Scribd
Upload
113 views36 pages

DC DC Converters

DC-DC converters are used in switch-mode power supplies and DC motor drives. They use pulse-width modulation and switching elements to convert an input DC voltage to a different output DC voltage. The document discusses various DC-DC converter circuit topologies including buck, boost, buck-boost, and full bridge converters. It provides block diagrams, waveform diagrams, and equations for voltage transfer ratios, output voltage ripple, and boundary conditions between continuous and discontinuous conduction modes.

Uploaded by

Lindeberg Vital
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
113 views36 pages

DC DC Converters

DC-DC converters are used in switch-mode power supplies and DC motor drives. They use pulse-width modulation and switching elements to convert an input DC voltage to a different output DC voltage. The document discusses various DC-DC converter circuit topologies including buck, boost, buck-boost, and full bridge converters. It provides block diagrams, waveform diagrams, and equations for voltage transfer ratios, output voltage ripple, and boundary conditions between continuous and discontinuous conduction modes.

Uploaded by

Lindeberg Vital
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

DC-DC Converters

Application: - switch-mode dc power


supplies
- dc-motor drives
2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

Block Diagram of DC-DC


Converters

Functional block diagram

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

Stepping Down a DC
Voltage

Problem: high di/dt. Example: L = 1 mH, In = 100 A, toff = 50 ns


u = L di/dt = 1.10-6 * 100/(50.10-9) =
2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

2000 V
3

Pulse-Width Modulation in
DC-DC Converters

v
on
D
control

T
V
S
st

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

Step-Down DC-DC
Converter

Input to the low-pass filter: train of pulses


2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

Step-Down DC-DC
Converter: Waveforms

Steady
2014.11.14.

state; inductor
current flows continuously
Electromechanics
6

The transfer ratio of the


Buck converter
1
Vo
TS

TS

1
vo ( t )dt
TS
0

t on

TS

t on

Vd dt 0 dt
Vd D Vd

TS
0

t on

Substituting for D in the above equation yields:

V
V d v
k v

o V
control
control
st

where:

k d constant
V
st
2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

Waveforms at the boundary of


Cont./Discont. Conduction

Critical current below which inductor current becomes


discontinuous
2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

Equations for determining the


boundary Conduction
Average value of the inductor current ILB:
I LB

1
t
iL , peak on (Vd Vo )
2
2L

DTs

(Vd Vo ) I oB
2L
The maximumvalueof theboundarycurrent:
T V
I LB ,max s d
8L
2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

Discontinuous Conduction
Mode

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

10

Output Voltage Ripple

2014.11.14.

ESR is assumed to be zero


Electromechanics

11

Equations of the voltage


ripple
Assumption: L is large, Vo = constant
Vo

Q 1 1 I L Ts

C
C2 2 2

V
I L o (1 D )Ts
L

wherefrom:

Vo Ts2 (1 D ) 2
f

(1 D )( c )2 where:
Vo
8CL
2
fs
fc
2014.11.14.

1
2 LC

and f s 1 / Ts is the switchingfrequency


Electromechanics

12

Step-Up DC-DC Converter

Output voltage must be greater than the input

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

13

Step-Up DC-DC Converter


Waveforms

Continuous current conduction mode


2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

14

Transfer Ratio, Boost Converter

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

15

Equation for the Calculation


of Boundary conditions
iL ,peak Vd ton
iLB

2
2L
Vo
1
As

Vd Vo (1 D ) and ton D Ts ,
Vd 1 D
iLB
2014.11.14.

Ts Vo

D (1 D )
2L
Electromechanics

16

Equation for the Calculation


of Boundary conditions cntd
Boundaryconditionsfor the outputcurrent:
I iB I LB fromthe transferratio: I oB (1 D )I iB

Thus: I oB

T sVo
D (1 D )2
2L

I LB reachesmaximum
valueat D 0 .5

I LB ,max

T sVo
8L

I oB ,max

T V
2 T sVo
0.074 s o
27 L
L

2014.11.14.

while I oB is maximum
at D 0.333

Electromechanics

17

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of


Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant


2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

18

Step-Up DC-DC Converter:


Discont. Conduction

Occurs at light loads


2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

19

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Effect


of Parasitics

The duty-ratio is generally limited before the parasitic


effects become significant

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

20

Step-Up DC-DC Converter Output Ripple

ESR is assumedElectromechanics
to be zero

2014.11.14.

21

Boost Converter
Output Voltage Ripple
Duringoff time,the outputcurrentis suppliedby the condenser.Thus:

Vo

Q I o D Ts Vo D Ts

C
C
R C

Vo D Ts
Ts

D
Vo
RC

where

RC is timeconstant

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

22

Step-Down/step Up (Buck-Boost)
DC-DC Converter

The output voltage can be higher or lower than the input voltage
2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

23

Buck-Boost Converter: Waveforms

2014.11.14.

Continuous conduction
Electromechanics
mode

24

Buck-Boost Converter
Voltage Transfer Ratio
The Vs areas of the inductor voltage:

From here the voltage transfer


ratio:

Vo
D

Vd
1 D

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

25

Buck-Boost Converter: Limits of


Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant


2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

26

Buck-Boost Converter
Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction
During off time, I LB reaches zero at the end of the interval :
I LB

T V
s d D
2L

as

I o I L I d ( IC 0 )

Considering that

Vo
D

Vd 1 D

T V
I LB s o ( 1 D )
2L

and

I oB
2014.11.14.

I L , peak

Ts Vo
2L

( 1 D )2
Electromechanics

27

Buck-Boost Converter Converter:


Discontinuous Conduction Mode

2014.11.14.

This occurs
at light loads
Electromechanics

28

Buck-Boost Converter: Effect of Parasitics

The duty-ratio is limited to avoid these parasitic effects


from becoming significant
2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

29

Buck-Boost Converter :
Output Voltage Ripple

ESR is assumed to be zero


2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

30

Buck-Boost Converter :
Equations for Output Voltage
Ripple
Duringoff time,the outputcurrentis suppliedby the condenser.Thus:

Vo

Q I o D Ts Vo D Ts

C
C
R C

Vo D Ts
Ts

D
Vo
RC

where

RC is timeconstant

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

31

Cuk Converter

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

32

Full bridge Converter


Load: DC-Machine

2014.11.14.

Four quadrant operation is possible


Electromechanics

33

Converter Waveforms
Bi-polar voltage switching

Vo V AN VBN D1 Vd D2 Vd
Vo Vd ( 2 D1 1 ) where :
t on
D1
Ts

(TA ,TB )

D2 1 D1

2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

34

Converter Waveforms
Uni-polar voltage switching

Vo V AN VBN D1 Vd D2 Vd
Vo Vd ( 2 D1 1 ) where :
D1

t on
Ts

(TA ,TB )

D2 1 D1
2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

35

Equivalent Circuits in DC-DC


Converters

Replacing inductors and capacitors by current and


voltage sources, respectively
2014.11.14.

Electromechanics

36

You might also like