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397 viewsCalculus 1 (Preliminaries and Limit)
This module contains materials about preliminaries for calculus and limit
Uploaded by
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 39
6 Chapter 0 Preliminaries
Concepts Review
1. Numbers that can be written as the ratio of two integers
are called
2. Between any two real numbers, there is another real num-
SOLUTION
(@) False. IF We choose x = 0, then it isnot true that x? > 0
(b) Tue. If xis negative, then + willbe pos
(6) True. This statement contains two quantifiers, “for every” and “there exists”
‘To read the statement correctly, we must apply them in the right order. The
statement begins “for every."s0 ifthe statement is true, then what follows must
be true for every value of x that we choose. If you are not sure whether the
whole statement i true, try afew values of and see whether the second part
ofthe statement is true or false. For example, we might choose « ~ 100; given
this choice, does there exist ay that is greater than x? In other Words, there a
number greater than 100? Yes, of course. The number 101 would do, Next
choose another value for x, say’ x = 1,000,000. Does there exist ay that
greater than this value of x? Again, yes in this case the number 1,000,001
would do, Now, ask yourself“IfTletx be any real number, will Tbe able to find
ay thats larger than x?"The answer is yes Just choose y (0 be x + 1
False This statement says that there is areal number that is larger than every
other real number. In other words, there isa largest real number. This is false
here isa proof by contradition, Suppose that there exists largest real num
ber y.Let x = y ~ 1. Then x > y, which is contrary to the assumption that y
isthe largest real number. .
(d)
The negation of the statement P is the statement “not P.” (The statement “not
is true provided P is false.) Consider the negation of the statement “for all x,
‘P(2)." If this negated statement is true, then there must he at least one value of x
for which P(x) is false; in other words, there exists an x such that “not P(x).” Now
consider the negation of the statement “there exists an x such that P(x).” If this,
negated statement is true, then there is not a single x for which P(x) is true. This,
‘means that P(x is false no matter what the value of x.In other words, “for all x, not
PG.” In summary,
‘The negation of “forall x, P(x)" is“there exists an x such that not P(x).
‘The negation of “there exists an x such that P(x)" is “for every x, not
Ps)”
3. The contrapositive of “I P then 0” is
4. Axioms and definitions are taken for granted, but
require proof.
der This is what it means to say thatthe real numbers are
Problem Set 0.1
In Problems 1-16, simplify as much as possible. Be sure to remove
ail parentheses and reduce all fractions
L4-2-m)+6 23
(13-7)
4 S[-1 + 12 16) + 4) +2
3B -a[S(-3 + 12-4) +
4g
1B.
42+
15, (V5 +V3\(V3 -V3) 16. (V5 — V3)
In Problems 17-28, perform the indicated operations and simplify.
17. Br = (x +1) 18, (2x - 37
19, (3x ~ (2x +1) 20, (Ax — 11) — 7)
a. GF 1 +1? 2. (243) nstirte ow
Fem atet2 ™G-2* oT
29, Find the value ofeach of the following if undefined, say
(@) 0-0 ob) 5 oH
@ 3 (0° om
30, Show that division by 0 is meaningless as follows: Sup-
pose that a # 0. 'a/0 = b, then a = O-b = 0, which isa contra-
diction. Now find a reason why 0/0 is also meaningless.
Jn Problems 31-36, change each rational number to « decimal by
performing long division
3h.
2.
35,
In Problems 37-42, change each repeating decimal to a ratio of
vo inuegers (see Example 1)
31, 0123123128,
39, 2.56565656
41, 0.199990 42, 0.390909
43, Since 0.199999... = 0.200000... and 0.399999
0.400000... (see Problems 41 and 42), we see that cert
tional numbers have two different decimal expansions, Which
tational numbers have this property?
44, Show that any cational number p/a, for which the prime
factorization of q consists entirely of 2s and Ss, has a terminating
decimal expansion,
45, Find a positive rational number and a positive irrational
‘number both smaller than 0.00001,
38, 0217171717,
40, 3.929282,
46, What is the smallest post
live rational number? The
iteger? The smallest posi-
mallest positive irrational number?
47, Find a rational number between 3.14159 and x. Note that
w= 141592
48, Is there a number between 0.9999... (repeating 9s) and
12 How do you resolve this with the statement that between any
‘wo different real numbers there is another real number?
49, 1s0.1234567891011121314... rational or irrational? (You
should sev a pattern in the given sequence of digits)
50, Find two rational numbers whose sum is ratonal
In Problems 51-56, find the best decimal approximation that
yourcaleuato alos Begin by making mem eximate
sh (V3-+1P 3. (v2- V3}
SVT VIS Gums"?
88. V89m +1 - 30 86, W (6m? ~ 2)
‘57, Show that between any two different real numbers there is
‘rational number. (Hint Ii a 0,80 there is a
natural number m such that I/n b} and use the fact that a set of integers that is bound=
ed from below contains 4 least element) Show that between any
Section 0.1 Real Numbers, Estimation, and Logic 7
two different real numbers there are inf
numbers
Jy many rational
ise, Estimate the number of eubi inches in your head.
158, Esvimate the length of the equator in fest. Assume the
rads of the earth 1o be 4000 miles
160, About how many times has your heart beat by your twen-
sieth biznday?
[J61. The General Sherman re in California is about 270 feet,
tall and averages about 16 fect in diameter, Estimate the aum-
ber of board feet (I board foot equals 1 inch by 12 inches by 12
inches) of lumber that could be made from this tree, assuming no
‘waste and ignoring the branches
Le, Assume that the General Sherman tree (Problem 61)
produces an annual growth ring of thickness 0.0 foot, Estimate
the resulting increase inthe volume ofits trunk each year.
63. Write the converse and the contrapositive to the flow
ing statements
(2) titans today, then [wll tay home from work
{) He te candidate meets al the qualifications. then she willbe
hited.
464, Write the converse and the cantrapositive tothe follow-
ing statements
(a) ICL getan A on the final exam, will pass the course
(b) ICL finish my research paper by Friday then I will take off
next week.
465. Write the converse and the contrapositive to the follow.
ing statements
(a) (Let a,b, and e be the lengths of sides of a triangle.) It
a + B= & then the triangle i aright triangle,
(®) angle ABCis acute, them its measure is greater than O° and
less than 90°
166, Write the converse and the cantrapositive to the follow.
ing statements
(a) the measure of angle ABC is 45°, then angle ABC
acute angle
(b) Hea < bthen a? <
(67. Consider the statements in Problem 65 along. with their
‘converses and contrapositives. Which are true?
{68 Consider the statements in Problem 66 along. with their
‘converses and contrapositives Which are rue?
69. Use the rules regarding the negation of statements in-
volving quantifiers to write the negation of the following state~
ments, Which is true, the original statement or its negation?
(a) Every isosceles triangle i equilateral
(b) There is areal number that is not an integer.
(6). Every natural number is less than or equal tits square,
1), Use the rules regarding the negation of statements
involving quantifiers to write the negation of the following state-
‘ments, Which is true, the original statement or is negation?
(a) Every natural number rational
(b) There isa circle whose area is larger than 9x.
(c)_ Every real number is larger than its squace.
‘TL, Which ofthe following are true? Assume thats and y are
seal numbers
(a) Forevery 4,1 > 0-97 > 0. 8 Chapter 0 Preliminaries
(b) Forevery sx > 0.69
fo) Porevery x2" > x
(@) For every x, there exists ay such that y > 2
{(e) For every postive number y, there exists another positive
number xsuch that 0-< x <
‘2. Which ofthe following are true? Unless iti stated other-
‘wise, assume that x3, and eare real numbers.
(a) Porevery yx 0, there exists a y such that y >
(a) For every positive x, there exists a natural number such
1
that < x
(e) For every positive e, there exists a natural number such
7B, Prove the following statements.
(8) fms odd then i odd. (Hint I ms od, then there exists
an integer ksuch that m= 24 +L)
(©) Iai od, then mis od. (Hint: Prove the contrapostive)
74, Prove that is odd it and only if nis od. (See Problem
73)
75. According to the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic,
every natural number greater than 1 can be writen asthe prod
uct of primes ina unique way, excep fr the order ofthe factors.
For example, 45 = 3-3+5. Write each ofthe following asa prod
uet of primes
(a) 283
) 1 fe) s100
1%, Use the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic (Problem
75) ta show that the square of any natural number greater than 1
can be written as the product of primes in a unique way, except
Jor the order of the factors, with each prime occurring an even
‘number of times. For example, (45)° = 3+3+3+3+5+5,
0.2
Inequalities and
‘Absolute Values
Solving equations (for instance, 3x ~ 17
ditional tasks of mathematics: it will be important in this course and we assume
that you remember how to do it. But of almost equal significance in calculus is the
notion of solving an inequality (¢.g..3x ~ 17 < 6orx? ~ x ~ 6
71. Show that VE
ig irrational. Hint: Ty a proot by contra
diction. Suppose that V2 = p/q. where pand q are natural num
bers (necessarily different Irom 1). Then 2= p'/q’, and so
2g? = p' Now use Problem 76 to gota contradiction.
7%. Show that V/s ieational (sce Problem 77)
7, Show that the sum of two rational numbers is ration
480, Show that the product of a rational number (other than
(0) and an irational number i ieational. Hine Try proot by
contradiction.
SL, Which of the following are rational and which are
irrational?
wv () 0375
fe) (3V2}(8V2) @) (1+ V3P
82, A number is called an upper bound for a set S of
‘numbers if x = b for all vin S. For example 5,65, and 13 are
upper bounds forthe set § = (1.2.3.4. 5). The number Sis the
least upper bound for § (che smalest ofall upper bounds). Si
larly, 16, 2. and 25 are upper hounds for the infinite set
T= {14 149, 1499, 1499%,,..}, whereas 1.5 isis least upper
bound. Find the least upper bound of each ofthe following sts
(@) $= {-10,-8, -6, -4, -2)
os 4,-211, 2.111, -2.1111,...}
(©) S= (24,244,244, 2.4444...)
