Microsoft Visual Studio

Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development

environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It is used to develop computer programs for Microsoft Windows, as well
as web sites, web applications and web services. Visual
Studio uses Microsoft software development platforms
such as Windows API, Windows Forms, Windows Presentation Foundation, Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight. It can produce both native code and managed
code.

installed, the functionality is available as a Service. The

IDE provides three services: SVsSolution, which provides the ability to enumerate projects and solutions; SVsUIShell, which provides windowing and UI functionality (including tabs, toolbars and tool windows); and
SVsShell, which deals with registration of VSPackages.
In addition, the IDE is also responsible for coordinating and enabling communication between services.[11] All
editors, designers, project types and other tools are implemented as VSPackages. Visual Studio uses COM to
access the VSPackages. The Visual Studio SDK also includes the Managed Package Framework (MPF), which
is a set of managed wrappers around the COM-interfaces
that allow the Packages to be written in any CLI compliant language.[12] However, MPF does not provide all
the functionality exposed by the Visual Studio COM
interfaces.[13] The services can then be consumed for creation of other packages, which add functionality to the
Visual Studio IDE.

Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting

IntelliSense (the code completion component) as well
as code refactoring. The integrated debugger works
both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level
debugger. Other built-in tools include a forms designer
for building GUI applications, web designer, class designer, and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins
that enhance the functionality at almost every level
including adding support for source-control systems
(like Subversion) and adding new toolsets like editors
and visual designers for domain-specic languages or
toolsets for other aspects of the software development
lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team
Explorer).

Support for programming languages is added by using

a specic VSPackage called a Language Service. A
language service denes various interfaces which the
VSPackage implementation can implement to add support for various functionalities.[14] Functionalities that
can be added this way include syntax coloring, statement completion, brace matching, parameter information
tooltips, member lists and error markers for background
compilation.[14] If the interface is implemented, the functionality will be available for the language. Language services are to be implemented on a per-language basis. The
implementations can reuse code from the parser or the
compiler for the language.[14] Language services can be
implemented either in native code or managed code. For
native code, either the native COM interfaces or the Babel
Framework (part of Visual Studio SDK) can be used.[15]
For managed code, the MPF includes wrappers for writing managed language services.[16]

Visual Studio supports dierent programming languages

and allows the code editor and debugger to support (to
varying degrees) nearly any programming language, provided a language-specic service exists. Built-in languages include C,[8] C++ and C++/CLI (via Visual C++),
VB.NET (via Visual Basic .NET), C# (via Visual C#),
and F# (as of Visual Studio 2010[9] ). Support for other
languages such as Python, Ruby, Node.js, and M among
others is available via language services installed separately. It also supports XML/XSLT, HTML/XHTML,
JavaScript and CSS. Java (and J#) were supported in the
past.
Before Visual Studio 2013 Update 4, commercial versions of Visual Studio were available for free to students
via Microsofts DreamSpark program, when only commercial versions supported plugins.[10] Starting with Visual Studio 2013 Update 4, Microsoft provides Community editions, which support plugins, at no cost to all users.

Visual Studio does not include any source control support built in but it denes two alternative ways for source
control systems to integrate with the IDE.[17] A Source
Control VSPackage can provide its own customised user
interface. In contrast, a source control plugin using the
MSSCCI (Microsoft Source Code Control Interface) provides a set of functions that are used to implement various source control functionality, with a standard Visual
1 Architecture
Studio user interface.[18][19] MSSCCI was rst used to integrate Visual SourceSafe with Visual Studio 6.0 but was
Visual Studio does not support any programming lan- later opened up via the Visual Studio SDK. Visual Studio
guage, solution or tool intrinsically; instead, it allows the .NET 2002 used MSSCCI 1.1, and Visual Studio .NET
plugging of functionality coded as a VSPackage. When
1

2
2003 used MSSCCI 1.2. Visual Studio 2005, 2008 and
2010 use MSSCCI Version 1.3, which adds support for
rename and delete propagation as well as asynchronous
opening.[19]
Visual Studio supports running multiple instances of the
environment (each with its own set of VSPackages).
The instances use dierent registry hives (see MSDN's
denition of the term registry hive" in the sense used
here) to store their conguration state and are dierentiated by their AppId (Application ID). The instances are
launched by an AppId-specic .exe that selects the AppId, sets the root hive and launches the IDE. VSPackages
registered for one AppId are integrated with other VSPackages for that AppId. The various product editions
of Visual Studio are created using the dierent AppIds.
The Visual Studio Express edition products are installed
with their own AppIds, but the Standard, Professional
and Team Suite products share the same AppId. Consequently, one can install the Express editions side-byside with other editions, unlike the other editions which
update the same installation. The professional edition includes a superset of the VSPackages in the standard edition and the team suite includes a superset of the VSPackages in both other editions. The AppId system is leveraged by the Visual Studio Shell in Visual Studio 2008.[20]

2 FEATURES
naming, interface extraction and encapsulation of class
members inside properties, among others.
Visual Studio features background compilation (also
called incremental compilation).[25][26] As code is being
written, Visual Studio compiles it in the background in order to provide feedback about syntax and compilation errors, which are agged with a red wavy underline. Warnings are marked with a green underline. Background
compilation does not generate executable code, since it
requires a dierent compiler than the one used to generate executable code.[27] Background compilation was
initially introduced with Microsoft Visual Basic but has
now been expanded for all included languages.[26]

2.2 Debugger
Main article: Microsoft Visual Studio Debugger

Visual Studio includes a debugger that works both as a

source-level debugger and as a machine-level debugger. It
works with both managed code as well as native code and
can be used for debugging applications written in any language supported by Visual Studio. In addition, it can also
attach to running processes and monitor and debug those
processes.[28] If source code for the running process is
available, it displays the code as it is being run. If source
code is not available, it can show the disassembly. The
2 Features
Visual Studio debugger can also create memory dumps as
well as load them later for debugging.[29] Multi-threaded
2.1 Code editor
programs are also supported. The debugger can be congured to be launched when an application running outLike any other IDE, it includes a code editor that supside the Visual Studio environment crashes.
ports syntax highlighting and code completion using
IntelliSense for variables, functions, methods, loops and The debugger allows setting breakpoints (which allow exLINQ queries.[21] IntelliSense is supported for the in- ecution to be stopped temporarily at a certain position)
cluded languages, as well as for XML and for Cascading and watches (which monitor the values of variables as the
[30]
Style Sheets and JavaScript when developing web sites execution progresses). Breakpoints can be conditional,
[22][23]
meaning
they
get
triggered
when the condition is met.
and web applications.
Autocomplete suggestions
Code
can
be
stepped
over,
i.e.,
run one line (of source
appear in a modeless list box over the code editor window,
[31]
code)
at
a
time.
It
can
either
step
into functions to dein proximity of the editing cursor. In Visual Studio 2008
bug
inside
it,
or
step
over
it,
i.e.,
the
execution
of the funconwards, it can be made temporarily semi-transparent to
[31]
[21]
tion
body
isn't
available
for
manual
inspection.
The desee the code obstructed by it. The code editor is used
bugger
supports
Edit
and
Continue,
i.e.,
it
allows
code to
for all supported languages.
be edited as it is being debugged. When debugging, if the
The Visual Studio code editor also supports setting bookmouse pointer hovers over any variable, its current value
marks in code for quick navigation. Other navigais displayed in a tooltip (data tooltips), where it can also
tional aids include collapsing code blocks and incremental
be modied if desired. During coding, the Visual Stusearch, in addition to normal text search and regex
dio debugger lets certain functions be invoked manually
search.[24] The code editor also includes a multi-item
from the Immediate tool window. The parameters to the
clipboard and a task list.[24] The code editor supports code
method are supplied at the Immediate window.[32]
snippets, which are saved templates for repetitive code
and can be inserted into code and customized for the
project being worked on. A management tool for code 2.3 Designer
snippets is built in as well. These tools are surfaced as
oating windows which can be set to automatically hide Visual Studio includes a host of visual designers to aid in
when unused or docked to the side of the screen. The the development of applications. These tools include:
Visual Studio code editor also supports code refactoring
including parameter reordering, variable and method re- Windows Forms Designer The Windows Forms de-

