08-08-2016

Structure of new course

Introduction

Welcome !

Name of course:
Credit structure:
Type:

Silicon Solar Cell Technology

3-0-0
Professional Elective

Degree

Semester

Eligible
Departments

B. Tech
M. Tech.
Ph.D.
M.Sc.

VII
I
I
V

CH, EE, EC,

ME, MM, ER

Introduction

Resume

Course Contents in nutshell: Syllabus for EE 681

2

Why solar PV? Energy needs and technology improvement

Dr. Paresh Kale

Understanding Light
M. Tech.

Ph.D.

(IIT Bombay)
(IIT Bombay)

Part I : Physics of Solar Cell

Teaching experience : 06 years

Academic interests:

Solar Cell
Nanotechnology
Renewables
Energy storage
Biosensors

Understanding Silicon crystal structure and production

Review of Physics of semiconductors
P-N Junction and solar cells
Solar cell design and efficiency limitations
Wafer based Solar cell technologies

Part-II : Solar photovoltaic systems and applications

Solar PV modules
Balance of System (BoS)
Photovoltaic Systems Design and Applications

Introduction by Dr. Paresh Kale

Introduction

Contact
Introduction

[email protected]
[email protected]

225, Dept. of Electrical Engg.

New Electrical Building

moodle.nitrkl.ac.in

https://www.facebook.com/pareshkale.iitb

http://pareshkale.blogspot.in/

Introduction

08-08-2016

Credit for Solar PV goes to..

Si Solar Cell Technology: EE 681

Introduction
Prof. Paresh Kale
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Rourkela.

Edmond Becquerel
A French physicist credited with discovery of photovoltaic effect in 1839
Introduction

Introduction

Solar Energy Conversion

Introduction

From material to end-use

Solar Thermal
Increase in KE and
heat generation
Power production

SUN

Increase in PE and
charge separation

Semiconductor
(Si) Production

Photovoltaic

Cell
manufacturing

Mono Si
Poly Si
Amorphous

Increase in PE and
Chemical reaction

Assembly /
Panel
production

Power plants / Grid

Integrated
Standalone systems
Building Integrated

4
2

Photochemical
Introduction

Introduction

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World leaders latest data

Harnessing Solar Power

Leaders of solar PV capacity are China, Germany, Japan,

USA, and Italy with the total cumulative PV capacity of 43
GW, 39.6 GW, 33.3 GW, 27.3 GW, and 18.9 GW resp.

Direct
conversion of
electricity

In 2010, four of the worlds largest five PV manufacturers

were Chinese enterprises: Suntech, JA Solar, Yingli Green
Energy and Trina Solar, with shares of 6.6%, 6.1%, 4.7%
and 4.7% of global cell production resp.

Inverter

Battery
System

AC Power

DC Power

Charge
Controller

By the end of 2012, Germany shared the highest capacity of

solar PV generating 28 TWh of electricity, up by 45% over
the previous year. In the year 2015, the nation achieved 491
Watt per capita of solar PV power, highest in the world.
Introduction

Advantages of Solar PV

Introduction

World leaders
The government of Japan aims to achieve 28 GW and 53 GW
installation of solar PV by the end of 2020 and 2030 resp.
Direct
conversion

In 2009, Japan revised its solar policy because of which more than 99%
of PV systems are of the form: grid-connected system or distributed
application or residential PV system.

Mature

Renewable

Solar
Power

In 2012, USA was ranked among top three countries in the world. In later
years, it took over Italy by capacity; however the exceptional growth of
China and Japan has ranked the USA as fourth in the world.
The Investment Tax Credit (ITC) is one of the critical policies in US
solar energy market. It reduces tax liability for individuals or businesses
that purchase qualifying solar energy technologies, encouraging
investment and spurring growth in solar energy.

