Research Paper

About: Natural Calamities, Man- made Synthetic Calamities and Weather Warfare

Inroduction
Periods of prolonged extreme heat seem to be getting more frequent. In addition to causing illness and
significant loss of life, they can have a serious economic effect on transportation, agriculture production, energy and
infrastructure. It is clear that the world is getting warmer, probably due to a natural process, but it is reasonable to
assume that this process is being speeded up by mankind's release into the atmosphere of large amounts of
greenhouse gas. It is also reasonable to assume that these greenhouse gas emissions are having a profound effect
on the world's weather. It is easy to blame every natural disaster on global warming, but meteorology is not an exact
science and while in some cases this blame might be quite justified, in many cases these natural disaster occur for
purely

natural

reasons.

A disaster is a hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or
destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. Disasters fall into two major categories. These include
man-made and natural disasters. Man-made disasters are disasters due to result of human intent, negligence or
involving a failure of a man-made system that leads to human suffering and environmental damage. Man-made
disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil
spills and nuclear explosions/ radiation are some examples resulting the human hazards. Man has cut forests
recklessly to clear the land for cultivation and along with this environmental degradation has taken place, which also
affects human life.
The last decade of the twentieth century was marked by a series of major disasters throughout the whole
world, most of them sharing similar characteristics. This spate of disasters has sparked off worldwide concern due to
the high probability of such extreme events recurring in the future, with equal or worse consequences, in the same or
different parts of the planet. The occurrence of a given disaster depends not only on the existence of a high threat or
hazardousness in a given zone but also the vulnerability of this zone. Disasters are therefore becoming an increasing
problem; their impact is growing with time due to a series of factors such as development models, population growth
and the urbanization models in many countries land occupation trends, ongoing impoverishment of large segments of
the population, the use of unsuitable organization systems and pressure on natural resources. All these factors have
brought about an increase of settlements vulnerability towards a wide range of hazards, both natural and man-made.

More alarming articles and studies are surfacing each day which confirm the rapidly changing state of
Earth's life support systems and climate. Humanity has decimated the planet in countless ways and the
repercussions are becoming catastrophic. Though there are certainly many parts to this unfolding story, the largest
piece of the puzzle by far still goes completely unacknowledged by most of the scientific community and the entire
main stream media/corporate/military/industrial complex. The massive elephant in the room has been, and still is,
"stratospheric aerosol geo engineering" (SAG), AKA solar radiation management" (SRM).

Objective of the Research

Weather Warfare

"Others are engaging even in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter the climate, set off
earthquakes, volcanoes remotely through the use of electromagnetic waves."
-- United States Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen, April, 1997
If human activities could change climate, why not change it on purpose, to suit us better? From 1945 into the
1970s, much effort went into studies of weather modification. American entrepreneurs tried cloud-seeding to enhance
local rainfall, Russian scientists offered fabulous schemes of planetary engineering, and military agencies secretly
explored "climatological warfare." The hopes and fears promoted basic research on climate change by raising large
sums of government money and a few provocative ideas. In the mid1970s the visionary projects were mostly
abandoned. Research turned instead to controversial "geo engineering" schemes for interventions that might restrain
global warming if it started to become unbearable.
Weather Warfare: Beware the US Militarys Experiments with Climatic Warfare was rarely
acknowledged in the debate on global climate change, the worlds weather can now be modified as part of a new
generation of sophisticated electromagnetic weapons. Both the US and Russia have developed capabilities to
manipulate the climate for military use. Environmental modification techniques have been applied by the US military
for more than half a century. US mathematician John von Neumann, in liaison with the US Department of Defense,
started his research on weather modification in the late 1940s at the height of the Cold War and foresaw forms of
climatic warfare as yet unimagined. During the Vietnam war, cloud-seeding techniques were used, starting in 1967
under Project Popeye, the objective of which was to prolong the monsoon season and block enemy supply routes
along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The US military has developed advanced capabilities that enable it selectively to alter
weather patterns. The technology, which is being perfected under the High-frequency Active Auroral Research
Program (HAARP), is an appendage of the Strategic Defense Initiative Star Wars. From a military standpoint,
HAARP is a weapon of mass destruction, operating from the outer atmosphere and capable of destabilizing
agricultural and ecological systems around the world. Weather-modification, according to the US Air Force document
AF 2025 Final Report, offers the war fighter a wide range of possible options to defeat or coerce an adversary,
capabilities, it says, extend to the triggering of floods, hurricanes, droughts and earthquakes: Weather modification
will become a part of domestic and international security and could be done unilaterally It could have offensive and
defensive applications and even be used for deterrence purposes. The ability to generate precipitation, fog and
storms on earth or to modify space weather and the production of artificial weather all are a part of an integrated
set of [military] technologies.
Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025. In 2025, US aerospace forces can own the
weather by capitalizing on emerging technologies and focusing development of those technologies to war-fighting
applications. Such a capability offers the war fighter tools to shape the battle space in ways never before possible. It
provides opportunities to impact operations across the full spectrum of conflict and is pertinent to all possible futures.
The purpose of this paper is to outline a strategy for the use of a future weather-modification system to achieve
military objectives rather than to provide a detailed technical road map. A high-risk, high-reward endeavor, weathermodification offers a dilemma not unlike the splitting of the atom. While some segments of society will always be
reluctant to examine controversial issues such as weather-modification, the tremendous military capabilities that