2.4

Other tools
signer is used to build GUI applications using
Windows Forms. Layout can be controlled by housing the controls inside other containers or locking
them to the side of the form. Controls that display data (like textbox, list box, grid view, etc.) can
be bound to data sources like databases or queries.
Data-bound controls can be created by dragging
items from the Data Sources window onto a design surface.[33] The UI is linked with code using
an event-driven programming model. The designer
generates either C# or VB.NET code for the application.

2.4 Other tools

Open Tabs Browser The open tabs browser is used to
list all open tabs and to switch between them. It is
invoked using CTRL+TAB.
Properties Editor The Properties Editor tool is used to
edit properties in a GUI pane inside Visual Studio.
It lists all available properties (both read-only and
those which can be set) for all objects including
classes, forms, web pages and other items.
Object Browser The Object Browser is a namespace and
class library browser for Microsoft .NET. It can be
used to browse the namespaces (which are arranged
hierarchically) in managed assemblies. The hierarchy may or may not reect the organization in the
le system.

WPF Designer The WPF designer, codenamed

Cider,[34] was introduced with Visual Studio 2008.
Like the Windows Forms designer it supports the
drag and drop metaphor. It is used to author user
interfaces targeting Windows Presentation Foun- Solution Explorer In Visual Studio parlance, a solution
dation. It supports all WPF functionality including
is a set of code les and other resources that are used
data binding and automatic layout management. It
to build an application. The les in a solution are argenerates XAML code for the UI. The generated
ranged hierarchically, which might or might not reXAML le is compatible with Microsoft Expression
ect the organization in the le system. The Solution
Design, the designer-oriented product. The XAML
Explorer is used to manage and browse the les in a
code is linked with code using a code-behind model.
solution.
Web designer/development Visual Studio also includes
a web-site editor and designer that allows web pages
to be authored by dragging and dropping widgets. It
is used for developing ASP.NET applications and
supports HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It uses a
code-behind model to link with ASP.NET code.
From Visual Studio 2008 onwards, the layout engine
used by the web designer is shared with Microsoft
Expression Web. There is also ASP.NET MVC support for MVC technology as a separate download[35]
and ASP.NET Dynamic Data project available from
Microsoft.[36]
Class designer The Class Designer is used to author and
edit the classes (including its members and their access) using UML modeling. The Class Designer
can generate C# and VB.NET code outlines for the
classes and methods. It can also generate class diagrams from hand-written classes.

Team Explorer Team Explorer is used to integrate

the capabilities of Team Foundation Server, the
Revision Control System into the IDE (and the basis
for Microsofts CodePlex hosting environment for
open source projects). In addition to source control
it provides the ability to view and manage individual
work items (including bugs, tasks and other documents) and to browse TFS statistics. It is included as
part of a TFS install and is also available as a download for Visual Studio separately.[37][38] Team Explorer is also available as a stand-alone environment
solely to access TFS services.
Data Explorer Data Explorer is used to manage
databases on Microsoft SQL Server instances. It
allows creation and alteration of database tables
(either by issuing T-SQL commands or by using
the Data designer). It can also be used to create
queries and stored procedures, with the latter in
either T-SQL or in managed code via SQL CLR.
Debugging and IntelliSense support is available as
well.

Data designer The data designer can be used to graphically edit database schemas, including typed tables, Server Explorer The Server Explorer tool is used to
manage database connections on an accessible comprimary and foreign keys and constraints. It can also
puter. It is also used to browse running Windows
be used to design queries from the graphical view.
Services, performance counters, Windows Event
Log and message queues and use them as a
Mapping designer From Visual Studio 2008 onwards,
datasource.[39]
the mapping designer is used by LINQ to SQL to design the mapping between database schemas and the Dotfuscator Software Services Community Edition
classes that encapsulate the data. The new solution
Visual Studio includes a free 'light' version of
Dotfuscator by PreEmptive Solutions which
from ORM approach, ADO.NET Entity Framework, replaces and improves the old technology.
performs code obfuscation and application size

SUPPORTED PRODUCTS

reduction.[40] Starting with Visual Studio 2010, this

version of Dotfuscator includes runtime intelligence
capabilities that allow authors to gather end-user
usage, performance, and stability information from
their applications running in production.[41]

the IDE. The Visual Studio Shell denes a set of VSPackages that provide the functionality required in any IDE.
On top of that, other packages can be added to customize
the installation. The Isolated mode of the shell creates a
new AppId where the packages are installed. These are to
be started with a dierent executable. It is aimed for deText Generation Framework Visual Studio includes a velopment of custom development environments, either
full text generation framework called T4 which en- for a specic language or a specic scenario. The Inteables Visual Studio to generate text les from tem- grated mode installs the packages into the AppId of the
plates either in the IDE or via code.
Professional/Standard/Team System editions, so that the
tools integrate into these editions.[20] The Visual Studio
ASP.NET Web Site Administration Tool The
ASP.NET Web Site Administration Tool allows for Shell is available as a free download.
the conguration of ASP.NET websites.
After the release of Visual Studio 2008, Microsoft created the Visual Studio Gallery. It serves as the central loVisual Studio Tools for Oce Visual Studio Tools for
cation for posting information about extensions to Visual
Oce is a SDK and an add-in for Visual Studio
Studio. Community developers as well as commercial dethat includes tools for developing for the Microsoft
velopers can upload information about their extensions to
Oce suite. Previously (for Visual Studio .NET
Visual Studio .NET 2002 through Visual Studio 2010.
2003 and Visual Studio 2005) it was a separate SKU
Users of the site can rate and review the extensions to
that supported only Visual C# and Visual Basic lanhelp assess the quality of extensions being posted. RSS
guages or was included in the Team Suite. With Vifeeds to notify users on updates to the site and tagging
sual Studio 2008, it is no longer a separate SKU but
features are also planned.[42]
is included with Professional and higher editions. A
separate runtime is required when deploying VSTO
solutions.

