IntrotoMasteringandMathReview

Due:11:59pmonSaturday,September3,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy

IntroductiontoNumericAnswers
Thisexerciseisnotintendedtotestyourknowledgeofanyspecificsubjectmaterial.Therefore,onthisproblemyouwillnotbe
penalizedforusinghintsorsubmittingincorrectanswers.

Overview
Whenanassignmentquestionrequiresthatyouenteranumericanswer,youwillseeananswerboxliketheoneillustrated
here.

Toanswerthistypeofquestion,youwillneedtotypethenumericvaluefordistanceintherectanglebetweenthequantityyou
aresolvingfor(distance)andtheunits(meters).
Inadditiontotypingalphanumericvaluesfromyourkeyboard,youcanenternonnumericinformationbyusingeither
themenutabsabovetherectangularanswerbox(formoreinformationclick
theequivalentkeystrokes.(click

(Help)button)or

(Keyboardshortcuts)buttonforthelist)

Grading
Tolerance
Forgrading,yournumericanswersoften(butnotalways)canbewithinatolerancerangeoftheofficialanswer.
Forexample,iftheanswertoanumericproblemwithatoleranceof2%were105,answersbetween103and107
wouldbegradedascorrect.
Ifyousubmitananswerthatisroundedtowithinthegradingtolerancebutisnottheexactanswer,youwill
receivefullcredit.Ifthisvalueisneededinfuturepartsusethefullprecisionvalueforsubsequentparts.
Significantfigures
Mostquestionswithnumericanswerswillrequireyouranswertobegiventoatleastthreedigitsorsignificant
figures.
Youranswermaybegradedasincorrectifyouhavecalculatedcorrectlybutthenroundedyourfinalanswertotoo
fewdigits.Ifadifferentnumberofsignificantfiguresisrequired,thiswillbepartofthequestion'sanswer
instructions.
Whenyouneedtodomultiplecalculationstogetananswer,usemoresignificantfiguresthanrequiredineach
calculationandroundattheendonly.Roundingtooearlycancauseyourfinalanswertobeoutsidethetolerance
range.

PartA
Formostanswers,youwillsimplyenteryournumericanswerdirectlyintothespaceprovidedtotherightoftheequalsign.
Answerthefollowingquestionbytypingthenumericanswerintotheanswerbox.
Ifyouhaveagrossofitems,youhave144items.Ifyoubuyagrossofeggs,howmanydozeneggsdoyouhave?
Expressyouranswerindozens.Donotentertheunitstheyareprovidedtotherightoftheanswerbox.
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Hint1.Howmanyitemsareinadozen?
Ifyouhaveadozenitems,howmanyitemsdoyouhave?
ANSWER:
6items
12items
13items

ANSWER:
numberofeggs= 12 dozen

Correct

PartB
Whenenteringlargenumbersintheanswerbox,donotusecommas.Forexample,enter1276400forthenumber
1,276,400.Donotenter1,276,400.Ifyouaccidentallyentercommas,youwillgetamessagethatyouranswerhasthe
wrongnumberofterms.Answerthefollowingquestionbytypingthenumericanswerintotheanswerbox.Whatisthesum
of9260and3240?
Expressyouranswernumericallytoatleastthreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Howtocomputethesum
Recallthatthesumoftwonumbersistheresultyouobtainbyaddingthetwonumberstogether.
ANSWER:
sum= 12500

Correct
NotethatyoucanalwaysreviewexactlywhatyoutypedintheanswerboxbyclickingMyAnswers.

Scientificnotation
Youmaywanttoenter367,000,000inscientificnotationas3.67 10 8 .Therearetwowaystodothis.

Touseatemplate,clickthe
Tousethekeyboard,

buttonfoundunderthe

menu.

Insteadofthesymbol,useamultiplicationdot()bytypingthekeyboardmultiplicationsymbol*(Shift+8).
Toinputtheexponentfornumberswritteninscientificnotation,doeitherofthefollowing:
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Clickthe
buttonfoundunderthe
Type^(Shift+6)fromyourkeyboard.

menu.

Forexample,3.67 10 8 canbeenteredintheanswerboxbytyping3.67*10^8.

PartC
Practiceenteringnumbersthatincludeapowerof10byenteringthediameterofahydrogenatominitsgroundstate,
10
dH = 1.06 10
m ,intotheanswerbox.
Expressthediameterofagroundstatehydrogenatominmetersusingapowerof10.Donotentertheunitsthey
areprovidedtotherightoftheanswerbox.
ANSWER:
dH

= 1.061010 m

Correct
Insomecomputerprogramminglanguagesandsoftware,ashorthandscientificnotationforanumbersuchas
12
3.0 10
wouldbe3.0E12.Thisnotationshouldbeavoidedwhenusingthemathanswerbox,becausetheEwillbe
12
interpretedasavariable.Tocorrectlyenter3.0 10 asananswer,followtheadvicegivenabove.
Valuethatareequivalent,suchas10.6 10

11

or106 10

12

wouldalsobemarkedcorrecthere.

PartD
Ifyouareaskedtoprovideasetoftwoormorenumericanswers,separatethemwithcommas.Forexample,toprovide
theyearthatSputnik(thefirstsatellitetobesentintoorbitaroundtheEarth)waslaunchedandtheyearhumansfirst
walkedontheMoon,youwouldenter1957,1969intheanswerbox.Arectanglehasalengthof5.50mandawidthof
12.0m.Whataretheperimeterandareaofthisrectangle?
Entertheperimeterandareanumericallyseparatedbyacomma.Theperimetershouldbegiveninmetersandthe
areainsquaremeters.Donotentertheunitstheyareprovidedtotherightoftheanswerbox.

Hint1.Howtofindtheperimeter
Theperimeterofatwodimensionalshapeisthedistancearoundtheoutsideedgeoftheshape.Inthecaseofa
rectangle,therearetwosidesoflengthLandtwosidesofwidthW .Therefore,ifyouweretowalkaroundthe
outsideofarectangle,youwouldwalkadistanceof2L + 2W or2(L + W ).

Hint2.Howtofindthearea
TheareaAofarectangleisgivenbytheproductofitslengthLandwidthW :A
ANSWER:
perimeter,area= 35.0,66.0 m,m2

Correct
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= LW

IntroductiontoNumericAnswerswithUnits
Thisexerciseisnotintendedtotestyourknowledgeofanyspecificsubjectmaterial.Therefore,onthisproblemyouwillnotbe
penalizedforusinghintsorsubmittingincorrectanswers.

Overview
Whenanassignmentquestionrequiresthatyouenterananswerconsistingofanumericvalueanditsunits,youwillseean
answerboxliketheoneillustratedhere.

Toanswerthistypeofquestion,youwillneedtotypethenumericvalueandtheappropriateunitsintheboxesprovided.
Toenteranumericvalue,clickintheValueboxandthentypeinthevalue.Youcanenteronlynumericvalues,
includingscientificnotation.Youcantentercalculationsoralgebraicexpressions.Thesamegrading,tolerance,
andsignificantfigurerulesapplytothenumericvalueofyournumberandunitsanswerasapplytonumeric
answers.
Toenterunits,clickintheUnitsboxandthenentertheabbreviatedunit.Youcanenteranyofthefollowing:
Asingleunitsuchasm,eV,,,or C.
AsingleunitwithaprefixsuchascmorMeV.
AcompoundunitsuchasN morm/s.Notethatyoumustuseexplicitmultiplicationincompound
units.Forexample,newtonmeterscanbeenteredaseitherN morNm,butnotNm.
AcompoundunitwithaprefixsuchaskN m.
Toundoyourwork,click

.Toredoyourwork,click

Toclearyourwork(restart),click

Toviewalistofkeyboardshortcuts,click

.Herearesomeofthemostcommonshortcuts:

Compoundunitmultiplication:Type*(Shift+8)orType(ahyphen).
Exponent:Type^(Shift+6).
Fraction:Type/(aforwardslash).
Degreesymbol:Type\deg.
Formoreinformation,click(

).Toidentifythepurposeofanyicon,simplyplaceyourcursoroverit.For

instance,hereisanexampleshowingthedegreesymbol:

PartA
Answerthefollowingquestionbyenteringthenumericvaluewithappropriateunits.
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Ifthelengthofonesideofasquareis12.0m,whatistheperimeterofthesquare?

Expresstheperimeterwiththeappropriateunits.

Hint1.Definitionofaperimeter
Theperimeterofasquareisthesumofthelengthsofallfoursidesofthesquare.
ANSWER:
perimeter= 48.0m

Correct
Becauseasquarehasfoursidesofequallength,theperimeteris
12m + 12m + 12m + 12m = 48.0m

Youcouldalsoexpresstheperimeterinequivalentunitsusingprefixessuchascmorkm(i.e.,4800cmor0.0480
km)

PartB
Whennumbersareverysmallorverylarge,itisconvenienttoeitherexpressthevalueinscientificnotationand/orby
usingaprefixwiththeunit.
Apainrelievingpillhasamassof0.005g.Expressthepillsmassingramsusingscientificnotationorinmilligrams.
Expressyouranswerinscientificnotationtoonesignificantfigureoruseaprefixontheunit.

Hint1.Howtointerprettheprefixmilli
Theprefixm(milli)impliesmultiplicationby10 3 thus,amilligramis1 10 3 g.

ANSWER:
mass= 5103g

Correct
Because1milligram

= 10

grams

,youcanenteryouransweras5 10 3 gor5mg.

PartC
Youcanalsoenterunitsthatarecombinationsofotherunits.Keepinmindthatyouhavetoindicatethemultiplicationof
unitsexplicitlyeitherwithamultiplicationdotoradash.Youcanaddamultiplicationdotbyselectingthedot
fromthesymbol

menu.

Theweightofanobjectistheproductofitsmass,m,andtheaccelerationofgravity,g(whereg
objectsmassism = 10.kg,whatisitsweight?
Expresstheweightwiththeappropriateunits.
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= 9.8m/s

).Ifan

Hint1.Theunitsforweight
Tocalculatetheweightofanobject,youmustmultiplyitsmassbytheaccelerationduetogravity:
weight = massof object accelerationduetogravity

Becauseyouaremultiplyingavaluewiththeunitskgbyavaluewiththeunitsm/s2 ,findtheresultingunitsby
multiplyingbothunitstogether:
2

(kg) (m/s ) = kg m/s

.
ANSWER:
weight= 98

kgm
2

Correct
Theweightoftheobjectism g

= 98kg m/s

.Because1kg m/s2

(1newton),youcanalsoexpress

= 1N

theansweras98N,inscientificnotationas9.8 10 1 N,orwithaprefixas0.098kN.

PartD
Youcanenterunitsthatarecombinationsofunitswithprefixes.However,youmustmaintainthesameunitsystemgiven
intheproblem.Forexample,thisquestionusestheSIunitsystem.ThereforeananswerinU.S.customaryunits,suchas
milesperhourwouldnotbeacceptedascorrect.
Acartravelingwithconstantspeedtravels150kmin7200s.Whatisthespeedofthecar?
Expressthespeedwiththeappropriateunits.

Hint1.Theequationforcomputingspeed
Ifanobjectismovingwithconstantspeed,itsspeedisgivenby
speed =

distance
time

ANSWER:
2.1102 km
s

Correct
YoucanenteryouranswerinanyequivalentcombinationofSIunitsrepresentingadistanceoveranyperiodoftime.
Forexample,youcouldalsoenter21m/susingtwosignificantfigures.

PartE
Youcanentercompoundunitsthatarecombinationsofotherunitsthataremultipliedtogether.Toentertheexplicitly,
type(shift+8)onthekeyboard,orusethetemplateintheSymbols
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90

menu.