@ s={1-$1-41-4 }
(©) $= [xse = (-1)" + 1/n,na positive integer): that is is
the set of all numbers x that have” the form
x= (-1)" + 1/n, where mis a positive integer.
(9 $= {x:e <2, xa.ational number}
(S83. The Axiom of Completeness for the real numbers says:
Every set of real numbers that has an upper bound has a least
‘upper bound that is areal number:
(@) Show that the italicized statement is false i the wosd reals,
replaced by rational
() Would the italicized statement be true or false if the word
real were replaced by natural?
{Lrational numbers
‘4.theorems
Answers to Concepts Review:
2dense_3.°Ifnot Q then not P”
Gora’ ~ x ~ 6 = O)isone of the tra-
0). To solve an
inequality is to find the set of all real numbers that make the inequality true. In
contrast to an equation, whose solution set normally consists of one number or
perhaps a finite set of numbers the solution set of an inequality is usually an entire
interval of numbers or, in some cases, the union of such intervals.
Intervals Several kinds of intervals will arise in our work and we introduce
tually two inequalit
1.6) [4i-tere6
special terminology and notation for them. The inequality a < x < b, which is ac-
a 2°. On the other hand,2 < 3 and 2? < 3°
ing with nonnegative numbers, then a < bea? 0 and
Problem Set 0.2
1. Show each ofthe following intervals on the seal line,
@ [11] ) (4.1)
fe) (4,1) @ [41
©) [-1.) © (-,0]
2, Use the notation of Problem 1 to describe the following
intervals,
© ¢ 5
3. Which of the following are always true?
@) al 0) t=
© Wy) @ VE
4. Te inegua = Sisequivatentto
In each of Problems 3-26, express the solution set of the given
inequality in interval notation and sketch is graph.
Bex-T<2r-5 43x -S< dy -6
So Ie-25 9043 6. 5x—3> 60-4
DL -deaet20 0
xt
15 450 16.
wn 2<5 18
». 2k (x +2)(¥- Dw 3) > 0
2, (r+ 3)Gx- Ie) <0
23 (x — 3x — 142-3) 20
2, (2 3)(x— Ie 3) > 0
BPA 58 6r<0 Pett >O
27, ‘Tell whether each ofthe following is true or false
@ 3<-7 W-41>-17 @) 3<
28, Tell whether each ofthe following i true or fale
a) -3 > -V6 Set 92a
@ -s>-V% m $<3 © 5.5
29, Assume that a > 0,6 > 0, Prove each statement, Hint
Fach part requires two proofs:one for = and one for =
1
@) acbew ee
ached
3M, Which ofthe following are rue ita = b?
(@) @ ab (b) a-3=b-3
©) a@ sab (@) -as-b
BM. Find all values of x that satisiy both inequalities
simultancously.
(a) 3x 7>Land2x t1<3
() 3x 47> Land2x 41> 4
(©) 3e+7> Land2x bl <4
32, Find all the va
inequalities
(@) 2-7 > Loret1<3
(b) 2x7 S lords +1<3
(©) 2-7 Lordy +1>3
lues of x that satisfy atleast one of the (wo
33, Solve for x, expressing your answer in interval notation,
@) + Det +2r- 2-1
() 8-28 =8
© (2418-18 +1)+10<0
MM, Solve each inequality. Express your solution in interval
notation
@ i9?
aif
2, 2x-71>3
«|
In Problems 45-48, solve the given quadratic inequality using the
Quadratic Formate.
4 3r-4e0 46,
41, 3x + 1x6 >0
Sodrt4s0
48 1a? + Lx 1550
{In Problems 49-2, show that the indicated implication i true
49, |x ~ 3) <05=9 [sy ~ 15] < 25
$0, |x +2) <03— [Mx +8) <12
Section 0.2 Inequalities and Absolute Values 15
sh |x lox - i I
(0) F< xford
73, The number Vab is called the geometric mean of two
ive numbers wand b, Prove that
O 0
eee (b) y= ax? + bs? + ox + d,witha > 0
Teibee tae 2 (0) yeas + bx + ex + d.witha <0
a4 rad to, 3 +4)? = 12 (@) y= axwitha> 0
Powe? a ay = 12
Beye M+ (y- P= » »-
1B, A(x - 1 + 9 . -
16,8 — 4x tay 2
1 xt 4 9Ky + 2
1h xt + yt ad ing =
Kalam. y » »
o ®
in y=
Fea , ,
ax + 39? + Ry » ».
cla ace — 5) + 9p + 2) . »
By = (x — 1)(e— 2) 3) FS
60126.» = Px - 1)(e- 2) Noy? + qt ts
aap % 1
sar yt + yt » 2».
ny
Em
Shao, [al + bol = 6 ”
Figure 8
29. |x + by
In Problems 31-38, pot the graphs of bot equations on the
Same coordinate plane Find and tbe te poo of eset
ihe Oro aap (ee Eecnle potas of (laa, Find the distance between the poinls on the circle
13 with the x-coordinates ~2 and 2, How many such
at Bh yates distances are there?
yar E141, Find the distance between the points on the circle
3. Moy= eta a+ De + 9? — 2y = 20 with the x-coordinates —2 and 2. How
pea gea2 ‘many such distances are there?
35. Bayard Answers to Concepts Review: Tyaxis 2 (4,2)
de + ay = 12 281-214 4 line: parabola Concepts Review
1. The set of allowable inputs for a function is called the
ff the function; the set of outputs that are obtained is
called the ofthe function,
2 It flx) = 3x4, then fu)
and fx +h) =
3. IF fx) gets closer and closer to L as [x increases inde!
nitely. then the line y = Lis aan) for the graph of
Section 0.5 Functions and Their Graphs 33
4. IF f(x) = F(x) for all x in the domain of f, then fis
called a(an) —_funetion; if f(x) = =/(2) forall x in the
dlomain of j,then fisealled a(an) ___funetion. Inthe first ease
the graph of fis symmetric with respect to the: in the
second ease, itis symmetric with respect to the
Problem Set 0.5
1. For f(x) = 1 ~ x4 find cach valu,
@ 4 by F-2) © £0)
(@) £6) ©) f-5) 6G)
(®) f+ m) () +A) FC)
@ #2 +m) ~ FO)
2 For F(x) = x° + x find ench value
fa) Fa) (by F(V2) «@ PG)
@ Fash © FU+h)~ FU)
© FQ +m ~- FO)
3. For G(s) = 1/(y~ find each value
(@) Go) (©) 610.9%)
@ Gu)
©) Gu.)
wd)
4. For 0(u) =", tind cach value. (0 isthe uppercase
©) GC»)
‘Greek letter phi.)
@ 4G) (b) &(-9) (©) 3)
(d) Pu +1) (©) &() (0 &(x? + x)
5 For
fin) =
Vana
find each value
(@ 0.25) 0) fim) © 13+ V2)
(5) & For f(x) = VP + 9/(x ~ V3). find each value
(a) (0.79) w s(v3)
7. Which of the following determine a funetion f with for-
mula y = f(x)? For those that do, find f(x). Hint: Solve for yin
terms of and note that the definition of a function requires a
single y for each x
tb) £012.26)
@ fees (by ay ty teehee
(© x= Vayet @ y
+1
‘8 Which ofthe graphs in Figure 12 are graph of functions?
‘This problem suggests a rule: For a graph to be the graph of a
function, each verical line must meet the graph i at most one
point
9. For fx)
Na)lih
2-1, find and simplify [f(a +h) ~
Figure 12
10, For F(e) = 40, find and simplify [F(a + h) ~ Pla)’
14, For g(a) = 3/(u ~ 2), find and simphty [g(x + 8) —
sco
12, For Gl) = {C+ 4), find and simphity [G(e +h) —
Gta)
13, Find the natural domain for each of the following.
(Fz) = V2 tb) g(v) = 1/(40 1)
(©) Wx) = VP 9 (a) Hy) = V5 = y
14, Find the natural domain in each cae.
0) Gy) = Vor
FQ=
@) foo)
© du
In Problems 15-30. specify whether the given function is even,
‘odd, or neither, and then sketch its graph.
18 ste 16. f(x)
17 F(x) +1 18, F(x) va
19. g(a) = 3 20, g(a)
2. a2) = 275
24. hx) = Vea
26, F(t) = -|e + 3]
28. G(s) = [2x - 1] irs
34 Chapter 0 Preliminaries
io) Where on [-2, 5] is F(x) = g(a)?
(6) Estimate the largest value of f(x) ~ g(x] on [2.5
49. Graph f(x) = (3x ~ 4)/(x? ~ 6) on the domain
(6.6)
(a) Determine the sand y-imtereepis
(b) Determine the range off forthe given domain
(6) Determine the vertical asymptotes ofthe eraph.
4).
Sx° +x +8 on the (@) Determine the horizontal asymptote forthe graph when the
«domain is enlarged to the natural domain,
50, Follow the directions in Problem 49 for the function
atx) = Ge =
Ce
nia
ou
Figure 1
Ay + x6)
0.6
Operations
on Functions
Dosnain
Section 0.6 Operations on Functions 35
Answers to Concepts Review: 1. domain; range
21202: 3(x + hy = 3x2 + Oxh + SIP axymptote
44even; odd axis: origin
Just as two numbers a and b can be added to produce anew number a + b, $0 wo
functions fand g can be added to produce a new funetion f + g. This is just one of
several operations on functions that we will describe in this section,
Sums, Differences, Products, Quotients, and Powers Consider fune~
tions fand g with formulas
f(s) g(x) = VE
7
We can make a new funetion f+ g by having it assign to x the value
£08) + g(x) = (x = 3/2 + VE thats,
3
(F + gil) = fla) + g(x) = 5 + VE
Of course, we must be a litle careful about domains. Clearly, must be a number
‘on which both fand g can work. In other words, the domain of f + g isthe inter-
section (common part) ofthe domains of fand g (Figure 1).