3 Supported products

2.5

Extensibility

See also: List of Microsoft Visual Studio Add-ins and

Visual Studio Extensibility

Microsoft Visual C++ Microsoft Visual C++ is Microsofts implementation of the C and C++ compiler
and associated languages-services and specic tools
for integration with the Visual Studio IDE. It can
compile either in C mode or C++ mode. For C, it
follows the 1990 version of the ISO C standard with
parts of C99 specication along with MS-specic
additions in the form of libraries.[43] For C++, it follows the ANSI C++ specication along with a few
C++11 features.[44] It also supports the C++/CLI
specication to write managed code, as well as
mixed-mode code (a mix of native and managed
code). Microsoft positions Visual C++ for development in native code or in code that contains both
native as well as managed components. Visual C++
supports COM as well as the MFC library. For MFC
development, it provides a set of wizards for creating
and customizing MFC boilerplate code, and creating
GUI applications using MFC. Visual C++ can also
use the Visual Studio forms designer to design UI
graphically. Visual C++ can also be used with the
Windows API. It also supports the use of intrinsic
functions,[45] which are functions recognized by the
compiler itself and not implemented as a library. Intrinsic functions are used to expose the SSE instruction set of modern CPUs. Visual C++ also includes
the OpenMP (version 2.0) specication.[46]

Visual Studio allows developers to write extensions for

Visual Studio to extend its capabilities. These extensions
plug into Visual Studio and extend its functionality. Extensions come in the form of macros, add-ins, and packages. Macros represent repeatable tasks and actions that
developers can record programmatically for saving, replaying, and distributing. Macros, however, cannot implement new commands or create tool windows. They
are written using Visual Basic and are not compiled.[13]
Add-Ins provide access to the Visual Studio object model
and can interact with the IDE tools. Add-Ins can be used
to implement new functionality and can add new tool windows. Add-Ins are plugged into the IDE via COM and can
be created in any COM-compliant languages.[13] Packages are created using the Visual Studio SDK and provide the highest level of extensibility. They can create
designers and other tools, as well as integrate other programming languages. The Visual Studio SDK provides
unmanaged APIs as well as a managed API to accomplish these tasks. However, the managed API isn't as
comprehensive as the unmanaged one.[13] Extensions are
supported in the Standard (and higher) versions of Visual
Studio 2005. Express Editions do not support hosting ex- Microsoft Visual C# Microsoft Visual C#, Microsofts
tensions.
implementation of the C# language, targets the
Visual Studio 2008 introduced the Visual Studio Shell
.NET Framework, along with the language services
that allows for development of a customized version of
that lets the Visual Studio IDE support C# projects.

5
While the language services are a part of Visual Studio, the compiler is available separately as a part of
the .NET Framework. The Visual C# 2008, 2010
and 2012 compilers support versions 3.0, 4.0 and
5.0 of the C# language specications, respectively.
Visual C# supports the Visual Studio Class designer,
Forms designer, and Data designer among others.[47]

small software-development projects. The SourceSafe database is a multi-user, multi-process lesystem database, using the Windows le system
database primitives to provide locking and sharing
support. All versions are multi-user, using SMB (le
server) networking.[52][53][54] However, with Visual
SourceSafe 2005, other clientserver modes were
added, Lan Booster and VSS Internet (which used
HTTP/HTTPS). Visual SourceSafe 6.0 was available as a stand-alone product[55] and was included
with Visual Studio 6.0, and other products such as
Oce Developer Edition. Visual SourceSafe 2005
was available as a stand-alone product and included
with the 2005 Team Suite. Team Foundation Server
has superseded VSS as Microsofts recommended
platform for source control.

Microsoft Visual Basic Microsoft Visual Basic is Microsofts implementation of the VB.NET language
and associated tools and language services. It was
introduced with Visual Studio .NET (2002). Microsoft has positioned Visual Basic for Rapid Application Development.[48][49] Visual Basic can be used
to author both console applications as well as GUI
applications. Like Visual C#, Visual Basic also supports the Visual Studio Class designer, Forms designer, and Data designer among others. Like C#,
the VB.NET compiler is also available as a part of Microsoft Visual J++/Microsoft Visual J#
Microsoft Visual J++ was Microsoft's implementa.NET Framework, but the language services that let
tion of the Java language (with Microsoft-specic
VB.NET projects be developed with Visual Studio,
extensions) and associated language services. It
are available as a part of the latter.
was discontinued as a result of litigation from Sun
Microsystems, and the technology was recycled
Microsoft Visual Web Developer Microsoft
Visual
into Visual J#, Microsofts Java compiler for .NET
Web Developer is used to create web sites, web apFramework. J# was available with Visual Studio
plications and web services using ASP.NET. Either
2005 (supported until 2015) but was discontinued
C# or VB.NET languages can be used. Visual Web
in Visual Studio 2008.
Developer can use the Visual Studio Web Designer
to graphically design web page layouts.
Visual InterDev Visual InterDev was used to create
Team Foundation Server Team Foundation Server is
web applications using Microsoft Active Server
intended for collaborative software development
Pages (ASP) technologies. It supports code compleprojects and acts as the server-side backend providtion and includes database server management tools.
ing source control, data collection, reporting, and
It has been replaced with Microsoft Visual Web Deproject-tracking functionality. It also includes the
veloper.
Team Explorer, the client tool for TFS services,
which is integrated inside Visual Studio Team System.

4 Editions

3.1

Previous products

Visual FoxPro Visual FoxPro is a data-centric objectoriented and procedural programming language produced by Microsoft. It derives from FoxPro (originally known as FoxBASE) which was developed
by Fox Software beginning in 1984. Visual FoxPro
is tightly integrated with its own relational database
engine, which extends FoxPros xBase capabilities
to support SQL queries and data manipulation. Visual FoxPro is a full-featured,[50] dynamic programming language that does not require the use of an
additional general-purpose programming environment. In 2007, Visual FoxPro was discontinued after version 9 Service Pack 2. It was supported until
2015.[51]

Microsoft Visual Studio is available in the following editions or SKUs:[56]

4.1 Professional

As of Visual Studio 2010, the Professional edition is the

entry level commercial edition of Visual Studio. (Previously, a more feature restricted Standard edition was
available.)[57] It provides an IDE for all supported development languages. MSDN support is available as MSDN
Essentials or the full MSDN library depending on licensing. It supports XML and XSLT editing, and can create
deployment packages that only use ClickOnce and MSI.
It includes tools like Server Explorer and integration with
Microsoft SQL Server also. Windows Mobile development support was included in Visual Studio 2005 StanVisual SourceSafe Microsoft Visual SourceSafe is a dard, however, with Visual Studio 2008, it is only availsource control software package oriented towards able in Professional and higher editions. Windows Phone

HISTORY

7 development support was added to all editions in Vi- Visual Studio 2012, 2013 and 2015 consist of editions
sual Studio 2010. Development for Windows Mobile is geared towards dierent platforms instead:
no longer supported in Visual Studio 2010; it is superseded by Windows Phone 7.
Express for Web: focuses on developing web apps

4.2

Enterprise

In addition to the features provided by the Professional

edition, the Enterprise edition provides a new set of software development, database development, collaboration,
metrics, architecture, testing and reporting tools.

