Extracted from the article

Differences between forward and reverse logistics in a retail environment,

Ronald S. Tibben-Lembke and Dale S. Rogers
Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Volume 7, Number 5, 2002, pp. 271 282;

Focus of the paper: Logistics of collecting product returned by consumers,

primarily in a retail context.
Definitions:
Logistics: that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient,
effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from the point-of-origin to the
point-of-consumption in order to meet customers requirements (CLM, 1999).
Reverse Logistics: the movement of products, materials and informations in the opposite direction
for the purpose of creating or recapturing value, or for proper disposal (Rogers and Tibben-Lembke,
1999, 2001).
Overview of reverse logistics
The backward flow of materials and of informations initiates from the customers, at the moment
that they return products to the retail store. After that, the choice has to be done on where the
objects have to be sent back. At the time of the return, information about the item and its condition
may be entered into the retailers information system, and forwarded to the returns-processing
center. Unfortunately, these informations is often inaccurate.
In some researches, many companies have been found to use centralized return centers and trucks
making milk runs, that is, always stopping at the same stores in the same order.
The integration of these mechanisms with the forward logistics has been found to be difficult and in
some cases where these return centers have been integrated in some distribution centers, personnel
was often redirected to work to the more important forward logistics at every time the forward
distribution experienced high demand.
From a retailer point of view, possible destinations for products are:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Possible destinations
Return to the vendor
Sell as new
Repackage, sell as new
Sell via outlet / web site
Remanufacture/refurbish
Sell to brokers
Donate to charity
Recycle
Landfill

Advantages/Disadvantages
Second highest profits
Highest profits
Smaller profit then the 2nd possibility, cause of the repackaging
Good profits
Smaller profit then the 2nd possibility, cause of the remanufacturing
Low profits
Tax advantages
Not always attractive
Not always attractive

The reverse logistics and the supply chain management

Generally, it has been found that the closer the firm is to the end consumer, the greater the size and
the scope of the reverse logistics issues. Furthermore, the vendor disposes advantages, if compared
with the retailer, in dispositioning product in the reverse flow, which allow him to recapture a
higher amount of value for a given product.

An other problem which touches the possibilities of selling again the product is the so called brand
equity, that is, the particular image of the product that the vendor tries to create in the minds of
consumers. Vendor could pretend that products do not appear in any sales locations which might
damage the brand equity, then the retailer or the broker should handle the return products in
accordance with the vendors wishes.
Overview of differences between forward and reverse logistics
As some researchers have pointed out, reverse logistics is not necessarily a symmetric picture of
forward distribution.
Here there is a summary of the differences between the two direction of the flow.

(The underlined statements in the following paragraphs are conclusions or purposes taken from the
article or invented)
1. Difficult to forecast
As the reverse flow initiate from the customers, it is almost completely uncertain. However, a
general trend can be observed, that is, reverse logistics flow tends to follow trends in forward flows,
with some lag. Sales and promotions, for example, will be followed by a wave of returned product.
This means that the information about the demand, the seasonal picks, the promotions and the sales
is a strategic element to be shared, from the marketing departments, with the forward and the
reverse logistics in order to plan in advance the resources needed at any time.
Anyway, different products could have very different returns rates, depending on the quality and on
a series of factors dues to the customers, which makes forecasting the return more complicate then
forecasting the demand.
2. Many to one transportation
The typical trade off of the transportation is combining forward and backward transportation,
because it might lead to significant savings by one side, but some difficulties have to be overcome
and some constrains put to the supply chain.

Difficulties are some physics ones: if a single truck has to be used to let new products and to keep
returned ones from the retail stores, at any stop the previously charged returns may be offloaded in
order to allow the new product to be offloaded as well.
Trucks for a First-In First-Out flow should be invented in order to allow this kind of operations.
Furthermore, the return centers should be located near to the distribution centers in order to save on
the distance made by the trucks.
3. Product and packaging quality
Collecting returned products is complicated by the packaging, which is often not complete,
damaged or opened, making handling it more complicate. A incomplete package rises the risk of
damages for the product and often makes difficult the identification of the product in the reverse
channel. Standard for packaging in the reverse flow are needed.
4. Destination/routing not clear
Due to the great range of possible destination of each returned item, determining where a particular
one will be shipped may need a significant amount of time. Determining destination needs to be
more automatic and rapid, through tests and clear dispositions.
5. Disposition options not clear
The secondary market is often marked by the rules and the restrictions imposed by the vendors, that
make more difficult to identify the destination of the items.
6. Pricing not uniform
The range of prices that an item in the reverse flow is sold for is great because of the fact that not all
product in the reverse flow is first quality. Life-cycle issues play also an important role: it may be
difficult to discern, ahead of time, when a product has reached the point where it will or will not be
attractive to a particular broker / buyer.
7. Different importance of speed
As the return process is not controlled, its rate is independent from the enterprise and the possible
customers of returned products can not complain about it. Time passed in return center may be a
significant factor in reducing a products value.
8. Differences in nature and visibility of costs
Transport costs are higher then in forward logistics, because of the less-structured transport flow.
Handling costs are much higher cause of the not uniform package and the variety of the products.
Difficulties in the identification of returns makes the cost of the reverse flow to be higher. There are
less dangers related to theft and shrinkage.
9. Inventory management not consistent
In reverse logistics, arrival of products tends to be very random and the price at which the product
will be sold is also unknown, that make the hypothesis for traditional inventory management
inconsistent. The highest managers often ask to sell quickly the returned items before the end of the
quarter, in order to decrease inventory values for reporting purpose, even if this does not bring to
optimisation of the value recaptured. New indexes should be created in an ecological and
environmental framework, because it is not consistent to treat the reverse logistics as a traditional
branch of the enterprise.
10. Product life-cycle issues more complex

The life-cycle length determines the attractiveness of a products and influences the value that is
possible to recapture. A series of strategic informations are needed from the market in order to
determine whether an item is still attractive or not.
11. Negotiation less straightforward
Negotiation is made more complicated than with new product because the quality of the product is
not uniform, because of the buyers special requests and because of the vendors concerns about the
secondary market.
There are special rules concerning the value of the items, that is, basing on the brokers wishes of
treat great quantity of product, having large quantity of attractive items increases their value.
Anyway, this is only true to an extent.
12. Marketing difficulties
Marketing difficulties rise from vendors concerns and from the necessity of the price to be
significantly lower than the price of new product. Furthermore, a retailer cannot assure to customers
a consistent supply of products, due to the variety of the returns.
13. Visibility of entire process lower
Because reverse logistics is generally a lower priority for firms, the Information System resources
necessary to increase its efficiency and effectiveness generally are not available. This sector, due to
the described uncertainty that leads it, would need more informations for an efficient planning.