The functions f ~ g, fg, and f/¢ are introduced in a completely analogous
sway. Assuming that fand g have their natural domains, we have the following:
UF + lay =F) + a) [p.-0)
(F = a9) = Fl) [o. 20)
(fred) = fl) ale [0.%0)
e f(x) _ x =3
(eo-sh- os)
‘We had to exclude 0 from the domain of f/g to avoid division by 0.
We may also raise a function to a power. By f, we mean the function that
assigns to x the value [f(x)]". Thus,
is(P = (ve)
There is one exception to the above agreement on exponents, namely, when
n= =1. We reserve the symbol f~! for the inverse function, which will be di
cussed in Section 6.2. Thus, f-! does not mean 1/f.
Let F(x) = Wr +1 and G(x) = VO,
natural domains [=1,c0) and [~3,3]. Find formulas for F +
F-G, F/G, and F® and give their natural domains.
s(x) mn
with respective
F-G, Section 0.6 Operations on Functions 39
where the a's are real numbers and m is a nonnegative integer. Ifa, # 0, mis the
degree of the polynomial function. In particular, f(x) = ax + b is'a first-degree
polynomial funetion, or Kinear function, and f(x) ~ ax? + bx +c is a second-
degree polynomial function, or quadratic funetion,
‘Quotients of polynomial functions ate called rational functions. Thus, fis a
rational function itis ofthe form
ay" + dy ie”
By + Bye
ton tae ta
ra) so thee hy
‘The domain of a rational function consists of those real numbers for which the
denominator is nonzero.
An explicit algebraic funetion is one that can be obtained from the constant
functions and the identity function via the five operations of addition, subtraction,
‘multiplication, division, and root extraction. Examples are
(x +2)VE
fix) = 388 =3Wx gl) =
‘The funetions listed so far, together with the trigonometric, inverse trigono-
metric, exponential, and logarithmic functions (to be introduced later), are the
basic raw materials for calculus
Concepts Review
3. Compared to the graph of
y= fle 2) is translated
4. A rational function is defined as
F(X), the graph of
‘units to the
1. HEf(x) = 22 + Athen P(x)
2. ‘The value ofthe composite function f © g at.xis given by
Fess) =
Problem Set 0.6
1. For f(x) =x +3 and g(x) ind each value (it
possible)
@ f+ 92
@ Fe ath)
tb) (F-2)(0)
©) (g* 0)
© @/NG)
(ef-s)
2 For f(x) = 2° +x and g(x) = 2/(x +3}, find each
value
@ Fae) — ©) Usa) © #@)
@ Feat) © (eA) © 9G)
3. For (u) =u + 1 and ‘¥() = 1/v, find each value.
@ (+ Hu) 0) (®e WYP)
(©) (We air) (@) &)
(©) (@— 59) (0 (@—¥) eH)
4. If f(x) = Vi T and g(x) = 2/x, find formulas for
the following and state their domains.
(@) (-yta) ©) Fe) + ste)
© Fea ( (ee Fe
8. TF f(s) = V4 and ghve) = | + ml, find formulas
for (f © g)tx)and (2 © 00),
GIF gy +1, find
(eee atv)
2, Cateulate (3.141) if g(u) =
formulas for g(x) and
Verte
20H
Wa)!
© &, Caeulate (2.05): g(x) =
(5) % Cateuate [g2(a) ~ a(n) it atv) = [M1 ~ To
0. Ceuta (g(x) ~ g(a) "it g(x)
UL, Find fand gso that F = g © f, (See Example 3)
(a) Fu) = Ve+7 (0) Fla) = (a? +
12, Find fand go that p =f» g
@) pls) (b) pls) =
or.
Weep
13, Write pls) = 1/V
tions in two different ways.
14, Write p(x) =
functions.
18, Sketch the graph of f(x) by frst sketeh-
ing g(x) = Vand then translating, (See Example 4.)
ra
7 as a composite of three fune-
VEE T as a composite of four
Vem
16, Sketch the graph of g(x) = [x + 3] ~ 4 by ist sketeh-
ing h(x) = [x] and then transating.
17. Sketch of fx)
translations
18, Sketch
translations,
19, Sketch the graphs of f(x) = (x — 3)/2 and g(x) = VE
using the same coordinate axes. Then sketch fg by adding
“coordinates
the graph (24 using
the graph of g(x) =(x + 1)'— 3 using 40. Chapter 0 Preliminaries
|. Follow the di
(x) = Ia
cctions of Problem 19 for f(x) =x and
21, Sketch the graph of F(1) =
22, Sketch the graph of G(0) = « ~ [V
23, State whether each of the following is an odd function, an
‘even function, or neither. Prove your statements.
(a) The sum of two even functions
{(b) The sum of two odd functions
(6). The product of two even functions
(d) The product of two odd functions
(©) The product of an even function and an odd function
24, Let Fe any function whose domain contains ~x when-
ever it contains x. Prove each of the following,
(a) F(x) — F(x) isan odd function
(b) F(x) + F(=2) isan even function,
(©) Fean always be expressed as the sum of an odd and an even
funetion,
25, Is every polynomial of even degree an even function? Is
‘every polynomial of odd degree an odd function? Explain
26, Classify cach of the following as @ PF (polynomial func
tion), RF (rational function but not a polynomial function), oF
neither
() FO) = 382 +1 (b) fly=3
fe) f(x) = 3x? + 2x! {(@) f(x) = 2x8 — 30
; 1 0 fy - 2
© 1-5 0-5
27. The relationship between the unit price P (in cents) for 8
certain product and the demand D (in thousands of units) ap-
pears to satisiy
P=VB—3D+ DE
‘On the other hand, the demand has risen over the F years since
1970 according to D = 2 + Vi
(a) Express P as a function of
{b) Evaluate Pwhen = 15,
28, After being in busines for ‘years,a manufacturer of cars
is making 120 + 2r + 3 units per year. The sales price in dollars
‘per unit has risen according tothe formula 6000 + 70. Write a
formula for the manufacturer’ yeariy revenue Ri) after f years
29, Starting at noon, airplane A flies due north at 400 miles
per hour, Starting | hour later, airplane B flies due east at 300
miles per hour. Neglecting the curvature of the Earth and assumn-
ing that they fy atthe same altitude, ind a formula for D(o),the
distance between the two airplanes £ hours after noon, Hint:
There will be two formulas for D(O, one if 0<¢< 1 and the
other if ¢= 1
E130. Find the distance between the airplanes of Problem 29
21230 pm.
at tat 0) = 22, sow ha 0) = poi
+ be 4 Oand x 4 ufc
Show that F(F(/(4))) = provided
33, Let f(x) =, “Find and simplify each value.
@) soi
34. Lot fia)
w 2)
5, Prove thatthe operation of composition of functions is
asociativesthais f° (fs © fs) = Uh * A * fi
WH. Let fla) =n fla) = ix, fila) = 1 fe) =
(1 ~ 3), f(x) = (¥~ 1)/xcand fils) = 3/(x ~ 1). Note that
Aida) = HOY ~¥) = ~~ 3) = alle 1) =
“f(x that sf, © = fc In fact, the composition of any two of
these functions is another one in the li.
table in Figure U.
©) SU)
Vet
©) s0/fe)
Find and simpli
eo) FED)
lin the composition
clnlalalalals
f he
Te
Figure 11
"Then use this table to find each of the following, From Problem
35, you know that the associative law holds
O hehe heheh O) Ache hehe he fe
fe) FiEP oh fi W GitG> heheh
©) Hilfe Ke H=h
© Use a computer or a graphing calculator in Problems 37-40.
37. Let f(x) 3x. Using the same axes, draw the
graphs of y = f(x). y= f(x — 05) — 06, and y = (15x), all
‘on the domain [-2, 5].
38 Let f(x) = [2"|- Using the same axes, draw the graphs of
y= f().¥ = f(x), and y = f3Ex ~ 08), all on the domain
-3.3]
3B. Lot f(a) = 2Ve Using the same axes,
draw the graphs of y (15x), andy
‘FO ~1) + D5, allon the damain [0,5],
40, Let f(s) = 1/(s2 +1), Using the same anes, draw the
graphs of y = fx). ¥ = f(Qx).and y= fx = 2) + 0.6, all on
the domain [4,4].
|[5]Ar. Your computer algebra system (CAS) may allow the use
‘of parameters in defining functions In each ease, draw the graph
‘of y = f(s) forthe specified values ofthe parameter k using the
sameaxesand —$ == 5
@) F(x) = [kel for & = 1,2,05, and 02.
() fla) = La — kl! for & = 0,2, -05, and 3.
(©) f(s) = Isl for & = 04,07, 1, and 17
[75] 42. Using the same axes, draw the graph of f(x)
[k(x ~ €}!" forthe following choices of parameters 2
sno = 22 cose
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Trigonometric
The unit ice
ai
ip
Section 0.7 Trigonometric Functions 41
Answers to Concepts Review: 1e(x?+ 1) 2. flg(2))
3.2:left 4,0 quotient of two polynomial functions
You have probably seen the definitions of the trigonometric functions based on
right triangles, Figure 1 summarizes the definitions of the sine, cosine, and tangent,
functions. You should review Figure I carefully, because these concepts are needed
for many applications later in this book.
‘More generally, we define the trigonometric functions based on the unit circle.