4.3

Test Professional

Express for Windows: focuses on developing

Universal Windows Platform apps
Express for Desktop: focuses on developing traditional apps for Windows, using Windows API
Team Foundation Server Express: provides
source control and application lifecycle management
Express for Windows Phone (2012 only): focuses
on software development for Windows Phone 7.5
and 8.0

The Test Professional edition was introduced with Visual

Studio 2010. Its focus is the dedicated tester role. It includes support for the management of test environments,
the ability to start and report on tests and to connect to Versions prior to 2013 Update 2 do not include support
Team Foundation Server. It does not include support for for plug-ins. x64 compilers are not included in the Videvelopment or authoring of tests.[56]
sual Studio Express edition IDEs, but are available as
part of a Windows Software Development Kit that can be
installed separately.[60] After an initial announcement[61]
4.4 Community
that the Express 2012 release would be restricted to creating Windows 8 Metro-style applications, Microsoft reThe Community edition was announced on 12 Novem- sponded to negative developer feedback by reversing that
ber 2014, as a new free version similar in functionality to decision and announcing that desktop application develVisual Studio Professional. Prior to this date, the only opment would also be supported.[62]
free editions of Visual Studio were the feature-limited
Express SKUs. Unlike the Express, Visual Studio Community supports multiple languages, and provides support 4.6 Feature grid
for extensions. Visual Studio Community is oriented towards individual developers and small teams.[58][59]
Fractions refer to partial feature inclusion.

4.5

Express

5 History

Main article: Microsoft Visual Studio Express

Prior to Visual Studio Version 4.0, there were Visual Basic 3, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro and Visual SourceSafe
Visual Studio Express is a stripped-down version of Vias separate products.
sual Studio for students and hobbyists, rst introduced
with Visual Studio 2005. Originally, it consisted of sev- The C/C++ compiler cl.exe is shipped with Visual Stueral editions, each of which targeted a single program- dio, and it can be checked via the _MSC_VER predened
ming language. Visual Studio Express 2005, 2008 and preprocessor macro.
2010 consisted of the following editions that could have
been installed side-by-side:

5.1 97

Visual Basic Express

Visual C++ Express
Visual C# Express
Visual J# Express (2005 only)
Visual Web Developer Express
Visual Studio Express for Windows Phone (2010
only)

Microsoft rst released Visual Studio (codenamed

Boston,[64] for the city of the same name, thus beginning
the VS codenames related to places)[64] in 1997, bundling
many of its programming tools together for the rst time.
Visual Studio 97 came in two editions: Visual Studio Professional and Visual Studio Enterprise, the professional
edition has three CDs, and the enterprise on four CDs.
It included Visual J++ 1.1 for Java programming and introduced Visual InterDev for creating dynamically generated web sites using Active Server Pages. There was a

5.4

.NET 2003

single companion CD that contained the Microsoft Developer Network library.

Visual Studio 97 was Microsofts rst attempt at using the same development environment for multiple languages. Visual J++, InterDev, and the MSDN Library
had all been using the same 'environment', called Developer Studio.[65]

7
it is being executed on, thereby making code portable
across several platforms. Programs compiled into CIL
can be executed only on platforms which have an implementation of Common Language Infrastructure. It is
possible to run CIL programs in Linux or Mac OS X using non-Microsoft .NET implementations like Mono and
DotGNU.

Studio to require an
Visual Studio was also sold as a bundle with the sepa- This was the rst version of Visual
[70]
NT-based
Windows
platform.
The
installer enforces
rate IDEs used for Visual C++, Visual Basic and Visual
this
requirement.
[20]
FoxPro.
Visual Studio .NET 2002 shipped in four editions: Academic, Professional, Enterprise Developer, and Enter5.2 6.0 (1998)
prise Architect. Microsoft introduced C# (C-sharp), a
new programming language, that targets .NET. It also inThe next version, version 6.0 (codenamed Aspen, after troduced the successor to Visual J++ called Visual J#.
the ski resort in Colorado), was released in June 1998 and Visual J# programs use Javas language-syntax. However,
is the last version to run on the Windows 9x platform.[66] unlike Visual J++ programs, Visual J# programs can only
Each version of each language in part also settled to v6.0, target the .NET Framework, not the Java Virtual Machine
including Visual J++ which was prior v1.1, and Visual that all other Java tools target.
InterDev at the 1st release. The v6 edition of Microsoft
Visual Basic changed drastically to t the new framework,
was the core environment for the next four releases to
and the new version was called Visual Basic .NET. Miprovide programmers with an integrated look-alike platcrosoft also added extensions to C++, called Managed
form. This led Microsoft to transition the development
Extensions for C++, so .NET programs could be created
on the platform independent .NET Framework.
in C++.
Visual Studio 6.0 was the last version to include Visual
Visual Studio .NET can produce applications targeting
J++,[67][68] which Microsoft removed as part of a settleWindows (using the Windows Forms part of the .NET
ment with Sun Microsystems that required Microsoft InFramework), the Web (using ASP.NET and Web Serternet Explorer not to provide support for the Java virtual
vices) and, with an add-in, portable devices (using the
machine.
.NET Compact Framework).
Visual Studio 6.0 came in two editions: Professional
The Visual Studio .NET environment was rewritten to
and Enterprise.[69] The Enterprise edition contained extra
partially use .NET. All languages are versions of Visual
features not found in Professional edition, including:
Studio, it has a cleaner interface and greater cohesiveness.
It is also more customizable with tool windows that auto Application Performance Explorer
matically hide when not in use. While Visual FoxPro 7
started out as part of Visual Studio .NET 2002, and early
Automation Manager
VS betas allowed debugging inside VFP-based DLLs, it
was removed before release to follow its own develop Microsoft Visual Modeler
ment track.
RemAuto Connection Manager
The internal version number of Visual Studio .NET 2002
is version 7.0. Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for Vi Visual Studio Analyzer
sual Studio .NET 2002 in March 2005.[71]

5.3

.NET (2002)

Microsoft released Visual Studio .NET (VS.NET), codenamed Rainier (for Washingtons Mount Rainier),
in February 2002 (the beta version was released via
Microsoft Developer Network in 2001). The biggest
change was the introduction of a managed code development environment using the .NET Framework. Programs
developed using .NET are not compiled to machine language (like C++ is, for example) but instead to a format called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) or
Common Intermediate Language (CIL). When a CIL application executes, it is compiled while being executed
into the appropriate machine language for the platform

5.4 .NET 2003

In April 2003, Microsoft introduced a minor upgrade to
Visual Studio .NET called Visual Studio .NET 2003, codenamed Everett (for the city of the same name). It includes an upgrade to the .NET Framework, version 1.1,
and is the rst release to support developing programs
for mobile devices, using ASP.NET or the .NET Compact Framework. The Visual C++ compilers standardscompliance improved, especially in the area of partial
template specialization. Visual C++ Toolkit 2003 is a
version of the same C++ compiler shipped with Visual
Studio .NET 2003 without the IDE that Microsoft made

