp3

.wav

Basic text
with
pictures.

Read only
files for
people to
see but not
change.

Transferring
data from one
system to
another.

Programs on
a Windows
computer.

Plain text
files.

Compressed
music.

Full high
quality
sounds.

18

Security Measures to Protect Data

What makes a good password?
Mixture of CaSe
Symbols and characters *&(^
Longer than 8 characters.
Changed regularly.
Not related to you.

What makes a bad password?

One word simple
All one case.
Something which relates to you.
One which is written down.
Never changed.

How Businesses Protect Data

Companies store a lot of data about us when we make purchases or register on their websites. It is important that
they keep data secure and protected both from people outside and so that only required people can use the data
inside the company. Measures which could be taken are discussed below.
Physical Security

Access Security

Data Security

Monitoring Systems

Access Levels give different people different levels of access. For example, someone may be able to see customer
records but not change them. A senior manager may have a higher level of access where they can change them.
Firewalls prevent unauthorised access from outside.
Audit Transaction Logs these are files which keep a record of everything is done on a computer system. Should
anything be changed, the log file can be checked.

19

Data Transfer Technologies

From time to time, businesses need to transfer data from one place to another; either between computers, or even
to other destinations. To do this, there are various different technologies to consider.
Wired Transfer
Wireless (wi-fi, Bluetooth)
Mobile (3G, 4G, HSDPA)

Internet (E-Mail, Cloud,

P2P, Torrents)

The most secure way of sending files down a private line.

Sending through the air, either by Bluetooth or a shared wireless connection. This is
worth doing if the data is not that important and security isnt a major issue
Using mobile technology e.g. sending an email with an attachment. Again this is
worth doing when security is not a major concern and speed is not important as the
file size is small.
Files can be sent across the internet:
E-Mail small files and data where you are not worried about security.
Cloud Larger files which can be accessed anywhere.
P2P/Torrents where you need to share data between lots of people. Very insecure
but a fast way of sending and receiving data.

When choosing the best method you need to think of lots of different things. If the data is really important (e.g.
customer credit card details) then the most secure method should be chosen. Also if you have a 100GB file, the
chances are you are not going to use email or Bluetooth where it will take a long time.

As well the transfer method you also need to think about bandwidth. Imagine your connection to be like a large
road. In the early hours of the morning, the road will be really quiet and therefore a car could go the full speed limit
without issue. During rush hour, there will be a lot of traffic and the car would travel much slower.
The same applies to the internet. The more people use the internet, the slower your connection will be. The larger
the file (effectively, the bigger the car), so it will take longer to get it moving down the road.

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Backup and Recovery Systems & Choice of System

When using a computer system, companies need to be able to backup and restore data in case there are any
problems with the system. Apart from the data being really important, it is also a legal requirement.
Things to consider when backing up
Storage Media
What will you back up on to (see storage media section). If you have a handful of documents,
would a USB stick do? If you have 100s of gigabytes of data, would cloud or magnetic tape be
better?
Backup
This is all about how often the data changes. For example a builder may only update his
Frequency
customer file once a month so he doesnt need to backup every day. A bank might make lots of
changes to peoples bank balances every day, so they need to backup constantly. In a school,
student work changes every day, so we need to do a backup at least once a day.
Archiving
How important is it to keep old information? E.g. does a small shop need to keep records of
customers from 20 years ago? Probably not. A bank will need to keep information about all
transactions so customers can see bank statements. A school may keep leavers work for two
years before they delete it. The police will keep archives permanently in case they ever need
information again.
Automated vs
This goes back to the size of the data. If you are only backing up the odd file, then it may be
Manual
quicker to just do this yourself, but it relies on you being able to remember to do this.
If you have a lot of data which MUST be backed up regularly, it may be worth making the
computer system do It automatically for you. It is important though that the automatic backups
are checked to ensure they were successful.
So the choice of backup system will depend on the normal key questions:

Remember: CASE
Cost
Availability
Security
Ease of Use

How much does the storage cost?

Is it cost effective?
Are there cheaper alternatives?
Is the technology widely available?
Can it be easily replaced if there is a fault?
Will the data be secure?
Who will be able to access the data?
Where will the backups be kept?
How easy is it to backup?
How easy is it to restore if there is data loss.

Summarise the key points of this section here:

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Business Communications

Voice
Useful for quickly contacting
employees to discuss
something directly and
ensure the message is
understood.

Text Messaging
Used for sending short
informal messages to an
employee without them
having to answer
immediately.