‘The unit circle, which we denote by C.s the circle with radius 1 and center at the
origin; it has equation x? + y? = 1. Let A be the point (1,0) and let rbe a positive
number. There is a single point P on the cirele C such that the distance, measured
in the counterclockwise direction around the arc AP. is equal to t. (See Figure 2.)
Recall that the circumference of a circle with radius ris 2ar, so the circumference
of Cis 2. Thus.if¢ = m, then the point Pis exactly halfway around the circle from
the point A; in this case, P is the point (—1, 0). If ¢ = 377/2, then P is the point,
(0, =1), and if¢ = 2x, then Pis the point A. If > 2x, then it will take more than
‘one complete circuit of the circle C to trace the arc AP.
When f < 0, we trace the circle in a clockwise direction. There will be a single
point P on the circle Csuch that the are length measured in the clockwise direction,
from A is Thus, for every real number f, we can associate a unique point P(x, y)
‘on the unit circle. This allows us to make the key definitions of the sine and cosine
functions The functions sine and cosine are written as sin and cos, rather than as &
single letter such as for g. Parentheses around the independent variable are usu
ally omitted unless there is some ambiguity.
Definition. Sine and Cosine Functions
Let ¢ be a real number that determines the point P(x, y) as indicated above.
‘Then
sint = y and cost =
Basic Properties of Sine and Cosine A number of facts follow almost
immediately from the definitions given above. First, since ¢ can be any real number,
the domain for both the sine and cosine functions is (—o0, 20), Second, and y are
always between —1 and 1. Thus, the range for both the sine and cosine functions is,
the interval [=1, 1]
Because the unit circle has circumference 2m, the values ¢ and ¢ + 21 deter
mine the same point P(x, y). Thus,
sin(e + 2
=sint and cos(t + 2m) = cost
(Notice that parentheses are needed to make it clear that we mean sin(t + 2),
rather than (sin t) + 27. The expression sin f ~ 277 would be ambiguous)
‘The points P, and P, that correspond to ¢ and t, respectively, are symmetric
about the x-axis (Figure 3). Thus, the x-coordinates for P and Pare the same, and
the y-coordinates differ only in sign. Consequently.
sin(—1) = -sinr and cos(~t) = cosr
ses
o($—1) ous ant col 48 Chapter 0 Preliminaries
Product identities
sin xsin y = —4
cost + y) ~ eos(x = y)]
foos(x +») + cost ~ 9]
sin.x 60s y = Ysin(x + y) + sin(x — yy]
Concepts Review
1. The natural domain ofthe sine function is ___sitsrange
2. The period of the cosine function is _; the period of
the sine function is; the period of the tangent function is
3. Since sin(—x) = ~sin x, the sine function is __. and
since eos{—x) = eos x, the cosine funetion is
4. If (4,3) lies on the terminal side of an angle @ whose
Vertes is atthe origin and initial sie is along the positive sais,
then cos;
Problem Set 0.7
1. Convert the following degree measures to radians (leave
‘min your answer),
@ 0 (45° (©) 60"
(a) 240 (e) -370 10
2. Convert the following radian measures to degrees.
(a) iw (b) fe
@ in © -# Re
(©). Convert the following degree mensures to. radians
(1° = 1/180 = 1.7453 x 107 radian).
{a) 33.3" (b) 46° (©) —66.6°
(@) 2010 (©) 369 ou
©) Convert the following radian measures (0 degrees
{radian = I80/ar~ 57.296 depres).
{@) 34h () 628 © 500
() 0001 (© 01 (6 360
©) 8 Caleulate (be sure that your cleat sin radian or de
sree mode as noeded)
SM tan 213°
Saar + Be
0361)
o
(a) si
(©) % Caleutate
563 tan 34.2°
sin 56.1
sinas?
od Sin 26" + cos 26
& Verity the values of sin rand cos ein the table used to con-
struct Figure 6,
9, Evaluate without using a caleulator.
(@) tan
i (b) seer
Sn
(©) seoF
es oat — omlt
16, Evaluate without using a calculator.
@ n= (0) seo © ot
@ ot wa(-Z) © es(-2)
AL. Verify that the following are identities (see Example 6).
(a) (1+ sin g)(1 ~ sing}
(b) (sect — 1)fseer + 1)
(©) set ~ sins tan ¢ = cost
12, Verily that the following are identities (see Example 6).
1
(a) sin?
(9) cos: = 4.e0s' ~ 3 cos Hine Use a double-anale identity
(6) sind = 8sin.xcos'x
angle identity tive
(8) (1 + cos }(1 ~ cos) = sin?
the following are identities.
sin x-cos x Hine: Use « double
Pee
(8) (1 ~ con? x)(1 + cot?
(6) sins(ese¢~ sins) = cos?
ere
eer eer
14, Sketch the graphs of the following on [—. 27]
wy (b) y= 2sine
sin 2x
© y=on(-2) (@) y= seer
15. Sketch the graphs ofthe following on [= 23}
(@) y= osee 0) y= 2ease @ y=eas (a pees)
functions listed in Problems 16-23.
3cos = 1".
6 y 3
tan 1. »
1 y
2 y= 3+ sec(r—m) Be y= 2+ Tsin2e +3)
Jor mre 3)
24, Which ofthe following represent the same graph? Check
‘your result analytically using trigonometric idemtties.
(a) y= sin(x +2) () y=en(+F)
(©) y= -sin(x + =) (@ y= cos(x - 7)
© y= -sn(e 2) oy co - 2)
@ y= -cos(e - 2) wy six -3)
28. Which of the following are odd functions? Even func
tions? Neither?
(a) sine 0) sin’ (© eer
(@ Isine| (6) sin (eos o
26 Which of the following are odd functions? Even fune-
tions? Neither?
(@) cousins (b) sink (6) seer
(@) Van's (6) 08 (sin ) Stsnx
Find the exact values in Problems 27-31. Hint: Halfangle ienti-
des may be helpful
28. si
0. cos
3 sin
32, Find identities analogous to the addition identities for
each expression,
a) sing ~ y)
a
tan(t + =)
34. Show that cos(x ~ m)
38. Suppose that a tice on a truck has an outer radius of 25
feet. How many revolutions per minute does the tire make when
the tuck is traveling 60 miles per hour?
[1 36. How far docs a wheel of radius 2 fect roll along level
‘ground in making 150 revolutions?
[| [© 37. A belt passes around two wheels, as shown in Figure
15, How many revolutions per second does the small wheel make
‘when the large whee! makes 21 revolutions per second?
(b) cost ~ y) (©) tan(x~ y)
the addition identity for the tangent to show that
tan for all in the domain of tan &
08 x forall x
Section 0.7 Trigonometric Functions 49
Figure 15
38, The angle of inclination « ofa line isthe smallest positive
angle from the positive x-axis tothe line (a = 0 for « horizontal
line). Show that the slope ofthe line is equal to tana.
38. Find the angle of inclination of the following lines (see
Problem 38)
(a) y= Vie-7
M0. Let 6, and & be 1wo nonvertical intersecting lines with
slopes m, and mt, respeetively. 10, the angle from €; to isnot
‘right angle, then
6
) V3x+3,
‘Show this using the fact that @ = 0) ~ J) in Figuee 16,
Figu
iad. Find the angle (in ra
fond (see Problem 40),
1) from the frst line to the see
() y=2ny=3r oy
(©) 2x 6y=12.2x ty =O
42. Derive the formula A = re forthe area of a sector of
circle, Here r is the radius and ris the radian measure of the
central angle (see Figure 17).
Co
Figure 17
Figure 18
48. Find the area ofthe sector ofa cree of radius 5 eentime-
ters and central angle 2 radians (see Problem 42).
44. regular polygon of m sides is inscribed in a circle of ra-
dius r, Find formulas for the perimeter, P, and atea, A, of the
polygon in terms of mand 50. Chapter 0 Preliminaries
45, An isosceles triangle is topped by a semicirle, as shown
in Figure 18. Find a formula for the area A of the whole figure in
terms of the side length r and angle (radians). (We say that A is
«4funetion of the two independent variables rand «)
46, From a product identity, we obtain
on Fonte ) +
Find the corresponding sum of eosines for
cos $ cos F cos £ cos 7
Do you see a generalization?
47, ‘The normal high temperature for Las Vegas, Nevada, is
58°F for January 15 and 10S” for July 15, Assuming that these are
the extreme high and low temperatures for the year, ase this
information to approximate the average high temperature for
November 15.
48, Tides are often measured by arbitrary height markings at
some location. Suppose that a high tide occurs at noon when the
‘water level is at 12 feet, Six hours later a lov tide with a water
level of 5 feet occurs, and by midnight another high tide with a
water level of 12 feet occurs. Assuming that the water level is
periodic, use this information to find a formula that gives the
‘water level as a funtion of time. Then use this function to ap-
proximate the water level at 5:30 ny.
49. Circular motion can be modeled by using the para:
metric representations of the form x(¢) = sin and y() = 0s
(A parametric representation means that a variable, in this ease,
determines both x(¢) and y(0),) This will give the full circle for
0.5 1 = 2m. If we consider a 4-foot-diameter wheel making one
‘complete rotation clockwise once every 10 seconds, show that the
‘motion of « point on the rim of the wheel ean be represented by
x(0) = 2sin( 1/5) and y(e) = 2eos(t/5),
(a) Find the positions ofthe point on the rim of the wheel when
2 seconds, 6 seconds, and 10 seconds, Where was this
point when the wheel started to rate at ¢ = 0?
(b) How will the formulas giving the motion ofthe point change
ifthe wheel is rotating counterclockwise.
(©) At what value of tis the point at (2,0) for the fist time?
