IPN Progress Report 42-196 February 15, 2014

The Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides

DE430 and DE431
William M. Folkner,* James G. Williams, Dale H. Boggs,
Ryan S. Park,* and Petr Kuchynka*

abstract.

The planetary and lunar ephemerides DE430 and DE431 are generated by fitting

numerically integrated orbits of the Moon and planets to observations. The present-day
lunar orbit is known to submeter accuracy through fitting lunar laser ranging data with
an updated lunar gravity field from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL)
mission. The orbits of the inner planets are known to subkilometer accuracy through fitting
radio tracking measurements of spacecraft in orbit about them. Very long baseline interferometry measurements of spacecraft at Mars allow the orientation of the ephemeris to be
tied to the International Celestial Reference Frame with an accuracy of 0.0002. This orientation is the limiting error source for the orbits of the terrestrial planets, and corresponds to
orbit uncertainties of a few hundred meters. The orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are determined
to accuracies of tens of kilometers as a result of fitting spacecraft tracking data. The orbits
of Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto are determined primarily from astrometric observations,
for which measurement uncertainties due to the Earths atmosphere, combined with star
catalog uncertainties, limit position accuracies to several thousand kilometers. DE430 and
DE431 differ in their integrated time span and lunar dynamical modeling. The dynamical
model for DE430 included a damping term between the Moons liquid core and solid mantle that gives the best fit to lunar laser ranging data but that is not suitable for backward
integration of more than a few centuries. The ephemeris DE431 is similar to DE430 but was
fit without the core/mantle damping term, so the lunar orbit is less accurate than in DE430
for times near the current epoch, but is more suitable for times more than a few centuries
in the past. DE431 is a longer integration (covering years 13,200 to +17,191) than DE430
(covering years 1550 to 2650).

I. Introduction

The planetary and lunar ephemeris DE430 succeeds the ephemeris DE421 [1] and its precursor DE405 [2] as a general purpose ephemeris. Several interim ephemerides have been
released since DE421 with specific improvements in estimates of the orbits of Mercury,
Mars, and Saturn intended primarily to support the Mercury Surface, Space Environment,

* Mission Design and Navigation Section.

Tracking Systems and Applications Section.

The research described in this publication was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2014 California Institute
of Technology. U.S. Government sponsorship acknowledged.

Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER), Mars Science Laboratory, and Cassini missions.
These interim ephemerides had small deficiencies in other areas, particularly the lunar
librations. DE430 has been updated for all bodies, including the Moon.
The positions and velocities of the Sun, Earth, Moon, and planets, along with the orientation of the Moon, result from a numerically integrated dynamical model. They are stored
as Chebyshev polynomial coefficients fit in 32-day-long segments [3]. DE430 also includes
Chebyshev polynomial coefficients fit to a numerically integrated difference between
ephemeris coordinate time and terrestrial time. Parameters of the dynamical model have
been adjusted to fit measurements of the relative positions of the planets and Moon with
respect to Earth. The dynamical model is similar to that used for DE405 [4], but includes
a model for the fluid core of the Moon [5,6] and an updated treatment of asteroids. The
coordinate system and units are similar to those used for DE421 and DE405, but include
changes to the definition of coordinate time and the astronomical unit.
Perturbations from 343 asteroids have been included in the dynamical model. The asteroid
orbits were iteratively integrated with the positions of the planets, the Sun, and the Moon.
The set of 343 asteroids is identical to the set used in DE421. The set represents 90percent
of the total mass of the main belt and contains the asteroids with the most significant effects on the orbit of Mars in terms of perturbation amplitude and frequency[7]. For DE421,
a limited number of individual asteroid mass parameters were estimated, with the rest of
the asteroid mass parameters determined by dividing them into three taxonomic classes,
estimating a constant density for each class, and using volumes estimated from Infrared
Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) observations [8]. For DE430, we estimated the mass parameter
for each asteroid individually subject to apriori values and uncertainties for volume and
density derived from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and the Supplemental
IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS) [9,10].
The lunar dynamical model for DE430 includes interaction between the rotation of the
fluid core and the mantle. The effect of this interaction is clearly seen in lunar laser ranging
(LLR) data and characterizes a damping in the differential rotation between the core and
mantle. Because the initial conditions of the lunar core cannot be determined perfectly, error grows in backward integrations when this interaction model is included. Consequently,
the DE430 time span has been limited to the years 1550 to 2650. Further information on
the lunar coordinate system and data reduction is available elsewhere.1
In order to provide a general ephemeris covering several thousand years, a lunar model
without the coremantle interaction term has been used for the ephemeris DE431. DE430
and DE431 have been fit to the same data. The difference in the orbits of the planets between DE430 and DE431 is less than 1m over the DE430 time span, which is well below
the estimated uncertainties from the fit. The difference in the orbit of the Moon between
DE430 and DE431 is less than 1m during the time span of the LLR data, 1970 to 2012, but
grows over longer times primarily due to a difference in estimated tidal acceleration. Figure1 shows a plot of the difference between the lunar orbit in DE430 and DE431.

J. G. Williams, D. H. Boggs, and W. M. Folkner, DE430 Lunar Orbit, Physical Librations and Surface Coordinates, JPL
Interoffice Memorandum 335-JW,DB,WF-20130722-016 (internal document), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, July 22, 2013.
2

rM [DE431] rM [DE430], m

40
R

20

0
20
40
1900.0

1950.0

2000.0
Year

2050.0

2100.0

Figure 1. Difference in lunar orbit of DE431 and DE430 in radial (R),

along-track (T), and normal (N) components.

DE430 should be used to analyze modern data. DE431 is suitable for the analysis of earlier
historical observations of the Sun, Moon, and planets. The DE431 time span from the year
13,200 to the year 17,191 extends far beyond historical times and caveats are offered.
For the planets, uncertainties in the initial conditions of the orbits will cause errors in
the along-track directions that increase at least linearly with time away from the present.
Resonances including, but not limited to, those between Jupiter and Saturn, and between
Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, may complicate the propagation of errors. Typically, the
along-track component will degrade faster than the other two components. For the Moon,
the uncertainty given for the tidal acceleration causes a 28m/century2 along-track uncertainty. But there are other concerns, e.g., the theory for the orientation of Earth includes
polynomial expressions that are adequate for thousands of years, but are not designed for
much longer times.
Compared with DE421, DE430 and DE431 have been fit to additional data for the Moon
and planets. The lunar orbit has been improved through use of additional LLR data,
and an improved gravity field of the Moon from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission. The orbit of Mercury has been improved through use of range
measurements to the MESSENGER spacecraft after it entered orbit about Mercury. The orbits
of Venus, Earth, and Mars have been improved though additional very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations and additional range measurements to Venus Express, Mars
Express, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. A more accurate orbit of Saturn
has been achieved primarily due to improved treatment of range measurements to the Cassini spacecraft. The orbit of Pluto has been improved through additional observations from
several observatories. The orbits of Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune are not significantly different from those in DE421, although additional astrometric observations have been included.
Improvements for the orbits of Mercury and Pluto are expected in the next year. The
MESSENGER data used for DE430 and DE431 are from the first year in orbit about Mercury.
During that time, the spacecraft orbit pericenter was always over the northern hemisphere.
Lack of Doppler measurements at low altitude over the southern hemisphere limited the
accuracy of the estimated Mercury gravity field and spacecraft trajectory. Data from a second year with the pericenter over the southern hemisphere are available but had not been
processed at the time of the DE430 and DE431 fit. An improved orbit for Pluto is needed for

the New Horizons mission. Additional measurements and improved processing of existing
data are in progress.
The coordinate system for DE430 and DE431 is described in Section II. The dynamical
model for translation is described in Section III. The dynamical model for the orientation
of the Moon is described in Section IV. Section V describes the data to which the dynamical
parameters have been adjusted. The initial conditions and dynamical constants are given in
Section VI.

II. Planetary Ephemeris Coordinates

A. Orientation of Axes

The coordinate system is defined by axes aligned with the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS), with the XY plane close to the mean equator of epoch J2000.0 and
the Xaxis close to the intersection of the mean equator of J2000.0 with the mean ecliptic
plane.2 The ICRS is currently realized by the positions of extragalactic radio sources given in
the Second Realization of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF2) [11] adopted
by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2009.3 The orbits of the inner planets
are aligned with ICRF2 with an accuracy of 0.0002 through use of VLBI observations of
spacecraft in orbit about Mars.4
Analysis of VLBI observations relative to ICRF2 indicates a secular drift in aberration consistent with the solar system orbiting about the center of the galaxy [12]. This effect is not
modeled in ICRF2 or in the ephemerides DE430 and DE431. It may need to be taken into
account in future ephemerides as measurement accuracies improve.

B. Solar System Barycenter

The origin of the ICRS is the solar system barycenter.5 For DE430 and DE431, the barycenter is approximated using the invariant quantities of the n-body metric used to model the
point mass interactions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and asteroids (see Section III.A). The
mass/energy of the system M is a conserved quantity where M is defined by6

M = | n *A

(1)

where the summation is over all bodies (Sun, Moon, planets, and asteroids) and

n *A = GM A * 1 +

GM B
1 2
1
4
2 vA 2 | r
2c
2c B ! A AB

21st International Astronomical Union General Assembly, Resolution B2, 1991.

27th International Astronomical Union General Assembly, Resolution B3, 2009.

(2)

W. M. Folkner and J. S. Border, Linking the Planetary Ephemeris to the International Celestial Reference Frame,
Highlights of Astronomy, vol. 16 (in press).
5

24th International Astronomical Union General Assembly, Resolution B1.3, 2000.

F. B. Estabrook, Derivation of Relativistic Lagrangian for n-body Equations Containing Relativity Parameters and g,
JPL Interoffice Memorandum (internal document), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, 1971.
6

where GM A is the mass parameter of body A, rAB = | rA - rB | is the distance between body A
at position rA and body B at position rA , v A = | v A | is the magnitude of the velocity of body

A , and c is the speed of light. The momentum P is also conserved where P is given by
d
P = dt ;| n *A rAE .
A

(3)

The position of the center of mass/energy R is given by

R = b | n *A rA l / b | n *A l .
A

(4)

The velocity of the center of mass/energy V = dR/dt = P/M is invariant for the n-body
metric since P and M are invariant.
For DE430 and DE431, the initial positions and velocities of the Moon and planets with
respect to the Sun were estimated, and the positions and velocities of the asteroids with
respect to the Sun were estimates from the Horizons online solar system data service [13].
The initial position and velocity of the Sun were computed by setting R and V to zero. The
positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and asteroids were then integrated using the equations
of motion given in Sections III and IV. Because the equations of motion include extended
body effects not included in the n-body metric, the center of mass/energy as defined by
Equation(4) is not an exact invariant. The position of the center of mass/energy moves
with respect to the origin of the coordinate system by less than 1mm/century, as shown
in Figure2. This motion is near the numerical noise of the stored ephemeris and is small
compared with current measurement accuracy.

Position, mm

1.0
0.5

X
Y
Z

0.0
0.5
1.0
1950.0 1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0
Year

2010.0

2020.0

2030.0

2040.0 2050.0

Figure 2. Coordinates of the solar system barycenter of DE430 computed using

a translational invariant for the n-body metric.

Previous JPL ephemerides have implemented the barycenter in different manners. For
DE421, the positions of the Moon and planets were integrated using the equations of motion while the position and velocity of the Sun were computed at each integration time
step such that R and V remained zero. For DE405, the position of the Sun was integrated,
with the initial position and velocity of the Sun computed by setting R and V to zero,
except that the rate of change of n *A was neglected in computing the initial velocity of the
Sun. As a consequence, the position of the barycenter as computed using Equation(4) for

DE405 changed with time by approximately 0.5m/century[14]. This drift has no measurable consequences on the relative motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets.
The location of the barycenter relative to the Sun, Moon, and planets depends on the set of
bodies modeled. In particular, inclusion of trans-Neptunian objects such as Sedna and Eris
in the ephemerides from the Institute of Applied Astronomy [15] causes a difference of the
location of the barycenter with respect to the Sun of about 100km. The change in barycenter does not significantly affect the relative positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets.

C. Ephemeris Coordinate Time

The coordinate time scale used for DE430 and DE431 is Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB)
as defined in terms of Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB).7,8 For purposes of measurement
reduction, the difference between International Atomic Time (TAI) and TDB is needed at
the point the measurement is made. An intermediate time, Terrestrial Time (TT), is introduced, where TT = TAI+32.184s. The quantity TDBTT as a function of TDB is given by

LG - L B
1 - LG
TDB - TT = 1 L (TDB - T0) + 1 - L TDB 0
- B
B
1 e vE
1
o
2 2 + w 0E + w LE dt + 2 v E $ _ rS - rE i
0
0 c
c
4
1 - L G TDB
1 e ve 3 2
1 2
- 1-L #
- 2 v E w 0E + 4v E $ w AE + 2 w 0E + D E o dt
4
8
+
T
TDB
0 c
B 0

1 - LG
1 - LB

#T TDB
+ TDB

(5)

vE
1
+ 4 e 3w 0E + 2 o v E $ (rS - rE)
c
2

where, for this expression, TDB and TT are measured in Julian days, T0 is the Julian
day 2443144.5003725, TDB 0 = 65.5 106/86400 days, c is the speed of light, L G =
6.969290134 1010 defines the rate of TT with respect to Geocentric Coordinate Time
(TCG), L B = 1.550519768 108 defines the rate of TDB with respect to TCB, v E is the
velocity of the Earth, rS is the position of the measurement station, and rE is the position
of the Earth. Positions and velocities are all with respect to the solar system barycenter.

w 0E is the potential at the geocenter due to external point masses that is given by
w 0E =

A!E

GM A
rAE

with the summation over all modeled bodies A other than the Earth. w LE is the potential
at the Earth due to external oblate figures of external bodies, where for computation of
TDBTT for DE430 and DE431, only the effect of the oblateness of the Sun is included, as
given by

7 21st
8

International Astronomical Union General Assembly, Resolution B2, 1991.

24th International Astronomical Union General Assembly, Resolution B1.3, 2000.

(6)

w LE =-

1
R 29 `3 sin { 2E, 9 - 1j
2
| r9 - rE |
GM9 J2 9

(7)

where J 2 9 is the unnormalized second-degree zonal harmonic of the Suns gravitational

potential, R 9 is the radius of the Sun, and { E, 9 is the latitude of the Earth relative to the
Suns equator. w AE is the sum of the product of the potential of external point masses times
their velocities given by

w AE =

A!E

GM A v A
rAE

(8)

and D E is given by

DE =

A!E

GM A
GM B 1 v A $ (rE - rA)
2
o + 1 a A $ _rE - rA iH
>
+ 2e
rAE - 2v A + B|
r
r
2
AB
AE
!A
2

(9)

where a A is the acceleration of body A. Equation (5) is based on [16]. It is essentially the
same as used in [17]. The relations between the various time scales are summarized in the
IERS 2010 Conventions [18]. Several of the terms included, specifically the contributions
of the asteroids and the solar oblateness, are small compared with current measurement
accuracies.
For DE430 and DE431, the negative of the quantity TDBTT from Equation (5) evaluated at
the geocenter has been numerically integrated and saved as a set of Chebyshev polynomial
coefficients in a format similar to the positions and velocities of the bodies. For measurement reduction, TTTDB as a function of TT is also needed; it can be computed by a simple
iterative technique.
Figure 3 shows the difference in the integrated value of TTTDB and the numerically integrated time ephemeris based on DE405 (TE405) [19]. A constant difference of 65.5ms was
introduced in the current definition of TDB and has been subtracted from the difference.
The slope of ~ 5.7 ns/century is another consequence of the current definition of TDB. At
the time TE405 was integrated, the definition of TDB was different and not strictly suitable
for use as ephemeris coordinate time. The ephemeris coordinate time was labeled Teph and
the definition of Teph included an adjusted constant to ensure no average rate of Teph with
respect to TAI. The slope in the difference between TTTDB for DE430 and TE405 seen in
Figure 3 is similar to the results for the INPOP08 ephemeris [17]. This slope causes differences in the reduction of planetary data that are small compared with current measurement
accuracies. The small ripple about the mean slope of the difference is due to inclusion of
the effects of asteroids in Equation (5) that are small and were not included in TE405.

D. Astronomical Unit

The JPL planetary ephemerides have been integrated with position coordinates in astronomical units. For ephemerides prior to DE430, the astronomical unit (au) was estimated

TE430 TE405 65.5 mS, ns

5
1950.0

2000.0
Year

2050.0

Figure 3. Difference between TTTDB at the geocenter integrated from DE430 (TE430) and the
comparable quantity integrated from DE405 [19] after removing a constant 65.5 ms.

(in km) for each ephemeris, basically enabling conversion of the mass parameter of the Sun
from units of au3/day2 to units of km3/s2. The mass parameter of the Sun was defined by

GM9 = k 2, where Gausss constant k = 0.01720209895 is a defined value. With the introduction of the TCB time scale, and with modern data nearly accurate enough to measure
the rate of change of GM 9 , the astronomical unit is now defined to be 149597870.700km
in all time scales.9 GM 9 in units of au3/day2 is now an estimated quantity. For DE430 and
2

DE431, GM 9 has been set to k since our current estimate is consistent with this value given
the current value of the au [20].
While the JPL ephemerides have been integrated with coordinates given in au, the positions for each ephemeris have been scaled by the appropriate value of the au to units of km
and fit to Chebyshev polynomials for distribution to users. Many programs that read the
JPL ephemerides automatically convert the interpolated values of coordinates from units of
km to au. Users should now be aware of the value of the au they prefer to be used for this
conversion.

E. Orientation of the Moon

The orientation of the lunar exterior (mantle and crust, hereafter referred to by mantle)
is parameterized by Euler angles, z m , i m , and } m, that relate the Moon-centered, rotating
lunar mantle to the inertial frame. The Moon is distorted by tides and rotation. The mantle
coordinate system is defined by the principal axes of the undistorted mantle in which the
moment of inertia matrix of the undistorted mantle is diagonal. The directions of the principal axes are estimated from analysis of LLR data. The Euler angles that define the rotation
from the principal axis (PA) frame to the inertial ICRF2 frame are: z m , the angle from the
X-axis of the inertial frame along the XY plane to the intersection of the mantle equator;

im , the inclination of the mantle equator from the inertial XY plane; and }m , the longitude
from the intersection of the inertial XY plane with the mantle equator along the mantle
equator to the prime meridian.
Position vectors expressed in coordinates along the principal axes, rPA , can be expressed as
coordinate vectors in inertial space rI using the relation

28th International Astronomical Union General Assembly, Resolution B2, 2012.

rI = R z _- zmi R x _- imi R z _- }mi rPA

(10)

where the rotation matrices R x, R y, and R z are right-handed rotations of frame orientations
defined by

JK1
0
0 NOO
KK
O
R x _ai = KKK0 cos a sin a OOO
K
O
L0 - sin a cos aP

(11)

KKJcos a 0 - sin aNOO

K
O
R y _ai = KKK 0 1
0 OOO
K
O
L sin a 0 cos a P

(12)

JK cos a sin a 0NO

KK
OO
R z _ai = KKK- sin a cos a 0OOO .
K
O
0 1P
L 0

(13)

The mantle Euler angles are numerically integrated along with the positions of the bodies.
Instead of integrating the Euler angles using second-order equations, they are integrated
using first-order equations with time derivatives computed in terms of the angular velocity of the mantle. The angular velocity of the mantle is integrated using its time derivative
that is computed from the torques acting on the Moon, as described in Section IV. The time
derivatives of the Euler angles are related to the angular velocity of the mantle expressed in
the mantle frame, ~ m , by

zo m = (~m, x sin }m + ~ m, y cos }m) / sin im

io m = ~m, x cos }m - ~ m, y sin }m

(14)

}o m = ~m, z - zo m cos im .

The model for the Moon includes a fluid core. The orientation of the core with respect to
the inertial frame is described by the Euler angles z c, i c, and } c that are defined and numerically integrated in the same manner as the Euler angles for the mantle. As was done for
the mantle, the Euler angles for the core are integrated using coupled first-order equations
along with the core angular velocity. However, since the shape of the core is modeled as
fixed to the frame of the mantle, it is more convenient to express and integrate the core angular velocity expressed in the mantle frame. The time derivatives of the core Euler angles
are then computed by

zo c = ~ @c, z - }o c cos ic
io c = ~ @c, x

(15)

}o c =- ~ c, y / sin ic
@

where the coordinate vector of core angular velocity in the mantle frame ~ c is related to
the coordinate vector ~ @c in a frame defined by the intersection of the core equator with
the inertial XY plane by

~ @c = R z (zc - zm) R x (- im) R z (- }m) ~ c .

(16)

Alternatively, the time derivatives of the core Euler angles can be computed using the angular velocity of the core expressed in the core frame ~ Ac by

zo c = `~ Ac, x sin }c + ~ Ac, y cos }cj / sin ic

io c = ~ Ac, x cos }c - ~ cA , y sin }c

(17)

}o c = ~ cA , z - zo c cos ic
and the core angular velocity expressed in the core frame is given by
(18)

~ Ac = R z (}c) R x (ic) R z (zc) R z (- zm) R x (- im) R z (- }m) ~ c .

