Pak. J. Bot., 45(SI): 383-387, January 2013.

LINE X TESTER ANALYSIS FOR GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS
IN MAIZE VARIETY SARHAD-WHITE
H. RAHMAN1*, ASIF ALI1, ZAHIR SHAH2, M. IQBAL3, M. NOOR1 AND AMANULLAH4
2

1
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan
3
Department Agronomy, Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan
4
Cereal Crops Research Institute, Pirsabak, Nowshera, Pakistan
*
Corresponding authors e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
This experiment was carried out at Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2011 to test 15 maize S2 lines of maize
variety Sarhad White in test cross combinations. During spring season (February-June) S2 lines of maize variety SarhadWhite variety were out crossed at three isolations with 2 hybrids; WD36, Kiramat and an open pollinated variety Jalal.
Performance of the resulting testcrosses was evaluated with their parents in July-October. Randomized complete block
design with 2 replications was used in the experiment. Parents and crosses for yield traits showed highly significant
differences. The traits were further analyzed for general combining ability and specific combining ability effects. Maximum
ear length (18.83cm) was produced when S2 Line No.5 was crossed with WD36 as a tester. Maximum general combining
ability value 1.81 was observed for S2 Line No.2. Least desirable specific combining ability effect was observed for S2 Line
No.4 using WD28 a tester. Maximum kernel rows ear-1 (17) was observed for test crosses TC_6 and 14, using WD36 as a
tester. Maximum desirable general combining ability (1.70) was recorded for S2 Line No. 6(1.59). S2 Line No.15 was good
specific combiner with testers WD28 (1.99) and Jalal (1.81). Heaviest grains were produced by test cross TC_7 (39.5 g),
using WD28 as a tester. For grain yield S2 line no. 2 was the best general combiner, followed by S2 line 9. For SCA, S2
line 2, 3 and 6 were the best specific combiners when crossed with tester WD2 x 8, Jalal and WD3x6, respectively.

Introduction
Based on genetic makeup, hybrids of several types
are possible in maize; however those derived from inbred
lines are commonly used for commercial production. The
theory of specific combining ability (SCA) and general
combining ability (GCA) established by Sprague &
Tatum, (1942) have been used broadly in breeding of
several economic species of crop. For maize yield, they
observed that the importance of general combining ability
was relatively more than specific combining ability for
unselected inbred lines, while specific combining ability
was more important than general combining ability for
previously selected lines. They also stated that the general
combining ability is largely due to the additive effect of
genes while in specific combining ability dominance or
epistatic effects of genes are commonly involved.
Rojas & Sprague, (1952) compared estimates of the
variances of general combining ability and specific
combining ability for yield and their interaction with
locations and years. They stressed that the variance of
specific combining ability includes not only the nonadditive deviations due to dominance and epistasis but
also a considerable portion of the genotype environment
interaction. The International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center (CIMMYT) have used measures of
general combining ability and specific combining ability
effects to establish heterotic patterns among its maize
populations and pools (Vasal et al., 1992). Although both
inbred and non-inbred progenitors can be used to form
new heterotic groups, inbred progenitors will provide
better source germplasm suitable for hybrid development.
New synthetic populations developed from inbred lines,
in general, have lower inbreeding depression and tend to
be promising sources of new superior inbred lines
(Eberhart, 1939; Vasal et al., 1992; Shah et al., 2012).

Sprague & Eberhart, (1977) recommended two

replications per location and three to five environments
for evaluation of maize crosses, because the additive by
environment interaction is usually a significant factor.
They also concluded that hybrid maize could produce a
yield superior to open-pollinated varieties. Increasing the
number of environments reduces the contribution of both
the pooled error and the additive by environment
interaction to the phenotypic variance, whereas increasing
replications only reduces the pooled error contribution
(Eberhart et al., 1995, Hidayatullah et al., 2011).
The production of hybrid seed requires the
development and preservation of inbred lines and
subsequent controlled crosses to produce commercial
seed. In maize breeding programs early testing of S2 lines
is considered an efficient approach by maize breeders to
identify good performing lines by early testing which are
then evaluated for grain yield and yield related traits. The
present study was aimed at evaluating the combining
ability patterns of selected maize S2 lines obtained from
maize variety Sarhad-White for grain yield and yield
related traits and to identify and select superior hybrid
combinations based on crosses of selected lines with
testers.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted to evaluate maize S2
lines derived from maize variety Sarhad-White and its
performance with 3 testers for grain yield and other
desirable morphological traits at Agricultural University
Peshawar, Pakistan during 2011. The research was
pursued in 2 seasons. In the spring season (February
June) S2 lines of Open Pollinated Variety (OPV) Sarhadwhite were crossed with three testers comprising two
hybrids; WD 3 x 6, Kiramat and an OPV Jalal in three