[EXE S0, The circular frequency v of oscillation of a point is
Farag WM happens when you ad ro motions
that have the Same frequency or period? To investigate, we can
graph the functions y(¢) = 2sin(t/S) and y(e) = sin(t/S) +
{608(71/5) and look for similarities. Armed with this information,
wwe can investigate by graphing the following functions over the
interval [-5, 5}:
aiven by v
(a) y(0) = 3 sin(ae/) ~ S.c0s(mt/S) + 2sin((m/S) ~ 3)
(b) y(e) = 3 cos(t/$ ~ 2) + cas(t/S) + cost(t/S) ~ 3)
[PY $1. We now explore the:
Beos(at) and Csin(a + 4).
(a) By expanding sin(wr +4) using the sum of th
formula, show that the two expressions are
A= Coos hand B = Csin
clationship between A sin(a) +
angles
equivalent if
1B? = C? and that @ then
(8) Consequently, shove that
satisfies the equation tan 6 = 4.
aT o-4
(©) Generalize your result to state a proposition about
Ay sin(ot + $4) + Ap sin(or + 3) + Agsin(et + dy).
(@) Write an essay. in your own words that expresses the impor
tance of the identity between A sin(at) + Beos{or) and
Csin(wr + ). Be sure to note that |C] = maxi. |B)
and thatthe identity holds only when you are forming a lin-
ear combination (adding andlor subtracting multiples of
ale powers) of sine and cosine ofthe same frequency.
Trigonomeric futons that have high Frequencies pose spe
ial problems for graphing. We nove explore hen to plo such
functions.
{Eals2. Graph the function f(x) = sin SOx using the window
given by a y range of —1.5 = y = 1.5 and the x range given by
(@) (15.15) ©) (10,19) © aa
@ [-LY (e) [-0.25, 0.25]
Indicate briefly which x-window shows the tue behavior ofthe
function, and discuss reasons why the other s-windows give
resus that look differen.
SK Graph the function f(x) = eos.x + sin 50x sing the
‘windows given by the folowing ranges of «andy.
fa)
() le xe1osey=1s
(© “Dl=x<0109sy=11
lsysl
Indicate briefly which (x, y)-window shows the true behavior of
the function, and discuss reasons why the other (x, y)-windows,
give results that look different Tn this case, sit true that only ane
‘window gives the important behavior, or do we need more tha
‘one window to graphically communieate the behavior of this
function?
1
{@) Use funetional composition to form hx) = (F = g)(8). 8
vellas fx) = (g ° FC
() Find the appropriate window or windows that give a clear
picture of AU.
(6) Find the appropriate window or windows that give a clear
picture of).
55, Suppose that a continuous function is period with peri
‘od 1 and is linear between 0 and 0.25 and linear between ~075
and 0 In addition, thas the value 1 at O and 2 at 0.25. Sketch the
function over the domain [~1, 1] and give a piecewise definition
of the funetion
‘6, Suppose that a continuous function is period with peri
‘od 2 and is quadratic hetween ~1125 and 0.25 und near between
1.75 and 0.25. In addition it has the value 0 a 0 and .0625 at
£025, Sketch the function over the domain [~2, 2], and give a
Piecewise definition ofthe funtio
3e+2
4, Let fl
ands) = g(t
Answers to Concepts Review: 1. (=, 26}: [=1,1]
2.2m: Bodd:even 4-4/5 0.8 Chapter Review
Concepts Test
Respond with true oF false each of the folowing assertions, Be
prepared to justify your answer. Normal, this means that you
should supply a reason if you answer true and provide a counter
example if you answer false.
1. Any number that can be written as a traction piq is
rational.
2 ‘The difference of any two rational numbers is rational
3. The difference of any two irrational numbers is ivational
4. Between two distinct irrational numbers, there is always
another irrational number,
5. 0.999... (rep
6. The operation of exponentiation is commutative; that is
(ony = (ary
1. The operation * defined by m
ating 9) is less than 1.
8 The inequalities x = yy = x
that r= y= 2.
wd z = x together imply
9. Iflal < efarevery postive number then x
‘10, Ifx and y are real numbers, then (x ~ y)(y
M, ta 1/0
12, Iris possible for two closed intervals to have exactly one
point in common,
13, If two open intervals have a point in common, then they
have infinitely many points in common,
14 Thx <0, then Vir = —x,
18, Ixia real number, then [=x] = x
x=0
16, Li |x| < |ylsthen x < y
7. If [x < |y|, then x
48, If-xand yare both negative, then [x + yl = lx] + [yl
1
*T-i
1
T= 14+ lel
19. Ur] < J, then
1
T+
20, 1 fr] > then
2A, tis always true that |x| — |y/| = Le + yl.
22, For every positive real number y, there exists a real num-
ber xrsueh that x? = 9)
23,_ For every real number y, there exists areal number x sch
that
24, tis possible to have an inequality whose solution set con-
sists of exactly one number.
25, The equation x? + 5? +
for every real number a
ax + y= O represents a circle
ax + by
26, The equation x? 4 9?
for all real numbers a, Ac
21, If (a, b) is on a line with slope , then (a4 4,0 + 3) is
also on that line,
represents a ciecle
Section 0.8 Chapter Review 51.
28. If (a, 6). (@ d) and (e, f) are on the same fine, then
—5 provided al three points are diferent
bod bf F
29, If ab > 0, then (a, b) lies in either the first or third
quadrant,
30, For every # > 0, there exists positive number x stich
that <
31 Hab
her the x-axis or the y-axis,
O,then (a, 5) lies on
32. If VG) + Ge = [ae — ails then (xy, 9)
and (1,3) lie on the same horizontal lin,
33, The distance between (a + ba) and (a ~ b,a) is |2b)
“ML ‘The equation of every line ean be written in point-slope
form.
38. The equation of every line can be written in the general
linear form Ax + By + C= 0,
36. If two nonvertical lines are parallel, they have the same
slope.
37. Its possible for twa lines to have positive slopes and be
perpendicular.
38. If the a and y-intereepts of a line are rational and non-
zero, then the slope of the line i rational
38, The lines ax + y = cand ax ~ y
40, (3x 2y + 4) + (2x + By — 2)
cof line for each real number m,
«are perpendicular.
is the equation
AL, The natural domain of
fa) = Vo Fae +3)
3exscl
natural domain of T()
js the interval
2 The
(-2.%)
48, ‘The range of f(x) = x° ~ 6s the interval [-6, 00)
44, ‘The range of the function f(x)
(2, -1]UT1,
45, The range of the funtion /(x)
(-28.-H]UL1, 99)
446, ‘The sum of to even functions isan even function.
sve(@) + e0s(@). is
tan x ~ see.xis the set
xe x — see x isthe set
47. ‘The sum of two odd functions is an odd function.
48. The produet of two odd functions isan odd function,
49, The product of an even function with an odd function is
aan odd function
50, The composition of an even function with an odd function
isan odd function
S51, ‘The composition of two odkl functions isan even function,
52, The funetion f(x) = (24° + x)/(4? + 1) is od
3, The function
(sins)? + cose
JO an eesee 52. Chapter 0 Preliminaries
S4, If the range of a function consists of just one number,
then its domain also consist of just one number.
$5, Ifthe domain ofa function contains atleast two numbers
then the range also contains atleast two numbers,
86, UE g(x) = [2/2] then g(-18) = —1
51. If f(x) = x? and g(x) = x'then fe g= gf
SR If f(x) =a and (x)=, then (f= g)(3)
S00) 800).
59, If fand g have the same domain, then f/g also has that
domsin,
60, Ifthe graph of y = f(x) hay an x-intercept at x = a, then
the graph of y= f(x h) has an x-intercept atx = a =
61, The cotangent is an odd function.
62, The natural domain of the tangent function i the set of
all real numbers.
& Ifooss = cossthens = 4
Sample Test Problems
4 Caleulate each value for n = 1,2, and ~2
(b) @P—n +f
(us
(ow
3. Show that the average of two rational numbers is a
ational number.
4. Write the repeating decimal 41282828,
‘vo integers.
1s a ratio of
5 Find an raion number betwee
6 Caleulate (WEIS 1M ~ 1.32)7/324
, Catelate (w ~ V20)"5 ~ V0.
& Calculate sin*(245) + eas
In Problems 9-18, ind the solution set, graph this set on the real
line, and express this set in interval notation.
9 1-3x>0 WW, 6x 43> 20-5
ML, 3-2xS4e tb 1S 2x47
WwbSe-3<0 | BP -a = 3
4 Fo}
18, (x + 4)(2x —17(x- 3) 50
16, [ae - 4) <6
So
18, [12 — 3a] = |x!
19, Find a value of x for which |
20, For what values of x does the equation [=x] = x hold?
21, For what values of r does the equation |r ~ S| = $~+
hold?
22, For what values of a and 4 does the equation
Weal =a nota?
23, Suppose [11 of absolute values to
show that
Use proper
Qa 3e 42
24, Write a sentence involving the word distance to express
the following algebraic sentences:
(@ |x 5l=3
(©) |r-al oo
2S. Sketch the tangle with vertices A(
5,5), and show that iti aright triangle
26, Find the distance from (3, ~6) to the midpoint of the line
‘segment from (1,2) 10 (7,8)
tb) [x ttl 52
9), BCL, 2), and
a
121, Find the equation of the circle with diameter AB if
A= (2,0) and B= (20,4).
28, Find the center and radius of the circle with equation
Kb y = Br +Or=0.
20, Find the distance between the cer
‘equations
rs ofthe circles with
Pade t yt 2y=2 and 224 6x4 y
aye
30, Find the equation of the line through the indicated point
‘that is parallel to the indicated line, and sketeh both lines.