HISTORY

freely available. As of 2010 it is no longer available and

the Express Editions have superseded it. The internal version number of Visual Studio .NET 2003 is version 7.1
while the le format version is 8.0.[72]

ronment itself is only available as a 32-bit application, Visual C++ 2005 supports compiling for x86-64 (AMD64
and Intel 64) as well as IA-64 (Itanium).[79] The Platform
SDK included 64-bit compilers and 64-bit versions of the
Visual Studio .NET 2003 shipped in four editions: Aca- libraries.
demic, Professional, Enterprise Developer, and Enter- Microsoft also announced Visual Studio Tools for Apprise Architect. The Visual Studio .NET 2003 Enter- plications as the successor to Visual Basic for Applicaprise Architect edition includes an implementation of tions (VBA) and VSA (Visual Studio for Applications).
Microsoft Visio 2002s modeling technologies, including VSTA 1.0 was released to manufacturing along with
tools for creating Unied Modeling Language-based vi- Oce 2007. It is included with Oce 2007 and is also
sual representations of an applications architecture, and part of the Visual Studio 2005 SDK. VSTA consists of a
an object-role modeling (ORM) and logical database- customized IDE, based on the Visual Studio 2005 IDE,
modeling solution. Enterprise Templates were also in- and a runtime that can be embedded in applications to extroduced, to help larger development teams standardize pose its features via the .NET object model. Oce 2007
coding styles and enforce policies around component us- applications continue to integrate with VBA, except for
age and property settings.
InfoPath 2007 which integrates with VSTA. Version 2.0
of VSTA (based on Visual Studio 2008) was released in
[73]
Service Pack 1 was released 13 September 2006.
April 2008.[80] It is signicantly dierent from the rst
version, including features such as dynamic programming
and support for WPF, WCF, WF, LINQ, and .NET 3.5
5.5 2005
Framework.
Visual Studio 2005, codenamed Whidbey (a reference to
Whidbey Island in Puget Sound), was released online in
October 2005 and to retail stores a few weeks later. Microsoft removed the ".NET moniker from Visual Studio 2005 (as well as every other product with .NET in its
name), but it still primarily targets the .NET Framework,
which was upgraded to version 2.0. It is the last version
available for Windows 2000 and also the last version to be
able to target Windows 98, Windows Me and Windows
NT 4.0 for C++ applications.[74][75]

5.6 2008

Visual Studio 2005s internal version number is 8.0 while

the le format version is 9.0.[72] Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for Visual Studio 2005 on 14 December
2006.[76] An additional update for Service Pack 1 that
oers Windows Vista compatibility was made available
on 3 June 2007.[77]

Visual Studio 2008,[81] and Visual Studio Team System

2008[82][83] codenamed Orcas (a reference to Orcas Island, also an island in Puget Sound, like Whidbey for
the previous 2005 release), were released to MSDN subscribers on 19 November 2007 alongside .NET Framework 3.5. The source code for the Visual Studio 2008
IDE is available under a shared source license to some
of Microsoft's partners and ISVs.[84] Microsoft released
Service Pack 1 for Visual Studio 2008 on 11 August
2008.[85] The internal version number of Visual Studio
2008 is version 9.0 while the le format version is 10.0.
Visual Studio 2008 is the last version to support targeting
Windows 2000 for C++ applications.[86]

Visual Studio 2005 was upgraded to support all the new

features introduced in .NET Framework 2.0, including
generics and ASP.NET 2.0. The IntelliSense feature in
Visual Studio was upgraded for generics and new project
types were added to support ASP.NET web services. Visual Studio 2005 also includes a local web server, separate
from IIS, that can host ASP.NET applications during development and testing. It also supports all SQL Server
2005 databases. Database designers were upgraded to
support the ADO.NET 2.0, which is included with .NET
Framework 2.0. C++ also got a similar upgrade with the
addition of C++/CLI which is slated to replace the use of
Managed C++.[78] Other new features of Visual Studio
2005 include the Deployment Designer which allows
application designs to be validated before deployments,
an improved environment for web publishing when combined with ASP.NET 2.0 and load testing to see application performance under various sorts of user loads. Starting with the 2005 edition, Visual Studio also added extensive 64-bit support. While the host development envi-

Visual Studio 2008 is focused on development of

Windows Vista, 2007 Oce system, and Web applications. For visual design, a new Windows Presentation
Foundation visual designer and a new HTML/CSS editor inuenced by Microsoft Expression Web are included.
J# is not included. Visual Studio 2008 requires .NET 3.5
Framework and by default congures compiled assemblies to run on .NET Framework 3.5, but it also supports multi-targeting which lets the developers choose
which version of the .NET Framework (out of 2.0, 3.0,
3.5, Silverlight CoreCLR or .NET Compact Framework)
the assembly runs on. Visual Studio 2008 also includes
new code analysis tools, including the new Code Metrics
tool (only in Team Edition and Team Suite Edition).[87]
For Visual C++, Visual Studio adds a new version of
Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC 9.0) that adds support for the visual styles and UI controls introduced with
Windows Vista.[88] For native and managed code interoperability, Visual C++ introduces the STL/CLR, which
is a port of the C++ Standard Template Library (STL)

5.7

2010

containers and algorithms to managed code. STL/CLR and supports developing applications targeting Windows
denes STL-like containers, iterators and algorithms that 7.[100] It supports IBM DB2 and Oracle databases, in adwork on C++/CLI managed objects.[89][90]
dition to Microsoft SQL Server.[100] It has integrated supapplications, inVisual Studio 2008 features include an XAML-based de- port for developing Microsoft Silverlight
[100]
cluding
an
interactive
designer.
Visual
Studio 2010
signer (codenamed Cider), workow designer, LINQ to
oers
several
tools
to
make
parallel
programming
simSQL designer (for dening the type mappings and obpler:
in
addition
to
the
Parallel
Extensions
for
the
.NET
ject encapsulation for SQL Server data), XSLT debugger, JavaScript Intellisense support, JavaScript Debug- Framework and the Parallel Patterns Library for native
code, Visual Studio 2010 includes tools for debugging
ging support, support for UAC manifests, a concurrent
[91]
build system, among others. It ships with an enhanced parallel applications. The new tools allow the visualization of parallel Tasks and their runtime stacks.[103]
set of UI widgets, both for Windows Forms and WPF.
It also includes a multithreaded build engine (MSBuild) Tools for proling parallel applications can be used for
visualization of thread wait-times and thread migrations
to compile multiple source les (and build the executable
[104]
Intel and Microsoft have
le) in a project across multiple threads simultaneously. across processor cores.
jointly
pledged
support
for
a
new
Concurrency Runtime
It also includes support for compiling icon resources in
[105]
and
Intel
has launched paralin
Visual
Studio
2010
PNG format, introduced in Windows Vista. An updated
lelism
support
in
Parallel
Studio
as
an
add-on for Visual
XML Schema designer was released separately some time
[106]
Studio.
[92]
after the release of Visual Studio 2008.
Visual Studio Debugger includes features targeting easier debugging of multi-threaded applications. In debugging mode, in the Threads window, which lists all the
threads, hovering over a thread displays the stack trace
of that thread in tooltips.[93] The threads can directly be
named and agged for easier identication from that window itself.[94] In addition, in the code window, along
with indicating the location of the currently executing instruction in the current thread, the currently executing
instructions in other threads are also pointed out.[94][95]
The Visual Studio debugger supports integrated debugging of the .NET 3.5 Framework Base Class Library
(BCL) which can dynamically download the BCL source
code and debug symbols and allow stepping into the BCL
source during debugging.[96] As of 2010 a limited subset
of the BCL source is available, with more library support
planned for later.