Instant Messaging
Multiple people can chat all
at once in real time from
different locations.

Email
Instant communications
worldwide, where people
do not have to be there for
the email to arrive.

Chat Rooms
Like instant messaging but
more public and an open
way of conversing.

Forums
A way where people can
post comments or
contribute to discussions.
Like an electronic version of
a noticeboard.

VOIP
Using the internet to make
voice calls (e.g. Skype).
International and
significantly cheaper than
phones.

Social Media
Using things like social
networks to communicate
informally.

Blogs
Like an online diary where
employees can publish their
work publicly or privately
for others to review.

Diary management software

Diary software allows us to have a digital calendar. The major benefit is that it can be accessed on a range of devices
by multiple people. The key features are:

Creating appointments / meetings

Invite people to the meetings/appointments
Create a task or to-do lists
Set reminders.
You can then:
Be alerted on your computer or mobile
Change appointments dynamically
Share your diary with other people
Change/move appointments quickly
Alert your invited people quickly.
Access it anywhere, any time.
Lets have a look at one.

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Working Collaboratively on Documents

Within business, employees often collaborate; that is work together on documents and files. This means people can
work smartly and share workload, as well as sharing ideas and inspiring one another. There are different ways to
achieve this.
Shared Drives Files can be placed on a shared drive on a network allowing multiple people to read the files, or
even write to them, so everyone can work on a central document.
Cloud
Cloud allows people to work together in real time on a file. Changes people make instantly appear
on everyones screen who are using the file. People can be working from anywhere.
Track Changes This can be switched on in a document. Any changes somebody makes (e.g. deletes, changes,
adds) are added in a different colour. This is handy when sending a file for someone to proof read
or check for you.
Comments
When people review a document, they can also insert comments. Comments appear down the
side of the document for the creator to read and respond to.
Reviewing
Once comments or changes have been made with track changes on, a user can then review each
change using software. The user can then accept or reject changes and even delete comments
after reading them in a fast and simple way.

ICT Law
The Data Protection Act
The Data Protection Act 1998 sets out to protect the privacy of personal information.
Data subjects are people who have data held about them just about everybody really.
Data users are the people or organizations who hold the data. There are far more data users
than many people think.
1. fairly and lawfully processed (used)
2. used for limited purposes
3. adequate and relevant. Only what is needed may be used
4. accurate
5. not kept for longer than is necessary
6. accessible to the individual and able to be corrected or removed where necessary
7. secure
8. not transferred to countries without adequate protection.
Your Rights:
see what data is being held about them if they ask the data user. They may
have to pay to see it
change anything that is wrong
refuse to have some data stored at all, if it might cause damage or distress
refuse to allow processing for direct marketing junk mail
complain to the Data Protection Commission if they think the rules have been broken
claim compensation if they can prove they have been caused damage by a data controller breaking the
rules.
Exemptions:
national security you cannot demand to see your data if national security is at stake
police investigations information being used to prevent crime is not covered (though police records are)
examination results are exempt until they are published by the examining bodies.

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The Computer Misuse Act

Hacking - Unauthorised user who attempts to or gains access to an

information system
Virus - A virus is a program written to cause mischief or damage to a computer
system.
The Computer Misuse Act (1990) was developed to cope with the problems of
computer hackers and viruses.
There are three principles to the act

1. It is illegal to access unauthorised data e.g. Hacking.

2. It is illegal to access unauthorised data with the intent to commit a crime.
3. It is illegal to access unauthorised data and change it e.g. Planting viruses and deleting files.

Health and Safety At Work Act

Eye strain and headaches
-- Sitting too close to the monitor (VDU)
-- Bad lighting
-- Spending too much time on the PC
-- Flickering screen

Prevention
Sit at arms length
Not too light or dark
Regular breaks (15 minutes per hour)
New Monitor
Anti Glare screens

Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)

-- Repeated movement of wrists and fingers over a long
period of time
-- Too much force when using keyboard/mouse
(Aches + pains from muscle damage)

Prevention
At least 5 minutes break every hour
Mouse bags
Keyboard rests
Wrist supports
Keep elbows close to your side

Back problems
-- Caused by sitting in an awkward position at a
computer.

Prevention
Keep good posture
Use an adjustable chair to allow a good position Sit with
your back straight and head up
Adjustable monitor so you dont have to bend your neck

Employer regulations (THE LAW)

The law states that an employer must:
Provide tiltable screens
Provide anti-glare screen filters
Provide adjustable chairs
Provide foot supports
Make sure lighting is suitable
Make sure workstations are not cramped
Plan work at a computer so that there are frequent breaks
Pay for appropriate eye and eyesight tests by an optician

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Copyright
Downloading Music and Copyright Issues

BUT:

Increasingly popular way of purchasing music.