Modular

Zero
Fuel
Cost
Introduction

Global cumulative PV capacity in MW (2014)

Introduction

Worldwide status
Comparison of the Year Wise Cumulative installed capacity of gridconnected solar Power of India with its rival countries

6% 3%
8%

China
Japan

37%
19%

USA
UK
Germany

27%

India

Introduction

Introduction

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Renewable Energy in India latest data

Status of India

Distribution of grid-interactive Renewable power capacity of

India in MW as on 31-03-2016
2015
Waste to
Power,
115.08

2014
2013

Small
Hydro
Solar
Power, Power,
6762.85 4273.9

2012
2011

Bio-Power,
4831.33

In a year
Cummulative

2010
0

500

1000

Wind
Power,
26743.61

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Installed PV Capacity (in MW)

Introduction

Renewable Energy in India

Introduction

Future target

Target and achievements for grid interactive renewable

power in India for the year 2015-16

Achievement

125

Target
Install Capacity (GWp)

BioPower

Future targets of India regarding the install capacity of

grid-connected solar PV

Small Hydro Power

Solar Power

100

100
82.5
75

65
48

50
32
25

17
5

Wind Power

2016
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

2017

2018

3500

2019
Years

2020

2021

2022

Introduction

Status of India

Introduction

Statewise status
State wise install capacity in MW p of commissioned Solar Power plants
as on 31-03- 2016

Andhra Pradesh,
572.96

Maharashtra,
385.75

Telangana, 527.84

Tamil Nadu,
1061.82

Punjab,
405.06
Other, 643.95

Madhya
Pradesh,
776.37

Karnataka,
145.46
Chhattisgarh,
93.58
Odisha, 66.92

Gujarat,
1119.17

Solar Resource Map

Uttar
Pradesh,
143.49

Rajasthan,
1269.93

Others, 194.5

Installed Solar Power Capacity

Introduction

Introduction

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Capital cost breakup (%)

Introduction

Distribution of the normalized capital costs for solar

PV projects in 2016-17 as per CERC

8%

5%

PV modules
Land cost

7%
7%

Civil and General Works

62%

6%
5%

Mounting structure
Power Conditioning Unit
Cables, Transformers and
Evacuation cost
Preliminary and preoperative expenses, IDC, etc.
Introduction

US Module Cost structures (2012)

Introduction

After the electric light goes into general use,

none but the extravagant will burn tallow
candles.
Thomas Edison
Introduction

Typical Solar Power plant and costs in India

Sensitivity map for 2012 cost structure

Breakup for Capital Cost projections for PV projects in Rajasthan and

Karnataka with respect to CERC
Particulars

Capital Cost Norm

for Karnataka
(lakh/MW)

Capital Cost Norm for

Rajasthan (lakh/MW)

Capital Cost Norm as

per CERC
( lakhs/MW)

c-Si PV modules

332.35

326.76

328.39

Land cost

25

7.3

25

Civil and General Works

50

50

35

Mounting structure

50

50

35

Power Conditioning Unit

45

45

35

Cables, Transformers and

Evacuation cost

55

55

44

Preliminary and pre-operative

expenses, IDC, etc.

48.5

47.74

27.63

Others (connectivity,
evaluative, and transmission)

NA

15

NA

Total

605.85

596.8

530.02
Introduction

Introduction

08-08-2016

Swansons Law - Price of PV modules

Si purity Vs Cost

Drop 20% for every doubling of cumulative shipped volume

SGS - I : 99.9999% (6N)

EGS
: 9N and above

SGS II : 99.99999 - 99.999999% (7N - 8N)

Introduction

Introduction

Ways to improve efficiency of 1st gen

Wafer Thickness [m] & Silicon Usage [g/Wp]

Strategies

Technical Pathways

Improved Wire Sawing

Use of thinner and stronger wires

Impact

Kerfless wafering

Adopting better methods such as

growth from vapor or growth from melt

High efficiency Cell

architecture

- Back contact cell

- HIT Cell

Defect Engineering

Impurity management
- Gettering
- Passivation

Si Usage

Efficiency

Surface and Interface

Engineering

Advanced Surface passivation

Advanced light management

Manufacturing

Enhanced Automation
Process Simplification
Monolithic module assembly

Introduction

Learning curve: Price history of silicon

Labor
Capex
Yield

Introduction

Estimated cost structures (US Module cost projections)