Torquecanbecalculatedbymultiplyingtheforce(N )appliedat90 totheleverarmatadistance(m)fromthepivotpoint

Hint1.Theequationforcomputingtorque
Ifaleverhasaconstantforceappliedat90 totheleverarmatafixeddistancefromthepivotpoint(pointof
rotation),thetorqueontheleverisgivenby

torque = f orce(at90 toleverarm) distancetopivotpoint

ANSWER:
30Nm

Correct

IntroductiontoSignificantFigures
ManyquestionsinMasteringrequireyoutoenteryouranswertoaspecifiednumberofsignificantfigures.Forgrading
purposes,somenumericanswersmustbeexact.Supposeyouareasked"Howmanydaysareinaweek?"Theanswermust
be"7."Othernumericanswersmaybegradedascorrectnotonlywhentheymatchtheexactanswerbutalsoiftheyfallwithin
anacceptablerangeoftheexactanswer.Thisrangeisknownasthegradingtolerance.Supposeyouareasked"Howmany
daysareinayear?"Thepreciseansweris365.24days.However,acalendarcontains365days,sotheMasteringsystemwill
alsoacceptthatascorrect.
AnanswerthatfallswithintheMasteringgradingtolerancewillalsobemarkedascorrectandyouwillbegivenfullcredit.You
willseeafeedbackboxthatlooksliketheonebelow:

Becauseyouroundeddifferentlythanthesystemdid,yourroundedanswermightaffectyourworkonfurthercalculationsinthe
sameitemandcouldcauseyournextanswertofalloutsideofthetolerance.Topreventthis,youwillbeaskedtousethe
unroundedanswerforallfutureparts.

PartA
Supposeyouareaskedtofindtheareaofarectanglethatis2.1cmwideby5.6cmlong.Yourcalculatoranswerwouldbe
11.76cm2 .Nowsupposeyouareaskedtoentertheanswertotwosignificantfigures.(Notethatifyoudonotroundyour
answertotwosignificantfigures,youranswerwillfalloutsideofthegradingtoleranceandbegradedasincorrect.)
Enteryouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
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12cm2

Correct
Thisisyourfinalanswer,roundedtotwosignificantfigures.

Tocalculateananswertothecorrectnumberofsignificantfigures,youmustcompleteallcalculationsfirstandthenroundyour
finalanswerastheverylaststep.InPartC,youareaskedtocalculatethevolumeofarectangularprismthathasalengthof
5.6cm,awidthof2.1cm,andaheightof6.6cm.Youcancalculatethevolumeofaprismbymultiplyingtheareaofthebase
timestheheight.Youalreadycalculatedtheareaofthebaseas2.1 cm 5.6 cminPartA.

PartB
WhatvalueshouldyouuseastheareaofthebasewhencalculatingtheanswertoPartC?
ANSWER:
11.8cm2
12cm2
11.76cm2

Correct
11.76cm2 isthecorrect,unroundedvalueoftheareaofthebase.Itiscorrecttoroundtotherequestednumberof
significantfiguresinPartAbecausecalculatingtheareaisyourfinalstep.Ifyouwanttousethatinformationin
furthercalculationsyoumustusetheunroundedvalue.

PartC
UsingthecorrectanswerfromPartB,calculatethevolumeofarectangularprismwithalengthof5.6cm,awidthof2.1
cm,andaheightof6.6 cm.

Enteryouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
78cm3

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Correct

PartD
Wouldananswerthatgeneratedtheresponsebelowbeconsideredcorrectandgiveyoufullcredit?

ANSWER:
No.
Itisimpossibletotell.
Yes.

Correct

IntroductiontoSymbolicAnswers
Thisexerciseisnotintendedtotestyourknowledgeofanyspecificsubjectmaterial.Therefore,onthisproblemyouwillnotbe
penalizedforsubmittingincorrectanswers.

Overview
Thetypeofanswerboxillustratedhereletsyoubuildasymbolicexpressionjustasitwouldlookinyourtextbookorasyou
mightwriteitbyhand.

Youusethesameanswerboxandmenutabstoenternumericandsymbolicanswers.

Toinsertaformattingtemplate,suchasanexponent,squareroot,orfraction,click
appropriatetemplate.
ToinsertGreekletters, (hbar)and (EMF),click
Toundoyourwork,click

.Toredoyourwork,click

Toclearyourwork(restart),click

andthenselectthe

andthenselecttheletteryouwant.
.

Toviewalistofkeyboardshortcuts,click
Subscript:Type_(anunderscore).
Exponent:Type^(Shift+6).
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Fraction:Type/(aforwardslash).

.Herearesomeofthemostcommonshortcuts:

Squareroot:Type\sqrt.
Greekletters:Typeabackslash(\)andthenameoftheGreekcharacter.Forexample,todisplay,
youwouldtype\delta.ForuppercaseGreekletters,beginthenamewithacapitalletter.For
example,youwouldtype\Deltatodisplay.
Formoreinformation,click(

).Toidentifythepurposeofanyicon,simplyplaceyourcursoroverit.For

instance,hereisanexampleshowingtheGreekletterOmega:

Grading
Youranswersaregradedaccordingtothestandardorderofoperationsconventionsforevaluatingmathematicalexpressions,
asfollows:
1.Performanycalculationsinsideparentheses.
2.Performallmultiplicationsanddivisions,workingfromlefttoright.
3.Performalladditionsandsubtractions,workingfromlefttoright.
Forexample,intheexpressiona + b c,firstyoushouldmultiplybbycandthenaddatothetotal.Inotherwords,thecorrect
expressionisa + b c = a + (b c) (a + b) c.

PartA
Similartowhatyouseeinyourtextbook,youcangenerallyomitthemultiplicationsymbolasyouanswerquestionsonline,
exceptwhenthesymbolisneededtomakeyourmeaningclear.Forexample,1 10 5 isnotthesameas1105 .Whenyou
needtobeexplicit,type*(Shift+8)toinsertthemultiplicationoperator.Youwillseeamultiplicationdot()appearinthe
answerbox.Donotusethesymbol.Forexample,fortheexpressionma,typingmawouldbecorrect,butmxawould
beincorrect.
Entertheexpressionma.
ANSWER:
ma

ma

Correct
Whenenteringalgebraicexpressions,suchasma,youcanenteritusingexplicitmultiplicationmaorimplied
multiplicationma.Bothwillbeacceptedascorrect.

Alltrigonometricfunctionsassumeanglesareinradiansbydefault,unlesstheuseofdegreesisspecified.

PartB
Entertheexpression2cos2 () 1,whereisthelowercaseGreeklettertheta.
ANSWER:
2

2cos () 1

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2cos () 1

Correct
Toidentifyavariabledisplayedinaspecificpart,placeyourcursoroverit.Forinstance,hereisanexampleshowing

theGreekletterthetausedinthisproblem:

PartC
Entertheexpressionasin(x) + 15,whereasin(x)istheinversesinefunction.
ANSWER:
asin(x) + 15

asin(x) + 15

Correct
Usethesamenotationtoenterotherinversetrigonometricfunctions,forexampleacos(x)andatan(x)forthe
inversecosineandtangentfunctionsrespectively.

PartD

Entertheexpression

2gy
m

,whereistheuppercaseGreekletterDelta.

ANSWER:

2gy
m

2gy
m

Correct

PartE
EntertheexpressionN0 et ,whereN0 isNnaught(anNwithasubscriptzero)andisthelowercaseGreekletter
lambda.
ANSWER:
t

N0 e

N0 e

Correct

ReviewingtheFundamentals
Trythisfinalitemtoreviewsomeofthekeyconceptsyou'velearned.
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PartA
Youarestartinganewitemandafterreadingthefirstpartyourealizeyouhavenoideahowtogoaboutansweringit.What
shouldyoudo?
ANSWER:
Guessrandomlyandhopeforsomeusefulfeedback.
Usetheavailablehints.
Requestthesolutionimmediately.

Correct
Thehintsaredesignedforexactlythisreason:togiveyousomethingtoworkwithifyouareabsolutelystuck.Youwill
mostlikelyscorehigher(andlearnmore!)ifyouusethehintswhenyouneedthemratherthanguessingorgivingup.

PartB
Youhavebeenworkingonanitemforawhileandafterafewmisstepsyou'vecomeupwithananswer.However,thereis
oneparticularthingthatyou'renot100%sureof.Whatshouldyoudo?
Selectallthatapply.
ANSWER:
Checkforanyhintsthataddressthepartofthecalculationyou'reunsureabout.
Submityouranswerandthenadjustitaccordingtoanyfeedbackyoureceive.
Returntothequestionafteryou'vespokenwithaninstructororclassmate.
Noneoftheabove.

Correct
Thereisnosinglerightwaytoproceedifyou'vemadesomeprogressonanitembutarenot100%sureofyourwork.
Ifyousubmittheanswer,youmightberightandthereisagoodchanceyouwillgetsomeusefulfeedback.Thereis
alsoagoodchancethatthehintsaddresswhateverissueyouareunsureabout.Finally,ifyourinstructorallowsit,
talkingoveryoursolutionwithsomeoneelsecouldbeagoodwaytogo.Youshoulddowhateveryoufindworksbest
foryou.

PartC
You'vejustsolvedaproblemandtheansweristhemassofanelectron,me
enterthisnumberintotheanswerbox?

= 9.11 10

31

.Howwouldyou

kilograms

Enteryouranswerinkilogramsusingthreesignificantfigures.Notethattheunitsareprovidedforyoutotheright
oftheanswerbox.

Hint1.Multiplicationandsuperscripts
Youmayusethescientificnotationtemplate
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toenteryouranswer,ortypethefollowing:9.11*10^31.

Thekeyboardmultiplicationsymbol*(Shift+8)willappearasamultiplicationdot,andthecaratsymbol^(Shift+
6)willallowsuperscript.Anotherwaytogetanexponentisbyclicking

inthe

menu.

ANSWER:
me

= 9.111031 kilograms

Correct

PartD
AfriendinyourclasstellsyouthatsheneveruseshintswhendoingherMasteringhomework.Shesaysthatshefindsthe
hintshelpful,butwhenthehintasksanotherquestionitincreasesthechancethatherscoreontheproblemwillgodown.
Shefeelslikeitisn'tworththerisk.Youreassureherthatthereisnothingtofearaboutopeningahintthatasksaquestion.
Whichofthefollowingaregoodreasonsforyourfriendnottoworry?
Selectallthatapply.
ANSWER:
Theonlywaytoloseadditionalpartialcreditonahintisbyusingthe"giveup"buttonorenteringincorrect
answers.Leavingthequestionblankwillnotcostyouanycredit.
Asanincentiveforthinkinghardabouttheproblem,yourinstructormaychoosetoapplyasmallhintpenalty,but
thispenaltyisthesamewhetherthehintsimplygivesinformationorasksanotherquestion.
Gettingthecorrectanswertothequestioninahintactuallygivesyousomepartialcredit,evenifyoustillcan't
answertheoriginalquestion.
Noneoftheabove.

Correct
That'sit!You'redone!WehopeyouenjoyusingMastering.

Welcome!
Masteringpresentshomeworkitemsassignedbyyourinstructorandworkswithyoutoanswerthem.Homeworkitemstypically
haveanintroduction,possiblyfigures,andoneormorepartsforyoutoanswer.

Typeofhelpoffered
Masteringtellsyouimmediatelywhetherornotyouranswersarecorrect.Usually,youwillhavemultiplechances
toarriveatthecorrectanswer.Yourinstructorwilldeterminehowmanytriesyouhaveavailable.
Inmanyitems,hintsareavailabletohelpyouifyougetstuck.Ifyoudon'tneedthehintstosolvetheproblem,
youcanstillusethemforreviewlateron.
Ifyousubmitanincorrectanswer,Masteringoftenrespondswithspecific,helpfulfeedback.
Masteringisforgivingofmanytyposandformattingmistakes.Ifitcan'tfigureoutwhatyouentered,itwillletyou
knowandgiveyouanotherchance.
Typesettingmath:35%

TheseexerciseswerechosenspecificallytoleadyouthroughthekeyfeaturesofMasteringandarenotintendedtotestyour
knowledgeofanyspecificsubjectmaterial.Therefore,onthisitemyouwillnotbepenalizedforusinghintsandsubmitting
incorrectanswers.Infact,youshouldsubmitincorrectanswersandusethehintstoseewhathappens!

PartA
Howmanysquaresareinthis2 2grid?Notethatthefigure
linkletsyouknowthatafiguregoesalongwiththispart.This
figureisavailabletotheleft.
Enteryouranswerasanumberintheboxbelowandthen
submityouranswerbyclickingSubmit.

ANSWER:
Numberofsquares= 5

Correct
Whatyouarereadingnowiscalleda"followupcomment."Thesecommentstypicallyoffermoreinformationor
provideaninterpretationoftheansweryoujustobtained.
Beforeyoumoveontoaslightlymorechallengingquestion,haveaquicklookattheotherbuttonsavailablearound
theanswerbox.
GiveUpallowsyoutocompletethequestionifyoucan'tsolveitonyourown.Yourinstructorcontrols
whetherornotthecorrectanswerisdisplayedtoyou.
MyAnswersbringsupanewwindowthatlistsalloftheanswersyouhavesubmittedforthisquestion,
alongwithanyhelpfulfeedbackyoureceivedforincorrectsubmissions.

