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Flag Control, Compare and Jump Instructions: Lecture On

This document summarizes instructions related to flags, comparisons, and jumps in x86 assembly language. It describes instructions like LAHF, SAHF, CLC, STC that affect flags. The CMP instruction is used to compare values and update flags. There are unconditional jump instructions like JMP that change the instruction execution sequence, and conditional jump instructions like JZ, JC, JL that change execution based on flag values. Examples are provided to demonstrate using these instructions.

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213 views

Flag Control, Compare and Jump Instructions: Lecture On

This document summarizes instructions related to flags, comparisons, and jumps in x86 assembly language. It describes instructions like LAHF, SAHF, CLC, STC that affect flags. The CMP instruction is used to compare values and update flags. There are unconditional jump instructions like JMP that change the instruction execution sequence, and conditional jump instructions like JZ, JC, JL that change execution based on flag values. Examples are provided to demonstrate using these instructions.

Uploaded by

ahmedmalek
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture on

Flag Control, Compare and Jump Instructions


A group of instructions that directly affect the state of the flags
LAHF Load AH from flags (AH) (Flags)
SAHF Store AH into flags (Flags) (AH)
Flags affected: SF, ZF, AF, PF, CF
CLC Clear Carry Flag (CF) 0
STC Set Carry Flag (CF) 1
CLI Clear Interrupt Flag (IF) 0
STI Set interrupt flag (IF) 1
SF

ZF

AF

PF

Format of the AH register for the LAHF and SAHF instructions

CF

Ex: Write an instruction sequence to save the current contents of


the 8088s flags in the memory location pointed to by SI and then
reload the flags with the contents of memory location pointed to by
DI
LAHF
MOV [SI], AH
MOV AH, [DI]
SAHF

The instructions CLC, STC, and CMC are used to clear, set, and complement
the carry flag.

Compare Instruction
CMP instruction is used to compare two 8-bit or 16-bit numbers. The results
of comparison is reflected by changes in the status flags as a result of subtracting
the source from the destination without saving result of subtraction.
Mnemonic

Meaning

Format

Operation

Flags Affected

CMP

Compare

CMP D,S

(D) (S) is used in setting


or resetting the flags

CF, AF, OF, PF,


SF, ZF

Destination

Source

Register

Register

Register

Memory

Memory

Register

Register

Immediate

Memory

Immediate

Accumulator

Immediate

Allowed operands for CMP instruction

EX: Describe what happens to the status flags as the sequence of instructions
Is executed
MOV AX, 1234H
MOV BX, 0ABCDH
CMP AX, BX
The First two instructions makes

(AX) = 0001001000110100B
(BX) = 1010101111001101B

The compare instruction performs


(AX)-(BX)= 0001001000110100B - 1010101111001101B = 0110011001100111B
The results of the subtraction is nonzero (ZF=0), positive (SF=0),
overflow did not occur OF=0, Carry and auxiliary carry occurred therefore,
(CF=1, and AF =1). Finally, the result has odd parity (PF=0).

Jump Instructions
There are two types of jump, unconditional and conditional
In unconditional jump, as the instruction is executed, the jump always takes
Place to change the execution sequence.

Part I

Unconditional Jump

JMP AA
Part II
AA

xxxxxx
Part III

Unconditional jump instruction


Locations skipped due to jump
Next instruction executed

In conditional jump, status conditions at the time of jump instruction execution


Decide whether or not the jump will occur.

Conditional Jump

Part I
JCC AA

Condition
met?

NO

XXXXXX

conditional jump instruction


Next instruction executed if
condition not met
Locations skipped if jump taken

Part II

YES

AA xxxxxx

Part III

Next instruction executed if


condition met

Unconditional Jump
Mnemonic

JMP

Meaning

Format

Unconditional JMP Operand


jump

Operation

Flags Affected

Jump is initiated to the


address specified by the
operand

None

Operand
Short-label
Near label
Far-label
Memptr16
Regptr16
Memptr32
Allowed operand for the jump instruction

JMP 1234H; IP will take the value 1234H


JMP BX ; IP will take the value in BX
JMP [BX]; IP will take the value in memory location pointed to by BX
JMP DWORD PTR [DI]; DS:DI points to two words in memory, the first word
identifies the new IP and the next word identifies the new CS.