H. RAHMAN ET AL.,

384

isolations. In the second season (July October) the test

crosses were evaluated along with their S2 parents, testers
and a check variety. The experiment was laid out in
randomized complete block design with 2 replications.
The total entries were 64 having 17 parents (14S2 lines + 3
testers) and 42 testcrosses as well a check. Each entry was
grown in single row plot, with row length of 5m, having
row to row and plant to plant distance of 0.75 and 0.25 m,
respectively. Two seeds hill-1 were planted, which were
thinned to one plant hill-1 at 4-5 leaf stage. Data were
recorded on the following parameters. For data recording
Grain yield (kg ha-1) =

five randomly selected ears were used to calculate the

average ear length. Similarly a random sample of 100
grains per plot from selected ears was used to obtain 100
kernel weight.
At physiological maturity, the cobs were dehusked
and harvested from each plot in the field and fresh weight
of each entry was taken with the help of weighing balance
in kg. Grain yield was obtained by adjusting the grain
moisture at 15% and converted to the grain yield ha-1 with
the help of the following formula (Carangal et al., 1971).

Fresh ear weight (kg plot-1) X (100-MC) X 0.8 X 10000

(100-15) x Area harvested (plot size)

Fresh cob weight = Fresh weight of the cob row-1

0.8 = Shelling coefficient
85 = Standard value of grain moisture at 15%
MC = Moisture content (%) in grains at harvest
Statistical analysis: The data recorded was subjected to
analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique appropriate for
88 partially balanced lattice square design using
program MS-Excel package. Analysis for general
combining ability and specific combining ability was
carried out following the method of Kempthorne (1957).
Results and Discussion
Ear length (cm): Ear length is a major yield
component and is directly proportional to grains ear-1.
Longer the ear length, higher will be the grain yield.
Ear length significantly differed among testcrosses,
lines, testers, and for line tester effect in the current
research. The longest ears were produced when S2 Line
No.5 was crossed with WD36. Most of the S2 Lines

were good general combiners (Table 1). Of the S2 lines,

53.33% had desirable general combining ability effect.
For ear length, positive general combining ability is
desirable because increase in ear length is of utmost
importance in improvement of maize yield. S2 Line
No.2 was good general combiner by expressing the
maximum general combining ability value. The lowest
general combining ability was observed for S2 Line
No.9, closely followed by S2 Line No.15. S2 Line No.4
was good specific combiner when Jalal was used as
tester, followed by S2 Line No.5, using WD36 as a
tester. Similarly minimum desirable effect of specific
combining ability was observed for S2 Line No.4 but
when WD28 was used as a tester. On average basis,
48.89% of the total testcrosses showed desirable
specific combining ability effects. Our results have
similarity with those of Mendoza et al., (2000), Konak
et al., (2001) and Rahman et al., (2010) who also noted
variation among GCA and SCA effects for S2 lines in
maize.

Table 1. Means, GCA effects of parents and SCA effects of 15 testcrosses with testers obtained from S2
lines of maize variety Sarhad - White for ear length.
Testers
WD28 (T1)
Jalal (T2)
WD36 (T3)
S2 line Parent mean GCA
Ear length
Ear length
Ear length
SCA
SCA
SCA
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
1
11.00
1.22
15.83
0.06
15.42
0.17
16.17
-0.23
2
11.33
1.81
17.08
0.73
14.58
-1.25
17.50
0.52
3
11.33
1.25
15.83
0.04
17.50
2.22
14.17
-2.26
4
9.67
0.28
12.00
-2.82
18.08
3.78
14.50
-0.96
5
15.50
0.17
13.58
-1.13
11.83
-2.36
18.83
3.49
6
13.83
0.56
14.08
-1.02
13.08
-1.50
18.25
2.52
7
7.50
1.00
13.75
-1.80
16.50
1.47
16.50
0.32
8
8.67
0.68
13.67
-1.56
15.13
0.42
17.00
1.14
9
10.58
-2.40
12.88
0.73
9.00
-2.62
14.67
1.89
10
13.00
-1.39
13.17
0.01
12.58
-0.05
13.83
0.04
11
12.17
-0.81
15.50
1.76
12.58
-0.64
13.25
-1.12
12
9.50
0.42
14.67
-0.30
15.75
1.31
14.58
-1.01
13
11.67
-1.03
16.00
2.48
12.83
-0.16
11.83
-2.32
14
12.58
0.58
15.00
-0.13
12.08
-2.53
18.42
2.66
15
11.50
-2.33
15.17
2.95
13.42
1.72
8.17
-4.68