Grading
SeethehelpfileavailablebyclickingtheHelplinkatthetoprightcorner,ifyouwanttoknowmoreabouthowgradingworksin
general.Hereisthemostimportantinformationyou'llneed.
Youmustcompleteeveryparttogetcreditforanitem.Tocompleteapart,eitheranswerthemainpartquestioncorrectlyor
clicktheGiveUpbutton.
Inagradedhomeworkitem,eachpartcountsequallytowardyourscoreontheoverallitem.Ifyougetfullcreditoneachpart,
youwillreceivefullcreditfortheproblem.Youmayloseafractionofthecreditforapartwhenyousubmitanincorrectanswer.
Whetheryoudolosecreditandhowmuchyoulosearesetbyyourinstructor.However,youwon'tlosecreditformosttypesof
formattingmistakesorforsubmittingablankanswer.
Asyoumightexpect,youwillreceivenocreditforapartifyouusetheGiveUpbutton.Ifyoujustcan'tfigureoutaquestion,
thereisawaytogetpartialcreditbyusinghints,asthefollowingpartwillillustrate.

PartB

Typesettingmath:35%

Whatisthemagicnumber?

Notethatthereisafigurealsoassociatedwiththispart.
However,thefigureforPartAmaystillbevisibleontheleft.To
viewthefigureassociatedwithPartB,clickonthefigurelink.A
newfigureshouldappearontheleft.
Youcouldtrytoguessthemagicnumberbutyouwould
probablyuseupallyourtriesbeforegettingtheanswer.
NoticethenewHintsbuttonunderneaththeanswerboxfor
thisquestion.Clickingthisbuttonwillopenupalistofhints
thatwillguideyoutothecorrectnumber.

Hint1.Differenttypesofhintsandtheirimpactongrading
Noticethattherearethreehintsforthisquestion.Youarenotrequiredtouseallofthehintsortousetheminorder.
Eachhinthasataglinethatdescribesitscontents.Basedonthetaglineyoucandecidewhetherornotaparticular
hintwillbeusefultoyou.
Therearetwokindsofhints.Somehints,suchasHint2below,justprovideyouwithinformation.Otherhints,such
asHint3below,giveyouanopportunitytoanswerasimplerquestionthatisrelatedtothemainquestionyouare
solving.Thesehintseitherhavequestionsinthetaglineortellyoutodosomething(e.g.,Find...,Determine...,
Identify...,etc.).Therearetwowaysthatthistypeofhintcanhelpyou:
Answeringthesimplerquestiongivesyouachancetocheckthatyouareontherighttrack.
Ifyoucorrectlyanswerthesimplerquestion,youwillreceivepartialcreditforthepartevenifyouare
unabletoanswerthemainquestion.
Yourinstructormaychoosetogiveyouabonusfornotusinghintsortodeductasmallpenaltyforusinghints.If
youarestuck,usingthehintswillusuallyresultinahigherscorethansimplytryingtoguessbecauseyoumaylose
fewerpointsforopeningahintthanforgettingtheanswertothemainquestionincorrect.Thereisamoredetailed
explanationofhowhintsaregradedinthehelpavailablebyclickingtheHelplinkatthetoprightcornerofyour
screeninthemainMasteringwindow.Inthisproblem,however,youwillnotloseanycreditforusingthehints.
Now,openupthesecondhintforsomehelpfindingthemagicnumber.

Hint2.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Althoughyoucouldtrytoguessthemagicnumberyouwouldmostlikelyexhaustyourtriesbeforegettingthe
correctanswer.Tohelpyou,themagicnumberis15 x,wherexisanumberbetween1and10.

Hint3.Whatisx?
Recallthattheprevioushintstatedthatthemagicnumberis15 x,wherexisanumberbetween1and10.
Specificallyxisanevennumberbetween1and10.Trytoguessthevalueofx.
Youmaysubmitasmanyguessesasyouneed.Entereachguessintotheanswerboxthatfollows.
ANSWER:
x

= 4

Correct
Nowthatyouhavedeterminedx,compute15 4 tofindthemagicnumber.

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ANSWER:
magicnumber= 60

Correct
Yourinstructormaychoosetogiveyouabonusfornotusinghintsortodeductasmallpenaltyforusinghints.Ifyou
arestuck,usingthehintswillusuallyresultinahigherscorethansimplytryingtoguessbecauseyoumaylosefewer
pointsforopeningahintthanforgettingtheanswertothemainquestionincorrect.Notethatyouareneverrequiredto
usethehintsifyouwanttofigurethequestionoutonyourown,goahead!
Noticethatanewbutton,ReviewPart,appearswhenyoucorrectlyanswerapartwithhints.Thisbuttonallowsyouto
reviewallofthehintsforthatpart,evenifyoudidn'tneedthemtogettheanswer.Thisisausefulwaytoreviewthe
questionwhenstudyingforatest.Youdonotloseanycreditforreviewingthehintsafteryouhaveansweredthe
question.Ifyoudidn'tlookatallofthehintswhileansweringthelastquestion,youshouldreadthroughthemnowfor
someimportantinformationabouthintsandhintgrading.

PartC
Multiplechoicequestionshaveaspecialgradingruledeterminedbyyourinstructor.Assumethatyourinstructorhas
decidedtogradethesequestionsinthefollowingway:Ifyousubmitanincorrectanswertoamultiplechoicequestionwith
noptions,youwilllose 1/(n 1)ofthecreditforthatquestion.Justlikethesimilarmultiplechoicepenaltyonmost
standardizedtests,thisruleisnecessarytopreventrandomguessing.
Ifamultiplechoicequestionhasfiveanswerchoicesandyousubmitonewronganswerbeforegettingthequestion
correct,howmuchcreditwillyouloseforthatpartofthequestion?
ANSWER:
100%
50%
33%
25%
20%

Correct
Yourinstructormaychoosenottodeduct1/(n 1)ofthecreditforamultiplechoicequestionwithnoptions.To
seehowyourinstructorisgradingyou,clickyourinstructor'sGradingPolicyonyourassignmentpage.
IfyouclickontheContinuebuttonbeforefinishingalltheParts,youwillseeamessageremindingyouthatyouneed
tocompleteeachParttogetcredit.Ifyouhavecompletedtheitem,clickingContinuewilltakeyoutothenextitem
ontheAssignment.AtanytimeyoumayclickontheProvideFeedbacklinktoaccessasurveypagewithoutlosing
yourwork.
Onceyouhavecompletedanitem,youmayaccessyourscorefromtheassignment.Yourscorewilldisplaybelow
theitemtitle.

Derivatives
Typesettingmath:35%

LearningGoal:

Tounderstandtheconceptofderivativesastheslopeofafunctiongraph.
Therearetwofundamentaltoolsofcalculusthederivativeandtheintegral.Thederivativeisameasureoftherateofchange
ofafunction.Youllseederivativesoftenthroughoutyourstudyofphysicsbecausemuchofphysicsinvolvesdescribingrates
ofchange.

PartA
Whatdoesrateofchangemean,exactly?Afunctiondescribeshowonequantityisrelatedtoanotherhowyisrelated
tox.Asanexample,ycouldbeyourheightandxyourage.Thethreegraphsbelowshowthreecasesofhowyourheight
couldchangewithage.
Sortthegraphsaccordingtowhichbestrepresentsthegraphofyourheightagainstageforthefollowingperiods:
Duringyourchildhood,asyougrewup
Betweenage30andage50
Duringoldage,whenyourspinecompactsalittle
Dragtheappropriateitemstotheirrespectivebins.

Hint1.Identifythegraphthatillustratesgrowth
Ageisplottedonthehorizontalaxisineachgraph,withageincreasingfromlefttoright.Heightisplottedonthe
verticalaxis.Thinkaboutthechildhoodperiod,whenyouaregrowing.Whatkindofgraphillustratesgrowth?
ANSWER:
Agraphthatis flatasyoumovefromlefttoright.
Agraphthatrises asyoumovefromlefttoright.
Agraphthatfalls asyoumovefromlefttoright.

ANSWER:

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Correct
Thepositive(upward)slopeonGraph2correspondstoyourincreasingheightduringchildhood.Yourheightwont
changebetweenages30and50,soGraph1iscorrect:Itishorizontal,anditsslopeiszero.Andfinally,your
decreasingheightduringoldagecorrespondstothenegative(downward)slopeonGraph3.
Thesethreegraphsofheightvs.agearethreeimportantspecialcasesoffunctions:
Graph1showsaquantitythatremainsconstantwithrespecttoanotherquantity.
Graph2showsaquantitythatincreaseswithrespecttoanotherquantity.
Graph3showsaquantitythatdecreaseswithrespecttoanotherquantity.
Thesegraphsalsogivethreeimportantspecialcasesinourunderstandingofrateofchange.

PartB
Graphs4and5showthesameinformationasGraphs2and3,butthistimewithspecificinformationaboutheightandage
onthegraphaxes.Fromthegraphs,youcanfindtheexactrateofchangeofthepersonsheightineachcase.Findthe
rateofchangeoftheheightfromage8to16andfromage60to80.Expressbothanswersinunitsofcmperyear,totwo
significantfigures.Separateyouranswerswithacomma.
Expressyouranswersnumericallytotwosignificantfiguresseparatedbyacomma.

Typesettingmath:35%

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Therateofchangecorrespondstotheslopeonthegraph.Theslopeiscommonlythoughtofasrise/run.Interms
ofthexandyvaluesonthegraph,theslopeis
rate of change = slope =

rise
run

y
x

Readthevaluesofxandyfromthegraph,andfromthesecomputetheslopeasgivenbytheformulaabove.
Inthisproblem,xisthechangeinageandyisthechangeinheight.

Hint2.CalculatetheslopeofGraph4
Itsofteneasiesttopickpointsonthelinethatlieontheintersectionofgridlines:thismakesreadingoffthevalues
ontheaxesstraightforward.OnGraph4,wehavetwosuchpoints:(8, 125)and(16, 175).Whataretheriseand
runvaluescorrespondingtothesetwopoints?
Expressyouranswersnumericallyseparatedbyacomma.
ANSWER:
rise,run= 50,8 cm,

years

Hint3.CalculatetheslopeofGraph5
Itsofteneasiesttopickpointsonthelinethatlieontheintersectionofgridlines:Thismakesitstraightforwardto
readoffthevaluesontheaxes.OnGraph5,wehavetwosuchpoints:(60, 175)and(80, 170).Whataretherise
andrunvaluescorrespondingtothesetwopoints?
Expressyouranswersnumericallyseparatedbyacomma.
ANSWER:
rise,run= 5,20 cm,

ANSWER:
6.3,0.25 cm/yr
Typesettingmath:35%

years

Correct
Whatyouvejustdoneiscalculatethederivativeofafunction,inthiscaseapersonsheightvs.time,becausethe
derivativemeasuresafunctionsrateofchange.Theanswershereillustratethataderivativecanhave
apositivevalue,whenthefunctionisincreasing
anegativevalue,whenthefunctionisdecreasing
avalueofzero,whenthefunctionisntchanging.
Thesearethethreespecialcasesofratesofchangewementionedabove.

PartC
Thenextgraphshowsadifferentfunctionin.Whichofthe
graphsbelowisthederivativedy/dxofthisfunction?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
NoticethattheslopeofthegraphinPartCisconstant.Soyourelookingforananswergraphthatsconstantthat
is,agraphwithahorizontalslope.

Hint2.Narrowingdowntheoptions
Whichofthetwographswithhorizontalslopesiscorrect?Todeterminethis,measurecarefullytheslopeofyour
graph,usingthenumbersprovidedontheaxes.Then,determinetheslopeasyoudidinPartB.
ANSWER:

Typesettingmath:35%

Correct
Theoriginalfunctionisincreasingataconstantratethroughouttheinterval,sotheanswermustbeaconstant.
Measuringtheslopeofthegraphcarefullyleadsyoutothecorrectanswer,0.6.

PartD
Sofarwehaveonlylookedatfunctionswithaconstantslope(positive,negative,orzero).Buttheslopeofafunction,and
thusitsderivative,canchange.Considerthenextfunctionshownin.Rank,inincreasingorder,thederivativesofthe
functionateachofthepointsmarkedAthroughD.
Expressyouranswerinorderofincreasingslopesasastringwithoutspacesbetweenpoints.Forexample,enter
ABCDifyouthinkthederivativeatpointAisthesmallest,Bisthenextlarger,andsoon.

