How to: Textual Analysis Line-by-Line Method

Preparing
1. Read the passage for general understanding.
2. Read it a second time with a pencil and make notes.
3. Read it a third time with a pencil and identify the 'Big 5': Who, What, How T, How S, How D.
Who
-Author:
-Audience:
-What makes you
say that?

What
-Content:
-Message:
-Theme:
- Bias
-What makes
you say that?

How (Tone)
-Tone:
-Mood:
-What makes you
say that?

How (Structure)

How (Devices)

-Form?
-Beginning >
middle > end?
-Strong beginning /
ending?
- Point of view
- Contrast of ideas

Diction, dialogue,
metaphor,
formal/informal,
persuasive techniques,
vivid imagery etc.

4. Always explain: 'What makes you say that?'

Intro
1.Put your passage in context: Author / Title of text / Time period / content
Eg. The text, title by author is a blog post about the decline of native languages in Australia.
2. Comment on purpose / message / audience / bias.
Eg. This text is criticizes the Australian government on failing to protect native languages and elicits an
emotional response from the reader.
3. State the terms of your analysis.
Eg. I will analyze this text in terms of (The Big 5: Who, What, How T, How S, and How D)
4. (Comparative analysis) Identify the main similarities and differences between the two texts.

Body
1. Paragraph 1: Identify: content / purpose / audience. Explain (What makes you say that?)
2. Paragraphs 2 ~ 5 (5 body paragraphs is the MINIMUM).
a) Summary of what the first section of the text is (Big 5)

Eg. In the first section, the author provides context and establishes an angry tone.
b) Identify and explain key features (How T, S, D) in the first section).

Eg. The author portrays the government negatively by using adverbs such as
'ignorant'.
c) Explain a connection to a bigger idea such as: audience, purpose, message, tone, mood.

Eg. This creates bias against the government and establishes an accusatory tone.

d) Move on to the next paragraph or section of the passage and repeat steps a, b, and c.
Paragraph (6?) Can you discuss a key element or feature in more detail or as it is used across
the whole passage?

Conclusion
a) Re-state your thesis.
b) Evaluation. How effective is this text as a whole?
Eg. `The writer of text A succeeded in entertaining the audience using heightened tone, vivid
imagery, and diverse syntax.'

Features and Elements

Topic / subject / ethical stance / moral values / point of view / Tone / Mood

Diction Word use. Eg. Unusual words, slang, accents.

Structure: What do you notice about the lines? What happens in the beginning > middle > end?

Literary devices. Eg. Imagery, rhyme, metaphor, rhythm, alliteration, irony, persuasive techniques.

Theme / Motifs / Symbols.

Conventions (genre) eg. Headings, sub-headings, images, quotes, dot-points . Does the author adhere to
conventions or break them?
J. Underwood

How to: Textual Analysis Text Elements Method

Preparing
1. Read the passage for general understanding.
2. Read it a second time with a pencil and make notes.
3. Read it a third time with a pencil and identify the 'Big 5': Who, What, How T, How S, How D.
Who
-Author:
-Audience:
-What makes you
say that?

What
-Content:
-Message:
-Theme:
- Bias
-What makes
you say that?

How (Tone)
-Tone:
-Mood:
-What makes you
say that?

How (Structure)

How (Devices)

-Form?
-Beginning >
middle > end?
-Strong beginning /
ending?
- Point of view
- Contrast of ideas

Diction, dialogue,
metaphor,
formal/informal,
persuasive techniques,
vivid imagery etc.

4. Always explain: 'What makes you say that?'

Intro
1.Put your passage(s) in context: Author / Title of text / Time period / content
Eg. The text, title by author is a blog post about the decline of native languages in Australia.
2. Comment on purpose / message / audience / bias.
Eg. This text is criticizes the Australian government on failing to protect native languages and elicits an
emotional response from the reader.
3. State the terms of your analysis.
Eg. I will analyze this text in terms of (The Big 5: Who, What, How T, How S, and How D)
4. (Comparative analysis) Identify the main similarities and differences between the two texts.