While the orientation for the mantle and core are both numerically integrated, only the
mantle Euler angles and mantle angular velocity are distributed with the planetary eph-

emerides. The initial values for the core Euler angles and the core angular velocity, with the
latter expressed in the mantle frame, are given in Table 7 (see page 49).
The locations of features on the lunar crust are usually given by coordinates expressed in
the mean-Earth/mean-rotation (MER) frame, where the X axis is defined by the body-fixed
axis that points toward the mean Earth direction and the Z axis points toward the mean
rotation axis direction. Coordinate vectors in the MER frame are related to coordinate vectors in the PA frame by a fixed rotation. However, the definition of the MER frame depends
on the approximations used to estimate the X and Z directions. For DE430, an updated
estimate of the MER frame has been made. Coordinate vectors in the DE430 PA frame are
converted to the DE430 MER frame by10

rMER, DE430 = R x _- 0.285i R y _- 78.580i R z _- 67.573i rPA, DE430 .

(19)

Several recent lunar missions have been producing cartographic data products in the MER
frame as estimated from DE421. It may be convenient for continuity to retain that coordinate system. Coordinate vectors in the DE430 PA frame are converted to the DE421 MER
frame by

rMER, DE421 = R x _- 0.295i R y _- 78.627i R z _- 67.737i rPA, DE430 .

(20)

F. Orientation of the Earth

Only the long-term change of the Earths orientation is modeled in the ephemeris integration. The Earth orientation model used for the DE430 and DE431 integration is based on
the International Astronomical Union (IAU) 1976 precession model [21,22] with an estimated linear correction and on a modified IAU 1980 nutation model [23] including only
terms with a period of 18.6 years.

10 J.

G. Williams, D. H. Boggs, and W. M. Folkner, DE430 Lunar Orbit, Physical Librations, and Surface Coordinates,
JPL Interoffice Memorandum 335-JW,DB,WF-20130722-016 (internal document), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,
California, July 22, 2013.
10

The mean longitude of the ascending node of the lunar orbit measured on the ecliptic
plane from the mean equinox of date is calculated by
2

X = 125c02l 40ll .280 - 1934c08l 10ll .549T + 7ll .455T + 0ll .008T

(21)

where T is the TDB time in Julian centuries (36525 days) from J2000.0. The nutations in
longitude D} and obliquity De are given by

D} =- 17ll .206262 sin _Xi

De = 9ll .205348 cos _Xi .

(22)

The true pole of date unit vector, pd , is computed by rotating the Earth-fixed pole vector by
the effect of the 18.6-year nutation term to give

JK
NO
sin (D}) sin (er + De)
KK
OO
pd = KKKcos (D}) sin (er + De) cos (er) - cos (er + De) sin (er)OOO
KK
O
cos (D}) sin (er + De) sin (er) + cos (er + De) cos (er)O
L
P

(23)

where the mean obliquity er is given by

2

er = 84381.ll 448 - 46.ll 815T - 0.ll 00059T + 0.ll 001813T .

(24)

The pole unit vector in the inertial frame p E is computed by precessing the pole of date
with an estimated linear correction,

p E = R z _giR y _- HiR z _ z i R x _- U xiR y _- U yipd

(25)

where U x = U x0 + 100T # dU x /dt and U y = U y0 + 100T # dU y /dt are estimated linear corrections with offsets and rates listed in Table 10 (see page 50) and the precession angles are
given by

g = 2306ll .2181T + 0ll .30188T 2 + 0ll .017998T 3

H = 2004ll .3109T - 0 l .42665T 2 - 0ll .041833T 3
z = 2306ll .2181T + 1ll .09468T 2 + 0ll .018203T 3 .

(26)

III. Translational Equations of Motion

The translational equations of motion include contributions from: (a) the point mass interactions among the Sun, Moon, planets, and asteroids; (b) the effects of the figure of the Sun
on the Moon and planets; (c) the effects of the figures of the Earth and Moon on each other
and on the Sun and planets from Mercury through Jupiter; (d) the effects upon the Moons
motion caused by tides raised upon the Earth by the Moon and Sun; and (e) the effects on
the Moons orbit of tides raised on the Moon by the Earth.
The point mass interactions are described in Section III.A. The effects of the static figures
of bodies are described in Section III.B. Also in Section III.B, the effects of the Moons static
11

figure plus its time-varying figure due to tides are included. The effects of tides raised on the
Earth acting on the Moon are described in Section III.C.

A. Point Mass Mutual Interaction

The gravitational acceleration of each body due to external point masses is derived from the
isotropic, parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) n-body metric [2426]. For each body A , the
acceleration due to interaction with other point masses, a A, pm - pm, is given by

a A, pm - pm =

B!A

GM B (rB - rA)
r 3AB

*1 -

GM
GM
2 (b + c)
| rACC - 2b -2 1 | rBCC
2
c
c
C!A
C!B

vA 2
v B 2 2 (1 + c)
vA $ vB
+ c b c l + (1 + c) b c l c2
2
3 (rA - rB) $ v B G
1
- 2=
+ 2 (rB - rA) $ a B 4
r
AB
2c
2c

(27)

GM B
1
87rA - rBA $ 7(2 + 2c) v A - (1 + 2c) v BAB (v A - v B)
2 |
c B ! A r 3AB
(3 + 4c)
| GMrABBaB
+
2
2c
B!A

where b is the PPN parameter measuring the nonlinearity in superposition of gravity and

c is the PPN parameter measuring space curvature produced by unit rest mass. The summation is over all bodies: Sun, Moon, planets and asteroids. The acceleration a B of body B appears in two terms on the right-hand side of Equation (27). Since these terms are multiplied
-2

-2

by c , using the Newtonian acceleration for these terms is accurate to O (c ).

B. Point Mass Interaction with Extended Bodies

The modeled accelerations of bodies due to interactions of point masses with the gravitational field of nonspherical bodies include: (a) the interaction of the zonal harmonics of the
Earth (through fourth degree) and the point mass Moon, Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and
Jupiter; (b) the interaction between the zonal, sectoral, and tesseral harmonics of the Moon
(through sixth degree) and the point mass Earth, Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter;
(c) the second-degree zonal harmonic of the Sun ( J 2 ) interacting with all other bodies.
The contribution to the inertial acceleration of an extended body arising from the interaction of its own figure with an external point mass is expressed in the phg coordinate
system, where the p-axis is directed outward from the extended body to the point mass, the
pg -plane contains the figure (rotational) pole of the extended body, and the h-axis completes the right-handed system.
In that system, the acceleration due to the extended body is given by11

11

T. D. Moyer, Mathematical Formulation of the Double-Precision Orbit Determination Program, Technical Report 32-1527
(internal document), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, 1971.

12

RS(n + 1) P (sin {)VW

SRSppWVW
n1
WW
SS WW
n
nS
WW
SShpWW =- GM * | J b R l SSS
0
SS
W
SS WW
n r
2
r n=2
SS- cos {P l (sin {)WWW
SSgpWW
n
T X
X
RS T
V_
SS- (n + 1) P nm (sin {) [+ Cnm cos mm + S nm sin mm]WWWbbbb
n2
n n S
WWbb
R
S
+ | b r l | SSS m sec {P nm (sin {) [- C nm sin mm + S nm cos mm] WWW`bb
m=1S
n=2
SS cos {P l m (sin {) [+ C cos mm + S sin mm] WWWbbbb
n
nm
nm
T
Xa

(28)

where r is the center-of-mass separation between the two bodies; n 1 and n 2 are the maximum degrees of the zonal and tesseral expansions, respectively; Pn (sin {) is the Legendre
m

polynomial of degree n; P n (sin {) is the associated Legendre function of degree n and order
m; J n is the zonal harmonic coefficient for the extended body; C nm, S nm are the tesseral
harmonic coefficients for the extended body; R is the equatorial radius of the extended
body; { is the latitude of the point mass relative to the body-fixed coordinate system in
which the harmonics are expressed; and m is the east longitude of the point mass in the
same body-fixed coordinate system. The primes denote differentiation with respect to the
argument sin { . The accelerations are transformed into the inertial frame by application of
the appropriate rotation matrix.
The interaction between the figure of an extended body A and a point mass B also induces
an acceleration of the point mass. If a A, figA - pmB denotes the acceleration of extended body

A interacting with point mass external body B given by Equation (28) when expressed in
inertial coordinates, then the corresponding acceleration of the point mass, a B, figA - pmB, is
given by

mA
a B, figA - pmB =- m a A, figA - pmB .
B

(29)

For the Moon, the second-degree gravity field is time varying due to distortion by tides and
spin and the spherical harmonic coefficients of the gravity field are computed from the
moment of inertia tensor, which in turn is computed as a function of time, as described in
Section IV.B. The coefficients are given by

1
I 33, T (t) - 2 [I 11, T (t) + I22, T (t)]
J 2, M (t) =
2
mM RM
I22, T (t) - I11, T (t)
C 22, M (t) =
2
4m M R M
C 21, M (t)
S 21, M (t)
S 22, M (t)

(30)

2
=- I13, T (t) /m M R M
2
=- I32, T (t) /m M R M
2
=- I 21, T (t) /2m M R M

where the I ij, T are the elements of the total lunar moment of inertia matrix (defined in Section IV); m M is the lunar mass, and R M is the lunar radius.

13

C. Acceleration of the Moon from Earth Tides

The tides raised upon the Earth by the Sun and Moon affect the motion of the Moon. The
distortion of the Earth by the Sun and Moon are characterized by the degree-2 Love numbers k 2j, E , where order j = 0, 1, and 2 correspond to tides with long-period, diurnal, and
semi-diurnal periods, respectively.
We apply a time-delay tidal model to account for dissipation. The distorted response of the
Earth is delayed with respect to the tide-raising forces from the Moon or Sun. The appropriate time delay depends on the period of each tidal component. Consequently, we employ
different time delays for each order j . To allow for time delays shifting across the diurnal
and semidiurnal frequency bands, separate time delays are associated with the Earths rotation and the lunar orbit.
The acceleration of the Moon due to the Earth tides is evaluated separately for the tides
raised by the Sun and the tides raised by the Moon. The Earth tides depend on the position
of the tide-raising body with respect to Earth rT , where T can denote either the Sun or the
Moon. The position of the tide-raising body is evaluated at an earlier time t - xjl for longperiod, diurnal, and semi-diurnal responses. The distortion of the Earth is delayed by
a response time xj , so that the distortion leads the direction to the tide-raising body by

o j , where io is the rotation rate of the Earth. The long-period zonal tides ( j = 0)
an angle ix
do not depend on the rotation of the Earth, so x0 = 0 . The acceleration of the Moon due to
the distorted Earth depends on the position of the Moon with respect to the Earth r and on
the modified position vector for the tide-raising body rj*, which is given for each order j by

o j krT `t - xjl j
rj* = R z a - ix

(31)

o j ) here means a right-handed rotation of the vector rT (t - xjl ) by the angle

where R z (- ix
o j about the Earths rotation axis with R z , as defined in Equation (13).
ix

The vectors r and rj* are expressed in cylindrical coordinates with the Z axis perpendicular
to the Earths equator, so that r = t + z and the time-delayed position of the tide-raising
body is given by r *j = t *j + z *j . The acceleration of the Moon with respect to Earth, a M, tide,
for each tide-raising body is then given by

Z]
2
2
1
5]
]k
5 9_zz 0) i + 2 _tt 0) i C r
m
m
Gm
R
+
20, E f
3d E
M
T E]
2
2
)
)2
)
[]
n
82z 0 z + t 0 tB a M, tide =
+ r0 r p
2
5
)5
]
mE
2
]
r
r
] r0
\
k21, E
10zz 1) _t $ t 1) i r
) )
) )
p
+ ) 5 f 2 8_t $ t 1 i z 1 + zz 1 t 1B 2
r
r1
+

k22, E
5

r 2)

_b
9_t $ t 2) i2 - 21 _tt 2) i2C r bbb
5
f82 _t $ t2) it2) - t 2) 2 tB p`bb
2
bb
r
a

(32)

where m T is the mass of the tide-raising body.

14

The tidal acceleration due to tidal dissipation is implicit in the above acceleration. Tides
raised on the Earth by the Moon do not influence the motion of the EarthMoon barycenter. The effect of Sun-raised tides on the barycentric motion is not considered.
The tidal bulge leads the Moon and its gravitational attraction accelerates the Moon forward and retards the Earths spin. Energy and angular momentum are transferred from the
Earths rotation to the lunar orbit. Consequently, the Moon moves away from the Earth,
the lunar orbit period lengthens, and the Earths day becomes longer. Some energy is dissipated in the Earth rather than being transferred to the orbit.
The estimated tidal acceleration in orbital mean longitude is 25.82 0.03/century2
for DE430 and 25.80 0.03/century2 for DE431. The semimajor axis recession rates are
38.08 0.04 mm/yr and 38.05 0.04 mm/yr for DE430 and DE431, respectively. The uncertainties reflect an uncertainty in extrapolating the lunar position beyond the span of the fit.
The uncertainty in converting the Love numbers and time delays to tidal acceleration and
recession rate might be as large as 0.5percent.

IV. Evolution of the Lunar Orientation

The Moon is modeled as an anelastic mantle with a liquid core. The orientation of the core
and mantle are integrated from the differential equations for the core and mantle angular
velocities. The angular momentum vectors of the mantle and core are the product of the
angular velocities and the moments of inertia. The angular momentum vectors change with
time due to torques and due to distortion of the mantle.

A. Rate of Change of Lunar Angular Velocities

In a rotating system, the change in angular velocity ~ is related to torques N by

d
N = dt _I~ i + ~ # I~

(33)

where I is the moment of inertia tensor. The second term on the right side puts the time derivative into the rotating system. The total lunar moment of inertia I T , which is the sum of
the moment of inertia of the mantle I m and the moment of inertia of the core I c , is proportional to the mass m M times the square of the radius R M . Because the fractional uncertainty
in the constant of gravitation G is much larger than that for the lunar mass parameter Gm M ,
Equation (33) is evaluated in the integration with both sides multiplied by G.
The components of vectors can be given in the inertial frame, mantle frame, or other
frames. Since the moment of inertia matrices are nearly diagonal in the mantle frame, there
is great convenience to inverting matrices and performing the matrix multiplications in
the mantle frame. The resulting vector components can then be rotated to other frames if
desired.

15

The moment of inertia of the mantle varies with time due to tidal distortions. The distortions are functions of the lunar position and rotational velocities computed at time t - xm ,
where xm is a time lag determined from the fits to the LLR data. The time delay allows for
dissipation when flexing the Moon [5]. The time derivative of the angular velocity of the
mantle is given by
~o m = I m1 ' | N M, figM - pmA + N M, figM - figE - Io m ~ m - ~ m # Im ~ m + N cmb 1
A!M

(34)

where N M, figM - pmA is the torque on the lunar mantle from the point mass of body A,
N M, figM - figE is the torque on the mantle due to the extended figure of the Moon interacting
with the extended figure of the Earth, and N cmb is the torque due to interaction between
the mantle and core. The torques are given in Section IV.C.
The fluid core is assumed to be rotating like a solid and constrained by the shape of the
coremantle boundary at the interior of the mantle, with moment of inertia constant in the
frame of the mantle [6]. The time derivative of the angular velocity of the core expressed in
the mantle frame is given by

~o c = I c-1 # - ~ m # Ic ~ c - N cmb - .

(35)

B. Lunar Moments of Inertia

In the mantle frame, the undistorted moment of inertia of the mantle and the moment of
inertia of the core are diagonal. The undistorted total moment of inertia uIT is given by

RSA 0 0 VW
SS T
WW
uIT = SSS 0 BT 0 WWW
SS
WW
S 0 0 CTW
T
X

(36)

2 (1 - b L c L)
2
m R Ju
(2b L - c L + b L c L) M M 2, M
2 ( 1 + c L)
2
BT =
m R Ju
(2b L - c L + b L c L) M M 2, M
2 (1 + b L)
2
CT =
m R Ju
(2b L - c L + b L c L) M M 2, M

(37)

with A T , B T , and C T given by

AT =

where Ju 2,M is the second-degree zonal harmonic of the undistorted Moon and b L and c L
are ratios of the undistorted moments of inertia given by

b L = (C T - AT ) /B T
c L = (B T - A T ) /C T .

16

(38)

The undistorted total moment of inertia and the second-degree zonal harmonic of the
undistorted Moon are not the same as the mean values since the tidal distortions have
non-zero averages.
The moment of inertia of the core I c is given by

RS1 - f
0 0WVW SRSAc 0 0 WVW
SS
c
W
W S
S
Ic = ac C T SS 0 1 - fc 0WWW = SSS 0 Bc 0 WWW
W
SS
W S
S 0
0 1WW SS 0 0 C cWW
T
X T
X

(39)

where a c = C c /C T is the ratio of the core polar moment of inertia to the undistorted total
polar moment of inertia and fc is the core oblateness. Distortion of the core moment of
inertia is not considered.
The undistorted moment of inertia of the mantle is the difference between the undistorted
total moment of inertia and the core moment of inertia,

uIm = uIT - Ic .

(40)

The moment of inertia of the mantle varies with time due to tidal distortion by the Earth
and spin distortion,

RS
VW
SSx 2 - 1 r 2
WW
x
z
y
x
S
WW
3
S
WW
k2, M m E R 5M SSS
1
2
2
SS xy
y - 3r
yz WWW
Im (t) = uIm 5
SS
WW
r
SS
1 2WWW
2
SS xz
yz
z - 3r W
T
X
RS
VW
SS~ 2 - 1 (~ 2 - n 2)
WW
~
~
~
~
,
,
,
,
m, x
m
m
x
m
y
m
x
m
z
S
WW
3
5 S
WW
k2, M R M SSS
1
2
2
2
WW
~ m, x ~ m, y
~ m, y - 3 (~ m - n )
~m, y ~m, z
+ 3G SS
WW
SS
W
SS
1
2
2
2 W
SS
~m, x ~m, z
~m, y ~m, z
~ m, z - 3 (~ m + 2n )WWW
T
X
(41)
where the position of the Moon relative to Earth r and the angular velocity of the mantle

~ m, are evaluated at time t - xm; k2,M is the lunar potential Love number; m E is the mass of
the Earth; R M is the equatorial radius of the Moon; r is the Earth-Moon distance; x, y, z are
the components of the position of the Moon relative to Earth referred to the mantle frame;

~m, x, ~m, y, ~ m, z are the components of ~ m in the mantle frame; and n is the lunar mean
motion.
The rate of change of the mantles moment of inertia is given by

17

SRS 2 1 2
WWV
SSx - r
WW
xy
xz
3
S
WW
5
5k2, M m E R M r $ ro SSS
W
1 2
2
oIm =
S
y - 3r
yz WWW
SS xy
7
WW
r
SS
1 2WWW
2
SS xz
yz
z - 3r W
S
X
RS T
VW
SS2 (xxo - 1 r $ ro )
WW
o
o
o
o
xy
+
xy
xz
+
xz
S
WW
3
5 S
S
WW
k2, M m E R M SS
1
WW
S
o
o
o
o
o
o
+
$
+
xy
xy
2
yy
r
r
yz
yz
(
)
WW
3
SSS
r5
WW
SS
1
SS xzo + xz
o
o
2 (zzo - 3 r $ ro )WWW
yzo + yz
X
RS T
VW
SS2 (~ ~o - 1 ~ $ ~o )
W
o
o
o
o
~
~
+
~
~
~
~
+
~
~
m, x m, x
m
m
m, x m, y
m, x m, y
m, x m, z
m, x m, z W
S
WW
3
5 S
WW
k2, M R M SSS
1
2 (~m, y ~o m, y - 3 ~m $ ~o m)
+ 3G SS ~ m, x ~o m, y + ~o m, x ~m, y
~m, y ~o m, z + ~o m, y ~m, z WWW .
SS
WW
W
1
SSS ~ ~o + ~o ~
o
2 (~m, z ~o m, z - 3 ~ m $ ~ m)WWW
~m, y ~o m, z + ~o m, y ~m, z
S
m, x m, z
m, x m, z
T
X
(42)

C. Lunar Torques

The torque on the Moon due to an external point mass A is given by

N M, figM - pmA = M M rAM # a M, figM - pmA

(43)

where rAM is the position of the point mass relative to the Moon and a M, figM - pmA is the acceleration of the Moon due to the interaction of the extended figure of the Moon with the
point mass A, as described in Section III.B. Torques are computed for the figure of the Moon
interacting with the Earth, Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter.
Yoder [27] and Eckhardt [28] showed that torques due to the interaction of the figure of the
Moon with the figure of the Earth are important for the orientation of the Moon. The three
most significant terms of the torque are

N M, figM - figE =

15GM E R 2E J2, E
2r 5EM

%`1 - 7 sin 2 { M, E j7rtEM # I M rtEMA

+ 2 sin { M, E 7rtEM # I M pt E + pt E # I M rtEMA

2
- 7pt E # I M pt EA1
5

(44)

t E is the direction vector of the Earths pole and rtEM is the direction vector of the
where p
Earth from the Moon; I is the lunar moment of inertia tensor; R E is the equatorial radius of

t E.
the Earth; and { M, E is defined by sin { M, E = rtEM $ p

The torque on the mantle due to the interaction between the core and mantle is evaluated
in the mantle frame and is given by

N cmb = k v _~ c - ~m i + _C c - Ac i_zt m $ ~ c i_zt m # ~ c i

(45)

where zt m is a unit vector in the mantle frame aligned with the polar axis. The torque on the
core is the negative of the torque on the mantle.
18

V. Observational Data Fit by the Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides

The observations that have been used to estimate the dynamical parameters for DE430 and
DE431 are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3. The observations are sorted by body, classification, and type.
LLR data are measurements of the round-trip light-time from an observatory to retroreflectors on the Moon at the Apollo 11, 14, or 15 landing sites or the Lunokhod 1 and 2 rovers.
These measurements began in 1970 following the first landings of astronauts and continue
to the present (e.g. [29,30]). Residuals between the measured round-trip light-time t meas and
the value computed from the model t comp are typically expressed as one-way range residuals Dt = (t meas - t comp) c/2 . The measurement accuracy has improved with time as technology for producing short-duration high-energy laser pulses and timing measurements has
advanced. The earliest measurements have root-mean-square (rms) residuals of ~ 25cm
while the most recent measurements have rms residuals of ~ 2 cm. The most accurate measurement residuals are limited by dynamical modeling and by ambiguity in knowledge of
which corner cube in the retroreflector array returned the photon that was timed [31]. LLR
data are the only data used for estimation of the orbit and orientation of the Moon. The
majority of LLR measurements are from McDonald Observatory (e.g., [32,33]), Observatoire
de la Cte dAzur (e.g., [34]) and Apache Point Observatory (e.g., [35]). The LLR measurement residuals for DE430 are shown in Figure 4.
Spacecraft measurements are based on radio range, Doppler, and VLBI measurements. For
spacecraft in orbit about the planet, the Doppler measurements are used to estimate the
position of the spacecraft with respect to the planet and range and VLBI measurements are
then used to estimate the orbit of the planet. For spacecraft flying by a planet, the range,
Doppler, and VLBI data, as available, are used to estimate both the trajectory of the spacecraft and a 3-dimensional (3D) position of the planet, given as range, right ascension, and
declination.
Range measurements to spacecraft are usually made at regular intervals during a tracking
pass, typically every 10min, while Doppler measurements are made more frequently, typically every minute. Both range and Doppler measurements are based on measurement of
the phase of a radio signal, with the carrier signal used for Doppler and a ranging modulation signal used for range. Since the carrier signal is at a much higher frequency and usually
has much higher signal strength, Doppler measures changes in range much more accurately than the range measurements. Because of the shorter wavelength associated with the
higher frequency, the integer number of carrier wavelengths cannot be resolved, so Doppler
measurements do not allow estimation of absolute range. Range measurements are more
correctly measurements of round-trip light-time. For plotting residuals, the residual light
time (measured minus computed) is multiplied by the speed of light, and divided by two
to give approximate residual distance in meters. The range measurement accuracy is often
limited by a calibration of the signal path delay in the tracking station prior to each tracking pass[20,36]. Since this calibration error is common to all range measurements in the
tracking pass, there is only one statistically independent range point per pass. We therefore
use only one range point per tracking pass in our data reduction, and the number of range
measurements per spacecraft in Tables 13 reflects this.

