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Endocrine Glands

This document summarizes the major endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, including the hypothalamus' role in regulating the anterior pituitary via releasing hormones. The pituitary's anterior lobe is described as secreting growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others. The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced in the hypothalamus. The thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, pineal gland, thymus and other organs are also summarized briefly for the key hormones each produces.

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Fessy Rizkiana
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49 views29 pages

Endocrine Glands

This document summarizes the major endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, including the hypothalamus' role in regulating the anterior pituitary via releasing hormones. The pituitary's anterior lobe is described as secreting growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others. The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced in the hypothalamus. The thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, pineal gland, thymus and other organs are also summarized briefly for the key hormones each produces.

Uploaded by

Fessy Rizkiana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rennie Puspa N,M.Farm.

Klin,Apt

Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe

Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal Glands
Cortex
Medulla

Islets of Langerhans
Gonads
Ovaries
Testes

Pineal gland
Thymus
others

Hypothalamus
Part of brain
Regulates ANS,
emotions,
feeding/satiety, thirst,
body temperature, etc.
Hormones related to
these functions
Releasing hormones
Axonal transport to
posterior lobe

Hypothalamus
Releasing hormones
regulate Anterior Pituitary

Growth hormone-releasing H.
Growth hormone-inhibiting H.
Thyrotropin-releasing H.
Corticotropin-releasing H.
Gonadotropin-releasing H.
Prolactin-releasing H.

Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic cell bodies
synthesize oxytocin and ADH
There are no blood vessels that
connect the hypothalamus to the
posterior pituitary
Axonal transport to posterior
pituitary
Release from posterior pituitary
7

Pituitary
Anterior lobe (= adenohypophysis)

Growth H. (hGH)
Prolactin
Melanocyte-stimulating H. (MSH)
Thyroid-stimulating H. (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic H. (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating H. (FSH)
Luteinizing H. (LH)
8

PituitaryAnterior lobe
Growth hormone (GH
or hGH)
Promotes mitosis, cell
division
Elongation of long
bones, etc.
Healing of wounds
Lack of hGH retards
growth
9

PituitaryAnterior lobe
Growth hormone
Lack of hGH retards growth
Charles Stratton, 1838-1883,
adopted & trained by P.T.
Barnum.
General Tom Thumb
~ 33 in. (84 cm) tall
Married Lavinia Warren,
1863.
Died of CV disease.

10

PituitaryAnterior lobe
Growth hormone
Oversecretion in youth
produces giantism
Oversecretion in adult
produces acromegaly

11

PituitaryPosterior lobe
Posterior lobe
(= neurohypophysis)
Site of release of
hormones synthesized
in hypothalamus
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic H. (ADH)

13

PituitaryPosterior lobe
Oxytocin
Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of
uterus & mammary glands.

Antidiuretic H.
Stimulates water reabsorption in collecting
ducts.
Stimulates vasoconstriction (vasopressin)
Lack diabetes insipidus
14

Thyroid Gland
Location in neck
Inferior to larynx
Anterior & lateral to trachea
Thyroid hormones exist in two forms:
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Tetraiodothyronine (T4) (also called
thyroxine)
Approx. 90% T4 and 10% T3
secreted.
Calcitonin

15

Thyroid Gland
Composed of follicles
Follicle cells produce thyroglobulin
Thyroxin (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

Parafollicular cells
Calcitonin

16

Parathyroid Glands
Four small glands
embedded in posterior
of thyroid
Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
Stimulates osteoclasts
to free Ca from bone
Stimulates Ca uptake
from intestine
18

Adrenal Glands
One on top of each kidney
Cortex
Steroid hormones

Medulla
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

19

Adrenal Glands
Cortex
Activity stimulated
by ACTH
Mineralcorticoids
Aldosterone

Glucocorticoids
Cortisol

Gonadocorticoids
Androgens
Estrogens

20

Adrenal Glands
Medulla
Develops as
misplaced
sympathetic ganglion
Cells are modified
neurons (lack axons)
Epinephrine (80%)
some Norepinephrine
(20%)

22

Islets of Langerhans
About a million
embedded in pancreas
Control centers for
blood glucose
Insulin from beta cells
Glucagon from alpha
cells

24

Islets of Langerhans
Insulin stimulates
glucose uptake,
glycogenesis
Glucagon stimulates
glycogenolysis,
glucose release from
liver

25

Gonads
Ovaries
Estrogens
Progesterone

Testes
Testosterone, etc.

Reproductive functions when we study


reproductive system.
26

Pineal gland
Suspended in third
ventricle from
diencephalon
Melatonin
? Inhibits early puberty
? Day/night cycles
Timing of sleep, body
temperature, appetite
27

Thymus
= Thymus
gland
Thymopoietins,
thymic factor,
thymosins
Influence
development of T
lymphocytes
28

others

Stomach gastrin, somatostatin


small intestine somatostatin, secretin
Heart ANP
Kidneys erythropoietin
Adipose tissue leptin
Skin cholecalciferol (vit. D precursor)
Placenta progesterone
29

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