C-Si price
increased due to
shortage of poly-Si

Other, 5

Module
Manufacturing
Cost in 2014:

Semicondu
ctor, 3

Canadian
Solar : 0.53
USD/Wp

Silanes, 35
Aluminium
Alloys, 45
Solar, 12

Thin-film PV cells : included in Time Magazine 's Best Inventions of 2008

mc-Si module production in 2012 |

Introduction

line-of-sight (LOS) concept in 2020

| advanced technology concept in 2020

Introduction

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1st Gen PV : Key points

Aspects of a-Si technology

1963: Commercial production of c-Si modules began

(Sharp Corporation of Japan)

Low material consumption: because of high optical

absorption coefficient

87% Share: c-Si technologies in global PV sales

Low energy consumption: for module production due to

low temperature processing.

14 to 19% : The efficiency of c-Si module

A mature technology

arbitrary shapes : cells and modules may be produced in

arbitrary shapes, sizes, they may be designed opaque or semitransparent.

less chance for cost cut and increase in efficiency

Large area thin film technology: promise a drastic cost

reduction potential.
Introduction

Challenges to PV Technology

Introduction

Issues with a-Si

High equipment investment cost & complex technology

Explosive and toxic gasses during production

High cost per unit watt (high cost of material)

Moderate efficiencies

Intrinsic instability: initial degradation of 10-25%,

annealing at 60 C

Availability of material
Long energy pay back period (high processing cost)

The stabilized module efficiency is relatively low.

Long money pay back period

Prospects to achieve more than 12 % stabilized module

efficiency are dim
Introduction

Thin Film Technologies

Amorphous
Si

Second Generation Solar Cell Technologies

II-VITernary
Compounds

Crystalline
Si

a-Si:H

CdTe

uC / ncSi

a-Si tandem
Cells

CIGS

Poly-Si

Material

direct band gap

tunable band gap, 1.3 to 2.0 eV
deposition techniques:
PECVD,VHF-PECVD, HWCVD
Light induced degradation

Device structure

Defects introduces mid gap

states short life time
p-i-n/n-i-p structure
thin i layers are advantageous
good light trapping is
required

Introduction

direct band gap

1.45eV(CdTe),
1.1eV(CIGS)
heterojunction with nCdS
Solar cells are stable
and technology is
relatively cost
effective
material availability
Toxicity of Cd

+ +
+++

Non-toxicity
Abundant raw
material
Experience from
microelectronic
industry
Stability

Introduction

Require less material (high optical

absorption coefficient)
Low energy consumption
Flexible / any shape possible
Lightweight structures useful for
BIPV
Lower overall cost of production

Less efficient (10 %)

High capital cost
Complex technology
Initial degradation

Introduction

08-08-2016

Decrease in material cost

Saving further

average worldwide pv module price level and Their cost structure by

Technology (2010).

High cost due to large volume consumption of high purity material

Si

Concentrators
Thin film C-Si

Nanostructures
of Si

Introduction

Thin film Si cot structure (2010)

Introduction

Strategy for next gen PV

PV Power Costs as Function of Cell Efficiency and Module Cost

Introduction

Some statistics

Introduction

Losses in standard solar cell

Global market share by PV technology

CdTe a-Si
5% 2%CIGS
2%

Non-absorption of below bandgap photons (Energy < bandgap) (1)

Lattice thermalization loss (energy > bandgap) (2)
Junction contact voltage loss (3,4)
Recombination loss (5)

monoSi
36%

multiSi
55%

2014
Introduction

Introduction

08-08-2016

Using complete spectrum

Optimum Spectrum utilization

Introduction

Introduction

How many junction we can fabricate ?

