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En3 The Fourier Transform

The Fourier transform decomposes a signal into its constituent frequencies. It represents how the signal's energy is distributed across the frequency domain. The document defines the Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform. It provides several theorems about Fourier transforms, such as how they are affected by operations like time shifting, scaling, and differentiation. It also discusses the Fourier transforms of basic signals like Dirac delta functions, step functions, and periodic signals.

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Ana-Maria Raluca Chiru
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© © All Rights Reserved
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61 views4 pages

En3 The Fourier Transform

The Fourier transform decomposes a signal into its constituent frequencies. It represents how the signal's energy is distributed across the frequency domain. The document defines the Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform. It provides several theorems about Fourier transforms, such as how they are affected by operations like time shifting, scaling, and differentiation. It also discusses the Fourier transforms of basic signals like Dirac delta functions, step functions, and periodic signals.

Uploaded by

Ana-Maria Raluca Chiru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

THE FOURIER TRANSFORM


Definition & Physical interpretation

let xt L1 integrable in absolute value

xt dt p

The Fourier Transform is defined as X

xt e

jt

dt ,

xt X
X represents

the spectral density of the signal xt

Justification: consider the signal


T
T
pT t t
2
2

x1 t xt p T t ,
2

periodized with the period T


xT t

x t kT

This has the CFS expansion

xT t C k e jkt ,

C k

k 1

If

T , xT t xt

then

2
d
T

and

1
1
jkt

x
t
e
dt

T
T T
T
n

T
2

xt e

jkt

dt

so

d
d
C
xt e jt dt
X

2
2

Note 1. In contrast with the periodic signal xT t which has discrete spectral
components of the fundamental frequency , the continuous time signal, xt is
characterized by its spectral density X .
Note 2.

shows the way in which the signal energy is distributed in frequency

domain and the overall signal energy is given by

1
2

E x t dt
X

d (Energy Theorem Rayleigh)

The Inverse Fourier Transform

1
x t
2

X e

jt

Theorems
(1) X is a continuous function and

lim X 0

(2) Conjugation theorem

xt X ,

(3) Symmetry theorem

xt X , X t 2 x

(4) Scale change theorem

xt X ,

xat

(5) Time delay theorem

xt X ,

xt t 0 X e jt0

(6) Frequency translation theorem xt X ,

(7) Differentiation theorem

xt X ,

x * t X *

1
X
a a

xt e j0t X 0 , 0 R

d n xt
n
j X
n
dt

with the condition that the Fourier Transform of the


derived signal exists

(8)* Integration in time domain (if X 0 0 )


If

xt X i y t

x d ,

then

yt

X
X 0
j
d n X
jt xt
d n

(9) Differentiation in frequency domain xt X ,

(10) Convolution theorem


where

x1 t * x2 t

x1 t X 1 , x2 t X 2

x1 * x2 t X 1 X 2

x x t d x x t d
1

x1 t X 1 , x 2 t X 2

(10) Convolution theorem in frequency domain x t x t 1 X * X


1
2
1
2
2
x1 t X 1 , x 2 t X 2
r12

(10) Correlation function and its transform

x x t X X
1

Fourier transforms of singularity functions


Unit impulse (Dirac distribution) t has been defined by

xt t dt xt

Its Fourier transform is

F t t e jt dt 1

the unit impulse is that function that has a constant spectral energy in all the frequency
bandwidth.
Applications:
o The Fourier transform of a constant:

1 2

o The Fourier transform of an exponential


1e

j t
0

2 0

o The Fourier transform of the sine and cosine functions

sin t
j
j
cos 0 t 0 0
0

o The Fourier transform of a periodic signal


xt

C ke

jkt

C k2 k

o The Fourier transform of the periodic Delta function

1 jkt
2
T t t kT e
F T t 2e jkT
T k
T
k
k

Step function and signum function and their Fourier transforms

1, t 0
sign t
1, t 0

1, t 0
sgn t
lim f a t ,
a 0

1
,
t

F f a t

1, t 0
0, t 0

2 j
,
a2 2

1
2

F sgn t lim F f a t

t 1 sign t

1 1
1
sgn t
2 2
j

at

e , t0
f a t at

e , t 0

a0

2
j

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