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Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Lookcarefullyatthegraphsslopeateachofthefourpoints.Theslopemaybepositive,zero,ornegative.Ifyou
arerankingintheorderofincreasingslopes,thennegativeslopeswillbelistedfirst,thenzero,andthenpositive
slopes.Forapositiveslope,themoresharplythegraphslopesupward,thelargertheslope.
ANSWER:
CBDA

Correct
TheslopeatpointCisnegative,sothederivativethereisthesmallest.AtB,thegraphishorizontal,sothederivative
iszero.AtpointsAandD,thesteeperslopecorrespondstothelargerderivative.

PartE
Functionsarenotallstraightlines.Ifafunctioniscurved,thederivativeisnotconstantbutchanging.Tofindthederivative
atanypoint,drawalinetangenttothegraphatthatpoint.Theslopeofthetangentlineisthederivative.Asyoumove
alongthegraph,theslopeofthetangentlinechanges,andsodoesthederivative.
Thegraphinshowsafunctionx(t).Thederivativeofthefunction
att = 1 isclosestto:

Typesettingmath:35%

Hint1.Narrowingdownthechoices
Thederivateatt

= 1

istheslopeofthecurvethere.Isthefunctionincreasing,decreasing,orzeroatt

= 1

ANSWER:
decreasing
increasing
zero

Hint2.Findingtheanswer
Todeterminetheexactderivativeofthefunctionatt
ofthetangentlinetellsyouthefunctionsderivative.

= 1

,drawalinetangenttothegraphatthatpoint.Theslope

ANSWER:
10
5
10
0
5

Correct
Att = 1 ,thefunctionisincreasing,sothattellsyouthatthederivative(theslopeofthetangentline)ispositive.
Here,youneededtomeasuretheslopeofthetangentlinecarefullytofindthenumericalanswer.

PartF
ReferringagaintothegraphinPartE,rank,inincreasingorder,thederivativesofthefunctionateachofthepointsA
throughE.Iftwoofthevaluesareequal,youmaylistthemineitherorder.
Expressyouranswerinorderofincreasingslopesasastringwithoutspacesbetweenpoints.Forexample,enter
ABCDEifyouthinkthederivativeatpointAisthesmallest,Bisthenextlarger,andsoon.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Assessthevaluesofthederivativesbylookingcarefullyatthegraphsslopeateachofthefivepoints.Theslope
maybepositive,zero,ornegative.Torankthederivativesinincreasingorder,thenegativederivatives(negative
slopes)willbelistedfirst,thenzero,andthenthepositivederivatives(positiveslopes).Forapositiveslope,the
moresharplythegraphslopesupward,thelargertheslopeandhencethelargerthederivative.
ANSWER:
CBDEA

Typesettingmath:35%

Correct
AtpointsBandD,thetangentlineishorizontal,sothederivativeiszero.AtpointC,thetangentlineslopes
downward,andthederivativeisnegative.Thus,pointChasthesmallestderivative,followedbyBandD,whichare
equal.Measuringthetwopositivederivatives(theslopesofthetangentlinesatAandE)revealsthattheslope
(derivative)atEissmallerthanatA.
Inphysics,x(t)mightrepresentanobjectspositioninonedimensionversustime.Inthatcase,thederivative
representsvelocity.Positiveandnegativevelocitycorrespondtomotioninoppositedirections,andzerovelocity
meanstheobjectisatrest.Thisisjustoneoftheimportantwaysthatderivativesareusedinphysics.

Integrals
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtheconceptofanintegralastheareaunderafunctiongraph.
Therearetwofundamentaltoolsofcalculusthederivativeandtheintegral.Justasthederivativecanbeunderstoodina
visualwayastheslopeofafunctiongraph,whatiscalledadefiniteintegralcanbeunderstoodastheareaunderafunction
graph.Definiteintegralshavemanyapplicationsinphysics,suchasfindinganobjectsdisplacementfromaknownvelocity
andfindingworkdonebyaknownforce.Adefiniteintegralgivesyouanumericalanswer.Thereisasecondkindofintegral,
calledtheindefiniteintegral(orantiderivative),whichisitselfanotherfunction,butwewontdiscussthatkindinthistutorial.

PartA
Manypracticalapplicationsrequirecalculationsofarea.Someofthesecalculationsarestraightforward,butothersare
moredifficult,anditturnsoutthattheideaofthedefiniteintegralcanhelpuswiththemoredifficultcases.Letsstartwith
somefamiliarshapes.
Whatistheareaofarectangleoflengthlandwidthw?
Expressyouranswerintermsoflandw.
ANSWER:
lw

Correct
Theareaofarectangleisfoundbysimplymultiplyingthelengthbythewidth.
Youalsoknowhowtofindtheareaofacircle.Butifyoudidntalreadyknowtheformula,howwouldyougoabout
figuringitout?InPartB,welllookatonemethodindetailtointroducekeyideasaboutintegrals.

PartB
TakeacircleofradiusRasshownin,andimaginepeelingitlikeanapple:Cutoffathinstripfromallthewayaroundthe
edge(thegreenstrip),andstraightenthatstripouttoarectangle,asshownin.Callthetinywidthofthestripr.The
lengthofthestripis2R becausethatsthecircumferenceofthecircle.Thebitofpeelisthecircumferenceoftheskin
ontheoutsideofthecircle.
Whatistheareaofthegreenstrip?
Expressyouranswerintermsof,R,andr.

Typesettingmath:35%

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
NoticethatthestripinquestionbecomesarectangleinthefigurePartB.2.FromPartA,theareaofarectangleis
itslengthtimesitswidth.
ANSWER:
2Rr

Correct
Theareaofthisrectangleisitslength2R multipliedbyitswidthr.

PartC
Now,imaginepeelingmoreandmorestripsofwidthrfromourcircle,andlayingthemalloutasrectanglessidebyside,
asshowninstartingwiththefirst(outermost)stripatthefar
right.Asyoupeelmoreandmore,thestripsgetshorterand
shorterbecausethecircleisgettingsmallerandsmaller,until
youhavethesmalleststriplaidatfarleftthisstrip,ifris
reallytiny,isessentiallythecenterofthecircle!
Whatistheareaofthecircle?Youvenowchoppeditintolittle
strips,butnoticethattheareaofthecircleisthesameasthe
sumoftheareasofallourstrips.Ifrisreallysmall,youcan
seethatallthestripsapproximateatriangleinthefigurePartC
(theareaunderthediagonalline).Sothesumoftheareasofall
ourstripsistheareaofthistriangle.
Whatistheareaofthetriangle?
ExpressyouranswerintermsofandR.

Hint1.Theformulafortheareaofatriangle
Keepinmindthattheareaofatriangleisonehalfitsbasetimesitsheight.

Typesettingmath:35%

ANSWER:
R

Correct
Theareaofthetriangleishalfthebase(whichisR)timestheheight(whichis2R ).
TheareaofthetriangleinthefigurePartCisR2 ,theformulayouknowfortheareaofacircle.Weveprovedit!We
didntdoitentirelyrigorously,buttheessenceofourmethod(dividingsomethingintotinypiecesandaddingthoseup)
liesattheheartofunderstandingdefiniteintegrals.

PartD
Now,lookatageneralfunctionf (x) ,asshownin.
Supposeyouwanttofindtheareaunderthecurve,between
x = aand x = b thatis,theblueshadedarea.Usingour
methodabove,wecanadduptheareasoflotsofskinny
rectangleslikethegreenone.Eachrectanglehasareaf (x)x,
andwewanttosumtheseareasbetweenx = aandx = b,
lettingxgetverysmall.Mathematically,youmayrecognize
thissumasadefiniteintegral:

f (x) dx.

Thenotationmaylookintimidating,butjustkeepinmindthatthe
f (x)dx referstothesmallrectangleareas,the signstands,
inasense,fortheSinsum(thatsactuallyhowthesymbolfor
integrationwaschosen),andtheaandbatthebottomandtop
b

of giveyouthestartandendoftheregionyoureinterested
a

in.Thus,thedefiniteintegral

underthecurvef (x) betweenx

f (x) dxmeansthetotalarea

andx

= a

= b

.Forthefunctionf (x) shownbelow,findthedefiniteintegral

f (x) dx.

Expressyouranswernumerically.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem

f (x) dxistheareaunderthegraphbetween x = 1and x = 4.Becausethisfunctiongraphishorizontal

betweenx

= 1

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andx

= 4

,theareayouneedtofindisthatofarectangle.

ANSWER:
15

Correct
Theareaunderthisfunctioncurveisarectangle,soitsareaisjustitslengthtimesitswidth.

PartE
Forthefunctionf (x) shownbelow,findthedefiniteintegral

f (x) dx.

Expressyouranswernumerically.

Hint1.Theareasbelowthexaxis
Again,inthispartyouarefindingtheareaofarectangle,butwhenthefunctiongraphisbelowthexaxis,thearea
iscountedasnegative.
ANSWER:
6

Correct
JustasinPartD,theareaisthatofarectangle,soitsstraightforwardtofind.Thetwisthereisthatthearealies
belowthexaxis,sothatareaiscountedasnegative.

PartF
6

Forthefunctionf (x) shownbelow,findthedefiniteintegral0

Typesettingmath:35%

f (x) dx.

Expressyouranswernumerically.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Thistimeyouhaveseveralrectangles.Findtheareaofeachandaddthem,keepinginmindthatareabelowthex
axisisnegative.
ANSWER:
8

Correct
Inthiscase,thenetareaisthesumofpositivearea(abovethexaxis)andnegativearea(belowthexaxis).

PartG
FindthedefiniteintegralofthefunctionF showninthegraphbelow,overthelimitsfrom0to3.

Expressyouranswernumerically.
Typesettingmath:35%

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem

InthiscasethefunctionF varies,butyoucanstillfindthedefiniteintegralbyfindingtheareaunderthegraph.
Thatareaisatriangle,soitsareaishalfthebasemultipliedbytheheight.
ANSWER:
18

Correct
Inthiscase,thefunctionF varies,butyoucanstillfindthedefiniteintegralbyfindingtheareaunderthegraph.That
areaisatriangle,soitsareais(base)(height)=(3)(12)=18.
Oneapplicationofdefiniteintegralsinphysicsisincalculatingtheworkdonebyaforceactingthrougha
displacement.Ifthefunction\texttip{F}{F}showninthefigurerepresentsforce,thenthedefiniteintegralisthework
donebythatforce.Inthisexample,iftheforce\texttip{F}{F}ismeasuredinnewtons(\rmN)andposition\texttip{x}{x}
isinmeters(\rmm),thentheworkdone,measuredinjoules(\rmJ),is
\large{W=\int_0^3F\,dx=18\rm\J}

PartH
Forthefunctionshownbelow,thedefiniteintegral\large{\int_{0}^{10}f(x)\,dx}isclosesttowhichofthefollowing?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Thisprobleminvolvesaddingdifferentkindsofarea.Breaktheentireinterval(fromx=0tox=10)intosmaller
intervalstofindshapesthatyourecognize.Findtheareaofeach,andthenaddyourresultstofindthenetarea(the
definiteintegral).

Hint2.Whataretheshapes?
Asshownbelow,thisfunctioncanbebrokenintorectangles(yellow)andtriangles(green).Theareaofeach
rectangleislengthtimeswidth,andtheareaofeachtriangleishalfitsbasetimesheight.Readthelengthsyou
needfromthevaluesonthegraph.

Typesettingmath:35%

Hint3.Thepositiveandnegativeareas
Recallthatareaabovethexaxisiscountedaspositive,andareabelowthexaxisisnegative,asshownbelow.

ANSWER:
0
8
4
8
4

Correct
Inthiscase,youhadtobreakthelargerintervalintosmalleronestoidentifythedifferentshapesandfindtheirareas.
Thedefiniteintegralalwayscorrespondstothenetareaovertheentireinterval.