(a) (3,2):3 +2 =6 (b) (e-Diy = 3x
© G%Hy=10 @ (-3.4j:x = -2
BL. Write the equation ofthe line through (~2, 1) that
(a) goes through (7,3):
(b) is parallel to 3x — 2y = 5:
(6) is perpendicular to 3x + dy
(2) is perpendicular to
(e) has yrimtereept 3
32 Show that (2,~1), (5,3), and (11, 11) are on the same
line
'38, Figuce I canbe represented by which equation?
@ y=2 @x=9
@ y=x @x
1M, Figure 2 can be represented by which equation?
(8) y= ax? + bx + e,witha > 0,6 > Ouand e> 0
0) y= ax? + bx + ewitha <0,b> O,ande> 0
oy
(@) y= ax? + bx + ewitha > 0,b > O,ande <0
ax? + by + ewitha <0,b > Ovande< 0 Figure 1 Figure 2
In Problems 38-38, sketch the graph ofeach equation.
38.3y dr = 6 36 -ort yt
Gisry Os, x=y-3
Gy. Find the points of intersection of the graphs of
you detdandy~ 2-4
40. Among all lines perpendicular to 4x ~ y= 2, find the
‘equation ofthe one that, tagether with the positive x- and y-axes,
forms a triangle of area &
41. For f(x) = 1/(e +1) ~1/x, find each value Gf
possible)
fa) FD a) £(-3) ©) f{-1)
(@ fe~1) © (4)
42, For g(x) = (x + 1)/xfind and simply each value
@ 8 © a(t)
© (2 + 7 = 8(2)
48, Describe the natural domain of each function,
@ f= 5 (©) g(x) = Via
44, Which of the following functions are odd? Even? Neither
‘even nor odd?
(@) fx) = (6) glx) = [sin x| + eos-x
5 ea
(©) Mx) =x + sin @ koe ht
Section 0.8 Chapter Review 53
48. Sketch the graph of exch function.
@ A= a6)
fosns?
mo = {PSs
46, Suppose that fis an even fenton stishying
fx) = 1+ VE for x20,
“dsxs4,
Sketch the graph of f for
47. An open box is made by cutting squares of side x inches
from the four corners of a sheet of cardboard 24 inches by 32
inches and then turning up the sides. Express the volume V(x) in
terms of x. What is the domain for this function?
48, Let fx)
@ + #02)
@ (8° 2
® FR) + #2)
49. Sketch the graph of each of the following, making use of
translations,
@ yaar (b) y= Hx +2)?
(© yant+Hr+2P
x? + 1. Find each value
© > 8)
a= Land g(x)
) (f-2)0)
© KD
50, Let f(x) = VI6~ x and g(x) = x4, Whatisthe domain
of each of the following?
ws ) fog
Si. Write F(x) = VT
functions,» g © he k.
‘52 Calculate each of the following without using a calculator.
Osh
F as the composite of four
(a) sin 570
«9 so(=8)
53, If sin ¢ = 08 and eos ¢ < 0, find each value
() sin(-) (b) cose (©) sin2e
(@) wns © oof Z
154, Write sin Sein terms of sin Mints 31 = 20 + 6
(b) cos
4) singe +0)
58, A ly sits on the rim of a wheel spinning at the rate of 20,
revolutions per minute. Ifthe radius of the whee! is9 inches, how
far does the fly ravelin 1 second? 54
REVIEW
PREVIEW
PROBLEMS
1. Solve the following inequalities:
@) 1<2r+1<5 th) 3s5s8
2. Solve the following inequalities: .
(a) 42ers () -3<1-F<8
3. Solve |x — 7] = 3 for.
4. Solve [x + 3) = 2forx.
8. The distance along the number line between x and 7 is equal to 3. What are the
possible values for?
6. The distance along the number line between x and 7 is equal to d. What are the
possible values for?
7. Solve the following inequalities:
(a) x7 <3 (b) |e- 7) S3
(© Ix-st @) |e-7/<01
8. Solve he following inequities:
(a) Ix-2)<1 () le- 2/21
© Ix-2<01 (d@) |e -2| <001
9. at are he natal domains ofthe lowing taneous?
Pot
@ fy =
10, What are the aura domi ofthe flowing functions?
@ Fay = ©) Ge)
LL, Evaluate the functions f(x) and g(x) from Problem 9 at the following values of x:
0,018,099, 0.999, 1001, L01,1.1.2.
412, Evaluate the functions F(x) and G(x) from Problem 10 at the following values of x:
1,-0.1, ~0.01, ~0.001, 0,001, 001, 0.11,
13, The distance between x and 5 is ess than 0,1, What are the possible values for x?
14, The distance between x and $ is less than e, where ¢ isa positive number. What are
the possible values for x?
418, True or false. Assume that ux, and y are real numbers and ris a natural number.
(a) Forevery x > O,there exists a y such that » > x
0) Rieniyee nutes a w e
(©) For every a > Osthere exists an such that + < a.
(a) For every cirele Cin the plane, there exists an m such thatthe ctele C and is interior
are all within m units ofthe origin,
16, Use the Addition Identity forthe sine function to find
sinh 608 e,and 60s hi
(e+) in terms of sin e, Section 1.1 Introduction to Limits 59
Thus, while lim [x] does not exist it is correct to write (look at the graph in Figure 7)
lim [x] = 1 and fim x] = 2
‘We believe that you will find the following theorem quite reasonable,
Figure 10 should give additional insight. Two of the
lim f(x) = Lifand only if tim f(x) = Land fi
its do not exist, although all
but one of the one-sided limits exist,
Figure 10
line) dos nat xi
ig rues
Concepts Review
A. im (x)
gets sufficiently close to (but is different from).
2 Let f(x) = (x7 — 9)/(x — 3) and note that /(3) is unde-
-d. Nevertheless, tim f(x)
when x
. means that f(x) gets close to
4 Jim, J(a) = Limeansthat (ges nearto__ when
approadics fom the
4. I both ey fla
Mand im, f(x) = M, then
Problem Set 1.1
In Problems 1-6, find the indicated fait
1 lin(x = 5) 2
im (1 = 2)
3 mx? + 28-1) A im (2? + 20 1)
& jimie-1) 6. im te —
In Problems 7-18, find the indicated limit In most cases, twill be
wise to do some algebra first (see Example 2),
ghost
AL fim
18 im
Gr oF
In Problems 19-28, use a calculator o fd the indicated lina
Use a graphing caleulatar to plot the function near the limit point
19, tiny 20, tiny
aa ig Sa 22 fig
e tein 3-3
38 Tt Snir — iy x
25 fy! FHMC 90 ag, yy t=
(emi) die
3e 60. Chapter 1 Limits
29, For the function f graphed in Figure 11, find the indicated
limit or function value, oF state that it does not exist
(a) im, fyb) £3) © f-0
(Tim fy) FO) (8) fi fx)
(2) lim f(a) (H) lim, £0) (i) “tim, f0s)
Figure 11 Figure 12
30, Follow the di
graphed in Figure 12
31. For the function f graphed in Figure 13, find the indicated
limit or funetion value, or state that it does not exis,
(@) f-3) FO) (©) im, Fla)
(8) fim, 00) im, F08) 6 fim feo)
tions of Problem 29 for the function f
Figure 13, Figure 14
32, Forthe function f graphed in Figure 14, find the indicated
limit or funtion value, or state that it does not exist
2) im fx) > fim fx) © im, fe)
@ 7) (6) im £0) © 70)
33, Sketch the graph of
mx ifr<0
ro-{ x if0se<1
1tx ifeel
“Then find each ofthe following or state that it does not exis.
a) tim 7) (0) fim Fa)
© fa) (tim f(9)
34. Sketch the graph of
itr0 and every 3>0,0< [x - el 0, there isa corresponding © > Ouch that
O<|r-d [f(x) ~ L]
0, there i a corresponding 8 > 0 such that
O< lye] < band |7(x) ~ LI < eforsome
32, State in o~8 language what it means to say lim f(x) # L
[22 33. Suppose we wish to give an «-6 proof that
im —2** __
Ima terete
aa 41 in the form
We begin by writing
(= 3)g(.
(a) Determine (0,
(0) Could we choose &
(6) ewe choose 8 = mit
that we could use?
deer aate
smin(e/n) forsome n? Explain
/m), bats the smallest in
Answers to Concepis Review _LL-@hve
2O O be given, Choose 8 such that
O [e(x)l < IM +t
ne tinh) [36 Prove Statement 7 of Theorem A by firs giving an
me proof that lim [1/¢(x)] = 1/ [Him g(x)] and then applying State~
12, lim 210 ~ ur + 19) ment6. ~
M7 Prove that lim f(x) = E > lim [f(s) ~ E] = 0
In Problems 13-24, find the indicated limit or state that it does not — i
exist. In many cases, you wil Want (0 do some algebra before Prove that im f(x) = 0 «> lim [f(s = 0.
trying to evaluate the limit. 39, Prove that lim|x| = |e
Sinks 40, Find examples to show that if
8) tim [7(2) + e()] exists, this does not imply that ether
Tim, (0) oF lim g() exists
(b) fim [/(4)-g(4)) exists, this does not imply that either
fin, fC) oF lim g() exists
In Problems 41-48, find each of the right-hand and left-hand limits
or state that they do not exist.
viex
4d
46. im (x = x)
48. im [+24]
In Problems 25-30, find the limits if tim f(x) = 3. and
in a(8) = ~1 (ee Examples, 49, Suppose that f(x)g(x) = I for all x and fim g(x) = 0.
wy 90) Prove that fm (x) does not exist,
38 lim VAG) +) 26 im “FOF tay 0, Let R be the rectangle joining the midpoints ofthe sides
27. lim W’g(x) [f(x) + 3) 28 tim [f(x) ~ 3) of the uadiatral @ having vertices (+1,0) and (0, +1).