The Visual Studio 2010 code editor now highlights references; whenever a symbol is selected, all other usages
of the symbol are highlighted.[107] It also oers a Quick
Search feature to incrementally search across all symbols
in C++, C# and VB.NET projects. Quick Search supports substring matches and camelCase searches.[107] The
Call Hierarchy feature allows the developer to see all the
methods that are called from a current method as well as
the methods that call the current one.[107] IntelliSense in
Visual Studio supports a consume-rst mode which developers can opt into. In this mode, IntelliSense does not
auto-complete identiers; this allows the developer to use
undened identiers (like variable or method names) and
dene those later. Visual Studio 2010 can also help in
this by automatically dening them, if it can infer their
types from usage.[107] Current versions of Visual Studio
have a known bug which makes IntelliSense unusable for
projects using pure C (not C++).[108]

Visual Studio 2010 features a new Help System replacing the MSDN Library viewer. The Help System is no
5.7 2010
longer based on Microsoft Help 2 and does not use Microsoft Document Explorer. Dynamic help containing
On 12 April 2010, Microsoft released Visual Stulinks to related help topics based on where the develdio 2010, codenamed Dev10,[97] and .NET Framework
oper was in the IDE has been removed in the shipping
[98][99]
4.
product,[109] but can be added back using a download
The Visual Studio 2010 IDE was redesigned which, ac- from Microsoft.[110]
cording to Microsoft, clears the UI organization and reVisual Studio 2010 no longer supports development for
duces clutter and complexity.[100] The new IDE betWindows Mobile prior to Windows Phone 7. Visual Stuter supports multiple document windows and oating
dio 2010 Service Pack 1 was released in March 2011.[111]
tool windows,[100] while oering better multi-monitor
support. The IDE shell has been rewritten using the
Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), whereas the
internals have been redesigned using Managed Extensi- 5.7.1 Ultimate 2010
bility Framework (MEF) that oers more extensibility
points than previous versions of the IDE that enabled add- Visual Studio Ultimate 2010 replaces Visual Studio 2008
Team Suite.[112] It includes new modeling tools,[113]
ins to modify the behavior of the IDE.[101]
such as the Architecture Explorer, which graphically disThe new multi-paradigm ML-variant F# forms part of Vi- plays projects and classes and the relationships between
sual Studio 2010.[102]
them.[114][115] It supports UML activity diagram, compoVisual Studio 2010 comes with .NET Framework 4 nent diagram, (logical) class diagram, sequence diagram,

10

and use case diagram.[115] Visual Studio Ultimate 2010

also includes Test Impact Analysis which provides hints
on which test cases are impacted by modications to the
source code, without actually running the test cases.[116]
This speeds up testing by avoiding running unnecessary
test cases.
Visual Studio Ultimate 2010 also includes a historical debugger for managed code called IntelliTrace. Unlike a
traditional debugger that records only the currently active stack, IntelliTrace records all events, such as prior
function calls, method parameters, events and exceptions.
This allows the code execution to be rewound in case a
breakpoint was not set where the error occurred.[117] Debugging with IntelliTrace causes the application to run
more slowly than debugging without it, and uses more
memory as additional data needs to be recorded. Microsoft allows conguration of how much data should be
recorded, in eect, allowing developers to balance the
speed of execution and resource usage. The Lab Management component of Visual Studio Ultimate 2010 uses virtualization to create a similar execution environment for
testers and developers. The virtual machines are tagged
with checkpoints which can later be investigated for issues, as well as to reproduce the issue.[118] Visual Studio Ultimate 2010 also includes the capability to record
test runs that capture the specic state of the operating
environment as well as the precise steps used to run the
test. These steps can then be played back to reproduce
issues.[119]

5.8

2012

Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 logo

Final build of Visual Studio 2012 was announced on 1

August 2012 and the ocial launch event was held on 12
September 2012.[120]
Unlike prior versions, Visual Studio 2012 cannot record
and play macros and the macro editor has been
removed.[121]

HISTORY

native multi-targeting and foregoing the newest libraries,

compilers, and headers.[124] However, on 15 June 2012, a
blog post on the VC++ Team blog announced that based
on customer feedback, Microsoft would re-introduce native support for Windows XP targets (though not for XP
as a development platform) in a version of Visual C++
to be released later in the fall of 2012.[125] Visual Studio 2012 Update 1 (Visual Studio 2012.1) was released
in November 2012. This update added support for Windows XP targets and also added other new tools and features (e.g. improved diagnostics and testing support for
Windows Store apps).[126]
On 24 August 2011, a blog post by Sumit Kumar, a Program Manager on the Visual C++ team, listed some of
the features of the upcoming version of the Visual Studio
C++ IDE:[127]
Semantic colorization: Improved syntax coloring,
various user-dened or default colors for C++ syntax
such as macros, enumerations, typenames, functions
etc.[127]
Reference highlighting: Selection of a symbol
highlights all of the references to that symbol within
scope.[127]
New Solution Explorer: The new Solution Explorer allows for visualization of class and le hierarchies within a solution/project. It can search for
calls to functions and uses of classes.[127]
Automatic display of IntelliSense list: IntelliSense is automatically displayed whilst typing
code, as opposed to previous versions where it had
to be explicitly invoked through use of certain operators (i.e. the scope operator (::)) or shortcut keys
(Ctrl-Space or Ctrl-J).[127]
Member list ltering: IntelliSense uses fuzzy logic
to determine which functions/variables/types to display in the list.[127]
Code snippets: Code snippets are included in IntelliSense to automatically generate relevant code
based on the users parameters, custom code snippets can be created.[127]

consists of apNew features include support for WinRT and C++/CX The source code of Visual Studio 2012
[128]
proximately
50
million
lines
of
code.
(Component Extensions) and C++ AMP (GPGPU programming) Semantic Colorization.[122]
On 16 September 2011, a complete 'Developer Preview'
of Visual Studio 11 was published on Microsofts website.
Visual Studio 11 Developer Preview requires Windows
7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 8, or later operating systems.[123] Versions of Microsoft Foundation Class
Library (MFC) and C runtime (CRT) included with this
release cannot produce software that is compatible with
Windows XP or Windows Server 2003 except by using

5.8.1 Interface backlash

During Visual Studio 11 beta, Microsoft eliminated the
use of color within tools except in cases where color is
used for notication or status change purposes. However,
the use of color was returned after feedback demanding
more contrast, dierentiation, clarity and energy in the
user interface.[129][130]

11
In Visual Studio 2012 RC, a major change to the interface is the use of all-caps menu bar, as part of the campaign to keep Visual Studio consistent with the direction
of other Microsoft user interfaces, and to provide added
structure to the top menu bar area.[131] The redesign was
criticized for being hard to read, and going against the
trends started by developers to use CamelCase to make
words stand out better.[132] Some speculated that the root
cause of the redesign was to incorporate the simplistic
look and feel of Metro apps.[133] However, there exists
a Windows Registry option to allow users to disable the
all-caps interface.[134]

May 2016.[152][153] Visual Studio 15 Preview 3 was released on 7 July 2016.[154][155] Visual Studio 15 Preview 4 was released on 22 August 2016.[3][156]

5.9

On 13 November 2013, Microsoft announced the release of a software as a service oering of Visual Studio on Microsoft Azure platform; at the time, Microsoft
called it Visual Studio Online. Previously announced
as Team Foundation Services, it expands over Team
Foundation Server by making it available on the Internet and implementing a rolling release model.[158][159]
Customers could use Azure portal to subscribe to Visual Studio Online. Subscribers receive a hosted Gitcompatible version control system, a load-testing service,
a telemetry service and an in-browser code editor codenamed Monaco.[160] During the Connect(); 2015 developer event on 18 November 2015, Microsoft announced
that the service name is changed to Visual Studio Team
Services.[161]