19

Table 1. Observational data for the Moon and inner planets. The columns contain the observatory/source,
the time coverage, and the number of observations.
Planet

Class

Type

LLR

Range

Observatory/Spacecraft

Span

Number

Moon

McDonald 2.7 m

19691985

3451

MLRS/saddle

19841988

275

MLRS/Mt Fowlkes

19882007

2746

Haleakala

19841990

694

Observatoire de la Cte dAzur

19842012

9635

Matera

2004

Apache Point

20062012

11
1557

Mercury

Mariner 10

19741975

Spacecraft Range

MESSENGER

2011

Spacecraft 3D

MESSENGER

20082009

Radar

Arecibo

19671982

242

Goldstone

19721997

283

Haystack

19661971

217

Eupatoria

19801995

75

Goldstone

19891997

39

Radar

Range

Closure

2
242

Venus

Spacecraft Range

Venus Express

20062013

2158

Spacecraft VLBI

Venus Express

20072013

54

Magellan

19901994

18

Arecibo

19671970

227

Radar

Range

Goldstone

19701990

512

Haystack

19661971

330

Eupatoria

19621995

1134

Viking Lander 1

19761982

1178

Viking Lander 2

19761977

80

Mars Pathfinder

1997

90

Mars Global Surveyor

19992006

3067

Mars Odyssey

20022012

6009

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

20062012

1475

Mars Express

20052013

5321

Mars

20

Spacecraft Range

Mars Global Surveyor

20012003

15

Spacecraft VLBI

Mars Odyssey

20022013

77

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

20062013

59

Table 2. Observational data for Jupiter and Saturn. The columns contain the observatory/source,
the time coverage, and the number of observations.
Planet

Class

Type

Observatory/Spacecraft

Span

Number

Jupiter

Pioneer 10

1973

Spacecraft

Pioneer 11

1974

Voyager 1

1979

Voyager 2

1979

Ulysses

1992

Cassini

2000

Spacecraft

Galileo

19961997

24

Astrometric CCD

Flagstaff

19982012

342

Nikolaev

19621998

2586

La Palma

19861997

658

Washington

19141994

1705

Astrometric

3D

VLBI

Transit

Saturn

21

Spacecraft

Range

Cassini

20042013

131

Spacecraft

VLBI

Cassini

20042011

12

Spacecraft

3D

Voyager 1

1980

Voyager 2

1981

Flagstaff

19982012

5635

Astrometric

CCD

Table Mountain

20022009

1374

Nikolaev

19721994

1176

Astrometric

Yerkes

19101921

18

Astrometric Transit

Relative

Bordeaux

19871993

119

La Palma

19861997

730

Washington

19261993

1422

Table 3. Observational data for Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. The columns contain the observatory/source,
the time coverage, and the number of observations.
Planet

Class

Type

Observatory/Spacecraft

Span

Number
1

Uranus

Spacecraft

3D

Voyager 2

1986

Astrometric

CCD

Flagstaff

19952012

3892

Table Mountain

19982009

645

Nikolaev

19611998

430

Astrometric

Relative

Yerkes

19081922

21

Astrometric

Transit

Bordeaux

19851993

238

La Palma

19841997

1030

Washington

19261993

2043

Neptune

Spacecraft

3D

Voyager 2

1989

Astrometric

CCD

Flagstaff

19952012

4259

Table Mountain

19992012

832

Nikolaev

19611998

436

Astrometric

Relative

Yerkes

19041922

33

Astrometric

Transit

Bordeaux

19851993

183

La Palma

19841998

1106

Washington

19261993

1838

Flagstaff

19952012

995

Table Mountain

20012012

365

Pico dos Dias

19952012

5489

Astrometric Photographic

Pulkovo

19301992

53

Occultation

Various

20052012

19

Pluto

Astrometric

CCD

McDonald / 2.7 m
McDonald / Saddle
McDonald / Mt. Fowlkes

Cote dAzur
Haleakala
Matera

Apache Point

100

Dr, cm

50

50

100
1970.0

1980.0

1990.0
Year

2000.0

Figure 4. Lunar laser ranging measurement residuals.

22

2010.0

Spacecraft VLBI measurements are usually made using two widely separated tracking stations. The measurements are made using a modulation on the carrier signal (delta-differential one-way range) and give one component of the direction to the spacecraft [37]. The
angular component direction depends on the baseline used. The baseline from Goldstone,
California, to Madrid, Spain, is nearly parallel to the Earths equator, so measurements on
that baseline measure an angular component that is close to right ascension. The baseline
from Goldstone to Canberra, Australia, has an angle of about 45 deg relative to the equator
and so measures an angular component that is approximately mid-way between the right
ascension and declination directions. Residuals for single-baseline measurements are given
for each baseline. For Cassini, the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) was used, where the difference in time of arrival of the spacecraft carrier signal was used to determine both components of the direction to the spacecraft[38].
Radar measurements are measurements of the round-trip light-time from a radio telescope
to the surface of the inner planets. The topography of the planet was originally a significant
error source. Radar closure measurements are the difference in range measurements to the
same point on the surface made at different times in order to cancel the error in topography. The topography of the inner planets is now well known from radio and laser altimetry measurements from spacecraft. However, the radio range and VLBI measurements of
those spacecraft determine the orbits of the inner planets much more accurately than the
planetary radar measurements, so the planetary radar data are included here primarily for
historical comparison.
Astrometric measurements record the direction to the planet, namely, right ascension and
declination, based on imaging relative to a star field. The accuracy of the star catalog is
often the largest source of measurement error. We here use CCD to indicate more modern
observations using electronic detectors, generally referred to star catalogs based on the
Hipparcos mission launched in 1991 [39] that are referred to the ICRF2 through estimation of the positions of radio stars using VLBI [40]. Older measurements were taken using
photographic plates or transit methods, often referred to older star catalogs, though corrected
to the Hipparcos catalog in some fashion. Barnard [4157] measured the angular separation
between the outer planets and some of their satellites relative to angularly nearby stars at
Yerkes Observatory. The positions of those stars are taken from modern star catalogs, with
accuracies limited by knowledge of stellar proper motion.12 Transit observations cover a longer time span than the more modern spacecraft and astrometric measurements. Since the
measurement noise is relatively large for the transit measurements, they do not contribute
significantly to the ephemeris solution. The transit measurements are included mainly for
historical comparison.
Occultation measurements of Pluto are included here, where the right ascension and declination are determined from the timed disappearance and reappearance of a star by Pluto [58].

12

R. A. Jacobson, Visual Observations of the Outer Planets by E. E. Barnard, American Astronomical Society, Division of
Planetary Sciences meeting, Puerto Rico, 2009.

23

A. Mercury

For DE430 and DE431, the orbit of Mercury is primarily determined by range measurements to the MESSENGER spacecraft after entering orbit in early 2011 [59]. The residuals
for measurements processed are shown in Figure 5. The measurement residuals show some
signature at the Mercury orbit period that cannot be removed by the ephemeris dynamical model. The signature is due to limitations in the estimated spacecraft orbits relative to
Mercury. This will be improved with data from the second year of MESSENGER operations
that includes orbits with pericenter over the southern hemisphere.
Previously, the orbit of Mercury was best determined by range measurements to the Mariner10 spacecraft during its first two flybys in 1974 and 1975 [60], radar range from 1967
to 1997 [6164], and radio tracking of MESSENGER for three flybys in 2008 and 2009.
Residuals for these measurements are shown in Figures 68.

B. Venus

The orbit of Venus is primarily determined by range measurements to the Venus Express
spacecraft since 2006. Range residuals are shown in Figure 9. VLBI measurement of the
Magellan spacecraft from 1991 to 1995 and of the Venus Express spacecraft help determine
the orientation of the orbits of Earth and Venus with respect to the ICRF2 frame. These
VLBI data are less accurate than the Mars spacecraft VLBI measurements, primarily because
the modulation signal used on Magellan and Venus Express has a narrower bandwidth
than the signal used on the Martian orbiters. The Magellan and Venus Express VLBI residuals are shown in Figures 1011. Radar range measurements [61,6567] were the primary
data for determining the orbit of Venus prior to Venus Express mission. The radar measurement residuals are shown in Figure 12.

C. Mars

VLBI measurements of Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter provide the best determination of the orientation of the solar system with respect
to the ICRF2.13 The current accuracy is approaching the accuracy of the knowledge of the
positions of the radio sources used to define the frame. VLBI measurement accuracy has
been improved from 2001 to 2013 through digitization of signals at the radio telescopes
at intermediate frequencies and the availability of wider digital data bandwidths that allow an improved signal-to-noise ratio. Residuals for the VLBI measurements are shown in
Figures1314.
Radio tracking of spacecraft landed on Mars or in orbit about Mars extends from 1976 to
the present. The large amount of data available and the proximity of the Mars orbit to the
asteroid belt provide a continuously increasing sensitivity to asteroid mass parameters
[7,17,20,6870]. Although the increasing set of range measurements is improving the ability to predict the orbit of Mars, continued tracking is required to maintain the current orbit accuracy. Residuals for range measurements to Martian landers and orbiters are shown
in Figures 1520.

13

24

W. M. Folkner and J. S. Border, Linking the Planetary Ephemeris to the International Celestial Reference Frame,
Highlights of Astronomy, vol. 16 (in press).

100

Dr, m

50
0
50
100
2011.0

2011.2

2011.4

2011.6

Year

2011.8

2012.0

Figure 5. Range measurement residuals for MESSENGER spacecraft in orbit about Mercury.
(b)

200

100

2
Dr, km

Dr, m

(a)

100

200

1974.0

1975.0
Year

1976.0

1990.0

1995.0
Year

2000.0

Figure 6. (a) Range residuals for Mariner 10 spacecraft; (b) Mercury radar closure residuals.

10

Arecibo

Dr, km

Haystack

Goldstone

Eupatoria

0
5

10
1965.0

1975.0

1985.0

1995.0

100

50

0
2
4

Dr, m

Dd, mas

Da, mas

Figure 7. Residuals for radar range measurements for Mercury.

0
3

2008.0

2009.0

2010.0

50
2008.0

2009.0

2010.0

100

Figure 8. Residuals for MESSENGER flybys of Mercury.

25

2008.0

2009.0

2010.0

40

Dr, m

20
0
20
40
2006.0

2007.0

2008.0

2009.0
Year

2010.0

2011.0

2012.0

2013.0

Figure 9. Residuals for range measurement to Venus Express.

10

(a)

10
5
Dq, mas

Dq, mas

(b)

0
5

0
5

10

1991.0

10
1994.0

1994.0

Year

1995.0

Year

Figure 10. VLBI residuals for Magellan. (a) GoldstoneCanberra baseline; (b) GoldstoneMadrid baseline.

(a)

8
4
Dq, mas

Dq, mas

(b)

0
4

0
4

8
2007.0

2008.0

8
2007.0

2009.0

Year

2011.0

2013.0

Year

Figure 11. VLBI residuals for Venus Express. (a) GoldstoneCanberra baseline; (b) New NorciaCebreros baseline.

10

Dr, km

Arecibo

Haystack

Goldstone

Eupatoria

0
5

10
1965.0

1975.0

1985.0

Figure 12. Residuals for radar range measurements for Venus.

26

1995.0

Dq, mas

1
0
1
2
2001.0

2003.0

2005.0

2007.0
Year

2009.0

2011.0

2013.0

Figure 13. Mars orbiter VLBI residuals on Goldstone-Madrid baseline.

2

Dq, mas

1
0
1
2
2001.0

2003.0

2005.0

2007.0
Year

2009.0

2011.0

2013.0

Figure 14. Mars orbiter VLBI residuals on Goldstone-Canberra baseline.

40
Dr, m

20
0
20
40
1976.0

1977.0

1978.0

1979.0

1980.0
Year

1981.0

1982.0

1983.0

1984.0

Figure 15. Viking Lander 1 range residuals.

(a)

20

40

15
10
Dr, m

Dr, m

20
0
20

5
0
5
10
15

40
1976.0

(b)

1977.0

Year

1978.0

1979.0

20
1977.0

Year

Figure 16. (a) Viking Lander 2 and (b) Mars Pathfinder range residuals.
27

1998.0

20
Dr, m

10
0

10
20
1999.0

2001.0

2003.0

2005.0

Year

2007.0

2009.0

2011.0

2013.0

2011.0

2013.0

Figure 17. Residuals for range measurement to Mars Global Surveyor.

20
Dr, m

10
0

10
20
1999.0

2001.0

2003.0

2005.0

Year

2007.0

2009.0

Figure 18. Residuals for range measurement to Mars Odyssey.

20
Dr, m

10
0

10
20
1999.0

2001.0

2003.0

2005.0

Year

2007.0

2009.0

2011.0

2013.0

Figure 19. Residuals for range measurement to Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

20
Dr, m

10
0

10
20
1999.0

2001.0

2003.0

2005.0

Year

2007.0

2009.0

Figure 20. Residuals for range measurement to Mars Express.

28

2011.0

2013.0

D. Jupiter

The orbit of Jupiter is less well determined than the orbits of the inner planets and Saturn.
The only spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, Galileo, was not able to use the high-gain antenna
and so was not able to support range measurements. VLBI measurements of the Galileo
spacecraft were made, but with relatively low accuracy due to limitations on the modulations available on the low-gain antenna. The orbit of Jupiter is determined by radio tracking of spacecraft that flew past Jupiter, and by astrometric data, with each of these data
sets contributing approximately equally. Residuals for the spacecraft flyby data are shown
in Figures2123 and for the Galileo VLBI data in Figure 24. Because Jupiter is resolved by
telescopes, its astrometric position is better determined by observations of its satellites. We
include measurements of the four Galilean satellites, which have orbits with respect to Jupiter that are most accurately determined. Residuals for CCD astrometric measurements are
shown in Figures 2532 from the U. S. Naval Observatory [7177], Table Mountain Observatory, and Nikolaev Observatory [78]. Figures 3334 show residuals for transit observations
from the La Palma Observatory [79] and the U. S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C.

E. Saturn

The orbit of Saturn is most accurately determined from radio range and VLBI measurements
of the Cassini spacecraft. The period of the Cassini orbit about Saturn varies from 14 days
to 28 days, which is much longer than the tracking passes and longer than the period of
spacecraft orbits about the inner planets. For DE421, the process used to determine ranges
to Saturn from Cassini data for the first three years after entering orbit about Saturn in 2004
showed systematic effects in range residuals. These were determined to be caused by use
of the range measurements along with Doppler measurements to determine the spacecraft
orbits relative to Saturn. For DE430, we have used spacecraft orbits that were fit without the
range data, allowing the range measurements to be used to determine the orbit of Saturn.
We have found that range measurements are strongly correlated for each orbit segment,
where the ends of the orbit segments are defined by a Saturn pericenter or a major maneuver used to change the spacecraft orbit. We therefore use only one range measurement per
orbit segment. Figure 35 shows the Cassini range measurement residuals. The range residuals are larger for the latter part of the mission, where the spacecraft orbit period is generally
shortest, so there is less Doppler data in each orbit segment, leading to larger uncertainties
in spacecraft orbit determination. The residuals for the VLBA observations of Cassini are
shown in Figures 3637.
Figure 38 shows residuals for the estimated position of Saturn from radio measurements
of the Voyager spacecraft during their flybys. Astrometric observations of Saturn do not
contribute much to the planetary ephemeris, but are included to assess them relative to the
radio measurements. Figures 3950 show residuals for CCD astrometric measurements of
Saturn. Figure 51 shows residuals from relative astrometric measurements from Yerkes Observatory. Figures 5254 show residuals for transit observations from Bordeaux Observatory,
the La Palma Observatory, and the U. S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C.

29

Da, mas

40

Pioneer 10

20

Voyager 1

Cassini

Ulysses
Voyager 2

20

Pioneer 11

40
1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

Year

2000.0

Figure 21. Right ascension residuals from spacecraft flybys of Jupiter.

Dd, mas

40

Pioneer 10

20

Voyager 1

Voyager 2

20
40

Ulysses

Cassini

Pioneer 11

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

Year

2000.0

Figure 22. Declination residuals from spacecraft flybys of Jupiter.

Dr, km

2
0
2
4

Voyager 1

Ulysses
Voyager 2

Cassini

Pioneer 11

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

Year

2000.0

Figure 23. Range residuals from spacecraft flybys of Jupiter.

30

(a)

30
15
Dq, mas

Dq, mas

15
0

15
30
1996.0

(b)

15
1997 .0
Year

1998.0

30
1996.0

1997 .0

1998.0

Year

Figure 24. VLBI residuals for Galileo spacecraft in orbit about Jupiter. (a) GoldstoneMadrid baseline;
(b) GoldstoneCanberra baseline.
30

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 25. Residuals from astrometric observations of Io by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 26. Residuals from astrometric observations of Europa by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 27. Residuals from astrometric observations of Ganymede by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 28. Residuals from astrometric observations of Callisto by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

31

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Year

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Figure 29. Residuals from astrometric observations of Io by Nikolaev Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Year

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Figure 30. Residuals from astrometric observations of Europa by Nikolaev Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Year

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Figure 31. Residuals from astrometric observations of Ganymede by Nikolaev Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5
1960.0

0.0

0.5
1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Year

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

Figure 32. Residuals from astrometric observations of Callisto by Nikolaev Observatory.

32

2000.0

1
Dd,

Da,

0
1

0
1

2
1985.0

1990.0

1995.0

2
1985.0

2000.0

1990.0

1995.0

2000.0

Year

1
Dd,

Da,

Figure 33. Residuals from astrometric observations of Jupiter by La Palma Observatory.

0
1

0
1

2
1925.0

1960.0

2
1925.0

1995.0

1960.0

1995.0

Year
Figure 34. Residuals from transit observations of Jupiter by U. S. Naval Observatory in Washington.

100

Dr, m

50
0
50
100
2004.0

2006.0

2008.0

Year

2010.0

2012.0

2014.0

Figure 35. Range residuals from Cassini in orbit about Saturn.

Da, mas

1
0
1
2
2004.0

2006.0

2008.0
Year

2010.0

Figure 36. Right ascension residuals from VLBA observations of Cassini at Saturn.

33

2012.0

Da, mas

1
0
1
2
2004.0

2006.0

2008.0

2010.0

Year

2012.0

Figure 37. Declination residuals from VLBA observations of Cassini at Saturn.

Voyager 2

0
20
40

500
Voyager 1

0
Voyager 2

Voyager 1

1980.0

1981.0
Year

1982.0

200
1980.0

Voyager 1

250
Dr, m

Da, mas

20

Dd, mas

200

40

1981.0
Year

1982.0

Voyager 2

250
500
1980.0

1981.0
Year

1982.0

Figure 38. Residuals from Voyager 1 and 2 flybys of Saturn.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5
1995.0

0.0

0.5
2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

Figure 39. Residuals from astrometric observations of Dione by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

Figure 40. Residuals from astrometric observations of Rhea by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

34

2015.0

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 41. Residuals from astrometric observations of Titan by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5
1995.0

0.0

0.5
2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 42. Residuals from astrometric observations of Iapetus by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5
1960.0

0.0

0.5
1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Year

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Figure 43. Residuals from astrometric observations of Tethys by Nikolaev Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5
1960.0

0.0

0.5
1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Year

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

Figure 44. Residuals from astrometric observations of Dione by Nikolaev Observatory.