28. Fim [pt] + Ise] tm [fe + Ste)? vg Doimeter of
ero
Jn Problems 31-34, find ling [f(2) — FCC ~ 2) for each
ven function f ‘SL Let. Vx and consider the points M, N, O, and P with
sive finedion : coordinates (1,0), (0,1), (0,0),and (x,y) on the graph of y = Vx,
Bt f(s) <3 32 f(x) =3C+2e+1 —— Fespectvely Caleulate
1 3 perimeter of SNOP area of ANOP
a fay -4 a foe a) ty Peete of ANOP. my SEBO AOR
fay=s sa (I) perimeter of &MOP M9 area of AMOP
38. Prove Statement 6 of Theorem A. Hint
IfCde0) ~ EM| = [Fox)eCe) ~ Leta) + LeG) ~ LM
ls(x)LF(8) — £) + £6) — a) ‘Answers fo Concepts Review:
igCpllfCx) — LI + LeIg(x) = afl cei ata)
W
1.4 Theorem B of the previous section says that limits of polynomial functions ean
jmits Involving stay ny nan ai at nal cio xa en by
Trigonodtnits Involving. Son acing arte anoint ah pn ts ee
Tigonometric Functions joy rule applies to the trigonometric functions as well. Ths result is stated next. 76 Chapter 1 Limits
Figure 3
= 3
Here the argument to the sine funetion is 3x, not simply x as required by Theorem
B Let y = 3x. Then y= if and only if x0, so
sin 3x _ jig SRY
tim
Phooey
Thus,
inde
cr eb 3x
Devons 1 cont
1 = cose t mot 0
b tim SESE = jm t= 2 ag
© M3 sing 7 E3Sine ‘imane
: iar
sin dx
ae
© 2 ine
EXAMPLE 3] Sketch the graphs of u(x) = Ixl, (x) = lvl, and f(x) =
sccos(I/x). Use these graphs along with the Squeeze Theorem (Theorem D of
Section 1.3) to determine fim f(x)
SOLUTION Note that cos (1) is always between —1 and 1 and f(x) =
x cos(1/.x). Thus, x cos(1/x) will always be between —x and x if x is positive and
between x and —¥ if xis negative. In other words, the graph of y = x-cos(1/x) is
between the graphs of y = |x| and y |x|, as shown in Figure 3. We know that
limlxl = lim(-Lxl) = 0 (See Problem 27 of Section 1.2) and since the graph of
v= f(x) = xeos(1/x) is “squeezed” between the graphs of u(x) = [x] and
1(x) = =|x1, both of which go to 0 as x—+ 0, we can apply the Squeeze Theorem to
conclude that fim (x) = 0 .
Concepts Review
4. him sin
2 im, tans = Section 1.5 Limits at Infinity, Infinite Limits 77
Problem Set 1.4
{In Problems 1-14, evaluate each limit,
* Pe % Ensen
3. lim t 4 im 240
”
6 tn te
cot (x8) in 8
pg Se
1 aeeeo
th im SEH
In Problems 15-19, plot the functions u(x), (x), and f(x). Then
use these graphs along with the Squeeze Theorem to determine
lime f(x).
15, w(x) = Lal. fx) = “Leb Fa) = xsin(a/x)
46, u(x) = [xl f(x) = lel. f(0) = xsin(1/2?)
1" al, fx) = bel, Fx) = (1 = 008? x)
18. ul A f(x) = cos x
fan argument similar to
the one wen th poof that im sn
21 Prove sttements 3 and 4 of Theorem A using Theorem
138
1.5
Limits at Infinity;
Infinite Limits
22, Prove statements 5 and 6 of Theorem A using Theorem
13a.
23, From area (OBP) = area (sector OAP) = area (OBP)
+ area (ABPQ) in Figure 4 show that
‘
and thus obtain anather proof that i
(sine
O F pot I Praca
Figure 4 Figure 5
24, In Figure 5, let D be the area of triangle ABP and E the
area of the shaded region.
(b) Find a formula for D/E in terms of
>
©) Ue aslelaer etn reat esia o fi®
‘Answers to Concepts Review: 10 21 3 the denomi
nator is zero when = 04 1
The deepest problems and most profound paradoxes of mathematies are often
intertwined with the use of the concept of the infinite, Yet mathematical progress,
can in part be measured in terms of our understanding the concept of infinity. We
have already used the symbols co and 9° in our nota
on for certain intervals,
‘Thus, (3, 00) is our way of denoting the set of all real numbers greater than 3. Note
that we have never referred to co as a number. For example, we have never added
it to a number or divided it by a number. We will use the symbols oo and —00 in a
new way in this section, but they will still not represent numbers,
Limits at Infinity Consider the function g(x) = x/(1 + x2) whose geaph is
We write
Figure 1
shown in Figure 1, We ask this question: What happens to g(x) as x gets larger and
larger? In symbols, we ask for the value of lim. (1).
When we write x 00, we are nor implying that somewhere far, far to the
right on the x-axis there is a number—bigger than all other numbers—that x is,
approaching, Rather, we use x —> 00 as a shorthand way of saying that x gets larger
and larger without bound.
In the table in Figure 2, we have listed values of g(r) = x/(1 + 2°) forseveral
values of x. It appears that g(x) gets smaller and smaller as x gets larger and larger. Section 1.5 Limits at Infinity, Infinite Limits 81
SOLUTION We often have a vertical asymptote at a point where the denomi-
nator is zero, and in this case we do because
2x
‘On the other hand,
lim
and so y = 2 isa horizontal asymptote. The graph of y = 2x/(x ~ 1) is shown in
Figure &. .
Figure 8
Concepts Review
1 To say that x00 means that __ to say that 3. IT lim, fle) = 6,then he ine ___is a_ asymp
jim 2) = L means that "Give your answers in informal oie of helgregh of y = f(x)
language 4. I lim f(x) = 09, then the tine is a__ asymp.
2 Tosay that fim, f(x) = %© means that__stosaythat tow ofthearaph af y= fC).
ins that __, Give your answers in infor=
‘mal language.
Problem Set 1.5
{In Problems 1-42, find the limits. 2. tim (V2EFS ~ VEE=S). Hine Multiply and
1 tim. Givide by VIEWS + VIPS
22, tim (V. 2x — x)
sm; sin )
. oy +1
sm cn 23, tin 1 tne Divide numerator and denon
-IRG-|G-y) 6 & WR ECaes wee
ratory y
2A. tim 8 = Stel PGs ates, ay #0,
Ey BEF Ogi ty
iy # 0, and n isa natural number.
25. lim —2—
Ve ed
27. lien
n 2.
15 im 16.
re Mein
ned ala 2
pal 3. my
19. im Hint Divide numerator and denominator aN
wat > OVE po eox-6 P+m-8
by x Note that for x > 0, VTS) = VRE SVE 38, fim STATE 36, fim SPAS
Jet x 5
20, tin EAE 31 fim EL 38. tim EL
Aare ae ey 82 Chapter 1 Limits
3. tin 4. in
Lt cose sins
a tig 2 in
[2 In Problems 43-48, find the horizontal and vertical asymp~
loues for the graphs of the indicated functions. Then sketch their
graphs
4 fx) =
ory
3
46. Fl) =
48. g(x) =
8° Ts
49, The line y= ax + bis called an oblique asymptote to
the graph of y = f(s) if ether fim [f(2) ~ (ax + B)] = 0 oF
lim, [/(2) ~ (ax + b)] = 0. Find the obtique asymptote for
Hint: Begin by dividing the denominator into the numerator
50, Find the oblique asymptote for
51. Using the symbols M and 8, give precise definitions of
cach expression
(2) im f9) = 28
(b) Fim f(x)
2 Using he smbols M and tive precise definitions of
(fim, f(2) = 90
83, Give a rigorous proof that if lim f(x) = A and
Jim, g(x) = Bythen
Jim 7a) + a(n] = A+B
(©) im, f(x) = 90
$4 We have given meaning 10 fim, fx) for A= a,
&°,a", 00,00, Moreover, in each case, this limit may be 1
(Ginite, ~00, 00, oF may fail exist in any sense. Make a table
‘ustrating each ofthe 20 possible eases
$8, Find each ofthe following limits or indicate that it does
‘not exist even in the infinite sense
a) fim sins (b) im sin
1.6
Continuity
of Functions
in
(©) im, x! sins © in. sin(Z + 2)
(@) Jim sin( +4) (ty gin [sin(x + 4) ~ sin]
'56, Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity says that the mass
1n(v) of an object i related to its velocity v by
1
(©) Jim, xsin
nv)
Here mis the rest mass and « is the velocity of light, What is
lim a(n)?
[COUse a computer oF a graphing calculator to find the limits i
Problems 57-64. Begin by plotting the function in an appropriate
window:
St. tim 41
me oe 1
99, lim (Vie + 3x — VEE 8)
ie EE a. tim (1 + 4)
IR aa
ee in(et) am (so)!
want)"
Find ihe one-sided limits in Problems 65-71. Begin by plot
ting the function in an appropriate window. Your computer may
indicate that some of these limits do not exist, bu, ifs, you should
‘beable fo interpret the unswer as either 2° oF —o
sinkx = 3)
6s. + fim SES
7 6 i can(r = 3)
6 tim = 9D, 68. tim 8
car =a
©. im (1+ va)
rig (1 + VE)
0. sim (1+ va)"
Answers to Concepts Review: 1. x increases without
bound; f(x) gets close to L asx increases without bound
2, f(x) increases without bound as ¥ approaches ¢ from
‘the right: f(x) decreases without bound as x approaches ¢
from the left 3. y= 6; horizontal 4, x = 6; vertical
In mathematics and seience, we use the word continuous to deseribe a process that
goes on without abrupt changes. In fact, our experience leads us to assume that this,
is an essential feature of many natural processes, It is this notion as it pertains to
functions that we now want 10 make precise. In the three graphs shown in Figure 1,
only the third graph exhibits continuity atc. In the first two graphs, either lim f(x)
does not exist, or it exists but does not equal f(c). Only in the third grapit does
lim f(x) = f(6). 88 Chapter 1 Limits
(roost sind)
(no (70)
Figure 12
desired ¢ from [0, 7/2] to [0, 7/4]. There is nothing stopping us from selecting the
midpoint of [0, 7/4] and evaluating fat that point, thereby narrowing even further
the interval containing c, This process could be continued indefinitely until we find
that cis in a sufficiently small interval. This method of zeroing in on a solution is,
called the bisection method, and we will study it further in Section 3.7. .