MultiplyingandDividingFractions
Typesettingmath:35%
LearningGoal:

Tounderstandthemultiplicationanddivisionoffractions.
Ifyouhadeightquarters,youcouldlikelyfigureoutrelativelyquicklythatthisamountedtotwodollars.Althoughthismaybe
purelyintuitive,theunderlyingmathinvolvesmultiplicationoffractions.Thevalueofeightquartersisthesameas
\large{8\cdot\frac14=\frac81\cdot\frac14}.
Whenyoumultiplyfractions,youmultiplythenumerators(thetopnumbersinthefractions)togetthenumeratoroftheanswer,
andthenmultiplythedenominators(thebottomnumbersinthefractions)tofindthedenominatoroftheanswer.Inthis
example,
\large{\frac81\cdot\frac14=\frac{8\cdot1}{1\cdot4}=\frac84},
giving2,asyouexpected.Similarly,askingforafractionofafraction(e.g.,"onefifthofaquarter")isacaseofmultiplying
fractions:
\large{\hbox{onefifthofaquarter}=\frac15\cdot\frac14}.
Inthisproblem,beforeenteringyouranswer,besuretoreduceyourfractioncompletely.Ifyouget8/6foryouranswer,reduce
itto4/3beforeenteringit,orelseitwillbemarkedwrong.Also,don'tworryifthenumeratorislargerthanthedenominator.Itis
almostalwayseasierandmoreusefultofurthercalculationstoleavesuchanswersasimproperfractionsratherthantoconvert
themtomixednumberssuchas\large{1\frac{_1}{^3}}.

PartA
Ifyouhaveaquarterofapieandyoucutitinhalf,whatfractionofapiewouldeachslicerepresent?
Givethenumeratorfollowedbythedenominator,separatedbyacomma.

Hint1.Settinguptheequation
Theproblemisaskingyouforthevalueof"halfofaquarter."Thistranslatesintomathas
\large{\hbox{halfofaquarter}=\frac12\cdot\frac14}.
Multiplythenumeratorstofindthenumeratoroftheanswer.Then,multiplythedenominatorstofindthe
denominatoroftheanswer.
ANSWER:
1,8

Correct

PartB
Findthevalueof
\large{\frac{17}{15}\cdot\frac2{11}}.
Thoughthesenumbersaren'tquiteasniceastheonesfromtheexampleorthepreviouspart,theprocedureisthesame,
sothisisreallynomoredifficult.
Givethenumeratorfollowedbythedenominator,separatedbyacomma.

Hint1.Findthenumerator
Tofindthenumerator,simplymultiplythenumeratorsofthetwofractions(17and2).Whatistheresult?
ANSWER:
Typesettingmath:35%

34

Hint2.Findthedenominator
Tofindthedenominator,simplymultiplythedenominatorsofthetwofractions(15and11).Whatistheresult?
ANSWER:
165

ANSWER:
34,165

Correct
Dividingfractionsisnomoredifficultthanmultiplyingthem.Considertheproblem
\large{\frac34\div3}.
Noticethatdivisionby3isidenticaltomultiplicationby1/3,becausebothoperationsconsistofbreakingthefirstnumberinto
threeparts.Thus
\large{\frac34\div\frac31=\frac34\cdot\frac13=\frac14}.
Theonlynewstepindivisionoffractionsisthatyoumustinvert(flip)thesecondfraction.Then,simplymultiplyasshownhere.

PartC
Considerthefollowingequivalentexpressions:
\large{\frac38\div\frac{13}{12}}and\large{\frac38\cdot\fracab}.
Whatarethevaluesof\texttip{a}{a}and\texttip{b}{b}?
Givethevalueof\texttip{a}{a}followedbythevalueof\texttip{b}{b},separatedbyacomma.
ANSWER:
12,13

Correct

PartD
Calculatethevalueof
\large{\frac{3}{8}\div\frac{13}{12}}.
Givethenumeratorfollowedbythedenominator,separatedbyacomma.
ANSWER:
9,26
Typesettingmath:35%

Correct

PartE
Now,findthevalueof
\large{\frac{\frac3{16}\cdot\frac25}{\frac74\cdot\frac32}}.
Don'tbeintimidatedbythecomplexityofthisexpression.Findingthisvalueconsistsofsimplymultiplyingtwiceandthen
dividingonce,tasksthatarenomoredifficultthanwhatyou'vedonebefore.
Givethenumeratorfollowedbythedenominator,separatedbyacomma.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Breaktheproblemdownintoindividualoperations.Noticethat
\large{\frac{\frac3{16}\cdot\frac25}{\frac74\cdot\frac32}}
isthesameas
\large{\left(\frac3{16}\cdot\frac25\right)\div\left(\frac74\cdot\frac32\right)}.
Thissecondformmakestheindividualoperationsmoreobvious.
First,multiply
\large{\frac3{16}\cdot\frac25}.
Then,multiply
\large{\frac74\cdot\frac32}.
Finally,dividethetwofractionsthatyouhavefound.

Hint2.Findthevalueof\large{\frac{_3}{^{16}}\cdot\frac{_2}{^5}}
Whatisthevalueof\large{\frac3{16}\cdot\frac25}?
Givethenumeratorfollowedbythedenominator,separatedbyacomma.
ANSWER:
3,40

Hint3.Findthevalueof\large{\frac{_7}{^4}\cdot\frac{_3}{^2}}
Whatisthevalueof\large{\frac74\cdot\frac32}?
Givethenumeratorfollowedbythedenominator,separatedbyacomma.
ANSWER:
21,8

ANSWER:
1,35
Typesettingmath:35%

Correct

ProportionalReasoning
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandproportionalreasoningforsolvingandcheckingproblems.
Proportionalreasoninginvolvestheabilitytounderstandandcompareratiosandtoproduceequivalentratios.Itisisavery
powerfultoolinphysicsandcanbeusedforsolvingmanyproblems.It'salsoanexcellentwaytocheckanswerstomost
problemsyou'llencounter.Proportionalreasoningissomethingyoumayalreadydoinstinctivelywithoutrealizingit.

PartA
Youareaskedtobakemuffinsforabreakfastmeeting.Justasyouareabouttostartmakingthem,yougetacallsaying
thatthenumberofpeoplecomingtothemeetinghasdoubled!Youroriginalrecipecalledforthreeeggs.
Howmanyeggsdoyouneedtomaketwiceasmanymuffins?
Expressyouranswerasaninteger.
ANSWER:
6

Correct

Linearrelationships
Althoughthiswasaparticularlysimpleexample,youusedproportionalreasoningtosolvethisproblem.Itmakessensethatif
youneedtwiceasmanymuffins,thenyou'dneedtwiceasmanyeggstomakethem.Wesaythatthenumberofeggsis
linearlyproportionaltothenumberofmuffins.Thissortofrelationshipischaracterizedbyanequationoftheformy=kx,where
\texttip{y}{y}and\texttip{x}{x}arethetwoquantitiesbeingrelated(eggsandmuffinshere)and\texttip{k}{k}issomeconstant.In
asituationwheretheconstant\texttip{k}{k}isnotimportant,wemaywritey\proptox,whichmeans"\texttip{y}{y}is
proportionalto\texttip{x}{x}".
Writing(\hbox{numberofmuffins})\propto(\hbox{numberofeggs})meansweknowthatifthenumberofeggstriples,thenthe
numberofmuffinstriplesaswell.Or,ifthenumberofmuffinsisdividedby5,thenthenumberofeggsisdividedby5.
Thefigureshowsagraphofy=kxforsomeconstant\texttip{k}{k}.
Youcanseethatwhenyoudoubleortripletheoriginal\texttip{x}{x}
value,yougetdoubleortriplethe\texttip{y}{y}value,respectively.
Keepthisgraphinmindandrelateittoyourintuitivesenseasyou
solvethenextproblem.

Typesettingmath:35%

PartB
Youhaveadozeneggsathome,andyouknowthatwiththemyoucanmake100muffins.Ifyoufindthathalfoftheeggs
havegonebadandcan'tbeused,howmanymuffinscanyoumake?
Expressyouranswerasaninteger.
ANSWER:
50

Correct
Recallthatdividingavariableisthesameasmultiplyingitbyafraction.Ifyoukeepthisinmind,thenyoucan
changethisproblemfrom"thenumberofeggsaredividedbytwo"into"thenumberofeggsaremultipliedbyone
half,"whichworksjustasanyothermultiplication.Ifyoulookatthegraphforthelinearrelationship,dividingby2is
likemovingfromthemiddlepointtotheleftpointmarkedonthegraph.

Quadraticrelationships
Quadraticrelationshipsarealsoimportantinphysicsandmanyotherareas.Inaquadraticrelationship,ifonenumberis
increasedbyafactorof\texttip{a}{a},thentheotherisincreasedbyafactorofa^2.Anexamplewouldbetherelationship
betweenareaandradiusofacircle.YouknowfromgeometrythatA=\pir^2.Since\texttip{\pi}{pi}isaconstant,youcan
rewritethisequationasA\proptor^2,whichsaysthat\texttip{A}{A}isproportionaltothesquareof\texttip{r}{r}.Therelation
y\proptox^2appliestoanyequationoftheformy=kx^2.
Thefigureshowsagraphofy=kx^2forsomeconstant\texttip{k}{k}.
Youcanseethatwhenyoudoubleortripletheoriginal\texttip{x}{x}
value,yougetfourorninetimesthe\texttip{y}{y}value,respectively.

PartC
Whensizesofpizzasarequotedininches,thenumberquotedisthediameterofthepizza.Arestaurantadvertisesan8
{\rminch}"personalpizza."Ifthis8{\rminch}pizzaistherightsizeforoneperson,howmanypeoplecanbefedbya
large16{\rminch}pizza?
Expressyouranswernumerically.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Theareaofapizzaiswhatdetermineshowmanypeoplecanbefedbythepizza.Youknowthattheareaofacircle
isproportionaltothesquareoftheradius.Sincetheradiusisproportionaltothediameter,itfollowsthattheareais
alsoproportionaltothesquareofthediameter:A\proptod^2.Usethisrelationtodeterminehowthearea,and
thereforethenumberofpeoplefed,changes.
Typesettingmath:35%

ANSWER:
4

Correct
Thestoppingdistanceishowfaryoumovedowntheroadinacarfromthetimeyouapplythebrakesuntilthecarstops.
Stoppingdistance\texttip{D}{D}isproportionaltothesquareoftheinitialspeed\texttip{v}{v}atwhichyouaredriving:D\propto
v^2.

PartD
Ifacarisspeedingdownaroadat40\rmmiles/hour(\rmmph),howlongisthestoppingdistance\texttip{D_{\rm40}}
{D_40}comparedtothestoppingdistance\texttip{D_{\rm25}}{D_25}ifthedriverweregoingatthepostedspeedlimitof25
\rmmph?
Expressyouranswerasamultipleofthestoppingdistanceat25\rmmph.Notethat\texttip{D_{\rm25}}{D_25}is
alreadywrittenforyou,sojustenterthenumber.

Hint1.Settinguptheratio
Since40/25=1.6,thecarismovingataspeed1.6timesthespeedlimitof25\rmmph.Thestoppingdistanceis
proportionaltothesquareoftheinitialspeed,sothestoppingdistancewillincreasebyafactorofthesquareof1.6.
ANSWER:
\texttip{D_{\rm40}}{D_40}= 2.56 \timesD_{25}

Correct
Thequadraticrelationshipbetweenstoppingdistanceandinitialspeedispartofthereasonthatspeedingfinesare
doubledinschoolzones:Atlowspeeds,asmallchangeinspeedcanleadtoalargechangeinhowfaryourcar
travelsbeforeitstops.

Inverserelationships
Athirdimportanttypeofproportionalrelationshipistheinverserelationship.Inaninverserelationship,asonevariable
increasestheotherdecreasesandviceversa.Forinstance,ifyouhada$10giftcertificatetoachocolateshop,thenthe
amountofchocolatethatyoucouldgetwouldbeinverselyproportionaltothepriceofthechocolateyoupicked.Ifyoubuythe
$0.25candies,youcouldget40ofthem,butifyouopttopurchasecandieswhosepriceishigherbyafactorof4($1.00),then
youmustreducethenumberthatyougetbyafactorof4(to10).Similarly,ifthepricedecreasesbyafactorof5(to$0.05),
thenyouincreasethenumberbyafactorof5(to200).
Aninverserelationshipisbasedonanequationoftheformy=k/x,where\texttip{k}{k}isaconstant.If\texttip{y}{y}isinversely
proportionalto\texttip{x}{x}thenyouwouldwritey\propto1/xory\proptox^{1}.
Thefigureshowsagraphofy=k/xforsomeconstant\texttip{k}{k}.Youcanseethatwhenyoudoubleortripletheoriginal
\texttip{x}{x}value,yougetonehalforonethirdtimesthe\texttip{y}{y}value,respectively.