35

2000.0

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Year

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Figure 45. Residuals from astrometric observations of Rhea by Nikolaev Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Year

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Figure 46. Residuals from astrometric observations of Titan by Nikolaev Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

Year
Figure 47. Residuals from astrometric observations of Rhea by Table Mountain Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

Year
Figure 48. Residuals from astrometric observations of Titan by Table Mountain Observatory.

36

2013.0

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

Year
Figure 49. Residuals from astrometric observations of Hyperion by Table Mountain Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

Year
Figure 50. Residuals from astrometric observations of Iapetus by Table Mountain Observatory.

0.8

0.8
d Dp,

1.5

Dd,

1.5

0.8
1.5
1910.0

0.8
1915.0

1920.0

1925.0

1.5
1910.0

1915.0

1920.0

1925.0

Year
Figure 51. Residuals of angular distance d and distance times position angle p of Saturn from Yerkes Observatory.

37

1
Dd,

Da,

2
1985.0

1987.5

1990.0

1992.5

2
1985.0

1995.0

1987.5

1990.0

1992.5

1995.0

Year

1
Dd,

Da,

Figure 52. Residuals from transit observations of Saturn by Bordeaux Observatory.

2
1985.0

1990.0

1995.0

2
1985.0

2000.0

1990.0

1995.0

2000.0

Year

1
Dd,

Da,

Figure 53. Residuals from astrometric observations of Saturn by La Palma Observatory.

0
1

0
1

2
1925.0

1960.0

2
1925.0

1995.0

1960.0

Year
Figure 54. Residuals from transit observations of Saturn by U. S. Naval Observatory in Washington.

38

1995.0

F. Uranus and Neptune

All measurements of Uranus and Neptune are astrometric except for flybys by the Voyager2
spacecraft in 1986 and 1989, respectively, that give a three-dimensional radio-tracking position for one time for each planet. The astrometric data include measurements of the planets
themselves and of their major satellites that have accurate enough orbits with respect to
the planet: Titania and Oberon for Uranus and Triton for Neptune. The measurements for
Uranus cover more than one orbit, giving a fairly well constrained orbit estimate. Measurements of Neptune cover less then one orbit, so the uncertainty in some orbital elements
is more than one order of magnitude larger than for Uranus. The residuals of the Uranus
measurements are shown in Figures 5566 and for Neptune in Figures 6776.

G. Pluto

Plutos orbit has been determined from ground-based astrometric data only. Measurements
from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) are used to determine the relative orbits of Pluto
and its satellites. Most HST observations of the Pluto system do not give positions relative
to stars, and those that do are limited by the accuracy of star catalogs and are not much
better than ground-based measurements. Like Neptune, measurements of Pluto cover less
than one orbit, so several orbit elements, such as the semi-major axis, are relatively poorly
known. The astrometric data used here are from the U. S. Naval Observatory [7177], the
Pulkovo Observatory [80], the Observatrio do Pico dos Dias,14 and Table Mountain Observatory. Other astrometric data for Pluto used for DE421 were not included here, since they
were of limited time span and used star catalogs not easily corrected to the ICRF2 frame. In
addition to the astrometric data, occultation timing measurements that determine the angular position of Pluto have been included [58]. Residuals for the astrometric data are given
in Figures 7780 and for the occultation measurements in Figure 81.

VI. Initial Conditions and Constants

The values of many of the constants used in the equations of motion are estimated along
with the initial conditions for the Sun, Moon, and planets where alternative estimates are
not sufficiently accurate. Values used for the integration of DE430 are given below. The values are given in double precision, which is sufficient to reproduce the integration. However,
most values have uncertainties that are much larger than the number of digits indicate.
Table 4 lists the values of the speed of light and the astronomical unit that are defining
constants for DE430 and DE431. The values of the PPN parameters b and c were held fixed
at their nominal values. The initial positions and velocities of the Moon and planets relative to the Sun were estimated as part of the ephemeris fit. The position and velocity of the
Sun were adjusted to have the barycenter at the integration origin at the initial time, which
is the TDB-compatible Julian day 2440400.5. The positions and velocities of the Earth and
Moon with respect to the integration center were input using the EarthMoon barycenter
with respect to the solar system barycenter and the Moon with respect to the Earth. The
initial conditions for the Sun and planets are given in Table 5, and for the Moon in Table 6.
14

39

G. Benedetti-Rossi et al., Astronomy and Astrophysics, submitted, 2014.

20

20

75

0
20
40
1985.0

Dr, m

150

Dd, mas

40

Da, mas

40

20
1986.0
Year

1987.0

0
75

40
1985.0

1986.0
Year

1987.0

150
1985.0

1986.0
Year

1987.0

Figure 55. Residuals from Voyager 2 flyby of Uranus.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 56. Residuals from astrometric observations of Uranus by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

1995.0

Year

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 57. Residuals from astrometric observations of Titania by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5
1995.0

0.0

0.5
2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 58. Residuals from astrometric observations of Oberon by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

40

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Year
Figure 59. Residuals from astrometric observations of Uranus by Nikolaev Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

Year
Figure 60. Residuals from astrometric observations of Uranus by Table Mountain Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

Year
Figure 61. Residuals from astrometric observations of Titania by Table Mountain Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

Year
Figure 62. Residuals from astrometric observations of Oberon by Table Mountain Observatory.

41

2013.0

0.8

0.8
d Dp,

1.5

Dd,

1.5

0.8

0.8

1.5
1900.0

1910.0

1.5
1900.0
Year

1920.0

1910.0

1920.0

1
Dd,

Da,

Figure 63. Residuals of angular distance d and distance times position angle p of Uranus from Yerkes Observatory.

0
1

0
1

2
1985.0

1987.5

1990.0

1992.5

2
1985.0

1995.0

1987.5

1990.0

1992.5

1995.0

Year

1
Dd,

Da,

Figure 64. Residuals from transit observations of Uranus by Bordeaux Observatory.

0
1

0
1

2
1985.0

1990.0

1995.0

2
1985.0

2000.0

1990.0

1995.0

2000.0

Year

1
Dd,

Da,

Figure 65. Residuals from astrometric observations of Uranus by La Palma Observatory.

0
1
2
1925.0

0
1

1960.0

2
1925.0

1995.0

1960.0

Year
Figure 66. Residuals from transit observations of Uranus by U. S. Naval Observatory in Washington.

42

1995.0

20

20

20

0
20

Dr, m

40

Dd, mas

40

Da, mas

40

20

40
1989.0

Year

1990.0

0
20

40
1989.0

1990.0

Year

40
1989.0

Year

1990.0

Figure 67. Residuals from Voyager 2 flyby of Neptune.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 68. Residuals from astrometric observations of Neptune by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 69. Residuals from astrometric observations of Triton by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5
1960.0

0.0

0.5
1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

2000.0

Year

1960.0

1970.0

1980.0

1990.0

Figure 70. Residuals from astrometric observations of Neptune by Nikolaev Observatory.

43

2000.0

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

Year
Figure 71. Residuals from astrometric observations of Neptune by Table Mountain Observatory.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

Year
Figure 72. Residuals from astrometric observations of Triton by Table Mountain Observatory.

0.8

0.8
d Dp,

1.5

Dd,

1.5

0.8

0.8

1.5
1900.0

1910.0

1920.0

1.5
1900.0
Year

1910.0

1920.0

1
Dd,

Da,

Figure 73. Residuals of angular distance d and distance times position angle p of Neptune
from Yerkes Observatory.

0
1
2
1985.0

0
1

1987.5

1990.0

1992.5

2
1985.0

1995.0

1987.5

1990.0

1992.5

Year
Figure 74. Residuals from transit observations of Neptune by Bordeaux Observatory.

44

1995.0

1
Dd,

Da,

2
1985.0

1990.0

1995.0

2
1985.0

2000.0

1990.0

1995.0

2000.0

Year

1
Dd,

Da,

Figure 75. Residuals from astrometric observations of Neptune by La Palma Observatory.

2
1925.0

1960.0

2
1925.0

1995.0

1960.0

1995.0

Year
Figure 76. Residuals from transit observations of Neptune by U. S. Naval Observatory in Washington.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Year

1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

2015.0

Figure 77. Residuals from astrometric observations of Pluto by U. S. Naval Observatory at Flagstaff.

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

2013.0

Year

1998.0

2002.0

2005.0

2009.0

Figure 78. Residuals from astrometric observations of Pluto by Table Mountain Observatory.

45

2013.0

0.5

Dd,

Da,

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5
1995.0

1999.0

2003.0

2007.0

2011.0

1995.0

Year

1999.0

2003.0

2007.0

2011.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5
Dd,

Da,

Figure 79. Residuals from astrometric observations of Pluto by Pico dos Dias Observatory.

0.5
1.0

0.5
1940.0

1960.0

1990.0

1.0
Year

1940.0

1960.0

1990.0

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2
Dd,

Da, cosd,

Figure 80. Residuals from astrometric observations of Pluto by Pulkovo Observatory.

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.6
1995.0

2000.0

2005.0

2010.0

0.6
1995.0
Year

2000.0

Figure 81. Residuals from occultation observations of Pluto.

46

2005.0

2010.0

Table 4. Defining constants.

299792.458 km/s

Speed of light

au

149597870.700 km

Astronomical unit

1.0

PPN parameter

1.0

PPN parameter

Table 5. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the Sun and planets at Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5
(June 28, 1969), given with respect to the integration origin in the ICRF2 frame.
Sun

x, y, z 0.00450250878464055477 0.00076707642709100705 0.00026605791776697764

v x, v y, v z 0.00000035174953607552 0.00000517762640983341 0.00000222910217891203

Mercury x, y, z 0.36176271656028195477 0.09078197215676599295 0.08571497256275117236

v x, v y, v z 0.00336749397200575848 0.02489452055768343341 0.01294630040970409203

x, y, z 0.61275194083507215477 0.34836536903362219295 0.19527828667594382236
Venus

v x, v y, v z 0.01095206842352823448 0.01561768426786768341 0.00633110570297786403

EM Bary x, y, z 0.12051741410138465477 0.92583847476914859295 0.40154022645315222236

v x, v y, v z 0.01681126830978379448 0.00174830923073434441 0.00075820289738312913

x, y, z 0.11018607714879824523 1.32759945030298299295 0.60588914048429142236
Mars
v
,
v

x y, v z 0.01448165305704756448 0.00024246307683646861 0.00028152072792433877

x, y, z 5.37970676855393644523 0.83048132656339789295 0.22482887442656542236

v
,
v

x y, v z 0.00109201259423733748 0.00651811661280738459 0.00282078276229867897
x, y, z 7.89439068290953155477 4.59647805517127300705 1.55869584283189997764
Saturn
v
,
v

x y, v z 0.00321755651650091552 0.00433581034174662541 0.00192864631686015503
Jupiter

x, y, z 18.26540225387235944523 1.16195541867586999295 0.25010605772133802236

v x, v y, v z 0.00022119039101561468 0.00376247500810884459 0.00165101502742994997

Uranus

Neptune x, y, z 16.05503578023336944523 23.94219155985470899295 9.40015796880239402236

v x, v y, v z 0.00264276984798005548 0.00149831255054097759 0.00067904196080291327

Pluto

x, y, z 30.48331376718383944523 0.87240555684104999295 8.91157617249954997764

v x, v y, v z 0.00032220737349778078 0.00314357639364532859 0.00107794975959731297

Table 6. Initial position (au) and velocity (au/day) of the Moon at Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5
(June 28, 1969), given with respect to Earth in the ICRF2 frame.
Moon

47

x, y, z 0.00080817735147818490 0.00199462998549701300 0.00108726268307068900

v x, v y, v z 0.00060108481561422370 0.00016744546915764980 0.00008556214140094871

The initial Euler angles and angular velocities for the lunar mantle and the initial angular
velocities for the core were estimated as part of the ephemeris fit and are given in Table 7.
The Euler angles rotate from the ICRF2 frame to the mantle or core frame, respectively. The
angular velocities of the mantle and core are given in the mantle frame.
The mass parameters of the planetary systems are most accurately estimated from radio
tracking data from spacecraft encounters, while the mass of the Pluto system is most accurately determined by observations of the Pluto system by the Hubble Space Telescope.
The planetary system mass parameters that were used are listed in Table 8, and are consistent with the values adopted by the IAU[81]. The mass parameter of the Sun was held fixed
as described in Section II.D. The mass parameters of the Earth and Moon were estimated.
LLR data are sensitive to the sum of the Earth and Moon mass parameters, while ranging
measurements to spacecraft are sensitive to the ratio of the mass of the Earth to the mass
of the Moon. The estimated mass of the Earth agrees within uncertainties with estimates
from satellite laser ranging [8284]. The estimated mass parameter of the Moon agrees with
independent estimates from the GRAIL mission within uncertainties [85,86].15
The extended body parameters of the Sun are given in Table 9. The solar radius is a nominal
value [87] and the pole direction is from [88]. J 2 9 was estimated. However, since the effect
of LenseThirring precession due to the angular momentum of the Sun was not included
in the dynamical model, the value estimated should be reduced by ~7percent to represent
the actual solar gravity field [89].
The extended body parameters of the Earth and Moon are given in Tables 10 and 11. These
are described in more detail elsewhere.16 The radius and zonal gravity coefficients for the
Earth, including a rate of change in J 2, were taken from [18]. The Earth Love numbers k 20,E ,
k 21,E , and k 22,E include a solid body contribution taken from [18] and a correction from
an ocean model. Two time-lags for tidal deformation, the correction to the direction of
the rotation axis direction at epoch J2000.0 and the linear rates in rotation axis direction,
were estimated. Of the lunar extended body parameters, the quantities, b L, c L, x m, fc, and

k vc have been estimated from the LLR data fit. Ju 2,M , k2M , and the higher degree and order

lunar gravity harmonic coefficients are estimates from the GRAIL mission [85]. The timedependent values of the degree-2 gravity harmonic coefficients, J 2,M , C 2, 2M , C 2, 1M , S 2, 1M ,
and S 2, 2M were computed from the (time-varying) lunar moment of inertia tensor. The ratio
of the core moment of inertia to the total moment of inertia of the undistorted Moon, a c ,
was constrained to a previously determined value.
A set of 343 asteroids that have the largest perturbation on the orbit of Mars has been included in the integration. For DE430 and DE431, the positions of the asteroids were integrated iteratively with the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets. The mass parameters
of the 343 asteroids were estimated individually with apriori values and uncertainties. The
majority of the constraints were based on radiometric measurements of asteroid diameters
15

J. G. Williams, A. S. Konopliv, D. H. Boggs, R. S. Park, D.-N. Yuan, et al., Lunar Interior Properties from the GRAIL Mission, Journal of Geophysical Research, submitted.
16

J. G. Williams, D. H. Boggs, and W. M. Folkner, DE430 Lunar Orbit, Physical Librations and Surface Coordinates,
JPL Interoffice Memorandum 335-JW,DB,WF-20130722-016 (internal document), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,
California, July 22, 2013.

48

Table 7. Lunar mantle and core initial Euler angles (radian) and angular velocities (radian/day) at Julian day
(TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969). Note that the core angular velocity is expressed in the mantle frame.
z m, i m, } m

0.00512830031411853500 0.38239278420173690000 1.29416700274878300000

~ m, x, ~ m, y, ~ m, z 0.00004573724185991433 0.00000218986174567295

0.22994486018992250000

z c, i c , } c

0.00241990927040684100 0.41101946488652730000 0.46309468558363680000

~ c, x, ~ c, y, ~ c, z 0.00661836772247824400 0.00107295445159005100 0.22964879652299730000

Table 8. Mass parameters of major bodies.

Body

49

GM, au3/day2

GM 9 /GM body

GM, km3/s2

Sun

0.295912208285591100E03

1.000000

132712440041.939400

Mercury

0.491248045036476000E10

6023682.155592

22031.780000

Venus

0.724345233264412000E09

408523.718658

324858.592000

Earth

0.888769244512563400E09

332946.048834

398600.435436

Mars

0.954954869555077000E10

3098703.590291

42828.375214

Jupiter

0.282534584083387000E06

1047.348625

126712764.800000

Saturn

0.845970607324503000E07

3497.901768

37940585.200000

Uranus

0.129202482578296000E07

22902.981613

5794548.600000

Neptune

0.152435734788511000E07

19412.259776

6836527.100580

Pluto

0.217844105197418000E11

135836683.768617

977.000000

Moon

0.109318945074237400E10

27068703.241203

4902.800066

Table 9. Extended body parameters for the Sun.

R9

J 2, 9

ap, 9
dp, 9

696000.0

radius, km

2.1106088532726840E07
268.13

Dynamical formfactor of the Sun

Right ascension of spin axis direction, deg

63.87

Declination of spin axis direction, deg

Table 10. Extended body parameters for the Earth.

RE
J2E

6378.1363
0.00108262545

Radius, km
Zonal harmonics of the Earth

J3E 0.00000253241
J4E

0.000001616

d (J2E ) /dt

2.60E11

k20,E

0.335

Potential Love number for longperiod deformation

k21,E

0.32

Potential Love number for diurnal deformation

k22,E

0.32

Potential Love number for semidiurnal deformation

x0l

0.0640

Orbital timelag for longperiod deformation, days

x1l

0.0044

Orbital timelag for diurnal deformation, days

x2l

0.1000

Orbital timelag for semidiurnal deformation, days

x0

0.0

Rotational timelag for longperiod deformation, days

x1

7.3632190228041890E03

Rotational timelag for dirunal deformation, days

x2

2.5352978633388720E03

Rotational timelag for semidiurnal deformation, days

Ux
0
Uy

5.6754203322893470E03

Xaxis rotation at J2000.0,

50

Rate of change of J2E , yr1

1.7022656914989530E02

d Ux /dt

2.7689915574483550E04

d Uy /dt

1.2118591216559240E03

Yaxis rotation at J2000.0,

Negative obliquity rate correction, /yr
Precession rate correction times sine of obliquity, /yr

Table 11. Extended body parameters for the Moon.

RM

6.3102131934887270E04

bL
cL

1738.0

Radius, km

k 2,M

0.024059

Potential love number

xM

9.5830547273306690E02

Timelag for the solidbody tide, days

ac

0.0007

Ratio of polar moment of inertia of core to mean total

Lunar moment parameters

2.2773171480091860E04

polar moment of inertia

51

fc

2.4623904789198150E04

Oblateness of core

k v /CT

1.6365616533709530E08

Friction coefficient between core and mantle, radian/day

uJ2,M

2.0321568464952570E04

Undistorted 2nd zonal harmonic coefficient

J3,M

8.4597026974594570E06

Zonal harmonic coefficients

J4,M

9.7044138365700000E06

J5,M

7.4221608384052890E07

J6,M

1.3767531350969900E05

S3, 1,M

5.8915551555318640E06

S3, 2,M

1.6844743962783900E06

S3, 3,M

2.4742714379805760E07

S4, 1,M

1.5789202789245720E06

S4, 2,M

1.5153915796731720E06

S4, 3,M

8.0349266627431070E07

S4, 4,M

8.2964257754075220E08

S5, 1,M

3.5272289393243820E06

S5, 2,M

1.7107886673430380E07

S5, 3,M

2.8736257616334340E07

S5, 4,M

5.2652110720146800E10

S5, 5,M

6.7824035473995330E09

S6, 1,M

2.0453507141252220E06

S6, 2,M

2.6966834353574270E07

S6, 3,M

7.1063745295915780E08

S6, 4,M

1.5361616966632300E08

S6, 5,M

8.3465073195142520E09

S6, 6,M

1.6844213702632920E09

C3, 1,M

2.8480741195592860E05

C3, 2,M

4.8449420619770600E06

C3, 3,M

1.6756178134114570E06

C4, 1,M

5.7048697319733210E06

C4, 2,M

1.5912271792977430E06

C4, 3,M

8.0678881596778210E08

C4, 4,M

1.2692158612216040E07

C5, 1,M

8.6629769308983560E07

C5, 2,M

7.1199537967353330E07

C5, 3,M

1.5399750424904520E08

C5, 4,M

2.1444704319218450E08

C5, 5,M

7.6596153884006140E09

C6, 1,M

1.2024363601545920E06

C6, 2,M

5.4703897324156850E07

C6, 3,M

6.8785612757292010E08

C6, 4,M

1.2915580402925160E09

C6, 5,M

1.1737698784460500E09

C6, 6,M 1.0913395178881540E09

Tesseral harmonic coefficients

provided by the WISE and SIMPS surveys [9,10]. In a similar previous analysis [7], information on individual asteroid mass parameters was excluded, to allow independent estimates
based on the range data to Martian spacecraft. For DE430 and DE431, asteroid mass parameter estimates from other techniques were included as apriori constraints. Estimates were
included based on close encounters between asteroids [90,91], masses of binary asteroids
[9295], and masses determined from radio tracking of spacecraft directly affected by the
gravity of individual asteroids [9699]. The mass parameters used for DE430/DE431 are
given in Table 12. The initial positions and velocities of the asteroids were taken from the
Horizons online solar system data service [13] and are given in Table 13.

