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MA455 - Assignment 1 - SOLUTIONS - Total: /30 Due: at The Beginning of Class Monday, Sept. 24

This document contains solutions to a math assignment involving partial differential equations (PDEs). 1) It provides solutions to questions that classify PDEs as linear/nonlinear and homogeneous/nonhomogeneous, and state their order. 2) For a given PDE, it finds general solutions satisfying different initial/boundary conditions, providing examples of specific solutions. 3) It finds the general solution to two PDEs by integrating terms. 4) It works through a Fourier series problem, deriving expressions for coefficients and describing the series' convergence and periodic extension. 5) It works through another Fourier series problem, deriving coefficient expressions and describing the series' convergence and periodic extensions for both even

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MohamedKeynan
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41 views

MA455 - Assignment 1 - SOLUTIONS - Total: /30 Due: at The Beginning of Class Monday, Sept. 24

This document contains solutions to a math assignment involving partial differential equations (PDEs). 1) It provides solutions to questions that classify PDEs as linear/nonlinear and homogeneous/nonhomogeneous, and state their order. 2) For a given PDE, it finds general solutions satisfying different initial/boundary conditions, providing examples of specific solutions. 3) It finds the general solution to two PDEs by integrating terms. 4) It works through a Fourier series problem, deriving expressions for coefficients and describing the series' convergence and periodic extension. 5) It works through another Fourier series problem, deriving coefficient expressions and describing the series' convergence and periodic extensions for both even

Uploaded by

MohamedKeynan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA455 Assignment 1 SOLUTIONS Total: /30

Due: at the beginning of class Monday, Sept. 24

NAME (print clearly):


Student Number: PUT ON REVERSE SIDE

1. State whether each of the following PDEs is linear or nonlinear, homogeneous or nonhomogeneous, and state the order of the PDE.
(a) u xxy uyyyx cos xy = 0
(b) (ut )2 + u x + u + 1 = 0

Solution: linear, nonhomogeneous, 4th order


Solution: nonlinear, nonhomogeneous, 1st order

(c) y2 u xx x2 uyy = 0

Solution: linear, homogeneous, 2nd order

(d) tut xtutx = 1/u

Solution: nonlinear, homogeneous, 2nd order

In the next two questions, you will see that solving some PDEs requires simple integration.
2. Let u x = 1, where u = u(x, y).
(2)

(a) Find all solutions.


(Hint: recall how to solve the ODE dy/dx = 1.)
Solution: Integrating with respect to x gives u(x, y) = x + g(y), for arbitrary function g.

(3)

(b) Describe the set of solutions which satisfy u(0, 0) = 0. Give two specific example solutions.
Solution: The solution in part (a) gives u(0, 0) = 0 = 0 + g(0) g(0) = 0. Therefore, there
are infinitely many solutions: {u(x, y) = x + g(y)|g(0) = 0}. Two examples are u = x + sin y
and u = x + y.

(1)

(c) Describe the set of solutions which satisfy u(0, y) = y3 + ey .


Solution: The solution in part (a) gives
u(0, y) = y3 + ey = 0 + g(y) g(y) = y3 + ey u(x, y) = x + y3 + ey .

(1)

(d) Describe the set of solutions which satisfy u(x, 0) = x3 + e x .


Solution: The solution in part (a) gives u(x, 0) = x3 + e x = x + g(0) x = x3 + e x g(0).
Then the solution in part (a) becomes u(x, y) = x3 + e x g(0) + g(y). But then u x = 1 cannot
be satisfied for all x since 3x2 + e x , 1 for all x. Therefore, there are no solutions to the given
problem for the given initial condition.

3. Find the general solution u(x, y) of the following problems.


(4)

(a) u xy = 2y x
Solution: With the partial derivative term stated as u xy , we can find u(x, y) by first integrating
u xy with respect to y and then integrating that result with respect to x. (Note: since we could
assume u xy = uyx , the order of integration should not matter.)
(
)
x2 y
2
2
u x = y xy + f (x) u(x, y) = xy
+
f (x) dx + g(y), for arbitrary functions
2
f and g. (Note: we could write F(x) = f (x) dx so that our solution is written without the
integral sign, for arbitrary F.)