Typesettingmath:35%

PartE
Aconstructionteamgivesanestimateofthreemonthstorepavealargestretchofaverybusyroad.Thegovernment
respondsthatit'stoomuchinconveniencetohavethisbusyroadobstructedforthreemonths,sothejobmustbe
completedinonemonth.Howdoesthisdeadlinechangethenumberofworkersneeded?

Hint1.Theproportionality
Thetimetocompletethejobshouldbeinverselyproportionaltothenumberofworkersonthejob.Therefore,
reducingthetimebyafactorof3requiresincreasingthenumberofworkersbyafactorof3.
ANSWER:
Oneninthasmanyworkersareneeded.
Onethirdasmanyworkersareneeded.
Thesamenumberofworkersareneeded.
Threetimesasmanyworkersareneeded.
Ninetimesasmanyworkersareneeded.

Correct

Inversesquarerelationships
Alloftheseproportionalitiesareinsomewayfamiliartoyouinyoureverydaylife.Thereisoneotherimportanttypeinphysics
withwhichyoumaynotbeasfamiliar:theinversesquarerelationship.Theinversesquarerelationshipisbasedonanequation
oftheformy=k/x^2,where\texttip{k}{k}isaconstant.Youwouldwritey\propto1/x^2ory\proptox^{2},eitherofwhichmeans
"\texttip{y}{y}isinverselyproportionaltothesquareof\texttip{x}{x}."Althoughthismaylookorsoundmoreintimidatingthanthe
relationswe'velookedatpreviously,itworksinessentiallythesameway.If\texttip{x}{x}isdoubled,then\texttip{y}{y}is
multipliedbyonefourth,andif\texttip{x}{x}isdecreasedbyafactorof2,\texttip{y}{y}ismultipliedby4.Thefigureshowsa
graphofy=k/x^2forsome\texttip{k}{k}.Youcanseethatwhen\texttip{x}{x}increasesbyafactorof2or3,\texttip{y}{y}
decreasesbyafactorof4or9,respectively.

Typesettingmath:35%

PartF
Theloudnessofasoundisinverselyproportionaltothesquareofyourdistancefromthesourceofthesound.Ifyourfriend
isrightnexttothespeakersataloudconcertandyouarefourtimesasfarawayfromthespeakers,howdoesthe
loudnessofthemusicatyourpositioncomparetotheloudnessatyourfriend'sposition?
ANSWER:
Thesoundisonesixteenthasloudatyourposition.
Thesoundisonefourthasloudatyourposition.
Thesoundisequallyloudatyourposition.
Thesoundisfourtimesasloudatyourposition.
Thesoundissixteentimesasloudatyourposition.

Correct
Inversesquarerelationsshowupintheloudnessofsounds,thebrightnessoflights,andthestrengthofforces.
Proportionalreasoningisusefulforcheckingyouranswerstoproblems.Ifyouranswerisaformula,thenyoucan
explicitlycheckthatallofthevariableshavethecorrectproportionalities.Ifyouhaveanumericalanswer,youcan
checkyourtechniquebydoublingoneofthestartingvariablesandworkingthroughthesameprocesstoasolution.If
youranswerdoesnotchangeasyouexpectittobasedontheproportionalityoftheinitialandfinalvariables,thenyou
knowthatsomethingiswrong.

SolvingQuadraticEquations
LearningGoal:
Tousethequadraticformulatosolvequadraticequations.
Mariawantstoplantasmalltomatogardeninheryard.Shebought25tomatoplants,andshehasreadthatideallytomatoes
areplantedinasquaregridtohelpthempollinateeachother.

Typesettingmath:35%

PartA
Howmanyplants\texttip{x}{x}shouldsheplantineachrowsothather25plantsendupinasquare(i.e.,\texttip{x}{x}
plantsineachof\texttip{x}{x}rows)?
Expressyouranswerasaninteger.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Ifthegardenerhas\texttip{x}{x}plantsineachofher\texttip{x}{x}rows,thenthetotalnumberofplantswillbex^2.
Sincethereare25totalplants,thecorrectvalueof\texttip{x}{x}willsatisfytheequationx^2=25.Solvethis
equationbytakingthesquarerootofbothsides.Notethat25hasbothapositiveandanegativesquareroot.Since
youcan'thaveanegativenumberofplants,youonlywantthepositivesquareroot.
ANSWER:
5

Correct
Youmayhavebeenabletosolvethispartsimplybyintuitionorwithsimplearithmetic.Inthenextpart,youwilluse
thequadraticformulatofindthevalueof\texttip{x}{x}.Althoughthisinvolvesmoreworkthannecessarytosolvethis
part,usingthequadraticformulaonaproblemthatyou'vealreadysolvedshouldhelpyoutofeelcomfortablewithit.

Thereareseveraltechniquesforsolvinganequationoftheformax^2+bx+c=0,where\texttip{a}{a},\texttip{b}{b},and\texttip{c}
{c}arenumericconstants,suchasfactoringandcompletingthesquare.Thequickestwaytosolvesuchanequationthatwill
workallthetimeistousethequadraticformula.Foranequationwiththeaboveform,thequadraticformulagives
\large{x=\frac{b\pm\sqrt{b^24ac}}{2a},}
wherethe\pmsymbolmeansthattherearetwosolutions:oneobtainedbyreplacing\pmwitha+andtheotherobtainedby
replacing\pmwitha.Thestepsforusingthequadraticformulaareasfollows:
1.Getyourequationintotheformax^2+bx+c=0.
2.Identifythevaluesof\texttip{a}{a},\texttip{b}{b},and\texttip{c}{c}.
3.Substitutethesevaluesintothequadraticformula.
4.Simplifytheresultingvaluesfor\texttip{x}{x}.

Typesettingmath:35%

Fromthepreviouspart,ifthegardenerhas\texttip{x}{x}plantsineachofher\texttip{x}{x}rows,thenthetotalnumberofplants
willbex^2.Tomakeasquareusing25totalplants,thevalueof\texttip{x}{x}mustsatisfytheequationx^2=25.

PartB
Tofind\texttip{x}{x}inPartA,youwouldneedtosolvetheequationx^225=0.Whichofthefollowingshowstheproper
valuesinthequadraticformulabeforesimplifyingtheradicalanddividing?

Hint1.Thevaluesof\texttip{a}{a},\texttip{b}{b},and\texttip{c}{c}.
\texttip{a}{a}isthevalueofthecoefficientofx^2,sointhisproblem,a=1(becausex^2=1\cdotx^2).\texttip{b}{b}is
thevalueofthecoefficientof\texttip{x}{x}.Noticethattheequationgivenhasno\texttip{x}{x}term.Since0\cdotx
=0,thecoefficientof\texttip{x}{x}mustbezero.Therefore,b=0.Finally,\texttip{c}{c}istheconstantterm,soin
thisproblem,c=25.Plugthesevaluesintothequadraticformulaandthenreduceittotheformshowninoneofthe
answerchoices.
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{25\pm0}{2}}
\large{\frac{25\pm0}{5}}
\large{\frac{0\pm\sqrt{100}}{2}}
\large{\frac{10\pm0}{2}}

Correct
Noticethatthevalueof\texttip{c}{c}is25,not+25.Youshouldalwaysincludethesigninthevaluesof\texttip{a}{a},
\texttip{b}{b},and\texttip{c}{c}.Also,noticethattheanswerimpliestherearetwosolutionstoPartA:x=5andx=5.
Ofcourse,youcan'thave5tomatoplants,soforsolvingthepracticalproblemofplantingtomatoes,theonlycorrect
solutionis5plantsperrow.

PartC
Considertheequation2x^23x5=0.Plugthevaluesfor\texttip{a}{a},\texttip{b}{b},and\texttip{c}{c}intothequadratic
formula,butdonotsimplifyatall.Whichofthefollowingshowsthepropersubstitution?
ANSWER:
\large{x=\frac{3\pm\sqrt{(3)^24(2)(5)}}{2(2)}}
\large{x=\frac{3\pm\sqrt{(3)^24(2)(5)}}{2(2)}}
\large{x=\frac{2\pm\sqrt{(2)^24(3)(5)}}{2(3)}}
\large{x=\frac{2\pm\sqrt{(2)^24(3)(5)}}{2(3)}}

Correct

PartD
UsetheresultfromPartCtofindthetwosolutionstotheequation2x^23x5=0.
Typesettingmath:35%

Enterthetwosolutionsseparatedbyacomma.(Theorderisnotimportant.)

ANSWER:
1,2.50

Correct

TrigFunctionsandRightTriangles
LearningGoal:
Tousetrigonometricfunctionstofindsidesandanglesofrighttriangles.
Thefunctionssine,cosine,andtangentarecalledtrigonometricfunctions(oftenshortenedto"trigfunctions").Trigonometric
justmeans"measuringtriangles."Thesefunctionsarecalledtrigonometricbecausetheyareusedtofindthelengthsofsides
orthemeasuresofanglesforrighttriangles.Theycanbeused,withsomeeffort,tofindmeasuresofanytriangle,butinthis
problemwewillfocusonrighttriangles.Righttrianglesarebyfarthemostcommonlyusedtrianglesinphysics,andtheyare
particularlyeasytomeasure.
Thesine,cosine,andtangentfunctionsofanacuteangleinarighttrianglearedefinedusingtherelativelabels"oppositeside"
\texttip{O}{O}and"adjacentside"\texttip{A}{A}.Thehypotenuse
\texttip{H}{H}isthesideoppositetherightangle.
Asyoucanseefromthefigure,theoppositeside\texttip{O}{O}isthe
sideofthetrianglenotinvolvedinmakingtheangle.Thesidecalled
theadjacentside\texttip{A}{A}isthesideinvolvedinmakingthe
anglethatisnotthehypotenuse.(Thehypotenusewillalwaysbeone
ofthetwosidesmakinguptheangle,becauseyouwillalwayslookat
theacuteangles,nottherightangle.)
Thesinefunctionofanangle\texttip{\theta}{theta},written
\sin(\theta),isdefinedastheratioofthelength\texttip{O}{O}of
oppositesidetothelength\texttip{H}{H}ofthehypotenuse:
\large{\sin(\theta)=\fracOH}.
Youcanuseyourcalculatortofindthevalueofsineforanyangle.
Youcanthenusethesinetofindthelengthofthehypotenusefrom
thelengthoftheoppositeside,orviceversa,byusingthefactthatthepreviousformulamayberewrittenineitherofthe
followingtwoforms:
O=H\sin(\theta)
or
\large{H=\frac{O}{\sin(\theta)}}.

PartA
Supposethatyouneedtogetaheavycouchintothebedofapickuptruck.Youknowthebedofthetruckisataheightof
1.00\rmmandyouneedarampthatmakesanangleof40^\circwiththegroundifyouaretobeabletopushthecouch.
Usethesinefunctiontodeterminehowlongofaboardyouneedtousetomakearampthatjustreachesthe1.00\rmm
hightruckbedata40^\circangletotheground.
Expressyouranswerinmeterstothreesignificantfigures.
Typesettingmath:35%

Hint1.Usingthesinefunction
Therampisthehypotenuseoftherighttriangleinthefigure,andthesideoflength1.00\rmmisoppositethe
40^\circangle.Tofindthelengthofthehypotenuse,usethe
\large{H=\frac{O}{\sin(\theta)}}
formofthesineformula.Plugginginthegivenvalueswillgiveyouthelengthofthehypotenuse.
ANSWER:
1.56 \rmm

Correct
Thecosinefunctionisanotherusefultrigfunction.Thedefinitionofthecosinefunctionissimilartothedefinitionofthesine
function:
\large{\cos(\theta)=\fracAH}.
Thisequationcanberearrangedthesamewaythattheequationforsinewasrearranged.Withthecosineofanangle,youcan
findthelengthoftheadjacentsidefromthelengthofthehypotenuse,orviceversa.

PartB
YouneedtosetupanothersimplerampusingtheboardfromPartA(i.e.,aboardoflength1.56\rmm).Iftherampmust
beata25^\circangleabovetheground,howfarbackfromthebedofthetruckshouldtheboardtouchtheground?
AssumethisisadifferenttruckthantheonefromPartA.
Expressyouranswerinmeterstothreesignificantfigures.