Acknowledgments

The planetary ephemeris accuracies are limited by the accuracy of measurements to which
they are fit. These measurements are the results of the efforts of dozens of observers and
hundreds of dedicated scientists and engineers operating the many spacecraft missions to
the Moon and planets. We would like to thank especially the following for directly delivering measurements for inclusion in the ephemeris development: Tom Murphy, Peter
Shelus, Randy Ricklefs, Jerry Wiant, Jean-Marie Torre, and colleagues for recent lunar laser
ranging data; Tony Taylor, Maria Zuber, and Dave Smith for detailed information on the
MESSENGER spacecraft dynamics; Alex Konopliv for producing range measurements adjusted to the central body for MESSENGER, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; Jim Border for the Magellan and Mars spacecraft VLBI measurements;
Trevor Morely, Frank Budnik, and colleagues for Venus Express and Mars Express range and
Venus Express VLBI measurements; Bob Jacobson for reduction of Voyager, Pioneer, and
Cassini spacecraft tracking data; Hugh Harris and Alice Monet for observations of the outer
planets at the U. S. Naval Observatory in Flagstaff; Bill Owen for observations of the outer
planets from Table Mountain Observatory; Julio Camargo, Gustavo Benedetti-Rossi, Felipe
Braga Ribas, Marcelo Assafin, Alex Dias-Oliveira, and Roberto Vieira Martins for observations of Pluto from Observatrio do Pico dos Dias; Bruno Sicardy and Marcelo Assafin for
recent occultation measurements of the position of Pluto. This work is also greatly indebted
to the earlier work by Myles Standish and Skip Newhall, who created much of the software
for the development of the ephemerides.

52

Table 12. Mass parameters of asteroids (1 of 7).

Number

53

Name

GM, au3/day2

GM ast /GM 9

GM, km3/s2

Ceres

0.140047655617234400E12

4.73E10

62.809393

Pallas

0.310444819893871300E13

1.05E10

13.923011

Juno

0.361753831714793700E14

1.22E11

1.622415

Vesta

0.385475018780881000E13

1.30E10

17.288009

Astraea

0.374873628455203200E15

1.27E12

0.168126

Hebe

0.831241921267337200E15

2.81E12

0.3728

Iris

0.213643444257140700E14

7.22E12

0.958161

Flora

0.589425652970690800E15

1.99E12

0.264349

Metis

0.107784100424073000E14

3.64E12

0.483396

10

Hygiea

0.123580078729412500E13

4.18E11

5.542392

11

Parthenope

0.133153625545997500E14

4.50E12

0.597175

12

Victoria

0.193177578518292000E15

6.53E13

0.086637

13

Egeria

0.179700489450744600E14

6.07E12

0.805931

14

Irene

0.110064567957506800E14

3.72E12

0.493624

15

Eunomia

0.467830741835090500E14

1.58E11

2.098155

16

Psyche

0.341158682619381200E14

1.15E11

1.530048

17

Thetis

0.208150639646973800E15

7.03E13

0.093353

18

Melpomene

0.200892773665113200E15

6.79E13

0.090098

19

Fortuna

0.103564484013119400E14

3.50E12

0.464472

20

Massalia

0.919980747763091100E16

3.11E13

0.04126

21

Lutetia

0.252944287204099900E15

8.55E13

0.113442

22

Kalliope

0.120262444348346000E14

4.06E12

0.53936

23

Thalia

0.189533176041978300E15

6.41E13

0.085003

24

Themis

0.189390166752538200E14

6.40E12

0.849388

25

Phocaea

0.723984152236621100E16

2.45E13

0.03247

26

Proserpina

0.163734395226108400E15

5.53E13

0.073433

27

Euterpe

0.388800389854578800E15

1.31E12

0.174371

28

Bellona

0.292627274429452800E15

9.89E13

0.131239

29

Amphitrite

0.197584236512452000E14

6.68E12

0.886137

30

Urania

0.148201901643752900E15

5.01E13

0.066466

31

Euphrosyne

0.634328047364860200E14

2.14E11

2.844872

32

Pomona

0.119958501623344000E15

4.05E13

0.0538

34

Circe

0.294454129152128600E15

9.95E13

0.132059

35

Leukothea

0.235225617324184100E15

7.95E13

0.105495

36

Atalante

0.169706001840970900E15

5.74E13

0.076111

37

Fides

0.218562057711305600E15

7.39E13

0.098022

38

Leda

0.132328596474676800E15

4.47E13

0.059348

39

Laetitia

0.149751968255670100E14

5.06E12

0.671616

40

Harmonia

0.295241408030842200E15

9.98E13

0.132412

41

Daphne

0.932422376219886900E15

3.15E12

0.418178

42

Isis

0.276531664347438100E15

9.35E13

0.124021

43

Ariadne

0.727539385334071200E16

2.46E13

0.032629

44

Nysa

0.468864072012922000E16

1.58E13

0.021028

45

Eugenia

0.842567801856793400E15

2.85E12

0.37788

46

Hestia

0.327280000000000000E15

1.11E12

0.14678

47

Aglaja

0.554352356159888900E15

1.87E12

0.248619

48

Doris

0.253109172601506800E14

8.55E12

1.135159

49

Pales

0.754948162931440200E16

2.55E13

0.033858

50

Virginia

0.163332639111751800E15

5.52E13

0.073252

Table 12. Mass parameters of asteroids. (Continued: 2 of 7)

Number

54

Name

GM, au3/day2

GM ast /GM 9

GM, km3/s2

51

Nemausa

0.257054911335314500E15

8.69E13

0.115285

52

Europa

0.247678810125586700E14

8.37E12

1.110804

53

Kalypso

0.623924331077516500E16

2.11E13

0.027982

54

Alexandra

0.562417365019245900E15

1.90E12

0.252236

56

Melete

0.369928831270212600E15

1.25E12

0.165908

57

Mnemosyne

0.368060192063965100E15

1.24E12

0.16507

58

Concordia

0.848117391146600300E16

2.87E13

0.038037

59

Elpis

0.633944272758765100E15

2.14E12

0.284315

60

Echo

0.509113678301446400E16

1.72E13

0.022833

62

Erato

0.108904819196005700E15

3.68E13

0.048842

63

Ausonia

0.564040174397624300E16

1.91E13

0.025296

65

Cybele

0.318065928265254100E14

1.07E11

1.426481

68

Leto

0.343102659123796900E15

1.16E12

0.153877

69

Hesperia

0.514461002087673500E15

1.74E12

0.230728

70

Panopaea

0.276888884015784600E15

9.36E13

0.124181

71

Niobe

0.142449274635095600E15

4.81E13

0.063886

72

Feronia

0.799505104491654100E16

2.70E13

0.035857

74

Galatea

0.350737445129561400E15

1.19E12

0.157301

75

Eurydike

0.435737462507712700E16

1.47E13

0.019542

76

Freia

0.831220000000000100E15

2.81E12

0.37279

77

Frigga

0.493129550950072900E16

1.67E13

0.022116

78

Diana

0.840190625346388700E16

2.84E13

0.037681

79

Eurynome

0.835182433140794000E16

2.82E13

0.037457

80

Sappho

0.116144395411310800E15

3.92E13

0.052089

81

Terpsichore

0.102236755455613400E15

3.45E13

0.045852

82

Alkmene

0.660126076693077000E16

2.23E13

0.029606

83

Beatrix

0.109683489062603500E15

3.71E13

0.049191

84

Klio

0.125731265563188600E15

4.25E13

0.056389

85

Io

0.925408545301853800E15

3.13E12

0.415033

86

Semele

0.215239955702289100E15

7.27E13

0.096532

87

Sylvia

0.219929517357407300E14

7.43E12

0.986353

88

Thisbe

0.257711412731104700E14

8.71E12

1.155799

89

Julia

0.340203115743942900E15

1.15E12

0.152576

90

Antiope

0.123519636282849100E15

4.17E13

0.055397

91

Aegina

0.244046167770100600E15

8.25E13

0.109451

92

Undina

0.403694351768607300E15

1.36E12

0.181051

93

Minerva

0.564773071797647600E15

1.91E12

0.253293

94

Aurora

0.127923000000000000E14

4.32E12

0.573717

95

Arethusa

0.271661970839325900E15

9.18E13

0.121837

96

Aegle

0.154656769562432500E14

5.23E12

0.693614

97

Klotho

0.103149563583763100E15

3.49E13

0.046261

98

Ianthe

0.244283174173206900E15

8.26E13

0.109558

99

Dike

0.735266201384159100E16

2.48E13

0.032976

100

Hekate

0.136597719646869700E15

4.62E13

0.061262

102

Miriam

0.128126622566059800E15

4.33E13

0.057463

103

Hera

0.100111801685864600E15

3.38E13

0.044899

104

Klymene

0.481223966780187300E15

1.63Ev12

0.215822

105

Artemis

0.371546679753414500E15

1.26E12

0.166633

106

Dione

0.539739999999999800E15

1.82E12

0.242066

Table 12. Mass parameters of asteroids. (Continued: 3 of 7)

Number

55

Name

GM, au3/day2

GM ast /GM 9

GM, km3/s2

107

Camilla

0.167172099170064400E14

5.65E12

0.749743

109

Felicitas

0.108261858615819300E15

3.66E13

0.048554

110

Lydia

0.140769857221050400E15

4.76E13

0.063133

111

Ate

0.335191928112805600E16

1.13E13

0.015033

112

Iphigenia

0.579603970155323500E16

1.96E13

0.025994

113

Amalthea

0.255802139245781900E16

8.64E14

0.011472

114

Kassandra

0.170500000000000000E15

5.76E13

0.076467

115

Thyra

0.552582419038552700E16

1.87E13

0.024783

117

Lomia

0.447136801784178900E15

1.51E12

0.200535

118

Peitho

0.270007596259813500E16

9.12E14

0.012109

120

Lachesis

0.118898494995200800E14

4.02E12

0.533243

121

Hermione

0.700790692204134300E15

2.37E12

0.314295

124

Alkeste

0.887727082656233800E16

3.00E13

0.039813

127

Johanna

0.366116824306172300E15

1.24E12

0.164198

128

Nemesis

0.965012951054875100E15

3.26E12

0.432795

129

Antigone

0.465424524739797500E15

1.57E12

0.208736

130

Elektra

0.993662954590924800E15

3.36E12

0.445644

132

Aethra

0.131961412217015600E16

4.46E14

0.005918

134

Sophrosyne

0.336204654208871600E15

1.14E12

0.150783

135

Hertha

0.951560504184620700E16

3.22E13

0.042676

137

Meliboea

0.856126059955389200E15

2.89E12

0.38396

139

Juewa

0.422428821437744500E15

1.43E12

0.189453

140

Siwa

0.313167325322240600E15

1.06E12

0.140451

141

Lumen

0.376614060167083300E15

1.27E12

0.168906

143

Adria

0.112608611474888300E15

3.81E13

0.050503

144

Vibilia

0.699516335498308700E15

2.36E12

0.313723

145

Adeona

0.755823292622889200E15

2.55E12

0.338976

146

Lucina

0.394160000000000000E15

1.33E12

0.176775

147

Protogeneia

0.406817291771643100E15

1.37E12

0.182452

148

Gallia

0.165952595163453000E15

5.61E13

0.074427

150

Nuwa

0.453364684879681200E15

1.53E12

0.203328

154

Bertha

0.829838876716369400E15

2.80E12

0.372171

156

Xanthippe

0.263360000000000000E15

8.90E13

0.118113

159

Aemilia

0.288240661838050000E15

9.74E13

0.129272

160

Una

0.102484870587440500E15

3.46E13

0.045963

162

Laurentia

0.237290753793420100E15

8.02E13

0.106422

163

Erigone

0.865800000000000100E16

2.93E13

0.03883

164

Eva

0.418326020317249000E15

1.41E12

0.187613

165

Loreley

0.106845990270469300E14

3.61E12

0.479189

168

Sibylla

0.534709999999999800E15

1.81E12

0.23981

171

Ophelia

0.151098849092935500E15

5.11E13

0.067766

172

Baucis

0.431771576449205300E16

1.46E13

0.019364

173

Ino

0.391242854708310100E15

1.32E12

0.175467

175

Andromache

0.289909719621158200E15

9.80E13

0.13002

176

Iduna

0.167134755200936100E15

5.65E13

0.074958

177

Irma

0.453728862942509900E16

1.53E13

0.020349

181

Eucharis

0.167967668335482500E15

5.68E13

0.075331

185

Eunike

0.113558589448392200E14

3.84E12

0.509294

187

Lamberta

0.941936446359531100E15

3.18E12

0.422445

Table 12. Mass parameters of asteroids. (Continued: 4 of 7)

Number

56

Name

GM, au3/day2

GM ast /GM 9

GM, km3/s2

191

Kolga

0.172525552363828900E15

5.83E13

0.077375

192

Nausikaa

0.251194126565783300E15

8.49E13

0.112657

194

Prokne

0.272305872890598200E15

9.20E13

0.122125

195

Eurykleia

0.835481985073780800E16

2.82E13

0.03747

196

Philomela

0.450141365611792800E15

1.52E12

0.201882

198

Ampella

0.205385768290833100E16

6.94E14

0.009211

200

Dynamene

0.175546167825261400E15

5.93E13

0.07873

201

Penelope

0.101472968957165600E15

3.43E13

0.045509

203

Pompeja

0.184924720803005400E15

6.25E13

0.082936

205

Martha

0.915149992259589400E16

3.09E13

0.041043

206

Hersilia

0.117896698493573100E15

3.98E13

0.052875

209

Dido

0.259310730988729300E15

8.76E13

0.116297

210

Isabella

0.131453781488021000E15

4.44E13

0.058955

211

Isolda

0.304651155649041000E15

1.03E12

0.136632

212

Medea

0.386749965775167900E15

1.31E12

0.173452

213

Lilaea

0.952238918721723900E16

3.22E13

0.042707

216

Kleopatra

0.690797124746742500E15

2.33E12

0.309813

221

Eos

0.181684062017330300E15

6.14E13

0.081483

223

Rosa

0.139060396851984600E15

4.70E13

0.062367

224

Oceana

0.395205903434527200E16

1.34E13

0.017724

225

Henrietta

0.414565717253527800E15

1.40E12

0.185927

227

Philosophia

0.120484595454650200E15

4.07E13

0.054036

230

Athamantis

0.176089871551513500E15

5.95E13

0.078974

233

Asterope

0.197159196662545500E15

6.66E13

0.088423

236

Honoria

0.113632939011338100E15

3.84E13

0.050963

238

Hypatia

0.529666935807391100E15

1.79E12

0.237548

240

Vanadis

0.110486225287326500E15

3.73E13

0.049552

241

Germania

0.300548362594600500E15

1.02E12

0.134792

247

Eukrate

0.270972707241621300E15

9.16E13

0.121527

250

Bettina

0.196885501859924200E15

6.65E13

0.0883

259

Aletheia

0.628085855393638300E15

2.12E12

0.281688

266

Aline

0.184133018752378200E15

6.22E13

0.082581

268

Adorea

0.526690110925434800E15

1.78E12

0.236213

275

Sapientia

0.186540000000000000E15

6.30E13

0.083661

276

Adelheid

0.224815504884368300E15

7.60E13

0.100827

283

Emma

0.205281017798695800E15

6.94E13

0.092066

287

Nephthys

0.480337378560961000E16

1.62E13

0.021542

303

Josephina

0.288486840395101100E15

9.75E13

0.129382

304

Olga

0.688327109660540100E16

2.33E13

0.03087

308

Polyxo

0.724054788525813900E15

2.45E12

0.324728

313

Chaldaea

0.115845913374079600E15

3.91E13

0.051955

322

Phaeo

0.827634952130435800E16

2.80E13

0.037118

324

Bamberga

0.138862658985619900E14

4.69E12

0.622779

326

Tamara

0.189152474665620900E15

6.39E13

0.084832

328

Gudrun

0.291270000000000000E15

9.84E13

0.13063

329

Svea

0.511430939429605700E16

1.73E13

0.022937

334

Chicago

0.326249337943456200E15

1.10E12

0.146318

335

Roberta

0.147567692588891100E15

4.99E13

0.066182

336

Lacadiera

0.564300000000000000E16

1.91E13

0.025308

Table 12. Mass parameters of asteroids. (Continued: 5 of 7)

Number

57

Name

GM, au3/day2

GM ast /GM 9

GM, km3/s2

337

Devosa

0.345150745118659600E16

1.17E13

0.01548

338

Budrosa

0.514076834286322000E16

1.74E13

0.023056

344

Desiderata

0.536890970425833500E15

1.81E12

0.240788

345

Tercidina

0.123175211698841300E15

4.16E13

0.055242

346

Hermentaria

0.220991660771765600E15

7.47E13

0.099112

347

Pariana

0.219491221778173700E16

7.42E14

0.009844

349

Dembowska

0.700787392713029200E15

2.37E12

0.314293

350

Ornamenta

0.141000784057630900E15

4.76E13

0.063237

354

Eleonora

0.158509865715968900E14

5.36E12

0.710894

356

Liguria

0.268161319613518200E15

9.06E13

0.120267

357

Ninina

0.176195602610025700E15

5.95E13

0.079021

358

Apollonia

0.121780979958317900E15

4.12E13

0.054617

360

Carlova

0.336776057435300700E15

1.14E12

0.151039

362

Havnia

0.808707928810328300E16

2.73E13

0.036269

363

Padua

0.698419453021186600E16

2.36E13

0.031323

365

Corduba

0.776955520962180000E16

2.63E13

0.034845

366

Vincentina

0.115639547136458300E15

3.91E13

0.051863

369

Aeria

0.573458156633685800E16

1.94E13

0.025719

372

Palma

0.174595572627050000E14

5.90E12

0.783036

373

Melusina

0.137206175961377900E15

4.64E13

0.061535

375

Ursula

0.455859924880692500E15

1.54E12

0.204447

377

Campania

0.141442289208980800E15

4.78E13

0.063435

381

Myrrha

0.359349348076176100E15

1.21E12

0.161163

385

Ilmatar

0.110318518229682800E15

3.73E13

0.049476

386

Siegena

0.150793337119651900E14

5.10E12

0.676287

387

Aquitania

0.100446598396309400E15

3.39E13

0.045049

388

Charybdis

0.343334441285916900E15

1.16E12

0.153981

389

Industria

0.622510183873803300E16

2.10E13

0.027919

393

Lampetia

0.155860000000000000E15

5.27E13

0.069901

404

Arsinoe

0.145216789548421900E15

4.91E13

0.065128

405

Thia

0.557648047680853900E15

1.88E12

0.250097

407

Arachne

0.156785041404748300E15

5.30E13

0.070316

409

Aspasia

0.821449999999999900E15

2.78E12

0.368409

410

Chloris

0.361865469702973400E15

1.22E12

0.162292

412

Elisabetha

0.146557349756319100E15

4.95E13

0.065729

415

Palatia

0.540012140874342300E16

1.82E13

0.024219

416

Vaticana

0.148698562934496100E15

5.03E13

0.066689

419

Aurelia

0.367820000000000000E15

1.24E12

0.164962

420

Bertholda

0.483520000000000000E15

1.63E12

0.216852

423

Diotima

0.211243836059995200E14

7.14E12

0.947399

424

Gratia

0.737998534437522900E16

2.49E13

0.033098

426

Hippo

0.229797581279714500E15

7.77E13

0.103061

431

Nephele

0.634077834952169700E16

2.14E13

0.028437

432

Pythia

0.187801229589892800E16

6.35E14

0.008423

433

Eros

0.990000118979590300E18

3.35E15

0.000444

442

Eichsfeldia

0.555346562874691200E16

1.88E13

0.024907

444

Gyptis

0.907080484411450500E15

3.07E12

0.406813

445

Edna

0.115342108493158500E15

3.90E13

0.051729

449

Hamburga

0.135581713067348800E15

4.58E13

0.060806

Table 12. Mass parameters of asteroids. (Continued: 6 of 7)

Number

58

Name

GM, au3/day2

GM ast /GM 9

GM, km3/s2

451

Patientia

0.229555939063746200E14

7.76E12

1.029526

454

Mathesis

0.768088477469999900E16

2.60E13

0.034448

455

Bruchsalia

0.228615933395781000E15

7.73E13

0.102531

464

Megaira

0.806351842900557800E16

2.72E13

0.036164

465

Alekto

0.653992577244023600E16

2.21E13

0.029331

466

Tisiphone

0.270714167365278100E15

9.15E13

0.121411

469

Argentina

0.322840000000000000E15

1.09E12

0.144789

471

Papagena

0.845943072895968300E15

2.86E12

0.379394

476

Hedwig

0.241931605646406600E15

8.18E13

0.108503

481

Emita

0.334070052970451900E15

1.13E12

0.149826

485

Genua

0.367379607992341800E16

1.24E13

0.016476

488

Kreusa

0.191515627988507800E15

6.47E13

0.085892

489

Comacina

0.548467242911317100E15

1.85E12

0.24598

490

Veritas

0.364149739778329100E15

1.23E12

0.163316

491

Carina

0.148589708382528900E15

5.02E13

0.06664

498

Tokio

0.129879292391702200E15

4.39E13

0.058249

503

Evelyn

0.111871833145007600E15

3.78E13

0.050173

505

Cava

0.341769850174723900E15

1.15E12

0.153279

506

Marion

0.197353139110484100E15

6.67E13

0.08851

508

Princetonia

0.341067697975348700E15

1.15E12

0.152964

511

Davida

0.519812697945749800E14

1.76E11

2.331286

514

Armida

0.293765207953148200E15

9.93E13

0.13175

516

Amherstia

0.696000000000000000E16

2.35E13

0.031215

517

Edith

0.108862665088002000E15

3.68E13

0.048823

521

Brixia

0.181244939644586100E15

6.12E13

0.081286

532

Herculina

0.931594859406562000E15

3.15E12

0.417807

535

Montague

0.725386164346611400E16

2.45E13

0.032533

536

Merapi

0.109756310328225100E14

3.71E12

0.492242

545

Messalina

0.194849861155712500E15

6.58E13

0.087387

547

Praxedis

0.281235774586576800E16

9.50E14

0.012613

554

Peraga

0.274856688034015000E15

9.29E13

0.123269

566

Stereoskopia

0.626740000000000000E15

2.12E12

0.281084

568

Cheruskia

0.859780218818313100E16

2.91E13

0.03856

569

Misa

0.611232197266831400E16

2.07E13

0.027413

584

Semiramis

0.217605956141594600E16

7.35E14

0.009759

585

Bilkis

0.117169915406794000E16

3.96E14

0.005255

591

Irmgard

0.200383935095216300E16

6.77E14

0.008987

593

Titania

0.501889934520749200E16

1.70E13

0.022509

595

Polyxena

0.222111336158284500E15

7.51E13

0.099614

596

Scheila

0.383508917087800200E15

1.30E12

0.171998

598

Octavia

0.615306415407552400E16

2.08E13

0.027596

599

Luisa

0.691187747327401000E16

2.34E13

0.030999

602

Marianna

0.215014674336122500E15

7.27E13

0.096431

604

Tekmessa

0.642603995331864300E16

2.17E13

0.02882

618

Elfriede

0.463868801607939000E15

1.57E12

0.208039

623

Chimaera

0.144979767976932900E16

4.90E14

0.006502

626

Notburga

0.166437787258821500E15

5.62E13

0.074645

635

Vundtia

0.169956695263313900E15

5.74E13

0.076223

654

Zelinda

0.359530000000000000E15

1.21E12

0.161244

449

Hamburga

0.135581713067348800E15

4.58E13

0.060806

Table 12. Mass parameters of asteroids. (Continued: 7 of 7)