Body
Paragraph 1: Purpose
Paragraph 2: Audience
Paragraph 3: Message / Bias (Depending on the text, these might each get a paragraph.)
Paragraph 4: Theme / Mood / Tone. (Depending on the text).
Paragraphs 5-7: Stylistic Devices. Don't lump all stylistic devices into one paragraph. Group
them. Eg. Imagery, Sound, Persuasive, Biased, Poetic.
Paragraph 8: Structure.

Conclusion
a) Re-state your thesis.
b) (Comparative analysis) Identify the main similarities and differences between the two texts.

c) Evaluation. How effective is this text(s) as a whole?

Eg. `The writer of text A succeeded in entertaining the audience using heightened tone, vivid
imagery, and diverse syntax.'
Features and Elements

Topic / subject / ethical stance / moral values / point of view / Tone / Mood

Diction Word use. Eg. Unusual words, slang, accents.

Structure: What do you notice about the lines? What happens in the beginning > middle > end?

Literary devices. Eg. Imagery, rhyme, metaphor, rhythm, alliteration, irony, persuasive techniques.

Theme / Motifs / Symbols.

Conventions (genre) eg. Headings, sub-headings, images, quotes, dot-points . Does the author adhere to
conventions or break them?
J. Underwood

How to: Structure your Comparative Analysis

Method 2: Element
by Element

Method 1: Text by Text

Introduction: Identify
main similarity and
difference

Introduction: Identify
main similarity and
difference

Text 1: Purpose

Text 1: Purpose

Text 1: Audience

Text 2: Transition
sentence + Purpose +
link to text 1

Text 1: Message / Bias

SL

Text 1: Theme / Mood /

Tone

Text 1: Audience

Text 1: Stylistic Devices

Text 2: Audience + link

to text 1

Text 1: Structure

Text 1: Message / Bias

Text 2: Transition
sentence + Purpose +
link to text 1

Text 2: Message / Bias +

link to text 1

HL

Text 1: Theme / Mood /

Tone

Text 2: Audience + link

to text 1
Text 2: Message / Bias +
link to text 1
Text 2: Theme / Mood /
Tone + link to text 1

Text 2: Theme / Mood /

Tone + link to text 1
Text 1: Stylistic Devices
Text 2: Stylistic Devices
Text 1: Structure

Text 2: Stylistic Devices

Text 2: Structure

Text 2: Structure

Conclusion:
Identify main similarity
and difference

Evaluate
effectiveness of the
texts.

Conclusion:
Identify main similarity
and difference

Evaluate
effectiveness of the
texts.

J. Underwood

How to: Write Topic Sentences

The role of the writer

Language Device or
Stylistic Technique

The writer's use of...

Symbolism
Contrast
Setting
Imagery
Rhetoric
Strong adjectives
Rhyme
Repetition
Punctuation
Short sentences

Verb to Show
Effect or
Function
Conveys
Captures
Connotes
Demonstrates
Emphasizes
Highlights
Hints at
Illustrates
Implies
Reinforces
Reflects
Shows
Signifies
Suggests
Symbolizes
Underlines
Underscores

Function / Effect / Idea /

Theme / Mood /
Message /
Bias for the film
A sense of tragedy
A light mood
The theme of ambition

Adaptedfrom:Hedges,Laurence,LanceKing,MacclureGraham,andSwashLaura.ApproachestoLearning:APracticalGuide,2012.

How to: Integrate Quotes

1. Transition phrase + quote
The third technique used in this poem is repetition of a stanza which emphasizes
the idea of hope found in that stanza. For instance, the stanza beginning with,
The caged bird sings with a fearful trill is repeated two times in this poem. The
author's fearful language suggests that even with the fear of racism, African
Americans during this time period continued to hope for freedom and equality.
That is to say, 'the caged bird sings of freedom.'
2. Drop in

Breaking it down
Quoting
1. Context: Who
says it and when
do they say it?

Transition phrase

2. Transition
phrase.
3. What the
quote proves.
4. The quote
5. The quote's
function.

What
the
quote
proves

Context: Who says

it?

Macbeth is aware of the negative consequences of

his ambition. For instance he says, 'Stars, hide your
fires; / Let not light see my black and deep desires.'
Macbeth's description of his 'desires' as 'black'
suggests wrong-doing.
The
quote
The quote's function
J. Underwood