(2)

(b) u x + 3u = y
(Hint: use the integrating factor e3x , as in solving the ODE dy/dx + 3y = 1.)
Solution: Multiply both sides by e3x ; then the left-hand side is the derivative (with respect to
x) of a product:

y
y
e3x u x + e3x 3u = ye3x (e3x u) = ye3x e3x u = e3x + f (y) u(x, y) = + e3x f (y), for
x
3
3
arbitrary function f .
4. #6, Chapter 2, p25
Solution: Given f (x) = 1 2x for 2 x 2, take L = 2. Seek
(
( nx )
( nx ))

1
an cos
f (x) a0 +
+ bn sin
.
2
2
2
n=1
a0

an

=
bn

IBP

1 2
1 2
f (x) dx =
1 2x dx = ... = 2
2 2
2 2

2
( nx )
( nx )
( nx )
( nx )
1 2
1 2
1 2
f (x) cos
dx =
(1 2x) cos
dx =
cos
dx
x cos
dx
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
|
{z
} |
{z
}
(

( nx ))2

( nx ))2

even

=0 odd

2
2
=
sin
(sin n sin (n)) = 0,
n
2 0 n

2
( nx )
( nx )
( nx )
( nx )
1 2
1 2
1 2
f (x) sin
dx =
(1 2x) sin
dx =
sin
dx
x sin
dx
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
|
{z
} |
{z
}
4x
cos
n

4
n

cos

( nx )

2 0
2
0

(
)

8
nx
f (x) 1 +
(1)n sin
.
n
2
n=1

=0 odd

dx = ... =

even

8
8
8
cos n 2 2 (sin n sin (n)) =
(1)n ,
n
n
n

Convergence: on (2, 2), the Fourier series converges to 1 2x. At x = 2, the Fourier series
converges to the average value of the jump discontinuity: 1.
Graph of the Fourier series on [3L, 3L] = [6, 6]: With L = 2, the periodic extension of f has
period 2L = 4 f (x + 4) = f (x). Thus the main branch (for x (2, 2)) is repeated at intervals
of 4. For [6, 6]: one new branch will be the line y = 1 2(x 4) = 9 2x, the other new branch

Page 2

will be y = 1 2(x + 4) = 7 2x. The extension is normalized at the jumps to have value 1, the
average value of the discontinuities.

(Another way to derive the branches is to start with the main branch for (2, 2), deduce points
(2, 5) and (2, 3) must be on the neighboring branches to the main one, and calculate the equations of these two straight lines since we know their slopes must be 2.)

(17) 5. #18, Chapter 2, p25


Solution: Note: mark distribution: 8 - FSS (2 - bn , 2
- a0 , 2 - an , 2 - , 2 - convergence, 2 - graph).

, 2 - convergence, 2 - graph); 9 - FCS (1

FSS:
2

( nx )
( nx )
)
2 2
4 ( ( n )
2
f (x) sin
dx =
sin
dx = ... =
cos
cos 0
bn =
2 0
2
0
2
n
2
(
(
))
4
n
=
1 cos
n
2

( n ))
( nx )

4 (

f (x)
1 cos
sin
n
2
2
n=1
FSS converges to: 2 for (0, ), 0 for [, 2], and 1 for x = .
Given that L = 2, the odd periodic extension of f has period 2L = 4 f (x + 4) = f (x). The
graph of the odd, normalized periodic extension of f is obtained by first reflecting f for x (0, 2)
through the origin and then taking that image and repeating it by gluing it end to end to the
right and left of the original reflection (so that any consecutive collection of branches repeats at
intervals of 4). At any jumps, the graph should contain the average of the jump discontinuities.
Graph not shown. The graph on [6, 6] has the following characteristics:

equals 2 for x (4, 3) (0, ) (4, 5)

Page 3

equals 0 for x [6, 5)

{4}

(3, ) {0} (, 3) {4} (5, 6]

equals 1 for x = 3, , 5
equals -1 for x = 5, , 3
Note: The sketch for x [6, 0) should be the two-step reflectionfirst in the yaxis and then in
the xaxisof the sketch for x (0, 6].
FCS:
2

1
2
f (x) dx =
2 dx = ... = 2,
a0 =
2 0
0
2

( nx )
( nx )
)
( n )
2
2 2
4 ( ( n )
4
an =
f (x) cos
dx =
cos
dx = ... =
sin
sin 0 =
sin
,
2 0
2
0
2
n
2
n
2

( n )
( nx )

f (x) 1 +
sin
cos
n
2
2
n=1
FCS converges to: 2 for [0, ), 0 for (, 2], and 1 for x = .
Given that L = 2, the even periodic extension of f has period 2L = 4 f (x + 4) = f (x).
The graph of the even, normalized periodic extension of f is obtained by first reflecting f for
x [0, 2) through the yaxis and then taking that image and repeating it by gluing it end to
end to the right and left of the original reflection (so that any consecutive collection of branches
repeats at intervals of 4). At any jumps, the graph should contain the averages of the jump
discontinuities.
Graph not shown. The graph on [6, 6] has the following characteristics:

equals 2 for x (5, 3) (, ) (3, 5)

equals 0 for x [6, 5) (3, ) (, 3) (5, 6]


equals 1 for x = 5, 3, , , 3, 5
Note: The sketch for x [6, 0] should be the mirror image in the yaxis of the sketch for
x [0, 6].

Page 4

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