Typesettingmath:35%

Hint1.Usingthecosinefunction
Therampisthehypotenuseoftherighttriangleinthefigure,andthedistancealongthegroundisadjacenttothe
25^\circangle.Tofindthelengthoftheadjacentside,usethe
A=H\cos(\theta)
formofthecosineformula.Plugginginthegivenvalueswillgiveyouthedistancealongtheground.
ANSWER:
1.41 \rmm

Correct
Thethirdfrequentlyusedtrigfunctionisthetangentfunction.Thetangentofanangle\texttip{\theta}{theta}isdefinedbythe
equation
\large{\tan(\theta)=\fracOA}.
Thisequationcanberearrangedthesamewaythattheequationsforsineandcosinewererearrangedpreviously.Withthe
tangentofanangle,youcanfindthelengthoftheadjacentsidefromthelengthoftheoppositesideorviceversa.

PartC
Surveyorsfrequentlyusetrigfunctions.Supposethatyoumeasuretheanglefromyourpositiontothetopofamountainto
be2.50^\circ.Ifthemountainis1.00\rmkmhigherinelevationthanyourposition,howfarawayisthemountain?
Expressyouranswerinkilometerstothreesignificantfigures.

Typesettingmath:35%

Hint1.Usingthetangentfunction
Theheightofthemountainisoppositethe2.50^\circangleoftherighttriangleinthefigure,andthedistancetothe
mountainisadjacenttothe2.50^\circangle.Tofindthedistancetothemountain,usethe
\large{A=\frac{O}{\tan(\theta)}}
formofthetangentformula.Plugginginthegivenvalueswillgiveyouthedistancetothemountain.
ANSWER:
22.9 \rmkm

Correct
Allofthetrigfunctionsalsohaveinverses.Theinversesofthesine,cosine,andtangentfunctionsarewrittenas\sin^{1},
\cos^{1},and\tan^{1},respectively.[Becarefulnottoconfusethenotation\sin^{1}(x)fortheinversesinefunctionwith
(\sin(x))^{1}=1/\sin(x).]Theseinversefunctionsarealsosometimeswritten{\rmasin},{\rmacos},and{\rmatan},shortfor
arcsine,arccosine,andarctangent,respectively.Yourcalculatorshouldhavethreebuttonswithoneofthosesetsofthree
labels.
Sinceatrigfunctiontakesanangleandgivesaratioofsides,theinversetrigfunctionsmusttakeasinputaratioofsidesand
thengivebackanangle.Forexample,ifyouknowthatthelengthofthesideadjacenttoaparticularangle\texttip{\theta}
{theta}is12\rmcmandthelengthofthehypotenuseofthistriangleis13\rmcm,youcanfindthemeasureofangle
\texttip{\theta}{theta}usingtheinversecosine.Thecosineof\texttip{\theta}{theta}wouldbe12/13,sotheinversecosineof
12/13willgivethevalueof\texttip{\theta}{theta}:
\large{\cos(\theta)=\frac{12}{13}}
impliesthat
\large{\theta={\rmacos}\left(\frac{12}{13}\right)}.
Usingthe\cos^{1}or{\rmacos}buttononyourcalculator,youshouldcheckthatthemeasureof\texttip{\theta}{theta}is
22.6^\circ.

PartD
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The345righttriangleisacommonlyusedrighttriangle.Usetheinversesinefunctiontodeterminethemeasureofthe
angleoppositethesideoflength3.
Expressyourangleindegreestothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Usingtheinversesine
Tousetheinversesine,firstwritedowntheformulaforthesineoftheangle:
\large{\sin(\theta)=\frac{O}{H}=\frac35}
forthetriangleinthefigure.Thistellsyouthatthemeasureoftheangle\texttip{\theta}{theta}istheinversesineof
3/5.
ANSWER:
\texttip{\theta}{theta}= 36.9 \rmdegrees

Correct

PartE
Asupportwireisattachedtoarecentlytransplantedtreetobesurethatitstaysvertical.Thewireisattachedtothetreeat
apoint1.50\rmmfromtheground,andthewireis2.00\rmmlong.Whatistheangle\texttip{\phi}{phi}betweenthetree
andthesupportwire?
Expressyouranswerindegreestothreesignificantfigures.

Typesettingmath:35%

Hint1.Choosethecorrectfunction
Usingthegiveninformation,whichofthefollowingfunctionsshouldyouusetofindthemeasureof\texttip{\phi}
{phi}?
ANSWER:
\rmasin
\rmacos
\rmatan

Correct

ANSWER:
\texttip{\phi}{phi}= 41.4 \rmdegrees

Correct

PayUp!
LearningGoal:
Tolearntosolvelinearequations.
Almosteverytopicinphysicswillrequireyoutosolvelinearequationsequationsthatdon'tcontainanyhigherpowersofthe
variablesuchasx^2,x^3,etc.Linearequationsarethesimplestalgebraicequations.Theyariseinallsortsofsituations.For
thisproblemwe'lllookatonethatmightcomeupinyourdailylife.
Supposethatyouandthreefriendsgoouttoeatandafterwarddecidetosplitthecostevenly.YourfriendAnikapointsoutthat
sheonlyhadadrink,sosheshouldpayless($2,thecostofherdrink)andtherestofyoucansplittheremainderofthebill.A
linearequationcaneasilydeterminehowmucheachofyoumustpay.
Fortheparticularproblemraisedintheintroduction,assumethatthetotalbillis$44.Toanswerthequestion"Howshouldthe
billbesplit?"wewillcreatealinearequation.Theunknownishowmuchmoneyasingleperson(besidesAnika)mustpay,so
callthat\texttip{x}{x}.Althoughfourpeople(youplusthreefriends)wenttodinner,onlythreearepayingtheunknownamount
\texttip{x}{x}foratotalof3x.SinceAnikaispaying$2,thetotalamountpaidis3x+2dollars,whichmustequaltheamountof
thebill,$44.Thus,theequationtofind\texttip{x}{x}is3x+2=44.
Thestepsforsolvingalinearequationareasfollows:
1.Movealloftheconstantstotherightside.
2.Moveallofthevariableterms(termscontaining\texttip{x}{x})totheleftside.
3.Dividebothsidesbythecoefficientofthevariabletoisolatethevariable.
Youwillgothroughthesestepsoneatatimetosolvetheequationanddeterminehowmucheachpersonshouldpay.

PartA
Thefirststepinsolvingalinearequationismovingalloftheconstants(i.e.,numberslike2and44thataren'tattachedto

Typesettingmath:35%
an\texttip{x}{x})totherightside.Whatisthefinalvalueontherightsideonceyou'vemovedalloftheconstants?

Expressyouranswerasaninteger.

Hint1.Howto"move"aconstant
Thetermmoveisnotexactlyanaccuratedescriptionofhowyougetridoftheconstantononesideofanequation.
Whatyouactuallydoisaddtheoppositeofthatnumbertobothsides.Inthisway,theconstantnolongerappears
onthesidethatyoudon'twantiton.
Forinstance,ifyouhavex+3=4,youwanttomovethe3totheright.Theoppositeof3is3,soyouwouldsubtract
3frombothsides:
x+3\\3=4\\3,
whichreducesto
x=1.
Similarly,ifyouhad2x12=3,youwouldadd12toeachside,becausetheoppositeof12is12,andso
2x12\\+12=3\\+12,
2x=15.
ANSWER:
3x= 42

Correct

PartB
Nowthatyouhave3x=42,youneedtoisolatethevariablesothatyouhaveanequationoftheform"x=somenumber."
Whatisthevalueof\texttip{x}{x}(i.e.,theamountyoumustpay)?
Expressyouranswerasanintegernumberofdollars.

Hint1.Howtoisolatethevariable
Toremovethecoefficientfromthevariable,simplydividebothsidesoftheequationbythatcoefficient.For
instance,ifyouhad2x=6,thenyouwoulddividebothsidesby2:
\large{\frac{2x}{2}=\frac{6}{2}},
yielding
x=3.
ANSWER:
\texttip{x}{x}= 14 {\rmdollars}

Correct
Typesettingmath:35%

Thenextproblemlooksmoreintimidating,butitrequiresthesameprocedures:Moveallconstantstotheright,thenmoveall
variablestotheleft,andfinallydividebothsidesbythevariablescoefficient.

PartC
If13x23=4x+22,whatisthevalueof\texttip{x}{x}?
Expressyouranswerasaninteger.

Hint1.Collecttheconstantterms
Youhavetheequation13x23=4x+22andneedtogetalloftheconstantsontherightside.Whichofthefollowing
wouldgetalloftheconstanttermsontherightsideoftheequation?
ANSWER:
Add23tobothsides.
Subtract23frombothsides.
Add22tobothsides.
Subtract22frombothsides.

Correct
Hint2.Collectthetermswith\texttip{x}{x}
Afteradding23tobothsides,youhavetheequation13x=4x+45andneedtogetallofthetermswith\texttip{x}{x}
ontheleftside.Whichofthefollowingwouldgetallofthevariabletermsontheleftside?
ANSWER:
Add13x tobothsides.
Subtract13x frombothsides.
Add4x tobothsides.
Subtract4x frombothsides.

Correct
Aftersubtracting4xfrombothsidesoftheequation,youareleftwith9x=45.Dividingbothsidesbythe
coefficient(9)of\texttip{x}{x}willgiveyouthevalueof\texttip{x}{x}.Rememberthatyoumustalwaysaddand
subtracttogetalloftheconstanttermsontherightsideandallofthevariabletermsontheleftsidebefore
multiplyingordividingtoisolatethevariable.

ANSWER:
\texttip{x}{x}= 5

Correct
Typesettingmath:35%

PartD
If5x+9=2x19,whatisthevalueof\texttip{x}{x}?
Expressyouranswerasaninteger.

Hint1.Collecttheconstantterms
Youhavetheequation5x+9=2x19andneedtogetalloftheconstantsontherightside.Whichofthefollowing
wouldgetalloftheconstanttermsontherightsideoftheequation?
ANSWER:
Add9tobothsides.
Subtract9frombothsides.
Add19tobothsides.
Subtract19frombothsides.

Correct
Hint2.Collectthetermswith\texttip{x}{x}
Aftersubtracting9frombothsides,youhavetheequation5x=2x28.Youneedtogetallofthetermswith\texttip{x}
{x}ontheleftside.Whichofthefollowingwouldgetallofthevariabletermsontheleftside?
ANSWER:
Add5x tobothsides.
Subtract5x frombothsides.
Add2x tobothsides.
Subtract2x frombothsides.

Correct
Afteradding2xtobothsidesoftheequation,youareleftwith7x=28.Dividingbothsidesbythecoefficient(7)
of\texttip{x}{x}willgiveyouthevalueof\texttip{x}{x}.Rememberthatyoumustalwaysaddandsubtracttoget
alloftheconstanttermsontherightsideandallofthevariabletermsontheleftsidebeforemultiplyingor
dividingtoisolatethevariable.

ANSWER:
\texttip{x}{x}= 4

Correct

ConvertingUnits
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Theabilitytoconvertfromonesystemofunitstoanotherisimportantinphysics.Itisoftenimpracticaltomeasurequantities
inthestandardmeters,kilograms,andseconds,butthelawsofphysicsthatyoulearnwillinvolveconstantsthataredefinedin
theseunits.Therefore,youmayoftenhavetoconvertyourmeasuredquantitiesintometers,kilograms,andseconds.
Thefollowingtablelistsmetricprefixesthatcomeupfrequentlyinphysics.Learningtheseprefixeswillhelpyouinthevarious
exercises.
mega(\rmM)

\times10^6

kilo(\rmk)

\times10^3

centi(\rmc)

\times10^{2}

milli(\rmm)

\times10^{3}

micro(\mu)

\times10^{6}

nano(\rmn)

\times10^{9}

Whendoingunitconversions,youneedarelationbetweenthetwounits.Forinstance,inconvertingfrommillimeterstometers,
youneedtoknowthat
\rm1\m=1000\mm.
Onceyouknowthis,youneedtodivideonesidebytheothertoobtainaratioof\rmmto\rmmm:
\large{1=\rm\frac{1\m}{1000\mm}}.
Ifyouareconvertingfrommillimeterstometers,thenthisistheproperratio.Ithas\rmmminthedenominator,sothatitwill
canceltheunitsofthequantitythatyouareconverting.Forinstance,ifyouwereconverting63\\rmmm,thenyouwouldhave
\large{\rm63\\cancel{\rmmm}\cdot\frac{1\m}{1000\\cancel{\rmmm}}=0.063\m}.
Ifyouwereconvertingaquantityfrommeterstomillimeters,youwouldusethereciprocalratio:
\large{1=\rm\frac{1000\mm}{1\m}}.