Can buy specific tracks you want!
Can put on a range of devices.
Can stream throughout your home.
Easier to make copies.
More people download illegally.
No original copy so if file lost may have to purchase again.
A lot of different people suffer
when music is downloaded
illegally.
Here are some of the many
different people who lose out
from people who download
illegally.

It is illegal to download
music without permission
or purchase.
You could face legal
action or removal from
your internet service
under the three strike
legislation.
Ignorance is not an
excuse

What if someone illegally uses products from a business? (e.g. downloads a movie someone has produced without
paying for it).
1. Loss of sales?
2. Unemployment
3. Company have to pay legal expenses to prosecute.
4. Increased prices for consumers? Why?
5. Fewer products produced due to smaller budgets.
What if a business uses something they have not got permission to use? (e.g. copying a design from one product in
their own).
1. Loss of confidence by consumes
2. Could be prosecuted.
3. Brand name in disrepute.
4. Fine/Sued
5. Forced to withdraw product.

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Computer Misuse Act

The computer misuse act was introduced to try and help businesses deal with criminals who hack into computer
systems to cause harm or damage, for example by planting viruses.
It has three main areas:
1. It is illegal to access unauthorised data e.g. Hacking.
2.

It is illegal to access unauthorised data with the intent to commit a crime.

3.

It is illegal to access unauthorised data and change it e.g. Planting viruses and deleting files.

Implications of Data misuse on an Organisation

A business can lose data in a few ways:
-

Accidental loss
Corruption (data becomes damaged)
Data is stolen.

If a business does any of the above, they can be in serious trouble. The three ways below outline just how businesses
can be affected.

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Threats to Data
Threat
Computer Virus

Description
Something which is designed to replicate and cause
damage or harm to a computer system.

Worm

A virus which is designed to cause an annoyance

but not damage any files e.g. slow down your
computer or cause pop ups.
A virus which pretends to be something good like a
game but is actually causing harm to your
computer and letting other things in.
Something like an email which pretends to be from
a real company, trying to persuade you to do
something (like visit a website and enter your
personal information). It appear real but it is in fact
a fake copy.
Malware which causes adverts to constantly
appear on your computer.
Someone attempts to gain access to your
computer system.
Where a computer system is attacked by a large
number of computers trying to access it any one
time (e.g. 1 million attempts a second); causing the
computer to deny access to any services. A bit like
when someone gets overwhelmed or frustrated.
Things like data stolen, computers removed or
people accessing data they should not be and
selling it on.

Trojan Horse

Phishing

Adware
Hacking
Denial of Service
Attack

Physical Threats

How to protect against it

Use anti-virus software. Make sure it
is updated and scan your computer
regularly.
Use anti-virus software. Make sure it
is updated and scan your computer
regularly.
Use anti-virus software. Make sure it
is updated and scan your computer
regularly.
Do not respond to requests for
personal information.
Never give out personal information
online.
Report and delete phishing emails.
Ensure spyware protection is
installed and firewall is switched on.
Ensure you have a firewall and it is
switched on.
Ensure the business has a good
firewall and is up to date.

Appropriate physical protection

(locked doors, cameras, cctv, bars on
windows etc).
Access levels (do not give access to
data unless they need it)
Transaction logs.

Staying Safe

Disclosure of personal information

Cybercrime (phishing, identity theft, cyber-bullying, data mining, abuse, cyber-terrorism)
Online predators (paedophiles, cyber-terrorism etc)
Inappropriate Online Use
Inappropriate language / negative status updates about your job, other people can lead to loss of job
or a criminal investigation for slander.
Misuse of images
Images of you can be used to identify you! Especially if used in conjunction with your personal
information.
Images can be edited and re-posted/distributed to others.
What steps could you take?
1. Alter your privacy settings to only allow friends access.
2. Do not add friends unless you are 100% sure you know them.
3. Do not give out information on public networks in chat etc.
4. THINK before you post.
5. Have a strong password. Just because it is password protected, does not mean it is safe!
6. Be sceptical! People not be who they seem to be.
7. DO NOT reply to junk mail or sign up to a site you do not trust.
8. Most importantly though: Just Dont Post It Online!
9. Passwords? Keep them secret!
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