LINE X TESTER ANALYSIS FOR GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS IN MAIZE

Number of kernel rows ear-1: Kernel rows ear-1 plays

vital role in determination of grain yield. More rows ear-1
is desirable in maize because of its direct relationship
with number of grains and hence grain yield. Means for
S2 Lines with three testers are presented in Table 2.
Maximum rows ear-1 were observed for test crosses TC_6
and 14 when WD36 was used as a tester, while least was
recorded for test cross TC_15, using WD36 as a tester.
Maximum desirable GCA was recorded for S2 Line No.6

385

(1.59) whereas; the least was recorded for S2 Line No.15.

On average, 53.33% lines showed desirable GCA effects
while rest of the lines had undesirable general combining
ability effects. Geetha, (2000) reported that crossing of
better parent's results in greater number of grain rows ear1
. S2 Line No.15 was good specific combiner with testers
WD28 (1.99) and Jalal (1.81) while, worse combiner
with tester WD36 (-3.79). Thus, the same line was good
as well as worse combiner but with different testers.

Table 2. Means, GCA effects of parents and SCA effects of 15 testcrosses from S2 lines of maize variety
Sarhad-White for kernel rows ear-1
Testers
WD28 (T1)
Jalal (T2)
WD36 (T3)
GCA
S2 line Parent mean
Kernel rows
Kernel rows
Kernel rows
SCA
SCA
SCA
ear-1
ear-1
ear-1
1
12.00
0.04
15.00
1.32
13.00
-0.86
14.00
-0.46
2
12.00
-0.91
12.00
0.10
12.00
-0.75
14.00
0.65
3
14.00
0.37
15.00
0.99
14.00
0.31
13.00
-1.29
4
12.00
0.65
12.00
-1.63
15.00
1.03
15.00
0.60
5
13.00
-0.35
13.00
-0.13
14.00
0.36
13.00
-0.24
6
15.00
1.59
15.00
-0.07
14.00
-0.91
17.00
0.99
7
9.00
0.31
12.00
-1.63
15.00
0.53
15.00
1.10
8
12.00
0.15
12.00
-0.96
14.00
0.53
15.00
0.43
9
12.00
-1.02
12.00
-0.63
13.00
-0.14
14.00
0.76
10
15.00
0.20
14.00
0.32
14.00
-0.19
14.00
-0.13
11
15.00
-0.35
13.00
0.21
14.00
0.36
13.00
-0.57
12
9.00
-0.41
14.00
0.76
12.00
-0.91
14.00
0.15
13
11.00
-0.85
12.00
-0.29
13.00
0.03
13.00
0.26
14
12.00
1.70
15.00
-0.35
14.00
-1.19
17.00
1.54
15
13.00
-1.13
14.00
1.99
14.00
1.81
9.00
-3.79
Tester Means = T1 (9.5), T2 (11), T3 (15)
Grand mean for testcrosses = 13.2

100 grain weight: Grain weight is of utmost importance

in selection of high yielding maize genotypes Analysis of
variance revealed significant variation among test crosses,
lines, testers and line tester effect for grain weight. The
heaviest grains were produced by test cross TC_7 and
TC_8, using WD28 as a tester, whereas the lightest
grains were produced by test cross TC_15, using WD36
as a tester (Table 3). Altinbas & Tosun, (1998) reported
that parental lines screening and crosses performed based
on 100-grain weight can give efficient results. GCA was
greater for S2 Line No.3 followed by S2 Line No.6, while
lowest general combining ability was observed for S2 Line
No.14. Only 40% of the tested lines had desirable general
combining ability effects. Among the S2 lines, Line No .7
was good specific combiner with WD28, followed by
Line No.1 with tester WD36. The lowest specific
combining ability effect was observed for S2 Line No.15,
using WD36 as a tester. These results are in conformity
to those obtained by Singh & Singh (1998), Mendoza et
al., (2000) & Konak et al., (2001) who also reported
higher specific combining ability and general combining
ability effects for different S2 lines in maize. Lines with
greater specific combining ability effects could be used
for hybrid development while those having greater
general combining ability could be used effectively for
synthetic cultivars development.