Number

59

Name

GM, au3/day2

GM ast /GM 9

GM, km3/s2

663

Gerlinde

0.120495494885781800E15

4.07E13

0.054041

667

Denise

0.909429441579076000E16

3.07E13

0.040787

674

Rachele

0.143837480044678900E15

4.86E13

0.064509

675

Ludmilla

0.159234708844922700E15

5.38E13

0.071415

680

Genoveva

0.995816201002551800E16

3.37E13

0.044661

683

Lanzia

0.104361036125065600E15

3.53E13

0.046804

690

Wratislavia

0.476375353165424700E15

1.61E12

0.213648

691

Lehigh

0.945370522582010200E16

3.19E13

0.042399

694

Ekard

0.149386680301335600E15

5.05E13

0.066998

696

Leonora

0.111777344239748500E15

3.78E13

0.050131

702

Alauda

0.889506728492704500E15

3.01E12

0.398931

704

Interamnia

0.525616867849366200E14

1.78E11

2.357317

705

Erminia

0.291750035064825000E15

9.86E13

0.130846

709

Fringilla

0.154560085386599100E15

5.22E13

0.069318

712

Boliviana

0.502042422129256500E15

1.70E12

0.225159

713

Luscinia

0.142681578483330100E15

4.82E13

0.063991

735

Marghanna

0.859762026371732300E16

2.91E13

0.038559

739

Mandeville

0.713824339752934800E16

2.41E13

0.032014

740

Cantabia

0.118928144393176900E15

4.02E13

0.053338

747

Winchester

0.621574606623668800E15

2.10E12

0.278767

751

Faina

0.179893748114765000E15

6.08E13

0.08068

752

Sulamitis

0.499820481258924800E16

1.69E13

0.022416

760

Massinga

0.581679210057327800E16

1.97E13

0.026087

762

Pulcova

0.208180128309056600E15

7.04E13

0.093366

769

Tatjana

0.197251539856937600E15

6.67E13

0.088465

772

Tanete

0.252061449253389500E15

8.52E13

0.113046

773

Irmintraud

0.195761609064233300E15

6.62E13

0.087796

776

Berbericia

0.305671194466365300E15

1.03E12

0.137089

778

Theobalda

0.477435477387998300E16

1.61E13

0.021412

780

Armenia

0.148574053476563100E15

5.02E13

0.066633

784

Pickeringia

0.163082309665980900E15

5.51E13

0.07314

786

Bredichina

0.158301988046999200E15

5.35E13

0.070996

788

Hohensteina

0.215815568176360100E15

7.29E13

0.09679

790

Pretoria

0.175589918332470000E14

5.93E12

0.787496

791

Ani

0.121964875174107500E15

4.12E13

0.0547

804

Hispania

0.226710334145990500E15

7.66E13

0.101676

814

Tauris

0.455595956637723700E15

1.54E12

0.204328

849

Ara

0.103549725015275900E15

3.50E13

0.046441

895

Helio

0.378647503308948400E15

1.28E12

0.169818

909

Ulla

0.336297549276103900E15

1.14E12

0.150825

914

Palisana

0.411726826839954200E16

1.39E13

0.018465

980

Anacostia

0.153529788855662000E15

5.19E13

0.068856

1015

Christa

0.125837659264500500E15

4.25E13

0.056436

1021

Flammario

0.761714098728426500E16

2.57E13

0.034162

1036

Ganymed

0.646776721323746100E16

2.19E13

0.029007

1093

Freda

0.287164048267019600E15

9.70E13

0.128789

1107

Lictoria

0.954912821588764700E16

3.23E13

0.042826

1171

Rusthawelia

0.624856870846376100E16

2.11E13

0.028024

1467

Mashona

0.111528013303481700E15

3.77E13

0.050019

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame (1 of 15).
1

Ceres

x,y,z

Pallas

3
4

Juno

Astraea

Iris

11

16
18

0.003664818027075008
0.767257269566094968

x,y,z

1.459069269212805553 2.194286961057163143 0.872045420720389042

0.008193866970882068 0.006328897736618455

0.002167069206448382

2.742133025533653790 0.012766315168109336

0.239819478175997858

Phocaea

x,y,z

0.401500082512939060 2.034737356634178429 0.878857903014080954

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Euterpe

x,y,z

0.778094121440758957

0.012511421939296488 0.002534666129817137 0.001141856361378328

x,y,z

0.004769326689664416 0.007520729608529603 0.002981882787056496

0.446957693127368383 1.855382149831718674

vx,vy,vz
vx,vy,vz

27

0.000114431097969882 0.008313751393872647
1.438397661546355177 2.001287639171841271

0.009735666014582665 0.002981534818366074 0.003694080871985814

x,y,z

25

0.000793489279402694

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z

Themis

0.008850484510873332 0.004168221460244788

2.968959552750401354 0.179534605878148124 0.441493212476667563

2.421846633153337702 1.337431649320276250 0.581397545560000673

0.010146729938442466 0.004310578383941682 0.002342316786027452

1.110470035635196862 1.956883630909689531 1.669729176939996007

x,y,z

Thalia

24

0.002286438610925529

1.231933494613708824 1.941584219024864888 0.648652135887457293

vx,vy,vz

Kalliope

1.162855082530954043

0.005924505919570356 0.005979686441736038

23

0.185966267773321953

0.001166914352512719 0.009845348309999084 0.004559667512580128

0.000996361773223022 0.008953551423450837 0.002237582813053089

Lutetia

22

2.424658333778681119 0.125325594242630484

vx,vy,vz

0.533397871779012545

0.005818098320155988 0.008811943327809565 0.002835330893491553

Massalia

21

0.004975132577079665

2.444257569754775261 2.180591649726027814

x,y,z

Fortuna

0.002786950314570632 0.011314057384917047
2.119655892430383659 0.808466233981220750

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Melpomene

20

1.892475267790300286 0.848414748075139946 0.157159319044464590

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z

Psyche

0.003535716141864189

vx,vy,vz

19

0.008775983793258694 0.009426820472364830

x,y,z

0.079273672077323748

vx,vy,vz

Eunomia

1.339049495814490065 1.442775542206668815

x,y,z

0.003113959705731406

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Irene

0.005569115604615741 0.007959732929200320

x,y,z

15

Parthenope

14

0.210563198822894787

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z

Egeria

0.001344157634155624

2.489297359488491956 1.036395265106434982

vx,vy,vz

Hygiea

13

0.924596062836265498

vx,vy,vz 0.010174496747119257 0.000041478190529952

vx,vy,vz

Metis

10

0.000273059675893248

x,y,z

0.008395458298285176 0.003111908045571209
0.182371836377417107 2.386628211277654010

vx,vy,vz

0.461207259670432135 3.006098959780790114 0.580164049296942208

x,y,z

x,y,z

0.008534313855651248 0.000860659210123161 0.000392901992572746

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

Flora

0.623843179079393351

x,y,z

60

Hebe

0.000466157738595739

0.203832272462290465 3.209619436062307152

x,y,z

Vesta

0.008465406136316316 0.004684247977335608

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

1.438681809676469747 2.204373633189407045 1.326397853361325874

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

0.011859546440634965 0.000138986487715931 0.000750181020252093

1.360169904369056937 2.672544709790108275 1.131055224812947957
0.008015423798989894 0.002573715371792212 0.003469704484884123
1.381180931801666123 2.177231877010123551 0.869547456324116008
0.007230267698506810 0.005803206866356805 0.004345034311979445
1.986326887180129397 1.713080040332319420

0.782177241944561841

0.007376541658456220 0.007515395858827745 0.003291592430864249

1.862187339641438788 0.320827452239953126

0.370298833532256677

0.004047653066899725 0.012783082342996164

0.002077625994146512

1.260198559466741086 1.418639340820153416

0.648923808375896249

0.010819473664968254 0.006731978199858915 0.002575089185167887

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 2 of 15.)
28

Bellona

29

45

vx,vy,vz

Isis

2.186522806828394838 2.716000834079776549

0.352083724354172178

0.006362487833486645 0.004588916254801226

0.000658460597293756

x,y,z 2.311906318139493433 1.564709507254086418

1.081663757432244743

vx,vy,vz

Eugenia

vx,vy,vz

0.005375422471534914 0.006572477821943680 0.002070451318821641

x,y,z

1.286740660767531352 2.064333827345071093 0.581533957673131763

vx,vy,vz

51

Nemausa

x,y,z

63

Diana

97

145

187

192

x,y,z
x,y,z
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Ate

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Hertha

139

0.000835829539403114 0.010410309605217057 0.002792056931756292

x,y,z 2.230308915264555658 0.612004762065796459 0.543275243058195634

vx,vy,vz

Artemis

135

vx,vy,vz

111

2.731373586077875171 0.173990396273168008 0.091512829062557879

105

0.005491212616137729 0.007709765186399763 0.002980907967655813

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Ianthe

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

Juewa

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

Adeona

Lamberta

Nausikaa

0.011957874480153950 0.003468676332191662 0.001404339015793962

2.818818186481110377 1.452785968979383169 0.459547659952798004

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

Klotho

98

x,y,z

0.167604428744862921

0.711507633861145239 1.727049410575609123 0.980245752936226511

Aurora

0.000681057876133087

x,y,z

0.007545901962567781 0.004385628274804682
2.053758095409557338 0.542618601186906857

0.005053755262744046 0.010634893001978403 0.003929518991233821

Hesperia

0.002292473770765156

1.630504392123616197 2.807391275567590050 1.120111554599330095

vx,vy,vz
vx,vy,vz

Cybele

94

x,y,z

78

vx,vy,vz

Ausonia

69

0.195346323188101051

0.004226342069996713 0.009366245889668433

x,y,z

65

Echo

0.009624183869937625 0.005447390675875109 0.002359148283535982

2.325725710714735328 0.919631243406134669

vx,vy,vz

Europa

0.004929226633590931 0.003894954486494073 0.005777736992660197

x,y,z

60

0.000271687607297601 0.009151555703778012 0.004227028420836736

2.344572196151709420 2.202248246583482949 1.499371924448428484

x,y,z

52

61

vx,vy,vz

Daphne

0.010080728492092296 0.000192196827316014 0.000039573406685344

2.606330961010526526 0.080313889098223457 0.119443301999580323

x,y,z

42

Euphrosyne

41

0.146988273583742862 2.362796893883333915 1.340108464209891492

vx,vy,vz

Urania

0.633933941012944979

0.009328149750934787 0.007427778551081034 0.001181230605742862

x,y,z

31

1.473796460584195778 1.739643135937173790

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Amphitrite

30

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.001875816436270626 0.009912063988588916 0.005874203423004298

1.217204321473684070 2.230213797067274850

1.349204301622864088

0.009480919363038220 0.003964160607269546

0.002537794862740618

1.909756234729403035 2.678800550963929439 0.452067580136410296

0.006291707122836601 0.005039334023207890 0.001538832193933371
2.189380245469819020 0.226114692352493402

0.112525782901568755

0.002121664740945849 0.009612549934188979 0.007843089126949381

2.150697286825749899 0.541875356226059646 0.099139411741416952
0.000933995664699450 0.011865009015818844 0.000510278917224607
2.065235972301910916 1.395192740371126838 0.851171268109567225
0.005618108019220444 0.008131544741012933 0.003600368200049119
1.852065839438821637 1.414537091163847737 0.701764695699997887
0.008706738823410954 0.006122907739411309 0.002836580152272733
2.286169743218249728 0.129793402866451107

0.113110508166727894

0.001144921173599620 0.010129177653436634 0.006915213503334226

1.101693094201525502 2.046278461562542006

0.733533233415469499

0.010477714288306773 0.002702890747395121

0.003883525044571004

1.552362680005133111 1.667017286215509042 1.224506107407864253

0.010026916904808853 0.004083994537401527

0.001832035781453411

2.180257484088014674 1.605283294502194646 1.009730329227873646

0.006837112554701223 0.005228654546530322 0.002756824225065406

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 3 of 15.)
194 Prokne

vx,vy,vz

216 Kleopatra

230

354

x,y,z

0.400598302733801259 2.845496057705452220 0.363223167203308106

vx,vy,vz

0.009411661670619676 0.002169498446596223 0.002270974488656075

Palma

62

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

1.070613454084370586

0.007845381994993020 0.002434064039560803 0.001376245101202946

x,y,z

1.259008304010221346 2.454041267595273634
0.009063543500060710

0.003448045666261337

0.690482754870751503
0.004183420491116245

2.067224538805315426 1.883392328874813781 0.393159264399483011

0.005745445324864604 0.007721753293565463 0.004781672638324677
2.160191561573574504 1.486363108760649254

1.096959097247329984

vx,vy,vz

0.007390695920479255 0.007779023504823501 0.000485540781565076

Herculina

x,y,z

0.293159404090669762 2.481691048455131110 0.725934583722743554

vx,vy,vz

0.010153432932361773 0.002073902764508174 0.003634391919195946

x,y,z

1.567515331928776900 1.756839671087627286 0.730145653545691942

Peraga

vx,vy,vz

Zelinda

Winchester

0.003646321528209388
0.311816838296415377

0.001774157409192030 0.007979676971587255

0.004592146292516224

x,y,z

2.462835232264114715 0.115048121589235539

0.784219288788080227

vx,vy,vz

0.001309568805636822 0.010348987192429257

0.004812522889055394

0.834902081339142454 2.059697173467183617

0.613292775285328884

0.012134738848543374 0.002004140070559451

0.002575815432470426

x,y,z 0.507844534173903961 2.607456081000619541

0.819717059989116925

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Victoria

Thetis

0.007168202681128191 0.007126474516266886
2.454317123300634673 1.156415934845627769

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Interamnia

vx,vy,vz

0.009185378920496397 0.000281429685500620 0.001275015521881669

x,y,z 0.224334228105830036 1.994047200796976282 0.713424849893356972

vx,vy,vz

Proserpina

0.012457106084712540 0.000945089974559068 0.001398683846484221

x,y,z 2.278602546659383776 1.125007532904078289

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

Pomona

34

Davida

32

0.003214451046459611

0.832205073692585229 2.925043505666568677

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Kreusa

26

0.499378874814495721

0.009800913286716541

vx,vy,vz

17

0.000121147420399894

x,y,z

Patientia

12

2.627942640819607600 0.032856722306475961

vx,vy,vz

747

0.006053497060520836 0.012004513735606900 0.003193078939729851

x,y,z

Aurelia

704

vx,vy,vz

654

0.004414109643858683 0.005694498088384558 0.004127573934799787

x,y,z 1.680813989369112971 0.720962772281693809 0.636265292808031457

554

vx,vy,vz

Aspasia

532

x,y,z 2.501245479525921134 1.473356596063249313 2.186348442117559632

Thia

511

2.055782461490350155

Eleonora

488

0.004670779035477783

0.006473875571808206 0.004308997045040672 0.001132197443002879

451

0.005188028188451134 0.007591643038099468
1.436281403678767443 2.243805682206950092

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

419

0.006857861727407507

2.057440180433961707 1.322162885949879740 0.780976069801601058

vx,vy,vz

409

0.007164363244556328 0.009219958777618218

x,y,z

405

vx,vy,vz

Desiderata

372

0.004331702501765179 0.009223170407939286 0.002470255504286102

1.398759064223541682 1.287476729008325105 0.669098428660833799

x,y,z

0.005369324233200630 0.005867957040039504 0.000585039109819107

vx,vy,vz

Devosa

0.000134167930615169

2.280008375035697199 0.880463965508790358 0.645752311103840460

x,y,z

344

vx,vy,vz

Bamberga

337

0.008680667325646010 0.010437900139680028

2.623737352933921407 2.141208444909570296 0.848460319932531903

x,y,z

Athamantis

324

1.495439006518376468 1.277354772575368669 0.299878060343942709

x,y,z

0.661062309969335460

0.004431095916543229 0.008819825820419791 0.004062402214390301

x,y,z 0.901728147437201644 2.125115524966149305 0.803811944165582326

Circe

0.010194219116656746 0.004774494291409794 0.000989390504731257

x,y,z 2.391157252691995083 0.282992268249411760

vx,vy,vz

0.070390275547792716

0.001758506796666345 0.010942908417041593 0.003566166537380931

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 4 of 15.)
35

Leukothea

36

39

2.336193952026537790 0.759000796514275100

0.022176605809523606

0.003257699513685890 0.010731650305157095

0.002872519477197957

Harmonia

49

vx,vy,vz

Aglaja

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

63

0.003430026595662231

vx,vy,vz

0.008425652319494320 0.002165971738316451 0.001225638323642568

x,y,z

1.135653934893979367 1.669000255199023952 1.229167471346461094

vx,vy,vz

0.011014262220981971 0.004397975120144764 0.000793087156657538

x,y,z

2.509110608187361979 0.599826488136790070 0.256184765903608447

vx,vy,vz

0.005001190631127405 0.009156744414684281 0.002380258455330665

x,y,z

2.391692801502097954 2.476663754241630322 0.613024391539033098

Mnemosyne

vx,vy,vz

Concordia
Elpis

0.583347727462360521
0.002412465398938618

x,y,z 2.174043173151056330 1.754505167862759452

0.521206662638497353

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Leto

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Panopaea
Niobe

1.970644363722096504 1.898617820025757519
0.007322186137912932 0.006519792084242099

vx,vy,vz

Erato

0.006142650670634989 0.006122207358406149 0.000426188587336327

x,y,z

72

0.007993780997143859 0.009223622006417765

0.624015677324980311 2.887904714321112287 0.973890349097378372

Melete

71

0.004122755888684796 0.006077379179740559 0.002511188490367351

1.333238507267154427 1.602799470048592578 0.610763870330498060

x,y,z

70

3.160577305628162748 1.841530354628577504 1.017849520123809803

vx,vy,vz

Alexandra

68

0.711322099748724956

0.008761794768022678 0.004974889431640200 0.001595006590297288

x,y,z

Kalypso

62

0.002493051086595212

x,y,z

Virginia

59

0.010164990750471822 0.004729454222497436
1.620193164505671524 2.388346628469387944

x,y,z

Pales

58

0.010895877228602094 0.000193379625778825 0.000061860987657291

1.067741941627274427 2.006425563476340379 1.093089277938812831

x,y,z

Doris

57

0.656611442582409666

0.010685573544758461 0.006831046309965641 0.002065889635700970

x,y,z 0.474973466355436691 2.296851721557127579 0.887903017375627823

56

0.004918573106272521

x,y,z 1.180941766350430466 1.554866402256739777

vx,vy,vz

Hestia

54

0.000115161076006508

0.003565080131794708 0.010950285369215265

vx,vy,vz

53

0.010841792489889901 0.002359683762911624 0.001881496483239468

2.009602895794647015 0.308045882132810533

x,y,z

Nysa

50

vx,vy,vz

0.690601749410825527 2.038615544126432422 0.813975363544205632

x,y,z

Ariadne

48

0.766832361464905965

0.010386680301307009 0.004838101200633434 0.003684794791298678

x,y,z

47

vx,vy,vz
vx,vy,vz

46

0.003566522119529630 0.007751964656304541 0.003895555791525518

1.235289907955999134 1.834720116439384707

x,y,z

44

0.008367140895652419

Laetitia

43

0.001483717270391386 0.009307317089508693

2.571178583038596699 1.322068718023980072 0.637055179528812743

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

40

vx,vy,vz

Leda

0.004403906713249404 0.010009270813997396 0.006061965347001481

2.077067513068779459 0.589147154522667860 0.516882702948444517

x,y,z

Fides

38

2.185818508920677861 0.647312389706184987 0.427069919068639725

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Atalante

37

0.007194625470952607 0.006696283399313014 0.001604669222795236

0.974153514232837803 3.190444885566684707 1.264820437591952285
0.008304485139178936 0.001176603633891707 0.000760024384788282
2.150832185782553196 0.472704842227096689 0.504675337037531091
0.003447895159962464 0.010633207649093934