Unconditional Jump
Short Jump: JMP short Label1 (8 bit)
Near Jump: JMP near Label
This is the default jump: JMP Label
The displacement (16 bit) is added to the IP of the instruction
following jump instruction.
The displacement can be in the range of 32,768 to 32,768.
The target address can be register indirect, or assigned by the
label.
Register indirect JMP: the target address is the contents of two
memory locations pointed at by the register.
Ex: JMP [SI] will replace the IP with the contents of the memory
locations pointed by DS:SI and SI+1

Ex: JMP [BP + SI + 1000] in SS

Far Jump: JMP far Label1


this is a jump out of the current segment.
EX: JMP DWORD PTR [DI]

Example. The PC Typewriter


Write an 80x86 program to input keystrokes from the PCs
keyboard and display the characters on the system
monitor. Pressing any of the function keys F1-F10 should
cause the program to end.
Algorithm:
1. Get the code for the key pressed
2. If this code is ASCII, display the key pressed on the monitor and
continue
3. Quit when a non-ASCII key is pressed

INT 16, BIOS service 0 Read next keyboard character


Returns 0 in AL for non-ASCII characters or the character is simply
stored in AL

To display the character, we use INT 10, BIOS service 0E


write character in teletype mode.
AL should hold the character to be displayed.

INT 20 for program termination

Example:
MES DB type any letter, number, or punctuation key
DB any F1 to F10 to end the program
DB 0d,0a,0a,$
MOV DX, OFFSET MES
MOV AH,09h
INT 21h ; to output the characters starting from the offset
AGAIN: MOV AH,0h
INT 16h; to check the keyboard
CMP AL,00h
JZ QUIT ;check the value of the input data
MOV AH, 0Eh
INT 10h; echo the character to output
JMP AGAIN
QUIT: INT 20h

Conditional Jump
The folowing flags are affected based on a general comparison instruction

Mnemonic

Description

Flag/Registers

JZ

Jump if ZERO

ZF=1

JE

Jump if EQUAL

ZF=1

JNZ

Jump if NOT ZERO

ZF=0

JNE

Jump if NOT EQUAL

ZF=0

Jump if CARRY

CF=1

Jump if NO CARRY

CF=0

Jump if CX=0

CX=1

JC
JNC
JCXZ
JECXZ

Jump if ECX=0

ECX=0

JP

Jump if PARITY EVEN

PF=1

JNP

Jump if PARITY ODD

PF=0

Jump Based on Unsigned Comparison


The following flags are based on unsigned numbers comparison
Mnemonic
JA

Description

Flag/Registers

Jump if above op 1>op2

CF=0 and ZF=0

Jump if not below or equal


op1 not <= op2

CF=0 and ZF=0

JAE

Jump if above or equal


op1>=op2

CF=0

JNB

Jump if not below


op1 not <op2

CF=0

Jump if below op1<op2

CF=1

Jump if not above nor equal


op1<op2

CF=1

JBE

Jump if below or equal


Op1<=op2

CX=1 or ZF=1

JNA

Jump if not above


Op1<=op2

CF=1 or ZF=1

JNBE

JB
JNAE

The following flags are based on signed numbers comparison


Mnemonic
JG

Description
Jump if GREATER

op1>op2

Flag/Registers
SF=OF and ZF=0

JNLE

Jump if NOT LESS THAN or equal op1>op2

SF=OF and ZF=0

JGE

Jump if GREATER THAN or equal op1>=op2

SF=OF

JNL

Jump if not LESS THAN


op1>=op2

SF=OF

Jump if LESS THAN op1<op2

SF<>OF

Jump if not GREATER THAN nor equal op1<op2

SF<>OF

JLE

Jump if LESS THAN or equal


Op1<=op2

ZF=1 or SF<>OF

JNG

Jump if not GREATER THAN op1<=op2


Op1<=op2

ZF=1 or SF<>OF

JL
JNGE

JS

Jump if SIGNED (OP1 NEGATIVE)

SF=1

JNS

Jump if NOT SIGNED (OP1 POSITIVE)

SF=0

JO

Jump if OVERFLOW

OF=1

Jump if NO OVERFLOW

OF=0

JNO

Short Jumps
Conditional Jump is a two byte instruction.
In a jump backward the second byte is the
2s complement of the displacement value.
To calculate the target the second byte is
added to the IP of the instruction right after
the jump.
Ex:
000D ADD AL,[BX]
000F INC BX
0010 DEC CX
0011 JNZ 000D
0013

Short Jump 0013+FA (-6) = 0D

Example:
Write a program that adds 6 bytes of data and saves the result.
The data should be the following decimal numbers: 52, 21, 51, 31,11, 74
.model small
.stack 100h
.data
Data_in DB 52, 21, 51, 31, 11, 74
Sum DB ?
.code
main proc far
MOV AX, @Data
MOV DS, AX
MOV CX, 06h
MOV BX, offset Data_in
MOV AL, 0

again: ADD AL, [BX]


INC BX
DEC CX
JNZ Again
MOV Sum, AL
MOV AH, 4Ch
INT 21H
Main endp
end main

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