‘The Intermediate Value Theorem can also lead to some surprising results.
Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that ona creu-
lar wite ring there are always two points opposite from each other with the same
temperature.
SOLUTION Choose coordinates for this problem so that the center of the ring is
the origin, and let r be the radius of the ring. (See Figure 12.) Define T(x, y) to be
the temperature at the point (x, y). Consider a diameter of the circle that makes an
angle 6 with the x-axis, and define f(@) to be the temperature difference between
the points that make angles of @ and @ + 7 that is,
£(0) = T(rcos 6, r sin 8) ~ T(r cos(@ + =), rsin(@ + =))
With this definition
#(0) = T(r.0) = T(—r.0)
Slr) = T(-r,0) ~ T(r.0
-[rir.0) = 7¢-7.0)]
“#(0)
‘Thus, either f(0) and f() are both zero, or one is positive and the other is nega-
tive. If both are zero, then we have found the required two points. Otherwise, we
can apply the Intermediate Value Theorem, Assuming that temperature varies
continuously, We conclude that there exists a ¢ between 0 and 7 such that
fe) = 0. Thus, for the two points athe angles c and.e +, the temperatures are
the same 7
Concepts Review
1. A function fs continuous ateit__ = fe) 4. Te Intermediate Value Theorem says that ia fonction
2, The function f(x)
3. A funetion fis
<]is discontinuous at
's continuous on [a,b] and W is a umber between f(a) and J(6),
then there is a number ¢ between and such that
id to_be continuous on a closed interval
[a BJ if itis continuous at every point of (a) and if and
Problem Set 1.6
In Problems 1-15, state whether the indicated function ix continu:
. f(x) = (x— 3yr— 4) glx) ift
3 y= 5 4 gt) = Vina iz is
i 6 ay - VE i
MO = TES Bm STS ro wees
7 £0 = lel 8B. a(s) = |e - 21
9.) to fe) «2 erty (C887 es
. Ta 16, From the graph of g (see Figure 13), indicate the values Figure 14
Figure 13,
17, From the graph of given in Figure 14, indicate the inter
vals on which is continuous.
In Problems 18-23, the given function is not defined at a certain
point. How should it be defined in order to make it continuous at
‘that point? (See Example 1.)
1. f(x)
a MO)
2B. F(x)
In Problems 24-35, at what point, if any, are the functions
discontinuous?
3x
& a=)
33-
res
sind cose] 2% r(0) = tan
29. alu) = *
3h G(x)
38. e() = [+
346, Sketch the eraph ofa function fthat satis all he foe
towing conditions.
(a) ts domain is [-2,2
(b) #(-2) = f(-1) = FQ) = £2)
{e) [tis discontinuous at ~1 and 1.
(4) tis ight continuous at ~1 and lft continuous a 1
37. Sketch the graph of a function that has domain [0, 2] and
is continuous on [0,2) but not on [0.2}
3K. Sketch the raph ofa function that has domain [0,6] and
4s continuous on [0 2] and (2, 6] but i not continuous on [0 6)
39, Sketch the graph of a function that has domain (0, 6] and
is continuous on (0,6) but not on [0,6]
Section 1.6 Continuity of Functions 89
40. Let
x if-xisrational
say { :
O there i an
interval (¢ = 6,¢ + 6) such that f(x) > Oon thi interval
if and only it
59, Prove that if f is continuous on [0, 1] and satisfies
0 f(x) = 1 there, then fhas a fixed poinr that is, there is a
number cin [0 1] such that f(e) = c. Hinte Apply the Intermedi-
ate Value Theorem to g(x) = ~ f(x) 90. Chapter 1 Limits
0, Find the values of «and bso that the following function is
continuous everywhere,
stl fect
fxs Jarth iflsx<2
Be ifs
1. A stretched elastic string covers the interval (0, 1]-The
ends are released and the sizing contracts so that it covers the
interval [a, b]. a = 0,6 1, Prove that this results in at least,
fone point of the string being where it was originally: See Prob-
Jem 59
62, Let f(x) = Then fl and /(2)
Does the Intermediate Value Theorem imply the existence of a
‘number e between ~2 and 2 such that f(e) = 0? Explain,
63, Starting at 4 A.t..a hiker slowly climbed to the top of a
‘mountain, arriving at noon, The next day, he returned along the
same path, starting at 5 a.t. and getting 0 the bottom at 11 3.
Show that at some point along the path his watch showed the
same time on both days.
64, Let D bea bounded, but otherwise arbitrary, region inthe
first quadrant. Given an angle 0,0. @ = 17/2, D can be eireum-
sotibed by a rectangle whose base makes angle @ with the x-axis
as shown in Figure 5. Prove that at some angle ths rectangle isa
square. (This means that any bounded region can be ciseum-
ere G isthe gravitational constant, Ms the mass of the eurt,
and R isthe earth's radius Is @ continuous function ofr?
46. Suppose that fis continuous on {4b} andit is never zero
there. sit posibie that f changes sign on [a DY? Explain.
67. Let f(x + y) = f(a) + f(y) forall and y and suppose
that fiscontinuous atx = 0
(2) Prove that fis continuous everywhere.
(©) Peove that there ia constant such that f(0) = me forall
{see Problem 43 of Section 05),
68, Prove that i f(x) isu continuous function on an interval
then so is the function |f(x)| = V(F(2).
. Show that if g(x) = |f(2}] is continuous its not neces
sarily true that f(x) is continuous.
7. Let f(x) = Dif «is irrational and let f(x) = 1a it xis
the rational number p/a in reduced form (q > 6).
{2) Sketch (as best you can) the graph of fom (0.1)
(6) Show that fis continuous at each isational number in (0,1).
but i discontinuous at exch rational number in (0 1).
lateral triangular block of sie length 1 unit
ane with a vertex V atthe origin,
Under the influence of gravity, it will tate about V uni aside
Isis the ais floor (Figure 16) Let x denote the initial -eoord
nate of the midpoint of the sie opposite V, and ft (x) de-
note the final s-coordinate of this point. Assume that the block
balances when Mis directly above V.
(2) Determine the domain and range off.
’ (6) Where om this domi sf discontinuous?
(©) deni any fixed points off (see Problem $9).
u
”
o
7 vy I
Figure 15 to ht ° tt
Ital posion Fal postion
6% The gravitational force exerted by the earth onan object Figure 16
“having mass m that is a distance r from the center of the earth is a
Answers to Concepts Reviews fim f(a) 2 every inte-
a) get 3. tim, f(x) = fa): lim f(x) = 1(6)
1.7 Chapter Review
Concepts Test
Respond with true oF fale to each of the following assertions, Be
prepared to jusify your answer
4. TE fle) = L,then lim f(x) = L
2 I lim f(x) = L,then f(e) = L.
Bhi
41 lim (2)
fx) exists then /(e) exist
then for every © > 0 thes
such that 0 < [x] < implies |/(x}) < e.
5, If f(6) is undefined, then lis
{£{) does not exist,
6, The coordinates of the hole in the graph of y
are (5.10),
7. If p(x) isa polynomial, then lim p(x) = plc)
8
does not exist
9, For every real number ¢, lim tan x = tan
10, tan.vis continuous at every point ofits domain, 14, The function f(x) =
every real number.
12, If fis continuous at, then f(e) exists
13. If fis continuous on the interval (1,3) then f is contin-
uous a2
14. Ff isco
18. If fis continuous function such that A = f(x) = Bor
all, then fim f(s) exists and it satisfies A= tim, f(x) = B,
16. If Fis continuous on (a,5) then lim f(x) = fle) for alle
in(a.b). os
17. ime
inuows on [0,4).then lim f(x) exists
1K, If the line y = 23 horizontal asymptote ofthe graph of
(x). then lim. flx) = 2
19, The graph of
tan x has many horizontal asymptotes.
1
2m. The graph ot y =
2
maT
22.1 fim f(x) = Jim, f(s), then f is continuous at
nas two vertical asymptotes
23. Im fle) = F(t x). then fs continuous atx
23,
24, The function f(x) = [5/2] is eontinuous at
25, 1 im f(x) = $12) > 0, then f(x) < L.001/(2) for all x
in some interval containing 2
26, 1 im (f(x) + a(2)] exists, then lim f(x) and fim g(x)
both exist
2.160 = f(x) 5 3x2 + De forall then fim f(x) = 0
28.1 lim f(x) = Land lim f(x) = M, then 1 = M.
2. 1 f(2) # e(«) for alls then lim f(x) # fim g(x).
30, 1f f(x) < 10 for all x and
limy f(a) < 10,
3d. If tim f(x) = b, then tim f(x)
32. If
f(x) exists, then
bl.
is continuous and positive on [a, 6], then 1/f must
ery value between 1/ f(a) and 1/f(6).
Sample Test Problems
In Problems 1-22, find the indicated limit or state that it does not
Section 1,7 Chapter Review 91.
1 conde
18.1 16, tim 2
wm. 18,
vw. 20,
2. tim, tan2x 22. tim =
23, Prove using an e-8 argument that lim (2x + 1) © 7,
So ifee-t
MLleafey=yx if-1