PartA
Supposethatyoumeasureapentobe10.5\rmcmlong.Convertthistometers.
Expressyouranswerinmeters.

Hint1.Relatingcentimetersandmeters
Tosolvethisproblem,youwillneedtousetherelation100\\rmcm=1\m.Youcandeterminesuchrelationsusing
themetricprefixesgivenintheintroductiontothisproblem.Ifonecentimeterequals10^{2}meters,thenyouneed
10^2centimeterstoequalawholemeter,justasyouknowthatifonequarterequals4^{1}USdollars,thenyou
need4^{1}quarterstoequalawholeUSdollar.
ANSWER:
10.5\rmcm= 0.105 \rmm

Correct
Whenconvertingareas,youmustbecarefultousethecorrectratio.Ifyouwereconvertingfrom\rmmm^2to\rmm^2,itmight
betemptingtouse
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\large{\rm\frac{1\m}{1000\mm}}

again.Becareful!Thinkof\rmmm^2as(\rmmm)^2=(\rmmm)\cdot(mm).Thatistosay,thinkofthisasapairofmillimeter
units,eachofwhichmustbeconvertedseparately.Toconvert130\\rmmm^2tosquaremetersyouwouldusethefollowing
calculation:
\large{130\\rmmm^2\cdot\left(\frac{1\m}{1000\mm}\right)\cdot\left(\frac{1\m}{1000\mm}\right)=130\\rmmm^2\cdot
\left(\frac{1\m}{10^3\mm}\right)^2}.
Noticethattheexponentdistributestoboththenumbersandtheunits:
\large{130\\rmmm^2\cdot\left(\frac{1\m}{10^3\mm}\right)^2=130\\rmmm^2\cdot\left(\frac{1\m^2}{10^6\mm^2}\right)}.
Nowthe\rmmm^2willcancelproperly:
\large{130\\rm\cancel{\rmmm^2}\cdot\left(\frac{1\m^2}{10^6\\cancel{\rmmm^2}}\right)=1.30\times10^{4}\m^2}.

PartB
Supposethat,frommeasurementsinamicroscope,youdeterminethatacertainbacteriumcoversanareaof1.50\\mu
\rmm^2.Convertthistosquaremeters.
Expressyouranswerinsquaremeters.

Hint1.Findtheconversionfactor
Whichofthefollowinggivestheproperconversionfactortouse?Fromthetableintheintroduction,youcansee
that1\\rm\mum=10^{6}\m,whichgives10^6\\rm\mum=1\m.
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{10^{6}\\mu\rmm^2}{1\\rmm^2}}
\large{\frac{1\\rmm^2}{10^{6}\\mu\rmm^2}}
\large{\frac{10^{12}\\mu\rmm^2}{1\\rmm^2}}
\large{\frac{1\\rmm^2}{10^{12}\\mu\rmm^2}}

Correct

ANSWER:
1.50\mu\rmm^2= 1.501012 \rmm^2

Correct
Aswithareas,youmustbecarefulwhenconvertingbetweenvolumes.Forvolumes,youmustcanceloffthreecopiesof
whateverunityouareconvertingfrom.

PartC
Supposethatyoufindthevolumeofalltheoceanstobe1.4\times10^9\\rmkm^3inareferencebook.Tofindthemass,
youcanusethedensityofwater,alsofoundinthisreferencebook,butfirstyoumustconvertthevolumetocubicmeters.
Whatisthisvolumeincubicmeters?
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Expressyouranswerincubicmeters.

Hint1.Findtheconversionfactor
Whichofthefollowinggivestheproperconversionfactortouse?Fromthetableintheintroduction,youcansee
that1\\rmkm=10^{3}\m.
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{1\\rmm^3}{10^6\\rmkm^3}}
\large{\frac{10^9\\rmm^3}{1\\rmkm^3}}
\large{\frac{10^3\\rmm^3}{1\\rmkm^3}}
\large{\frac{10^6\\rmkm^3}{1\\rmm^3}}
\large{\frac{1\\rmkm^3}{10^9\\rmm^3}}
\large{\frac{1\\rmkm^3}{10^3\\rmm^3}}

Correct

ANSWER:
1.4\times10^9\\rmkm^3= 1.401018 \rmm^3

Correct

PartD
Inalaboratory,youdeterminethatthedensityofacertainsolidis5.23\times10^{6}\\rmkg/mm^3.Convertthisdensity
intokilogramspercubicmeter.
Noticethattheunitsyouaretryingtoeliminatearenowinthedenominator.Thesameprinciplefromthepreviousparts
applies:Picktheconversionfactorsothattheunitscancel.Theonlychangeisthatnowtheunitsyouwishtocancelmust
appearinthenumeratoroftheconversionfactor.
Expressyouranswerinkilogramspercubicmeter.

Hint1.Findtheconversionfactor
Whichofthefollowinggivestheproperconversionfactortouse?Fromthetableintheintroduction,youcansee
that1\\rmmm=10^{3}\m.Recallthatyouaretryingtocancelunitsoutofthedenominatorofthefraction.
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{1\\rmm^3}{10^9\\rmmm^3}}
\large{\frac{10^6\\rmm^3}{1\\rmmm^3}}
\large{\frac{10^3\\rmm^3}{1\\rmmm^3}}
\large{\frac{10^9\\rmmm^3}{1\\rmm^3}}
\large{\frac{1\\rmmm^3}{10^6\\rmm^3}}
\large{\frac{1\\rmmm^3}{10^3\\rmm^3}}
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Correct

ANSWER:
\large{5.23\times10^{6}\\rm\frac{kg}{mm^3}}= 5230 \large{\rm\frac{kg}{m^3}}

Correct
Youarenowreadytodoanysortofunitconversion.Youmayencounterproblemsthatlookfarmorecomplexthan
thoseyou'vedoneinthisproblem,butifyoucarefullysetupconversionfactorsoneatatimetocanceltheunitsyou
don'twantandreplacethemwiththeunitsthatyoudowant,thenyouwillhavenotrouble.

NameThatLine
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandhowtofindtheequationforalineusingtheslopepointandtwopointstechniques.
Manyequationsinphysicsexpresslinearrelationshipsbetweentwoquantities,meaningthatagraphofthetwoquantities
wouldbealine.Ifyouwalkatconstantspeed,yourpositionislinearlyrelatedtotime.Thegraphofyourpositionatvarious
timesmightlooklikethegraphinthefigure.
Ifyouseethatpointsonaplothavealinearrelationship,youcan
thenuseastraightedgetodrawintheline.Fromyourgraph,youcan
predictwhatotherpointslieontheline.However,usuallythe
equationforthelinewillgiveyoumoreaccuratepredictions.Then,
youcanfindthevaluesforotherpointsonthelinebyputting
numbersintotheequation.

Definitionofslope
Allofthetechniquesforfindingaline'sequationusethedefinitionofslope,whichisgiventhesymbol\texttip{m}{m}.Slopeis
definedasthedifferencebetweentheycoordinatesoftwopoints,dividedbythedifferencebetweenthexcoordinatesofthose
twopoints.Thatis,ifyouhavetwopoints(x_1,y_1)and(x_2,y_2)onaline,theslopeis
\large{m=\frac{y_2y_1}{x_2x_1}}.
Youmightbeabletorememberthedefinitionmoreeasilyintheform"thedifferenceintheyvaluesoverthedifferenceinthex
values."Theendresultthatyouwantisanequationthatlookslike
y=mx+b,
where\texttip{m}{m}istheslopeand\texttip{b}{b}istheyinterceptthevalueof\texttip{y}{y}wherethelineintersectsthey
axis.Forinstance,youmighthaveasthefinalresulttheequationy=2x+4.Intheexamplegivenofdistancewalked,youcould
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easilydeterminehowfaryouhadwalkedafter2.5{\rmminutes}ifyouhadanequationforthegraphedline.

PartA
Supposethatyouwanttoconstructalinewithslopem=3thatpassesthroughthepoint(2,1).Youwouldbeginbysetting
uptheequation
y=3x+b.
Ifyoupluginthecoordinatesforanypointonthatline,thetwosidesoftheequationwillbeequal.Onceyou'vedonethis,
youcansolvefor\texttip{b}{b}.Whatisthevalueof\texttip{b}{b}?
Expressyouranswerasaninteger.

Hint1.Howtopluginthecoordinates
Youhavetheequationy=3x+bandthepoint(2,1).Youshouldputinthexcoordinatewherethe\texttip{x}{x}isin
theequation.Thiswouldgiveyou
y=3\times2+b.
Then,putintheycoordinatewherethe\texttip{y}{y}isintheequation.Thisgivesyou
1=3\times2+b.
Nowyouhaveanequationwithonlyoneunknown:\texttip{b}{b}.Solvethisfor\texttip{b}{b}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{b}{b}= 5

Correct
Puttingthisvaluebackintotheequation,youcanseethatthelineyouwerelookingforisy=3x5.Ifyouhadjust
sketchedagraph,liketheoneinthefigurebelow,youlikelycouldhaveseenthatthepoint(3,4)liesonthisline,but
youcouldn'thavecheckedapointsuchas(2.87,3.61)withmuchaccuracy.

Anotherpossiblesituationisthatyouwouldbegiventwopointsthatlieonalineandwouldneedtoconstructtheequationfor
thatline.Todoso,youwouldusethesametechniqueasinthepreviouspart.Theonlydifferenceisthatyouhavetocalculate
theslopefirst.Youwoulddothisbyusingthesamedefinitionofslopethatisgiveninthisproblem.
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PartB
Supposethatyouwanttofindtheequationforalinethatpassesthroughthetwopoints(0,3)and(4,9).Whatistheslope
ofthisline?
Expressyouranswernumerically.

Hint1.Findthechangeinycoordinates
Whatisthedifferenceintheycoordinatesbetweenthetwopoints?Recallthattheycoordinateisthesecond
numberintheorderedpair.
Expressyouranswernumerically.
ANSWER:
6

Hint2.Findthechangeinxcoordinates
Whatisthedifferenceinthexcoordinatesbetweenthetwopoints?Recallthatthexcoordinateisthefirstnumber
intheorderedpair.
Expressyouranswernumerically.
ANSWER:
4

ANSWER:
\texttip{m}{m}= 1.50

Correct

PartC
Nowthatyouhavetheslope,proceedasyoudidinPartA.Whatisthevalueof\texttip{b}{b}forthisline?
Expressyouranswernumerically.

Hint1.Whichpointtoplugin
Sincetheequationforalineistrueforanypointontheline,youcanplugeitherpointin.Using(0,3)willmake
thingsabiteasier,butpluggingineitherpointshouldallowyoutoeasilysolvefor\texttip{b}{b}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{b}{b}= 3

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Correct
CombiningtheanswersfromPartsBandCgivesanequationforthelineof
\large{y=\frac{3}{2}x+3}.
Thegraphofthislinewouldlookliketheoneinthisfigure.

PartD
Now,findtheequationforalinethatpassesthroughthetwopoints(1,3)and(4,5).
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{x}{x}.The"y="hasbeengivenforyou.

Hint1.Find\texttip{m}{m}
Whatistheslope\texttip{m}{m}oftheline?Recallthatslopeisthedifferenceintheyvaluesoverthedifferencein
thexvalues.
Expressyouranswernumerically.
ANSWER:
\texttip{m}{m}= 1.60

Hint2.Find\texttip{b}{b}
Now,youhave
\large{y=\frac{8}{5}x+b}.
Substituteinthecoordinatesfromonepointsothatyoucansolveforthevalueof\texttip{b}{b}.Whatisthevalueof
\texttip{b}{b}?
Expressyouranswernumerically.
ANSWER:
\texttip{b}{b}= 1.40
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ANSWER:
\texttip{y}{y}= \large{{\frac{8}{5}}x+{\frac{7}{5}}}

Correct
Thegraphofthislinewouldlookliketheoneinthisfigure.

PartE
Whatistheycoordinateofthepointonthelinewithxcoordinate2?
Expressyouranswernumerically

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Sincetheequationistrueforallpointsontheline,ifyoupluginthexcoordinatefor\texttip{x}{x}intheequation,
thenyoucansolvefor\texttip{y}{y},andthenumberthatyougetwillbetheycoordinateofthatpoint.This
procedureismadeeasierbythefactthattheequationisalreadysolvedfor\texttip{y}{y}!
ANSWER:
\texttip{y}{y}= 4.60

Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis99.6%.
Youreceived14.94outofapossibletotalof15points.

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