0.005531722529065961

x,y,z 0.512732908153528344 2.523947930349827118

1.619878869724124648

vx,vy,vz

0.008876233401680499 0.001390534286671486

0.000743421116570644

x,y,z

2.102963729152515615 1.401034628378233560

0.430525013472648932

vx,vy,vz

Feronia

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.004028656274637795 0.007045329097739382 0.007586343532703573

0.698145332366829519 2.293578863469888596

0.742562228176233741

0.009984751110793636 0.002036674761053411 0.001163542296488656

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 5 of 15.)
74

Galatea

75

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Sylvia

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Thisbe

x,y,z

Julia
Antiope

Aegina

0.004119277914981450

3.200842305137657107 1.220975490656682982

0.662752781812484315

0.003148422634162045 0.006154368263463862 0.003334345423877219

2.635360768423828937 1.437884630898934590

0.615131758192210332

0.006649269126403664 0.007319514417658025

0.002778582333891908

2.690246721423859899 1.025385948689222948 0.492898536579899738

0.002901323944706134 0.008214417661668621 0.003990796639863591
0.855375263619381876 2.558706256410499424 0.931566610102818493
0.009085151348455443 0.001894651404025254 0.000307424335130962
1.608537185631021771 0.946571596217173794 0.123702344488760718
0.005907288892718746 0.011656883717961289

0.004089724891808015

0.299527408394068329 2.820136290562028858 1.711616630966411812

0.008642357666503482 0.000392975155467740

0.000185079802975043

3.160151220673873329 0.517688310655634809 0.330346049201625136

0.000372867010599650 0.007874899115079248

0.003828789513816485

2.537243040037000963 0.677406600928586178

0.239904468813102290

0.002746008298400088 0.008573152131379970

0.004656090987115207

2.867387466643116500 0.123974227957666397 0.213371959277415285

0.000843918676535950 0.007659425932435818 0.004589100376152419
2.196277362267318622 0.413880157287253858

0.281126843760316159

0.001029040843236626 0.011980721214998944

0.002569598620931192

2.434775829626800281 0.701653670472491275 0.530519782084361902

0.002147727796190763 0.010457520401758034

0.004381939368423997

3.660362899261072389 0.885526882959144834

0.312168187323252744

0.001817747464846094 0.007261471114931983 0.003982770842554424

1.255821730738119202
0.000217136735120159

0.668287897791156604 1.784401165953789503

1.391068013944257720

0.010183706148394674 0.005465198051083607

0.001141423763308724

x,y,z 2.527596410164981489 2.393097637265075850

1.176158237649570948

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
vx,vy,vz

0.005785028160541267 0.005353734747955876 0.002166792449198574

x,y,z 0.087297607412163220 2.585707806328295000 1.234058824506656826

Undina

vx,vy,vz

0.009596957524554405 0.000169138133959666 0.000157156795888277

x,y,z 1.042907269635494405 2.875324060333224629 0.930751854561716052

Minerva

Arethusa

Aegle

vx,vy,vz

1.615157088233035720

vx,vy,vz

0.008803902414859047 0.001797983571727375

0.001256003779502425

x,y,z

2.542078873825008856 0.235650434494874467

0.625470306990500435

0.002373003952808578 0.010704165151006678

0.002903697708982936

2.188255307668921734 1.381773051127626495

0.553799995799386546

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

Dike

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

100

x,y,z

Hekate

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

Miriam

0.009168658604880101 0.001743405265776949 0.002351877046242883

0.585579552533172509 2.601997108680597304

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

0.274754411294356571

0.003966716076468380 0.011826725481734445

0.009085998946397741 0.002504365492940864

102

2.002901140763306831 0.640809773926249604

0.351034977545771065 2.726034310628392632

vx,vy,vz

64

x,y,z

Semele

99

vx,vy,vz

96

x,y,z

95

Io

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Klio

93

vx,vy,vz

92

x,y,z

91

vx,vy,vz

Beatrix

90

x,y,z

89

vx,vy,vz

Alkmene

88

x,y,z

87

vx,vy,vz

Terpsichore

86

x,y,z

85

vx,vy,vz

Sappho

84

x,y,z

83

Eurynome

82

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Frigga

81

80

vx,vy,vz

Freia

79

x,y,z

77

vx,vy,vz

Eurydike

76

x,y,z

x,y,z

0.005576550150666639 0.007277112779745350 0.006521139973971324

2.444770853104723862 0.615836362049607455 0.892420122928066495
0.005698847921220206 0.007805584032288921

0.004109108981978736

2.808466634462525313 1.998234760159137258

0.967652214689530998

0.004808839856292163 0.006555049055444871 0.001867365486725437

0.802979209614599232 2.471520362371176116

0.813851431023047911

0.010278712148820868 0.000277333514340038 0.000609446487533852

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 6 of 15.)
103

Hera

104

Dione

107

Lydia

134
137

Alkeste

Johanna

Nemesis

Antigone

Elektra

Aethra

140

Sophrosyne

Meliboea

Siwa

141

65

vx,vy,vz
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vzz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

x,y,z

x,y,z

Hermione

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

132

x,y,z
x,y,z

Lachesis

130

vx,vy,vz

129

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Peitho

128

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

127

vx,vy,vz

Lomia

124

Thyra

121

x,y,z

Kassandra

120

vx,vy,vz

118

Amalthea

117

x,y,z

115

vx,vy,vz

Iphigenia

114

x,y,z

113

vx,vy,vz

Felicitas

112

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

110

x,y,z

Camilla

109

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Klymene

106

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Lumen

0.008815595236548105 0.005135987476149960 0.002424171731408047

2.604625804466561778 0.829861198407666256

0.297592323238799750

0.004595135750289872 0.008958088103164813

0.004449410220144689

1.186951890089662287 2.641679471918139566 1.357909134882829605

0.008062335558122698 0.004854178905816693

0.001679190825653463

2.814482356149371256 2.125615900337749942 0.466315209535505482

0.005016321991106533 0.007283280755178675 0.001833852210438387
2.272223718831077210 2.256013715954339638 1.348118693877923713
0.005498298783944774 0.004679670760771524 0.002914631877323399
2.913671600037018194 0.137720105704674162

0.356482845934635972

0.000701525427796519 0.008631983066179964 0.004265106303010358

2.101268187945320776 0.423210543438176212

0.263994487858637827

0.002085691485880794 0.011003103680878389

0.005201699139327664

0.845649935641415329 2.041704300606039801

0.834445540016974907

0.010061995082559373 0.004862835207405551 0.001044300650685426

1.003458535932775675 2.302229181420444970

0.755029808593063345

0.010372485650250500 0.002522166795368615

0.001098397718920128

2.132402872023013263 1.407030770831705802 1.230888073340032474

0.005718496513543697 0.006581478727881280 0.002888515609029340
2.270382224122074355 1.589433030843294015 1.113929084766832167
0.006230326658274393 0.005926784306392254

0.005024462275567959

2.285956748706956976 0.605001706866287292 0.594092775417243146

0.001960243453552381 0.009608024580505914

0.005023973278452842

1.349895569447842503 2.571965525676553455

1.547065365110619428

0.008469966093690717 0.003282200584511912

0.001536525822077163

1.334266785923234888 2.574571237468854079 1.410921022512830580

0.008404347099665236 0.005070569717777809

0.001205938930940049

2.030985757945451553 1.291015452637479966 0.500252551887808372

0.006742453819955392 0.008540992687351152 0.003142188428784029
0.258596371131005198 2.254521103975096530

1.302780291910047072

0.010847729029494223 0.000155121847092949

0.001051653942880798

1.950614158630362915 1.800692994261967828

1.063538206084451820

0.007974900712854933 0.005725400853334638 0.001714798269305732

0.173250908378126567 3.306268588514498230

0.822759553307659597

0.008289119212281256 0.000667809291620081

0.001070909483343232

0.808865897608793016 2.931039369795729321 0.391590456276819932

0.008508223312724572 0.004812568858903731 0.001548417459331940
0.480193840132689453 1.653722981508809253

0.319743825909667823

0.011837731432955296 0.005329218981514342 0.007488534336320045

2.011298631478445564 1.214628009571321776

0.731179432571293253

0.007359702096515807 0.006723867635909852 0.005074877395244866

2.185732502051722648 1.145086389525992177 0.022766323557119300
0.006166935083607356 0.010027540696906241

0.002522495066251339

2.349717450635818938 0.565740387115059251

0.098983118555951627

vx,vy,vz

0.000542241084460003 0.010767145886680794

0.004484878043585674

x,y,z

2.001263396461105071 0.319678076806489797

0.526316075837815478

vx,vy,vz

0.003483509074753528 0.010893891066401524

0.006389004515172658

x,y,z

1.624169502869726278 2.061934384710811141 0.618220991356126959

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 7 of 15.)
143

Adria

144

150

Bertha

Xanthippe

Aemilia

163

164

Eva

165
168

171

66

0.003447148757209308

x,y,z

3.040157320355995285 1.519642316497472834

0.691762796895534549

x,y,z
x,y,z

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

Andromache

Iduna

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

Irma

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

Eucharis

Eunike

191

0.006815687100308090 0.009482254283590926

vx,vy,vz

Ino

185

0.236073131153163474

vx,vy,vz

181

0.000338095109459147

1.974914535093617252 0.857554972320634268

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Baucis

177

1.275022530741664051

0.010860656605817488 0.000837744879289118

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z

176

0.003809404100424659

0.262514031180226981 2.400281690284028269

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

175

0.757828350346318791

0.007533973461247138 0.007222883364505983

173

0.000168561775632459

1.905452096025585851 1.518779824511213183

Ophelia

172

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

Kolga

0.006609578012061634 0.005176399972958075 0.006376303490757747

0.940439073970279371

Sibylla

2.074683900631499434 1.800589925977038375 0.921944736183594959

0.010553589480557164 0.001942707083642232

vx,vy,vz

Loreley

1.080652555085234834

0.009840605686461229 0.000320540289433122 0.000310864131154414

0.003317878320056731

0.001741973397159357

0.513703300992534251 2.766574982586356590

0.410767564198755042 2.618954330535652186

x,y,z

0.562676288618840337

0.007969397030290469 0.006450526750365626

0.218492453225095001

Erigone

0.000208962558114589

0.003649642497220172 0.007950919425059762

vx,vy,vz
vx,vy,vz

0.009577394154474565 0.000281048647997959
2.002954304100418081 1.803600909370170813

2.923916135163274088 0.729762768653841376

x,y,z

Laurentia

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z

Una

162

vx,vy,vz

160

0.135653717885019648 2.925539832035890520 1.233404347151997538

vx,vy,vz

159

0.010109426082854705 0.002536990665401319 0.003737855276866437

x,y,z

x,y,z

156

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z

Nuwa

154

0.001746328337486271 0.007334586431819497 0.003503786791915789

vx,vy,vz

0.005447974152432384

3.202644502264647475 0.708133625995427840 0.034778692392227049

0.811168586625490406 2.275206201114596816 0.838736686431402201

0.333727709970750852

x,y,z

Protogeneia
Gallia

2.882421698483517147 0.042452435493852865
0.000265760440917905 0.008189549513733274

vx,vy,vz

148

x,y,z

Lucina

147

vx,vy,vz

Vibilia

146

x,y,z

x,y,z

0.002976277102337891 0.005406627734211578 0.004499142864886430

1.922737034954617341 1.819614502509028009 1.400331048398380185
0.007959370240945991 0.006004630422629679 0.001928143622055610
3.116554420775199397 0.994993474666817534 0.224327412952326943
0.002733580426163316 0.008691053371313727

0.003163655969657688

3.452516715258505897 0.216190515721613213 0.255374648951711414

0.000240618327164227 0.008055044745482545

0.003396706876313383

2.385328686094084105 0.620107743369059716 0.620470933066101904

0.004378392174801965 0.008170672938126655 0.004757814902613166
0.171242886080394535 2.394184022514683097

0.451640900560661918

0.011142161189368808 0.002538588490091165

0.001950356324201864

0.474252178163027949 2.648333222299060541 1.305222351194791353

0.010262122260410241 0.000548159272351288

0.000029475418796883

1.387628365703582611 2.833854776034395506 0.091557754074181458

0.009225262571539295 0.002671178335674209 0.001428340199372592
2.007796292614895339 1.022926044579357097 0.462360572116189250
0.004104738603731208 0.010480904746312239

0.004870438746756638

2.120681612712470798 2.907144330458012238 0.813722768281753606

0.005865675784688143 0.005572377170526862 0.000342831237219019
2.747368952622216920 1.338746669764243169

0.422267924686840546

0.003978039639761641 0.008185576126933353 0.001011821450492685

2.879887570364938920 0.953404430384273138

0.413481905229524382

0.003754265666355869 0.008618960919399883 0.001665556221000780

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 8 of 15.)
195

Eurykleia

196

Philomela

198

200
201

vx,vy,vz

Martha

x,y,z

Medea

Eos
Rosa

67

0.003302144455379505 0.008603231629111158

0.003663627801932320

0.543891836565843279 1.941671690331441047

0.932327670839411482

0.010661276142588431 0.005661564198512067

0.000542576864013208

0.109999438475556419 2.621860198978502865 1.470414945946262097

0.009376565385604106 0.000133656901059443

0.000810938484734692

2.800980089172922849 1.352246370925753505

0.554783862366244662

0.004186345686485028 0.007367963765518988 0.002243604557722191

1.500547182112841327 2.086139267712977308 1.025020464889739635
0.008286480532474490 0.005407135390513565

0.002806033412514854

2.770579982860186696 0.663732478579504792 0.116643403811919136

0.002353576283912810 0.009404587572302536 0.002658971716332037
1.238747961716257118 2.376780403456169921 0.929349158559885868
0.008918338308673593 0.004410268226602005

0.001280757530674212

2.268898815817652626 2.057453499016182352

1.209244033679382824

0.006436569904961379 0.005714772045042667

0.003406952267267044

2.231740920050496513 0.842042304704040623

0.316984455862986181

0.004831339830972945 0.009318806983407490

0.005200751457433266

2.711875240815070143 0.430216506380016683

0.382482385748132425

0.003510234716571616 0.009467947330119904

0.003781089466930833

1.966750173220412679 2.504391441888097258 1.362061306592617482

0.007097449121202490 0.004667784575521242 0.001897190061895615
2.419306968138564606 1.377064626174480333

0.236934520281399275

0.003663586080577670 0.008842945171148394

0.003566597801239553

1.777939852260157272 2.264787669587976726

0.385115431224176685

0.007376964281696770 0.006641442036154265

0.002628969249503958

2.914424443137129561 0.575564316487753080 0.183166473580308381

0.000831640269428134 0.009184748787445272 0.004253682939508904

x,y,z

1.306840552514852316 1.909320111535164788 1.052599637885983652

Henrietta

Philosophia

Asterope

Honoria

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

Vanadis

Germania

Eukrate

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

0.009528257077708791 0.004737845515644764

0.002779620693421142

2.528098762364009211 1.638702365555180007 0.383411150052558269

0.007735421152555965 0.006833347198704122

0.000439444841229691

1.687868923923265596 2.423841903625734151

1.306304444440689938

0.006774671779471052 0.005284654892018608 0.003871706711383315

2.905158595265389554 0.237101371710457365 0.201153100576835192
0.000352351008013982 0.009087108811730400 0.002949940598791083

x,y,z 0.748198375227333456 2.637125772058928508 0.758761586278685618

Hypatia

247

x,y,z

0.005019069716262851

2.870866810351882403 0.754636097994081934 0.748530242754146369

vx,vy,vz

241

vx,vy,vz

0.060339478431695619

0.001056479499979637 0.008538247223234249

240

vx,vy,vz

2.922594899011714986 0.199160094596518983

Oceana

238

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z

236

x,y,z
x,y,z

233

227

vx,vy,vz

Lilaea

225

x,y,z

224

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Isolda

223

vx,vy,vz

221

x,y,z

Isabella

213

vx,vy,vz

212

x,y,z

Dido

211

vx,vy,vz

Hersilia

210

x,y,z

209

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Pompeja

206

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Penelope

205

vx,vy,vz

Dynamene

203

x,y,z

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Ampella

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

0.010085435669044992 0.000778370444183047 0.000057970932084369

2.410309982055119260 1.056479210705921545

0.250822081348433867

0.004638599803102487 0.009855687835584624

0.001848375937922427

2.921723067002446772 0.802623949197874942 0.228455192343604230

0.001119414849423201 0.008380246775381286 0.003517310270921982
2.157026156705858178 1.650363596987127091 0.494242367750019174
0.006296839602484864 0.007812769885222028

0.004076824994372825

2.169125903092219421 0.866225171773255864 0.996634072113313341

0.003425982013346110 0.007075076118810717

0.007955063682203814

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 9 of 15.)
250

Bettina

259

268
275

Emma

Olga

349

68

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Lacadiera

x,y,z

Budrosa

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Tercidina

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Hermentaria

Pariana

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Roberta

347

x,y,z

Chicago

346

vx,vy,vz

345

x,y,z

Svea

338

vx,vy,vz

336

x,y,z

Gudrun

335

vx,vy,vz

334

329

x,y,z

Tamara

328

vx,vy,vz

Chaldaea
Phaeo

x,y,z

326

vx,vy,vz

Polyxo

322

x,y,z

313

vx,vy,vz

Josephina

308

x,y,z

Nephthys

304

vx,vy,vz

Adelheid

303

287

x,y,z

Sapientia

283

vx,vy,vz

276

Adorea

3.111197416227221346 0.213218630746829368 0.517813104094458687

0.000132313329422579 0.007905211075541855

0.005535308622116215

x,y,z 1.627318570822305688 2.150337559305796731 0.609408552011190818

Aline

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Aletheia

266

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Dembowska x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

0.008749058066660119 0.005149978486112262 0.004087199673172721

0.229960468787527295 2.407979990359146338

0.736809718189577856

0.010856512774706088 0.002950023549757955 0.001382815037831516

0.639749669712347591 2.794617398822625276 1.162862315045730011
0.009746292661459431 0.000795802448212805 0.000055548373269038
2.660106410012033074 1.524565090452046245

0.389849845901316994

0.005534317791085139 0.006792087695683437

0.002829793913036671

1.240280742637663192 2.649029697867973265 0.023688532806399230

0.009129755737320335 0.004387217468802240 0.002182311342655559
3.467100975427897414 0.326845469549111034 0.273921918861556368
0.000408626057531563 0.007480204767684386 0.004047747264448866
2.272270153229304146 0.682382283976578408 0.060915050989619822
0.002758331417138625 0.010301650913710764

0.003144420571901631

2.714456487118279693 1.569383554448778861 1.007607012785439293

0.004977413077900846 0.006790226956868332 0.003754626824227870
2.768985967086891264 0.841743117969856125

0.394982651347284053

0.002248382084316066 0.008561565126572737 0.001074438237890270

1.042886921098909125 2.332650336151194548 0.811036990846228489
0.009903231347078257 0.003677357201775901 0.001239523162032258
0.771884768362409268 1.939556783718940913

0.398378002792229235

0.012098689536781022 0.002656162671110900

0.000678852180394095

0.002682348362129571 2.507699408031491384 0.970531169598375820

0.010244749836147331 0.001937251500163253

0.002228295777838911

2.071626956515489226 0.579660636027930942

1.193463031425092469

0.003544442645081844 0.007757868782935538 0.006335496904282256

2.573274034716255709 1.465047934437442967 1.316844023039191125
0.004832558218741573 0.006280166157985758 0.004956463301670980
1.442616581613682669 2.004856633119884712

0.272499885424718813

0.008719664332914103 0.006477652467348243 0.000805394135272350

3.443962847809292072 1.324275053387580003 0.714472534127118086
0.003929882068712210 0.007676913891350206

0.002591553586693644

1.377939389741577925 1.619477614777314223 0.493517119258204406

0.010492320292650055 0.005901393082463712 0.002553933297352890
0.658098578079305607 1.795601132283736634 0.719216342800300446
0.011950088864493176 0.003907291040290498 0.000403494815576562
2.903591948167865588 0.470290381099696342 0.099200302996376888
0.001425800173495607 0.008860750970051479 0.004359767689390367
0.007889583388479199 2.379738144165251423 0.650011796314688195
0.010566766359888404 0.000201418715010861

0.000963910315785457

2.982837107945091493 0.700289625004069438

0.200506563052633757

0.001487506028262646 0.008384396621244858 0.003812447082362887

0.865269383843656370 1.912864525007107019

1.057420519699953543

0.010024705149477772 0.006143851860785796 0.000494836214563871

3.156748018124499122 0.130959673144165373

0.211799005012422992

0.000235136952592180 0.008001539901820919 0.004667985924570656

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 10 of 15.)
350

Ornamenta

356

Liguria

357

Padua

Ilmatar

Charybdis

393
404

Arsinoe

407

412

69

Chloris

Elisabetha

0.008854160018258806 0.001893748322970214 0.000150172926506452

0.004941491515371925 0.008124405678199062 0.002138953770784814

0.690418739044735830 2.379811252254516063 1.898265743321774224
0.009694322965289898 0.000476657325627097 0.000644192905393674
1.436446171450740827 2.028484833217823802 1.788540836866821859
0.009100906971536040 0.003641283355002899 0.001642880584566145
0.269537079909927590 2.385864264311093219

0.778604188267153829

0.011005666135096655 0.001823320353539882 0.000108001402849965

2.995154522909969863 0.463362473245098105

0.425103778189245829

0.002132868519734355 0.009335695766624439 0.003072148504579520

1.541442636926875664 2.888691935130070387 0.066078605278559938

0.008201852800212111 0.003247965605600923 0.000826380013421358
1.673856039456203204 2.530440646483403278