2013

The preview for Visual Studio 2013 was announced at the

Build 2013 conference and made available on 26 June
2013.[135] The Visual Studio 2013 RC (Release Candidate) was made available to developers on MSDN on 9
September 2013.[136]
The nal release of Visual Studio 2013 became available for download on 17 October 2013 along with .NET
4.5.1.[137] Visual Studio 2013 ocially launched on 13
November 2013 at a virtual launch event keynoted by
S. Somasegar and hosted on events.visualstudio.com.[138]
Visual Studio 2013 Update 1 (Visual Studio 2013.1)
was released on 20 January 2014.[139] Visual Studio
2013.1 is a targeted update that addresses some key areas of customer feedback.[140] Visual Studio 2013 Update 2 (Visual Studio 2013.2) was released on 12 May
2014.[141] Visual Studio 2013 Update 3 was released on
4 August 2014. With this update, Visual Studio provides an option to disable the all-caps menus, which was
introduced in VS2012.[142] Visual Studio 2013 Update
4 (Visual Studio 2013.4) was released on 12 November
2014.[143] Visual Studio 2013 Update 5 (Visual Studio
2013.5) was released on 20 July 2015.[144]

5.10 2015
Initially referred to as Visual Studio 14, the rst
Community Technology Preview (CTP) was released on
3 June 2014[145] and the Release Candidate was released
on 29 April 2015; Visual Studio 2015 was ocially announced as the nal name on 12 November 2014.[146]

As of April 2016, Visual Studio is making the Ethereum

Solidity language available to developers.[157]

6 Related products
6.1 Team Services

Microsoft oers Basic, Professional, and Advanced subscription plans for Team Services. The Basic plan is free
of charge for up to ve users. Users with an MSDN subscription of Visual Studio can be added to a plan with no
additional charge.[162]

6.2 Application Lifecycle Management

Visual Studio Application Lifecycle Management (ALM)
is a collection of integrated software development tools
developed by Microsoft. These tools currently consist of
the IDE (Visual Studio 2015 Community and greater editions), server (Team Foundation Server), and cloud services (Visual Studio Team Services).[163] Visual Studio
ALM supports team-based development and collaboration, Agile project management, DevOps, source control,
packaging, continuous development, automated testing,
release management, continuous delivery, and reporting
tools for apps and services.[164]

Visual Studio 2015 RTM was released on 20 July

2015.[147] Visual Studio 2015 Update 1 was released on
30 November 2015.[148] Visual Studio 2015 Update 2
was released on 30 March 2016.[149] Visual Studio 2015
In Visual Studio 2005 and Visual Studio 2008, the brand
Update 3 was released on 27 June 2016.[150]
was known as Microsoft Visual Studio Team System
(VSTS). In October 2009, the Team System brand was
renamed[165][166] Visual Studio ALM with the Visual Stu5.11 15
dio 2010 (codenamed 'Rosario') release.[167]
Visual Studio 15 Preview was released on 30 March Visual Studio Team Services debuted as Visual Studio
2016.[151] Visual Studio 15 Preview 2 was released 10 Online in 2013 and was renamed in 2015.[168]

12

6.3

Visual Studio LightSwitch

Microsoft Visual Studio LightSwitch is an extension

and framework specically tailored for creating line-ofbusiness applications built on existing .NET technologies
and Microsoft platforms. The applications produced are
architecturally 3-tier: the user interface runs on either
Microsoft Silverlight or HTML 5 client,[169] or as a SharePoint 2013 app;[170] the logic and data-access tier is built
on WCF Data Services and exposed as an OData feed
hosted[171] in ASP.NET; and the primary data storage
supports Microsoft SQL Server Express, Microsoft SQL
Server and Microsoft SQL Azure. LightSwitch also supports other data sources including Microsoft SharePoint,
OData and WCF RIA Services.

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exposed using WCF RIA Services.
[15] Babel Package Overview. MSDN. Microsoft. Retrieved
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6.4

Visual Studio Code

Main article: Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio Code is a source code editor, along with
other features, for Linux, OS X, and Windows.[175] It also
includes support for debugging and embedded Git Control. It is open-source,[176] and on April 14, 2016 was
released as version 1.0.[177]

See also
Microsoft Visual Studio Express
Microsoft Small Basic

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10.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Microsoft Visual Studio Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio?oldid=739088069 Contributors: Ed Poor,