could result from this field are ignored at our own peril. From enhancing friendly operations or disrupting those of the
enemy via small-scale tailoring of natural weather patterns to complete dominance of global communications and
counter space control, weather-modification offers the war fighter a wide-range of possible options to defeat or coerce
an adversary. Some of the potential capabilities a weather-modification system could provide to a war-fighting
commander in chief (CINC) are listed in table 1. Technology advancements in five major areas are necessary for an
integrated weather-modification capability: (1) advanced nonlinear modeling techniques, (2) computational capability,
(3) information gathering and transmission, (4) a global sensor array, and (5) weather intervention techniques. Some
intervention tools exist today and others may be developed and refined in the future.
Today, weather-modification is the alteration of weather phenomena over a limited area for a limited period
of time.9 Within the next three decades, the concept of weather-modification could expand to include the ability to
shape weather patterns by influencing their determining factors.10 Achieving such a highly 5 accurate and reasonably
precise weather-modification capability in the next 30 years will require overcoming some challenging but not
insurmountable technological and legal hurdles
Between 1996 and 2005, technological advances in meteorology and the demand for more precise weather
information by global businesses will lead to the successful identification and parameterization of the major variables
that affect weather. By 2015, advances in computational capability, modeling techniques, and atmospheric
information tracking will produce a highly accurate and reliable weather prediction capability, validated against realworld weather. In the following decade, population densities put pressure on the worldwide availability and cost of
food and usable water. Massive life and property losses associated with natural weather disasters become
increasingly unacceptable. These pressures prompt governments and/or other organizations that are able to
capitalize on the technological advances of the previous 20 years to pursue a highly accurate and reasonably precise
weather-modification capability. The increasing urgency to realize the benefits of this capability stimulates laws and
treaties, and some unilateral actions, making the risks required to validate and refine it acceptable.
By 2025, the world, or parts of it, is able to shape local weather patterns by influencing the factors that
affect climate, precipitation, storms and their effects, fog, and near space. These highly accurate and reasonably
precise civil applications of weather-modification technology have obvious military implications. This is particularly
true for aerospace forces, for while weather may affect all mediums of operation, it operates in ours. The term
weather-modification may have negative connotations for many people, civilians and military members alike. It is thus
important to define the scope to be considered in this paper so that potential critics or proponents of further research
have a common basis for discussion. In the broadest sense, weather-modification can be divided into two major
categories: suppression and intensification of weather patterns. In extreme cases, it might involve the creation of
completely new weather 6 patterns, attenuation or control of severe storms, or even alteration of global climate on a
far-reaching and/or long-lasting scale. In the mildest and least controversial cases it may consist of inducing or
suppressing precipitation, clouds, or fog for short times over a small-scale region.
Other low-intensity applications might include the alteration and/or use of near space as a medium to
enhance communications, disrupt active or passive sensing, or other purposes. In conducting the research for this
study, the broadest possible interpretation of weather-modification was initially embraced, so that the widest range of
opportunities available for our military in 2025 were thoughtfully considered. However, for several reasons described
below, this paper focuses primarily on localized and short-term forms of weather-modification and how these could be
incorporated into war-fighting capability. The primary areas discussed include generation and dissipation of
precipitation, clouds, and fog; modification of localized storm systems; and the use of the ionosphere and near space
for space control and communications dominance. These applications are consistent with CJCSI 3810.01,
Meteorological and Oceanographic Operations.
The essential ingredient of the weather-modification system is the set of intervention techniques used to
modify the weather. The number of specific intervention methodologies is limited only by the imagination, but with few
exceptions they involve infusing either energy or chemicals into the meteorological process in the right way, at the
right place and time. The intervention could be designed to modify the weather in a number of ways, such as
influencing clouds and precipitation, storm intensity, climate, space, or fog.
Modification of the near-space environment is crucial to battle space dominance. General Charles Horner,
former commander in chief, United States space command, described his worst nightmare as seeing an entire
Marine battalion wiped out on some foreign landing zone because he was unable to deny the enemy intelligence and
imagery generated from space.24 Active modifications could provide a technological fix to jam the enemys active
and passive surveillance and reconnaissance systems. In short, an operational capability to modify the near-space
environment would ensure space superiority in 2025; this capability would allow us to shape and control the battle
space via enhanced communication, sensing, navigation, and precision engagement systems.