Grain yield: Most of the plant breeding programs are

designed with the objective to improve grain yield. For
grain yield highly significant differences were obtained
among the lines, crosses, testers and line tester
interaction accompanied with low coefficient of
variability. Maximum grain yield was observed for S2
Line No.6, using WD36 as a tester, while least was
observed for S2 line No.12, using WD28 as a tester.
Maximum general combining ability effect was observed
for S2 Line No.2, followed by S2 Line No.9 (Table 4).
Similarly, least general combining ability effect was
observed for Line No.12, followed by S2 Line No.13.
Among the tested lines, 58.33% showed desirable general
combining ability effect while for rest of the lines the
effect was undesirable. Maximum specific combining
ability effect was observed for S2 Line No.14, using
WD28 as a tester, followed by S2 Line No.6, using
WD36 as a tester. Likewise, least specific combining
ability effect was observed for S2 Line No.3, using
WD28 as a tester followed by S2 Line No.2, using Jalal
as tester. Looking into the proportion of desirable specific
combining ability effects, it was 48.89 % for grain yield.
Our results are in agreement with those of Tanner &
Smith (1987) and Rahman et al., (2012) who observed
highly significant variation for grain yield with various
exotic maize testers.

H. RAHMAN ET AL.,

386

Table 3. Means, GCA effects of parents and SCA effects of 15 testcrosses with three testers obtained from S2
lines of maize variety Sarhad-White for grain wt.
Testers
S2 line

Parent mean

WD28 (T1)

GCA

Jalal (T2)

WD36 (T3)

Grain weight
(g)

SCA

Grain weight
(g)

SCA

Grain weight
(g)

SCA

25.00

-6.53

31.70

1.65

35.10

4.88

24.60

-1.77

26.30

-0.60

33.80

1.15

26.20

-5.03

35.20

3.87

23.10

4.88

38.30

0.17

36.10

-0.67

37.30

0.51

28.30

-0.19

33.90

0.85

27.80

-3.84

34.70

2.99

29.70

1.43

38.50

3.79

31.30

-2.01

31.60

-1.79

29.80

1.79

32.90

-2.20

35.90

2.22

33.70

-0.02

26.40

1.05

39.50

5.21

32.40

-0.48

28.30

-4.72

24.30

1.71

38.90

3.89

28.80

-4.77

34.50

0.88

20.10

-1.12

32.80

0.70

30.20

-0.58

30.70

-0.12

10

29.50

0.96

31.50

-2.70

35.80

3.03

32.60

-0.33

11

20.20

-0.67

31.70

-0.91

33.00

1.78

30.40

-0.86

12

26.10

-0.50

30.10

-2.71

32.10

0.72

33.40

1.99

13

27.20

-1.00

29.60

-2.68

34.80

3.96

29.70

-1.29

14

25.20

-3.40

28.40

-1.43

27.60

-0.83

30.80

2.25

15

27.40

-2.59

34.10

3.41

34.10

4.85

21.10

-8.26

Tester Means (g) = T1 (27), T2 (32), T3 (34)

Table 4. Means, GCA effects of parents and SCA effects of 15 testcrosses with 3 testers obtained from S2
lines of maize variety Sarhad-White for grain yield.
Testers
S2 line

Parent mean

GCA

104.7

WD28 (T1)
Grain yield
(kg ha-1)

Jalal (T2)

SCA

Grain yield
(kg ha-1)

6690

-67.50

WD36 (T3)
SCA

Grain yield
(kg ha-1)

