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Limit Formulas

The document defines limits of functions, including: 1) The formal definition of the limit of a function as x approaches c, and the limit of a function as x approaches infinity. 2) Rules for evaluating limits, including basic rules like the sum, difference, product, and quotient rules, as well as rules for limits of trigonometric, exponential, and other common functions. 3) The definition of the limit of a function of two variables as the point (x,y) approaches the point (x0,y0), along with basic rules for evaluating these types of two-variable limits.

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Rahul Dubey
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712 views6 pages

Limit Formulas

The document defines limits of functions, including: 1) The formal definition of the limit of a function as x approaches c, and the limit of a function as x approaches infinity. 2) Rules for evaluating limits, including basic rules like the sum, difference, product, and quotient rules, as well as rules for limits of trigonometric, exponential, and other common functions. 3) The definition of the limit of a function of two variables as the point (x,y) approaches the point (x0,y0), along with basic rules for evaluating these types of two-variable limits.

Uploaded by

Rahul Dubey
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 10

Limit Formulas

10.1 Definition of Limit


LIMIT OF A FUNCTION (INFORMAL DEFINITION)

The notation
lim fx D L
x!c

is read ‘‘the limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L’’ and means


that the functional values f(x) can be made arbitrarily close
to L by choosing x sufficiently close to c.

LIMIT OF A FUNCTION (FORMAL DEFINITION)

The limit statement

lim fx D L
x!c

means that for each  > 0, there corresponds a number


υ > 0 with the property that

jfx  Lj <  whenever 0 < jx  cj < υ

A FUNCTION DIVERGES TO INFINITY (INFORMAL


DEFINITION)

A function f that increases or decreases without bound as


x approaches c is said to diverge to infinity 1 at c. We
indicate this behavior by writing
(continued)

184
Chapter 10 185

lim fx D C1
x!c

if x increases without bound and by

lim fx D 1
x!c

if x decreases without bound.

INFINITE LIMIT (FORMAL DEFINITION)

We write limx!c fx D C1 if, for any number N > 0


(no matter how large), it is possible to find a number υ > 0
such that fx > N whenever 0 < jx  cj < υ.

LIMITS INVOLVING INFINITY

The limit statement limx!C1 fx D L means that for any


number  > 0, there exists a number N1 such that

jfx  Lj <  whenever x > N1

for x in the domain of f. Similarly limx!1 fx D M


means that for any  > 0, there exists a number N2 such
that
jfx  Mj <  whenever x < N2

LIMIT OF A FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES (INFORMAL


DEFINITION)

The notation

lim fx, y D L
x,y!x0 ,y0 

continued
186 Chapter 10

means that the functional values f(x, y) can be made


arbitrarily close to L by choosing the point (x, y) close to
the point x0 , y0 .

LIMIT OF A FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES (FORMAL


DEFINITION)

Suppose the point P0 x0 , y0  has the property that every


disk centered at P0 contains at least one point in the domain
of f other than P0 itself. Then the number L is the limit of f
at P if, for every  > 0, there exists a υ > 0 such that

jfx, y  Lj <  whenever 0 < x  x0 2 C y  y0 2 < υ

In this case, we write

lim fx, y D L
x,y!x0 ,y0 

10.2 Rules of Limits


BASIC RULES
For any real numbers a and c, suppose the functions f and g both
have limits at x D c. Suppose also that both limx!C1 fx and
limx!1 fx exist.

Limit of a lim k D k for any constant k


x!c
constant
Limit of x lim x D c
x!c
Scalar rule lim [afx] D a lim fx
x!c x!c
Sum rule lim [fx C gx] D
x!c
lim fx C lim gx
x!c x!c
Difference rule lim [fx  gx] D
x!c
lim fx  lim gx
x!c x!c
Linearity rule limx!C1 [afx C bgx] D
a limx!C1 fx C b limx!C1 gx
Chapter 10 187

Product rules lim [fxgx] D [lim fx][lim gx]


x!c x!c x!c
limx!C1 [fxgx] D
[limx!C1 fx] [limx!C1 gx]
fx lim fx
Quotient rules lim D x!c if lim gx 6D 0
x!c gx lim gx x!c
x!c
fx
limx!C1 D
gx
limx!C1 fx
if limx!C1 gx 6D 0
limx!C1 gx n
Power rules lim [fx]n D lim fx n is a
x!c x!c
rational number
limx!C1 [fx]n D [limx!C1 fx]n
Limit limitation Suppose lim fx exists and fx ½ 0
x!c
theorem throughout an open interval
containing the number c, except
possibly at c itself. Then
lim fx ½ 0.
x!c
The squeeze rule If gx fx hx for all x in an
open interval containing c (except
possibly at c itself) and if
lim gx D lim hx D L
x!c x!c
then lim fx D L.
x!c
A A
Limits to infinity limx!C1 n D 0 and limx!1 n D 0
x x
Infinite-limit If lim fx D C1 and lim gx D
x!c x!c
theorem A, then
fx
lim [fxgx] D C1 and lim D
x!c x!c gx
C1 if A > 0
fx
lim [fxgx] D 1 and lim D
x!c x!c gx
1 if A < 0
l’HOopital’s rule Let f and g be differentiable functions
on an open interval containing c
(except possibly at c itself).
fx
If lim produces an indeterminate
x!c gx
0 1
form or , then
0 1
188 Chapter 10

fx f0 x
lim D lim 0
x!c gx x!c g x
provided that the limit on the right side
exists.

TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS
lim cos x D cos c lim sec x D sec c
x!c x!c
lim sin x D sin c lim csc x D csc c
x!c x!c
lim tan x D tan c lim cot x D cot c
x!c x!c

sin x sin ax tan x 1  cos x


lim D 1 lim D a lim D 1 lim D0
x!0 x x!0 x x!0 x x!0 x

MISCELLANEOUS LIMITS
 
1 n
lim 1 C De lim 1 C n1/n D e
n!C1
 n n!0
 
k n 1 nt
lim 1 C D ek lim p 1 C D pet
n!C1 n n!C1 n
lim n1/n D 1
n!C1

10.3 Limits of a Function of Two Variables


BASIC FORMULAS AND RULES FOR LIMITS OF A
FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES
Suppose lim fx, y and lim gx, y both exist, with
x,y!x0 ,y0  x,y!x0 ,y0 
lim fx, y D L and lim gx, y D M.
x,y!x0 ,y0  x,y!x0 ,y0 
Then the following rules obtain:

Scalar rule lim [afx, y]


x,y!x0 ,y0 

Da lim fx, y D aL
x,y!x0 ,y0 

Sum rule lim [f C g]x, y


x,y!x0 ,y0 
   
D lim fx, y C lim gx, y
x,y!x0 ,y0  x,y!x0 ,y0 

DLCM
Chapter 10 189

Product rule lim [fg]x, y


x,y!x0 ,y0 
  
D lim fx, y lim gx, y
x,y!x0 ,y0  x,y!x0 ,y0 

D LM
  lim fx, y
f x,y!x0 ,y0  L
Quotient rule lim x, y D D
x,y!x0 ,y0  g lim gx, y M
x,y!x0 ,y0 

if M 6D 0

Substitution rule
If f(x, y) is a polynomial or a rational function, limits may be found
by substituting for x and y (excluding values that cause division by
zero).

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