Natural Calamities
The definition of natural disasters is any catastrophic event that is caused by nature or the natural processes
of the earth. The severity of a disaster is measured in lives lost, economic loss, and the ability of the population to
rebuild. Events that occur in unpopulated areas are not considered disasters. So a flood on an uninhabited island
would not count as a disaster, but a flood in a populated area is called a natural disaster. All natural disasters cause
loss in some way. Depending on the severity, lives can be lost in any number of disasters. Falling buildings or trees,
freezing to death, being washed away, or heat stroke are just some of the deadly effects. Some disasters cause more
loss of life than others, and population density affects the death count as well. Natural Disasters are
Asteroid, Avalanche, Blizzard, Thunderstorm, Earthquake, Flood, Gamma-Ray Burst, Volcano Eruption, Heat Wave,
Hurricane, Landslide, Solar Flare, Drought, Tornado, Tsunami, Hail, Wildfire. Then there is loss of property, which
affects peoples living quarters, transportation, livelihood, and means to live. Fields saturated in salt water after
tsunamis take years to grow crops again. Homes destroyed by floods, hurricanes, cyclones, landslides and
avalanches, a volcanic eruption, or an earthquake are often beyond repair or take a lot of time to become livable
again. Personal effects, memorabilia, vehicles, and documents also take a hit after many natural disasters. The
natural disasters that really affect people worldwide tend to become more intense as the years go on. Frequency of
earthquakes, mega storms, and heat waves has gone up considerably in the last few decades. Heavy population in
areas that get hit by floods, cyclones, and hurricanes has meant that more lives are lost. In some areas, the
population has gotten somewhat prepared for the eventuality of disasters and shelters are built for hurricanes and
tornadoes. However, loss of property is still a problem, and predicting many natural disasters isnt easy.
Earth might seem like a more active and dangerous place than ever, given the constant media reports of
multiple natural disasters recently. But a broader view reveals that it's not Mother Nature who's changed, but we
humans. Drawn by undeveloped land and fertile soil, people are flocking to disaster-prone regions. This creates a
situation in which ordinary events like earthquakes and hurricanes become increasingly elevated to the level of
natural disasters that reap heavy losses in human life and property. Meanwhile, in any given year, the death toll at the
hands of Mother Nature varies greatly, as do the sorts of major deadly events. How we die? Of the estimated 61,000
people who have died this year due to natural disasters, about 50,000 (according to today's estimate) were victims of
the 7.6 earthquake that struck Pakistan Oct. 7. In 2004, by contrast, more than 60 percent of the total natural disaster
deaths were caused by the tsunami in the Indian Ocean. So far, the distribution of natural disasters for 2005 is
similar to that of 2004, said Debarati Guha-Sapir, director of the Center for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters
(CRED) in Brussels, Belgium. However, Guha-Sapir cautioned that it is still premature to make direct comparisons
between the two years, noting that the Dec. 6 tsunami that struck Indonesia and which killed 130,000 people.
Disasters increasing; along with the Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), CRED maintains an
emergency disaster database called EM-DAT. An event is categorized as a natural disaster if it kills 10 or more
people or leaves at least 100 people injured, homeless, displaced or evacuated. An event is also included in the
database if a country declares it a natural disaster or if requires the country to make a call for international
assistance.