2nd Gen
Deposition
Methods

Efficiency (%) /
No of Sub cells

3rd Gen
Solar Cells
With High
efficiency

Use of
Complete
spectrum

Un-concentrated
Light

1
2
3
4

compatible
with largescale

31.0
42.5
48.6
52.5
68.2

concentrated
Light

40.8
55.5
63.2
67.9
86.8

Introduction

Approaches

Si nanostructure tandem
All-Si solar cell
Concept of band gap-engineering - controlling size of QDs controls
band-gap

Band-gap matching with Spectrum

I
II

Introduction

Tandem Cells
Intermediate band cells

E g (eV ) E g (bulk )

k
d2

Reduced thermalisation losses

Hot electron cells

Where,
d - diameter of QD
k- quantum confinement parameter
Eg band gap of bulk material

III

Reshaping Solar Spectrum

E(QD) PL peak or band gap of QD

Up-Down conversion
The value of k depends on the shape and the crystallinity of the QDs
Introduction

Introduction

08-08-2016

Si QD under TEM

Energy Policy structure for solar energy in India

Electricity Act-2003

National Electricity
Policy 2005
Energy policy structure
National Tariff Policy
2006

Semiconductor

Bandgap
Energy(eV)

Classification

Exciton Bohr
Radius (nm)

Si

1.11

IV

4.3

ZnS

3.68

II-VI

CdSe

1.74

II-VI

PbS

0.41

IV-VI

10

Renewable Power
Policies

NITI AAYOG

National Action plan

on climatic change
(NAPCC)

Jawaharlal Neheru
National Solar Mission
2010

State Solar Policies

Introduction

Introduction

Complete picture !

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)

Ref: http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg
Introduction

Introduction

3 major challenges for Indian manufacturing sector :

Socio-economic impact of PV technology

Most of the manufacturers lack scale

- Very few have manufacturing capacity of more than
200 MW.
None of the companies are vertically integrated.
- PV Manufacturing is mostly concentrated at the
downstream of Module assembly.
- Some of the module manufacturers also make cells.

PV solar electricity is decentralized in nature, useful for overall

development
PV technology has reached to commercial maturity
Solar Home Systems (SHS) as the most proven PV application
Energy from PV can be used for income generating activities

Possible Solar PV applications

Education
Health Care
Communication
Lighting
Water supply
Agriculture

The amount of development of technology is relatively low.

Introduction

Introduction

10

08-08-2016

Socio-economic impact

References
http://mnre.gov.in/
http://www.nrel.gov/pv/
http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/
http://publica.fraunhofer.de/
Tonio Buonassisi et al., Energy and Env. Sci. 5 (2012) p. 5874.
G. Conibeer et al, Thin Solid Films, 511 (2006) 654
Gavin Conniber,Third Generation photovoltaics, Materials Today, 10(11),
2007
Kavita Surana. Towards silicon quantum dot solar cells : comparing
morphological properties and conduction phenomena in Si quantum dot
single layers and multilayers. Autre. Universitede Grenoble, 2011. Francais.

Introduction

Introduction

Text books:

Question:
The countries with high human development index (HDI) are
considered developed nations.
The per capita annual energy consumption of countries having
HDI over 0.9 (its highest values is 1) is about 3 million ToE
/capita/year.
Assume that all the countries in the world are at the same level
of HDI today.
Predict the total world energy requirement in EJ.

Introduction

Solution:

Reference books:

Assumptions:
1. The population of the world today is about 6.1 billion.
2. If all the countries are having an HDI of more than 0.9 then
per capita annual energy requirement of an human being
will be 3 million ToE /capita/year.
Total energy requirement of the world will be (1 ToE=4.181010 J):

=34.181010 J /capita/year*6.1 billion capita

= 76.491019 J/year or
764.91018 J/year or
764.9 EJ per year.

Introduction

11

08-08-2016

Reference books:

Introduction

Advanced Concepts of Solar Cell proposed course for next sem

Design of Solar Cells

Thin Film Solar Cell
Physics and Fabrication techniques

Third Generation Solar Cell

Quantum Dot Solar Cell
Organic Solar Cells
DSSC etc.

Porous Silicon for Solar Cell

Introduction

Introduction

Thank You

12