Frecklefoot, Edward, Eivind, Pnm, SebastianHelm, CesarB, Ahoerstemeier, Rboatright, Harry Wood, Julesd, Je Relf, Emperorbma,
Ventura, Dcoetzee, Dysprosia, Daniel Quinlan, Markhurd, Wernher, Bevo, Stormie, Northgrove, Robbot, Altenmann, Lowellian, Ashwin, Alan De Smet, Tea2min, Davedx, Centrx, Jthiesen, Brian Kendig, Michael Devore, AlistairMcMillan, Pne, Uzume, Gadum, Alexf,
SarekOfVulcan, OverlordQ, Kusunose, OwenBlacker, Peter bertok, KevinOwen, Mike Rosoft, Ta bu shi da yu, Frankchn, Mormegil,
Imroy, Discospinster, Pmsyyz, Filzstift, Abelson, WikiPediaAid, Dmr2, Bender235, Twiek, Felagund, Jlin, NMishkin, Iamunknown,
AmosWolfe, Mike Schwartz, Robotje, Nrkn, Irrawaddy, WikiLeon, Zr40, Skychrono, Alansohn, Twyford, Jeltz, Pen1234567, Psz, Kocio,
Pion, Tonybuaa, Wtmitchell, Ronark, Stephan Leeds, Danhash, Gpvos, RubenSchade, Sciurin, Mnemo, K3rb, Netkinetic, Forderud, Mahanga, Nuggetboy, ^demon, Sdgjake, DanielWhite, Bluemoose, GregorB, Crpietschmann, Sega381, Toussaint, Marudubshinki, Mandarax,
Kesla, BD2412, Yurik, Ryan Norton, Rjwilmsi, Vary, PHenry, Carbonite, Tawker, Ligulem, Amitparikh, Bhadani, W3bbo, SNIyer12,
FlaBot, Skyler, Ysangkok, Apwhite, Tedder, Mawe~enwiki, Ver, Chobot, Bgwhite, Gwernol, George Leung, YurikBot, Wavelength,
Borgx, RobotE, OtherPerson, StuOfInterest, Wengier, Yuhong, LordBleen, Rdude, Rsrikanth05, Akhristov, ZacBowling, Futurix, Thiseye, Brandon, Mjchonoles, SeiferTim, Bota47, Blowdart, Xpclient, Slicing, Moosechees, Nikkimaria, JoanneB, CWenger, Mtj, JLaTondre, ViperSnake151, TLSuda, Ricka0, Dystopianray, Kingboyk, Mardus, RevWaldo, Teo64x, Borisyankov, Locke Cole, GrafZahl,
SmackBot, Will381796, Reedy, Prodego, Robin Whittleton, Gongminmin, Pgk, Gary Kirk, Rouenpucelle, Eskimbot, Gordynor, Fractal3, Jpvinall, Nscheey, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Toddintr, AstareGod, Myxsoma, IAmAI, Gil mo, George Rodney Maruri Game, Stevage, Sreedharv, MaxSem, Pegua, Frap, UU, Irish Soue, Warren, Daniel.Cardenas, Treatcom, Harryboyles, BIS Ondrej, Achromatic,
Kuru, Francis Irving, Agencius, Soumyasch, Minna Sora no Shita, Codepro, Aleenf1, ENSSB, 16@r, JHunterJ, Hvn0413, Beetstra, XreDuex, PeterRitchie, Waggers, TastyPoutine, Onetwo1, Inquisitus, Hu12, ILovePlankton, Iridescent, Sander Sde, Ukiemob, UncleDouggie, Paul Foxworthy, LethargicParasite, Aeons, Robcaron, FatalError, SkyWalker, FleetCommand, CmdrObot, Ivan Pozdeev, Raysonho,
Lesgainous, Xose.vazquez, 3card, BUPHAGUS55, Jesse Viviano, N2e, Vbgamer45, Shandris, Sanspeur, Thedp, VladB, AndrewHowse,
GabeJones, Yukoba~enwiki, Hasturkun, Lofote, Torc2, DumbBOT, Starionwolf, Dick stevens, Synetech, FatherNature, TheJC, Louis315,
Thijs!bot, Epbr123, JonEAhlquist, Santhosh0123, Wiki fanatic, Yettie0711, Pfranson, Libertyernie2, Calaka, AntiVandalBot, Witchunter,
Joe Schmedley, Ellenaz, Superzohar, Outsid3r, Canadian-Bacon, Ngoodman, MLetterle, Hut 8.5, PhilKnight, BrotherE, Bala nagarajan,
VoABot II, Rhwawn, Ling.Nut, Pwnall, Gary63, Gwern, Don-vip, MartinBot, Rettetast, Grauenwolf, R'n'B, Nono64, J.delanoy, Pharaoh
of the Wizards, Trusilver, Mul14~enwiki, Neard, Jesant13, Milo03, Christopher G Lewis, Quieres~enwiki, Andy Johnston, Silas S. Brown,
RenniePet, Jutiphan, Space Lego Jack, Kraftlos, Group29, Bonadea, Brvman, VolkovBot, Svmich, Jaecen, Wikiwide, Mrh30, Davicavalheiro, Dutchie109, PNG crusade bot, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Rei-bot, VanishingUser, Kurru, Martin451, Lukes123, Notbyworks, GL1zdA,
Suriel1981, Jrentona, Andy Dingley, ParallelWolverine, Hakanai, GoddersUK, SieBot, AlphaPyro, Laoris, Haza55, Yulu, Jerryobject, Abhishikt, Un4v41l48l3, Toddst1, Jojalozzo, Free Software Knight, Theanimationempire, Lightmouse, Ampedup, OKBot, Johnanth, Svick,
Silvergoat, Capitalismojo, ZikiCZ, Devenie, Bijoysr, Skiwi~enwiki, DRTllbrg, Mila.cridlig, ImageRemovalBot, Martarius, Sfan00 IMG,
ClueBot, Mintal, MRqtH2, Mashi2, Buxbaum666, Longqinsi, Siddhu06cse, Boing! said Zebedee, Timberframe, Ficbot, Zunderscore,
Lonelyranger33, Rockfang, Thejoshwolfe, Pointillist, Moldyheady, Zywxn, Vroomfundel, Nilzor, PixelBot, Mmanley, Vivio Testarossa,
Sonicdrewdriver, PieCook, ImageBacklogBot, WalterGR, Eustress, Richard.szalay, Pelagon, Lawrenceteo, Project FMF, Sean.sandys,
SoxBot III, SF007, DumZiBoT, Evilpaul, XLinkBot, Ivan Akira, Sietec, Karpouzi, Stevenh123, G0rn, LucaSabbatini, Addbot, Derivator, Mortense, Jacobsaunders93, Mabdul, TheGeekHead, Soluch, Juangelos, PJonDevelopment, Beedox, Sabw8217, NjardarBot, Download, LaaknorBot, Thrill going up, AndersBot, Debresser, Ferkhat, AgadaUrbanit, Alanscottwalker, WikiAndresPedia, Kongyi, OlEnglish,
Krano, Gail, Zorrobot, Jarble, CountryBot, Luckas-bot, Modbear, Yobot, Fraggle81, AHLU, Amirobot, KamikazeBot, Felichino, Wonder, Thlump, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, JackieBot, Zdschee, Kingpin13, Jimmy541, Materialscientist, Coolman56, Pmiossec, Citation
bot, Phistuck, LilHelpa, FreeRangeFrog, Xqbot, Locos epraix, FpSpread, Nemanja.iri, Amaury, Michal.feix, Daniel Hen, A Quest For
Knowledge, Jacosi, Bo98, Shadowjams, Iggymwangi, Andwan0, Adf156, Sae1962, BenzolBot,
, OgreBot, Pawanindia2009, DrilBot,
Winterst, Simple Bob, KnownIssues, Yoshielectronfan761, Ioakar, RedBot, Serols, , Jayro212, Full-date unlinking bot, Xxcom9a, TheDataMonster, TobeBot, Cccmm002, Dinamik-bot, Moonwolf14, Aoidh, Limited Atonement, Voxyn~enwiki, Manpal78, Jowa fan, S-1-5-7,
Shaktal, Interframe, Phibred, WikitanvirBot, Abdulsami20, Katherine, Noloader, Western Pines, Forces91, DominicConnor, The Mysterious El Willstro, Robert.maclean, AvicBot, Kkm010, Westpeter, NicatronTg, Silver510, MrTux, H3llBot, Demonkoryu, Paulneumeyer,
, ByteStorms, Johnjrivard, Bill william compton, Colejohnson66, 28bot, Navmehta, Petrb, Kypr8, Washington Irving Esquire, ClueBot NG, Jake Petroules, Shankar.sathiamurthi, Satellizer, Kragen2uk, Widr, Zackaback, Mysorian, Helpful Pixie Bot, Ycubed100,
, Saluce65, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, KamranMackey, DxhaFFer, Northamerica1000, Numbered, MusikAnimal, Compfreak7, Atomician, Chmarkine, Ankitapurva3196, Timothy1573, Billy gat, Orikrin1998, Eleanorvance, Elite6809, StarryGrandma, Cbutler1221, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Mediran, , Drucik, EditorE, Dexbot, Codename Lisa, Wevans77, Franknbg, Wookian, PhelperRF,
Dariox-AR, Sdiillla, Jdc1197, 123sage321, Jmenashe, Mark viking, Uter, Epicgenius, PinnuDas, Ekurs, Vthavo, Comp.arch, Joshuamai,
Amiricool, V008370, JaconaFrere, ThatShawGuy, Editorfun, Fastdrummer, Agent0047, Pcmsoft, FriendlyCaribou, Iskice, Black dragon
2014, Rayna Jaymes, NoPolymath, Crystallizedcarbon, Enderbyte, Esquivalience, Lazy2014, G-Fly, Mwkazban, Walterpoupore, Norvoid,
Berntr, Red solo, EJ6612, Mudasar amur, Jasonice, , Bdlearned and Anonymous: 717

10.2

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work based on: File:Microsoft.svg Original artist: Ariesk47 (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ariesk47' title='User
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18

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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10.3

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