According to the EM-DAT, the total natural disasters reported each year has been steadily increasing in recent
decades, from 78 in 1970 to 348 in 2004. Guha-Sapir said that a portion of that increase is artificial, due in part to
better media reports and advances in communications. Another reason is that beginning in the 1980s, agencies like
CRED and the US Agency for International Development (USAID) began actively looking for natural disasters.
"Like in medicine, if you go out into a village and look for cases you find much more than if you just sit back and let
people come to you when they're sick," Guha-Sapir said.
However, about two-thirds of the increase is real and the result of rises in so-called hydro-meteorological disasters,
Guha-Sapir said. These disasters include droughts, tsunamis, hurricanes, typhoons and floods and have been
increasing over the past 25 years. In 1980, there were only about 100 such disasters reported per year but that
number has risen to over 300 a year since 2000.
In contrast, natural geologic disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides and avalanches have
remained steady in recent decades.
ANOTHER BELIEF. Scientists believe the increase in hydro-meteorological disasters is due to a
combination of natural and made-made factors. Global warming is increasing the temperatures of the Earth's oceans
and atmosphere, leading to more intense storms of all types, including hurricanes.
Natural decadal variations in the frequency and intensity of hurricanes are also believed to be a contributing factor, as
are large-scale temperature fluctuations in the tropical waters of the Eastern Pacific Ocean, known as El Nio and La
Nia. People are also tempting nature with rapid and unplanned urbanization in flood-prone regions, increasing the
likelihood that their towns and villages will be affected by flash floods and coastal floods.
"Large land areas are [being] covered with cement so this means the flow of water becomes very strong," Guha-Sapir
said. "The runoff from the water can't get absorbed by the soil anymore, so it keeps collecting and rushing down,
getting heavier and faster, and then you have much bigger floods."
People aren't just putting themselves at risk for floods, but for natural disasters of all types, including earthquakes and
storms like hurricanes and typhoons.
MAKING DISASTERS As you put more and more people in harms way, you make a disaster out of
something that before was just a natural event," said Klaus Jacob, a senior research scientists at Columbia
University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
According to the World Bank's "Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis" report released in March,
more than 160 countries have more than a quarter of their populations in areas of high mortality risks from one or
more natural disasters. Taiwan was singled out as being the place on Earth most vulnerable to natural disasters, with
73 percent of its land and population exposed to three or more threats.
The good news is that the number of deaths from natural disasters has decreased substantially in recent
decades thanks to better disaster preparedness and prevention programs. But this statistic is tempered by the fact
that more people are being injured, displaced or left homeless.
"If you don't die you need care," Guha-Sapir said. "To a certain extent we prevent people from dying but
more and more people are affected."
CONCLUSION.This report has explained the gaps in our knowledge of natural disaster losses and why
these gaps should be filled. Poor knowledge of the resulting economic losses hinders implementation of effective
disaster mitigation policies and emergency response programs. Better loss estimates would benefit federal, state,
and local governments, insurers, scientists and researchers, and private citizens (both as taxpayers and insurance
purchasers). It is clear that data on economic losses of natural disasters to the nation are incomplete and spread
widely across the public and private sectors. Information on both direct and indirect costs is lacking. If data on
uninsured direct losses are limited, our understanding of indirect losses is even more incomplete. These indirect
losses are clearly difficult to identify and measure. However, in large disasters they may be significant and, within the
immediately affected regions, potentially greater than the direct losses due to physical destruction, especially in large
disasters.