0.105238509303274774

vx,vy,vz

0.006165312103874345 0.006354675190666645

0.002907264021179044

x,y,z

x,y,z
x,y,z
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.001955672995458056

0.946605401455762441 2.952167141736141698 0.579774951531645599

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Arachne

1.128484276493210148

0.010190467851460631 0.001811104511745787

0.003343985294701643

vx,vy,vz

410

0.004015883178030646

1.359899523537142940

vx,vy,vz

Lampetia

0.006316106482288478 0.007613525568562483
0.447395563619500725 2.418709764219945324

0.007197099139091408 0.005191410685294344

x,y,z

0.003463941512246718

2.204123556353274616 1.619262542204616961

vx,vy,vz

Industria

0.005043923473529931 0.009797484839798252

2.006016399583006038 1.335233497908418832 0.941832432474522863

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

0.003742764415514056

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

Aquitania

389

x,y,z
x,y,z

Siegena

0.001238942541646334 0.010294117142742979

2.365965905770136768 0.946364028961979908 0.104711173321544837

1.026022247881923644

vx,vy,vz

0.002753264074857219

0.000256959389362181

vx,vy,vz

0.004469547804037060 0.009229935506104934

2.637397004060416439 0.033680969059450810 0.033009209749240563

2.461889264933398547 1.041415912802037491

vx,vy,vz

0.005392308524943403

1.834488045213377383

x,y,z

0.002474022842116686 0.008698179268340399

2.550147267653644079 1.285776955010184519 0.179678885435631430

0.009184575428991438 0.001029954077974214

x,y,z

Myrrha

0.006201849595058421

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

0.006802174405994125 0.006550715887629770

2.403925905531135054 1.080394157528443255 0.637740553547901712

0.181803553220394987 2.727350474248680712

vx,vy,vz

1.897492886578636018 1.853115584753373568 0.168626022505561857

x,y,z
x,y,z

Campania

388

vx,vy,vz

Ursula

387

x,y,z

386

vx,vy,vz

Melusina

385

381

x,y,z

Aeria

377

vx,vy,vz

375

373

x,y,z

Vincentina

369

vx,vy,vz

Corduba

366

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

Havnia

365

x,y,z

363

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Carlova

362

vx,vy,vz

Apollonia

360

x,y,z

Ninina

358

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

2.320935330770025118 1.396656836528137102 0.777937804577914949

0.005967878297330536 0.007526833190292071

0.004390084907098427

0.690870585159074957 2.285976832122341484

0.972909194639388297

0.010061709744287462 0.002641850906012974 0.002795471716741464

0.425228759538625878 3.223104999989440334

0.691457827571683836

0.007669952102573410 0.003507362513697180 0.000448442801262118

1.528713317148434614 1.538431701390180706

1.056814160805905178

0.006833201218737411 0.008984287880902874 0.001895810188518365

2.404168202561030032 1.294823426614003070

0.330302008894303445

0.005206693346373313 0.007456531256292877 0.004441540417027833

1.920013803213842740 1.236776042431182887 0.102806516019325112
0.007955416951132228 0.007973149544052796 0.004854681062882307

x,y,z

0.660465882532509707 2.488779742331803213

1.036836462101317080

vx,vy,vz

0.009611438891560443 0.003517675356754544

0.001146633004327251

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 11 of 15.)
415

Palatia

416
420

432

Pythia

454

485
489

70

0.002585888565144427

1.286986769213538828 1.948980832970361732 1.156799971769590929

0.009804719465114024 0.003999746415627610

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

0.008122040874298211 0.003536097158237312 0.003611496524712439

0.667444028746538631 2.252197234941088144 0.993641094169664063
0.000165611503527442
0.475918006579878372

0.000224571561215830 0.007624192788766146

0.003685169590851310

2.667676861175595882 1.739553822505467640

0.048087007997351904

x,y,z

0.009943729528332137 0.005243255029627681
3.485008134627705534 0.426960893387227702

vx,vy,vz

0.004238745317538407 0.006912875729415020 0.005683670800648313

2.277066624323161648 0.948290331570841527 0.878659731572872693

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.004890309880280551 0.008845224571058706 0.005480291439275048

2.365805692852444686 2.593457491934213266 0.508479129862948076

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Hedwig

0.005830421752087237 0.004151641950916174 0.003631216999264367

1.681308000287230264 1.540816635314435912 1.120990466424186094

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Comacina

0.008429343749817427 0.006873524681428616 0.001716598086040729

x,y,z

0.974450886978483366 1.931290124495535832

0.819035276347056418

0.010731270482033605 0.004061820639447179

0.004026303026251832

x,y,z 0.684382743244631553 2.097786304663209034

0.329093928144473968

vx,vy,vz

0.001524892144668299

2.056825944515058957 2.004397979321892453 0.509262841989271742

x,y,z

Papagena

0.711298139664957252

0.010126512689018213 0.004544417521285093

vx,vy,vz

1.415715061146446185 1.814956624851498335

x,y,z

Genua

0.386737481707201902

0.005987522043549823 0.003764390073667395 0.004911559441873959

vx,vy,vz

Argentina

0.000838720795358274

x,y,z

Emita

0.010779467918873202 0.001166454438831065

x,y,z

0.003532527264151718

2.638867450404819515 2.337072213589934222

vx,vy,vz

481

0.001598988743082291 0.009827743844217883

0.122162596591544409 2.551357499130834761 0.622759399088688381

vx,vy,vz

Tisiphone

476

2.438069471682043687 0.500402393682477853 0.018372380659463668

x,y,z

471

vx,vy,vz

Megaira

469

466

x,y,z

Bruchsalia

Alekto

0.003194192782337934

vx,vy,vz

Mathesis

465

0.560644019635677004

0.011649113662952394 0.009302582981661403

464

0.000909632185035547

1.052635242977920882 0.652108246501082123

x,y,z

Hamburga

455

0.009952768047903163 0.007416635165718826

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.003651458241242074

1.351686874096238222 1.350586724406483530 0.907107472146849059

vx,vy,vz

Edna

449

Eichsfeldia

445

0.656190187417207027

0.005642781181932892 0.008360067976273988

x,y,z

Gyptis

0.005977729090057320 0.008172230606490322 0.004212443868015491

vx,vy,vz

0.003497050935833218

2.126339087775298786 1.733215636283283123

x,y,z

444

vx,vy,vz

Eros

0.002391618765227667 0.009552423334085201

2.022547942292763690 1.005817143532471203 1.399553685672040970

x,y,z

442

vx,vy,vz

Nephele

433

0.007840938442101581 0.004797111494305463 0.004122385161061739

2.554859642210790316 0.721209544624070054 0.683662530131363688

x,y,z

Hippo

0.000402294197824229 0.008601469926580190 0.003283044092787496

1.836130012842030368 2.232281627979681993 0.765829327150786887

vx,vy,vz

431

3.434992155705478112 0.152957066714952405 0.330353631186631247

x,y,z

426

1.726458358232957346

0.007646026045771258 0.004063877953498320 0.000635412624451350

vx,vy,vz

Diotima
Gratia

0.004093646216743197

x,y,z

424

0.002060353514605755 0.011553860188848762

x,y,z 0.968717353915249380 2.586243865176183654

vx,vy,vz

Bertholda

423

vx,vy,vz

Vaticana

2.248246074358777769 0.101981217325653323 0.299618390748721652

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.011962823721801429 0.003569573771336420 0.001358782018689436

2.506508082475853438 2.066222307541637271 0.511544638179387667
0.006047076129268948 0.006964815651859941

0.001033759739079085

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 12 of 15.)
490

Veritas

491

Carina

498
503

514

536
545
547
566

569

591

71

x,y,z 2.750766666063489296 2.439053500410161668 0.616255994545442776

vx,vy,vz

Stereoskopia x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Cheruskia

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Semiramis

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Irmgard

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

Titania

1.676299422983591914 1.266883169004290322

0.274076519007798947

0.007644163901651690 0.010654276917228497

0.000771636508649015

3.108217299055801242 0.038924752084866489 0.306684557850228134

0.000163401251640635 0.009232636979490162

0.004135544106424715

2.499292317070373137 0.704732562382201388

0.596817158342859422

0.000384461732460371 0.010401955137544539

0.003335461022407042

0.314868951447094259 2.848132605531735528 1.283448671165868582

0.008734805915040946 0.000862116582237407 0.000205188117724297
2.503710281861984743 0.998160106756301402 0.996565071101295330
0.004900032034025778 0.007159666424074737 0.002463187315737590
1.912791286329316831 1.539478930510618904

0.440912149264970965

0.007907529478716448 0.006999464858132820

0.001976597919510323

3.001474010271674153 0.872392399734546298 0.271674947450289361

0.003412279465211854 0.006515819416529907

0.004916384720291039

x,y,z 0.426142954823842124 2.875072915506421189 1.351850274140791841

vx,vy,vz

Polyxena

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.869124506509039163

0.003538173057074548 0.006065837986010540 0.004381735842294599

x,y,z

Scheila

0.005689626184352026 0.004264313174264865 0.004857657183703378

3.088249528284030543 1.764074066249742057

vx,vy,vz

0.617355942561913063

0.003949779425587768 0.009578278138314685 0.003755534201261866

x,y,z

Bilkis

0.001503486262573605

0.005060051620143621 0.004986735600834600 0.003179245956564224

vx,vy,vz

Praxedis

596

595

0.008142074640245637 0.002287166228260473

2.549496878032234903 2.363059656332096470 0.504053344408389448

vx,vy,vz

Messalina

593

0.558320524452791234 3.192588255468263636 1.370798827031080469

x,y,z 2.316646842841627585 0.712595568810880153

0.004973978514489579

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

585

0.633503755281144221

0.000113246728749009 0.007155674865686408

x,y,z

584

3.099051382763043705 0.296225047046435153

vx,vy,vz

Montague

0.883644880995315685

0.008098171175524310 0.004726881362335257 0.002646867999807014

x,y,z

Merapi

1.795059498387787666 2.342984019721451094

vx,vy,vz

Misa

1.680737578756668515

0.007530022629651348 0.005443148627532285 0.002038851357460140

x,y,z

Brixia

0.004916880315758551

vx,vy,vz

Edith

568

0.005454153770407211 0.004892127964045382

vx,vy,vz

0.005377869001808236

1.834398047688895250 2.033726007866053731

x,y,z

0.005500358097765526 0.010138687983931836

2.338637506038451885 2.236463709683592427 0.970896012702498035

vx,vy,vz

Amherstia

0.004381003781921793

2.051381744115417849 0.715819257149662769 0.079692452727947352

x,y,z

0.196502828408131963

0.005320146486079764 0.008280168851000714

vx,vy,vz

Armida

2.469457681649797731 0.897054685380899164

x,y,z

535

0.502336236774096112

0.000707169938473929 0.007915881021043106 0.003339475619994648

x,y,z

521

vx,vy,vz

Princetonia

517

516

vx,vy,vz

0.000202399971558074

0.008172836509484513 0.003408744893633426 0.000454450885764238

3.141633394765953380 0.147256452035157803

x,y,z

Marion

0.009313455279943360 0.000902292183295022

1.361895485427903063 3.165505741951435414 0.225387122172941129

vx,vy,vz

Cava

508

x,y,z

Evelyn

506

505

vx,vy,vz

Tokio

0.036248932914226248 3.171478757627256950 0.801007823894895110

x,y,z

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.008043320855626214 0.000800619582345174 0.003093655045037652

2.275279297558304492 1.787230083745405596 1.091452381026450702
0.006946976359411234 0.004847860891067480 0.005228807026657581
2.068249321573481403 2.559630685610615686

0.793577660766494164

0.006190047319295022 0.004343781071425732

0.004070640552158299

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 13 of 15.)
598

Octavia

599

Luisa

663
667

675

683

Ludmilla


Lanzia

Lehigh

735

72

0.001979483768247084 2.107337311005498925

0.870011327043579530

0.012117274959326541 0.001965172863672976 0.001430686736150516

x,y,z 2.483498644334699357 1.961237812146513715

2.122017516184655506

0.004535242841718457 0.005563771866247991 0.003051609814162152

0.009189739037992875 0.001698156106930829

0.002602487296413445

x,y,z 1.572098580880649132 2.754041913568673561 1.335506562200244884

0.008204336231111772 0.003237602143731363

0.000474631125854728

2.600679234384931426 2.131333554500724148 0.280098141039464121

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Ekard

0.005334054469881479 0.005798095800458341 0.003891386736724764

x,y,z 2.073828833200439092 1.723446996059183167 0.871272150977313808

vx,vy,vz

Leonora

Alauda
Erminia

vx,vy,vz

Luscinia

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Marghanna x,y,z

1.527810127063314871 1.738330529507490452 2.020057855746948849

0.008204195294184936 0.003409657750114686

0.003528767177190933

1.932009598635754166 1.322621695446154488

1.386519279952832973

0.006619431762339829 0.007378506450047627

0.004203577713780057

x,y,z 2.181214001606280206 1.349361062281813073 0.026299365363868094

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z

1.840680315316418403

0.008610612355498393 0.003701586218457099 0.001273396941220973

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Boliviana

0.731086409189228292 2.576019002727282015

vx,vy,vz

0.000631908650981562

0.005658575767356208 0.004750757197783061 0.001445326359372374

x,y,z

Fringilla

0.008389896606921710 0.005221711697173815

2.528679514939249806 2.344092579990681102 1.934926268906861813

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

713

0.001425555621865033

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

712

0.011860879067687655 0.002375626722544034

vx,vy,vz

Wratislavia

709

1.239571728159498454

vx,vy,vz

x,y,z 0.038757248577513628 2.929038122705282188 1.100369444712229416

705

0.004815408543036114 0.007668419938770380 0.000993922465387279

0.235827957791626630 2.008846377619600609

vx,vy,vz

702

0.000530966741235238

vx,vy,vz

Genoveva

1.091574612026383173
0.452580813773379109

x,y,z

0.001565035661244263

2.983897565601330903 1.397628190931970993
2.421777915332062658 2.295475988992165650

vx,vy,vz

0.006841157951777630 0.006652586659241708
0.004331655563956410 0.007414701609598470

x,y,z

696

vx,vy,vzz

Rachele

694

x,y,z

691

2.006725589468375315 2.376415931764492395 0.496002046851244771

vx,vy,vz

690

0.001866697145881276 0.005612944658928348 0.006561241265170950

x,y,z

Gerlinde

0.002342861813000729 0.008762166195659019 0.005029967766286956

vx,vy,vz

0.003885209090645422

3.035450076806275543 0.421864008988716566 0.127583860826996742

x,y,z

680

vx,vy,vz

Vundtia

0.004157210144504098 0.008684469448787927

2.409466239800548415 0.465525463994251487 0.851563289724215688

x,y,z

674

vx,vy,vz

Notburga

Denise

0.006146762368787255 0.004416770321035214 0.002442816546685167

2.516097127945998935 1.510176140872574457 0.283377085143805829

x,y,z

0.007115827480249712

2.443492364975899278 2.553672554973274167 1.297289046740899066

vx,vy,vz

Chimaera

0.531502491866831517

0.002987755039934792 0.010015170339145833

x,y,z

Elfriede

635

2.236421484533403614 0.256457028560368117

vx,vy,vz

Tekmessa

626

0.004659866001601793 0.005499407621023489 0.002708296082629357

x,y,z

623

1.640818403618105270

vx,vy,vz

Marianna

618

0.000525696328445862

2.896166748961349846 1.273195801188978793

x,y,z

604

1.174114109004084749

0.009625203890116693 0.004100840847587676

vx,vy,vz

602

1.508523042247438273 1.946258357215855606

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

0.006970304527136179 0.007493618475270048 0.003330760378138190

0.602542358281345058 2.935328109946095054 0.752927362734930772
0.009618230119085674 0.002849533330894416

0.001959410111945836

2.970874542187170952 1.503348928425136677 0.336696621923833705

0.005083914736085787 0.004623872868731655 0.004610217116933856

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 14 of 15.)
739

Mandeville

740

Cantabia

751

752
760

778

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

780

914

980

73

2.048812749653873055 1.241773705314024756

0.317962157290045455

0.006453759688972923 0.008038950160103676

0.004297655236858543

3.670126642304055498 1.151050350627846441 0.367902633175755500

0.002369603147829039 0.005888743311020824

0.004396658729641872

3.175342326316428654 1.199205892203630830 0.047622057373297624

0.002109743357951093 0.007234201884231036

0.004880661946113063

0.509160148400431334 2.303342379809931284 1.333719406992519119

0.010933982442492730 0.002495895480057548

0.000346838301451201

2.906025830739782823 0.647310471297706802 1.267907728397291933

0.001010921533345003 0.007595842568837846

0.005064697781475233

1.324784143882017373 1.754236649382118429 1.608060869413702854

0.009439627055445330 0.004735182301384725 0.001496436978411633
2.430375861485484013 1.244119991480070464

1.499556777478691094

0.006193479474740193 0.007012659876802435 0.001255056722427736

2.578770540715112691 0.484679459667908874

0.746658068287141652

0.005606680738267385 0.008333234968279164

0.004809669391709696

2.947260333629879270 1.443734931655717313

0.745070083337502465

0.004292145745643914 0.007903853241575533 0.000226820581777773

x,y,z 1.216179274985955239 1.725991913871303796 1.130983048638923849

vx,vy,vz

Bredichina

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.010795481346361395 0.004416936010313539 0.003972330176354399

0.640973967234059860 3.011946086754773155

1.482664510763615384

0.008114458019644099 0.003635735760200800

0.000726237470920756

Hohensteina x,y,z 2.065161763450813925 1.731735607044430303 0.269841031252473607

vx,vy,vz

Pretoria

Ani

vx,vy,vz

Tauris

0.001800283505532356 0.008606461983801833 0.001971983915071157

vx,vy,vz
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z

Palisana

Anacostia

0.010149322918663708 0.000178409023167429 0.002316736158141167

1.180236347016857978 1.755994298920930508 1.316225480612562171
0.009748138526187236 0.004495021926921983

0.004245447086389762

x,y,z 2.643337763228612580 3.043511779699754172 0.187636072682489108

x,y,z

Ulla

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Helio

0.007166218568798618 0.008400928402379429 0.001362268879167860

3.312660708096480278 0.159833898455113310 1.180393653213523963

x,y,z 0.693006042192073846 2.790965988787078800 0.471075353887803139

Hispania

Ara

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

909

vx,vy,vz

895

x,y,z

Pickeringia

849

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

814

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

Armenia

804

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

791

vx,vy,vz

Theobalda

790

788

x,y,z

786

vx,vy,vz

Berbericia

784

Irmintraud

1.182110401173152026

0.005854981025964248 0.007733688166168566 0.002054122576185711

x,y,z

Tatjana

0.002733213589088293

x,y,z

x,y,z

Tanete

0.000448233529388049 0.008426445083442220
2.301643137177721954 0.965649183773619191

vx,vy,vz
vx,vy,vz

776

773

vx,vy,vz

Pulcova

772

Massinga

769

x,y,z

762

vx,vy,vz

Sulamitis

0.005428727641429763 0.007553927772582291 0.000302902354564315

3.314248241247279569 0.064714374102698397 0.617044240710776459

x,y,z

Faina

2.506148925696726870 1.504824362532233950 0.834400633180084061

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz
x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.005375474685596784 0.003186610433694088 0.003752983540055900

2.400436417716211412 1.377376257048356312 0.903371236042467940
0.006630709229090170 0.008101548494299364

0.000290406058693144

1.153864786573528756 2.970641315024131757 1.742880474756495213

0.006900378729138242 0.004383767421712856

0.001915953866110696

2.643585779564476823 1.912997619870260957 0.715076842818698211

0.005129680510801807 0.008209415548612537

0.000169376652986247

0.598245936709027260 1.827975513352569470 0.273954790847752927

0.011446713245858879 0.003314424689681761

0.006488303174133064

3.175758333328849048 0.485972795063543628 0.719059100789527061

0.000142109533888624 0.007460640782612650 0.004030038096555623

Table 13. Initial positions (au) and velocities (au/day) of the asteroids with respect to the Sun at
Julian day (TDB) 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969) in the ICRF2 frame. (Continued: 15 of 15.)
1015 Christa

x,y,z

vx,vy,vz

1021 Flammario

1036 Ganymed

1093 Freda

1107 Lictoria

74

0.837347923291067331

x,y,z

2.506653200603659926 2.486748461463569093 0.616157838784046952

0.006637194622358507 0.002518711399848999 0.001898585862499638

x,y,z

2.277804058924099539 1.843336426423987318 0.338410936166434473

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

2.936407649398657060 0.239975615662415959

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

1.085692881000842158

0.003624193796013200 0.008360760098837189 0.001485430871488255

x,y,z

1171 Rusthawelia

2.568332206936112527

0.008675523560380710 0.004175198720726467 0.000110280407398696

vx,vy,vz

vx,vy,vz

1467 Mashona

x,y,z

1.566656583058677832

x,y,z
vx,vy,vz

0.007229516437050462 0.003691334503305957 0.006389991099609126

2.569057933925188664 1.937453059103700248 0.421229684865389586
0.004720513971195381 0.007449150358726622 0.003422150642625780
2.560542567362555477 1.071816228353758005 0.550580177371690072
0.002594814272586507 0.009717147787535695

0.003755086238400567

0.966768996929490920 2.152669618944333507 1.688772902845859569

0.009795683288059361 0.001634297002254343

0.004184325487804071

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