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Eeng 432 Microwave Theory and Design Lab: Marks Obtained Total Marks

This lab report summarizes an experiment using a slotted line to determine unknown frequency and measure voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). Key steps include: 1) Connecting a signal generator and voltmeter to the slotted line and applying signals with different load terminations. 2) Measuring the maximum and minimum voltages along the line and calculating VSWR. 3) Measuring distances between voltage nodes and antinodes to calculate unknown frequency using the relationship between wavelength and distance between consecutive maxima or minima.

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Sohail Khilji
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65 views

Eeng 432 Microwave Theory and Design Lab: Marks Obtained Total Marks

This lab report summarizes an experiment using a slotted line to determine unknown frequency and measure voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). Key steps include: 1) Connecting a signal generator and voltmeter to the slotted line and applying signals with different load terminations. 2) Measuring the maximum and minimum voltages along the line and calculating VSWR. 3) Measuring distances between voltage nodes and antinodes to calculate unknown frequency using the relationship between wavelength and distance between consecutive maxima or minima.

Uploaded by

Sohail Khilji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EENG 432 MICROWAVE THEORY AND DESIGN LAB

LAB 04

STUDENT NUMBER
STUDENT NAME
DATE

Marks Obtained

Total Marks

Key Notes:

Lab reports should be submitted before the commencement of next lab session.
Lab reports should be submitted separately i.e. not in groups.
There will be no make up for the lab, unless you have any genuine problem.

EENG 432 MICROWAVE THEORY AND DESIGN LAB


OBJECTIVE:
By the use of the slotted line,
To determine the unknown frequency.
To determine the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and Reflection Coefficient.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

Power Supply
Microwave Transmitter
Slotted Line
Loads / Terminations
RF Cable
Voltmeter

THEORY:
When power is applied to transmission line voltage & current appear. If ZL= Z0, load
absorbs all power and none is reflected. If ZL in not equal to Z0, some power is absorbed & rest
is reflected. We have one set of Voltage & Current waves traveling towards load & a reflected
set traveling back to generator. These sets of traveling waves, in opposite directions, set up an
interference pattern called Standing waves. Maxima (antinodes) & minima (node) of Voltage &
Current at fixed positions.
The slotted line is used to measure voltage and current on the various sections of a
coaxial line, as by the slot you can enter the electrical fields between the two connectors
constituting the coaxial line.
In presence of standing wave, the voltage (or current) maximum and minimum value can
be seen, the distance between a maximum and the adjacent is equal to one fourth the wave
length, the speed factor of the line is equal to 1 because the dielectric is air. Once the speed
factor is known, by measuring the distance between two minima and multiplying it by two, it is
possible to obtain the frequency of the signal applied to the slotted line, if this is unknown.
The standing wave ratio (SWR) is equal to the ratio to maximum to the minimum value;
in fact, on the maximum the direct and reflected wave value (of voltage and current) are added
and on the minimum are subtracted. If the reflected wave does not exist, voltage and current keep
constant along all line and their ratio is equal to the characteristic impedance Zo; the SWR is
equal to l. such a line is called a line.
The output power of the generator, tuned to the lowest frequencies (for example 701.5
MHz), must be regulated to the maximum, connect the output of generator to the slotted line with
50 cable. Connect 50 to the other end of the slotted line: the line is thus terminated on its
characteristic impedance.
If the machining is perfect, by moving the probes along the slotted line the signal
amplitude will keep almost constant any way there may be variations which are due to the

connectors or to slight variation of the probes alignment. Change the termination of 50 with a
short and measure the voltage along the line it has stronger minimum and maximum values than
last ones.
The standing wave patterns for different loads are:

Short Circuit

Open Circuit

ZL>Z0

ZL<Z0

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Connect the generator (transmitter) to the slotted line through RF cable.


Terminate the line by attaching a load (ZL) on other end of line.
Insert probes of voltmeter in the slots provided on the trailer of the slotted line.
Turn on the generator and excite the cable with RF waves.
Move the trailer on the slotted line. Positions of maximum & minimum voltage appear
alternately on the slotted line.
6. Note down the max & min values of voltage.
7. Also note down the positions of the voltage minima and voltage maxima on the scale.
8. Determine VSWR by the following formula:
Measured VSWR = Vmax / Vmin

9. Determine the calculated VSWR by the formula:

10. Calculate the unknown frequency with the help of the following formula.

/ 2 = distance between consecutive V maxima or minima.

11. Repeat same procedure for different loads (ZL).

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Power Supply

Voltmeter

Transmitter

Slotted Line

Load

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

ZL

Vmax

Distance of first minima


(or Maxima) from load
(d1 cm)

CONCLUSION:

Vmin

VSWR
(Measured)

Distance of second minima


(or maxima) from load
(d2 cm)

VSWR
(Calculated)

Calculated frequency
(GHz)

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