SCA

7204

-52.8

9139

730.3

4561

5548

631.2

9273

1379.00

5983

-1799.9

9356

420.9

5319

475.3

5915

-1823.1

9102

1474.9

9128

348.2

3535

429.6

7631

-61.6

8744

1162.8

7633

1101.3

6153

144.5

8369

962.4

5935

-1361.3

8848

398.8

6525

152.3

6881

-533.7

5823

-1480.5

10471

2014.2

3787

380.9

7541

-102.9

7371

-161.3

8949

264.2

4879

380.7

6295

-1347.8

7344

-188.6

10221

1536.4

3542

479.3

7912

170.3

8540

909.4

7704

1079.7

10

6740

-189.8

6600

-472.8

6445

-517.3

9105

990.1

11

5406

-546.8

7420

704.3

6907

302.3

6751

1006.7

12

2745

-1539.9

5092

-631.1

6277

665.6

6730

-34.5

13

6469

-1047.9

5801

-413.5

7115

1011.7

6658

-598.2

14

4767

-7.6

9462

2207.0

6206

-938.1

7028

1268.9

15

6751

153.3

8057

640.9

8278

972.9

6844

1613.8

Tester Means (kg h- ) = T1 (5245), T2 (6714), T3 (8594)

Grand mean for testcrosses = 6953 kg h-1

LINE X TESTER ANALYSIS FOR GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS IN MAIZE

References
Altinbas, M. and M. Tosun. 1998. A study on utilizing
combining ability covariances in hybrid maize breeding.
Anadolu, 8(2):90-100.
Carrangal, V.R., S.M. Ali, A.K. Kobe and E.H. Rinke. 1971.
Comparison of S1 with testcross evaluation for recurrent
selection in maize. Crop Sci., 11(5): 658-661.
Eberhart, S. A., W. Sauhuana, R. Sevilla and S. Taba. 1995.
Principles of tropical maize breeding. Maydica 40:39-45.
Geetha, K. 2000. Heterosis in maize. Agri. Sci. Digest., 21(3):
202-203.
Hidayatullah, I.H. Khalil, H. Rahman, F. Muhammad, I. A.
Khalil and S.K. Khalil. 2011. Envronmental influence on
heritability and selection response of morphological traits
in mungbean. Pak. J. Bot., 43(1): 301-310.
Kempthorne, O. 1957. An introduction to genetic statistics. John
Wiley and Sons, New York: 468-472.
Konak, C., A. Unay, E. Serter and H. Basal. 2001. Estimation of
combining ability effects, heterosis and heterobeltiosis
using line tester method in maize. Turkish J. Field
Crops., 4(1): 1-9.
Mendoza, M., A. Oyervides and A. Lopez. 2000. New maize
cultivars with agronomic potential for the humid tropics.
Agronomia, Mesoamericana, 11(I): 83-88.
Rahman, H. Arifuddin, Z. Shah, S.M.A. Shah, M. Iqbal and I.H.
Khalil. 2010. Evaluation of maize S2 lines in testcross
combinations I: Flowering and morphological traits. Pak. J.
Bot., 42(3): 1619-1627.

387

Rahman, H. Arifuddin, Z. Shah, S.M.A. Shah, M. Iqbal and I.H.

Khalil. 2012. Evaluation of maize S2 lines in testcross
combinations II: yield and yield components . Pak. J. Bot.,
44(1): 187-192.
Rojas, B.A. and G.F. Sprague. 1952. Comparison of variance
components in cor yield trials: III. General hybrids of
maize. Indian J. Genetics, 62: 312-315.
Shah, I.A., H. Rahman, S.M.A. Shah, Z. Shah, S. Rahman,
Ihteramullah and M. Noor. 2012. Characterization of pearl
millet germplasm for various morphological and fodder
yield parameters. Pak. J. Bot., 44(1): 273-280.
Singh, D.N. and I.S. Singh. 1998. Line tester analysis in
maize. J. Res. Birsa Agric. Univ., 10(2): 177-182.
Sprague, G.F. 1939. An estimation of the number of top crossed
plants required for adequate representation of corn variety.
J. Amer. Soci. Agron., 34: 11-16.
Sprague, G.F. and S.A. Eberhart. 1977. Maize Breeding. In:Corn
and corn improvement. Ameican. Sociey of Agronomy,
Madison, Wisconsin, 12-313.
Sprague, G.F. and L.A. Tatum. 1942. General versus specific
combining ability in single crosses of corn. J. Amer. Soci.
Agron., 37: 923-928.
Tanner, A.H. and O.S. Smith. 1987. Comparison of half sib and
S1 recurrent selection in the Crug Yellow Dent maize
populations. Crop Sci., 27: 509-513.
Vasal, S.K., O. Srinivasan, G.C. Han and C.F. Gonzalez. 1992.
Heterotic patterns of eighty-eight white sub-tropical
CIMMYT maize lines. Maydica., 37(4): 319-327.

(Received for publication 1 September 2012)