A)

B)
C)
D)

1.Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people
think about influence, and relate to one another?
developmental psychology
social psychology
personality psychology
clinical psychology

A)
B)
C)
D)

2.Attribution theory was designed to account for

the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.
the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior.
the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations.
how people explain others' behavior.

A)
B)
C)
D)

3.Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their
heredity or their environment.
biological motives or their psychological motives.
thoughts or their emotions.
dispositions or their situations.

A)
B)
C)
D)

4.Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her
explanation for the accident provides an example of
the bystander effect.
deindividuation.
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
a dispositional attribution.

A)
B)
C)
D)

5.The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of
________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of
others.
normative influences; informational influences
informational influences; normative influences
personal dispositions; situational influences
situational influences; personal dispositions

A)
B)
C)
D)

6.Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental
attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly
because
he is unmotivated to do well in school.
the test covered material that had not been adequately covered in class.
his parents had an argument the evening before the test.
he was not given enough time to complete the test.

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A)
B)
C)
D)

7.Compared with people from East Asian cultures, those from individualistic Western
countries are more likely to demonstrate
conformity.
ingroup bias.
ethnic stereotyping.
the fundamental attribution error.

A)
B)
C)
D)

8.The fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the

extent to which others' behavior is influenced by
genetics.
assigned roles.
their level of motivation.
personality traits.

A)
B)
C)
D)

9.We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers we have observed in only one
type of situation in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of
________.
informational influence; normative influence
situational constraints; personality traits
normative influence; informational influence
personality traits; situational constraints

A)
B)
C)
D)

10.In explaining the actions of people we do not know well, we often demonstrate
the bystander effect.
the mere exposure effect.
the fundamental attribution error.
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

A)
B)
C)
D)

11.We are NOT likely to make the fundamental attribution error if we observe someone
in a variety of situations.
who is unemployed.
who is wealthy.
we dislike.

12.Our explanations of our own admirable actions are ________ likely to involve situational
attributions than our explanations of our own shameful actions. Our explanations of our
own actions performed long ago are ________ likely to involve dispositional attributions
than our explanations of our own very recent actions.
A)
less; less
B)
more; more
C)
less; more

Page 2

D)

more; less

A)
B)
C)
D)

13.Observing yourself on a video replay is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute
your behavior to
social norms.
role playing.
personality traits.
the mere exposure effect.

A)
B)
C)
D)

14.Carol is restless during class because her professor's distressed facial expressions lead her
to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed
because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to
learn. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of
group polarization.
the mere exposure effect.
deindividuation.
the fundamental attribution error.

A)
B)
C)
D)

15.The fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to attribute a stranger's

lack of employment to a weak economy.
act of kindness to a compassionate personality.
criminal behavior to a poor education.
friendliness to social role requirements.

A)
B)
C)
D)

16.Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by

________ and in terms of situational influences by ________.
the poor; the rich
women; men
social psychologists; evolutionary psychologists
political conservatives; political liberals

A)
B)
C)
D)

17.Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

norms and roles
superordinate goals
belief-based feelings
dispositional attributions

A)
B)

18.Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates
central route persuasion.
normative social influence.

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C)
D)

social facilitation.
cognitive dissonance.

A)
B)
C)
D)

19.Compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to

be more durable.
occur more rapidly.
be more likely to influence behavior.
involve a greater number of logical arguments.

A)
B)
C)
D)

20.Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political
support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images.
This strategy best illustrates
the social-responsibility norm.
deindividuation.
peripheral route persuasion.
informational social influence.

A)
B)
C)
D)

21.Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that
a pooling of efforts toward a common goal contributes to social loafing.
the presence of others interferes with individual performance on difficult tasks.
actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.
group discussion enhances a group's prevailing attitudes.

A)
B)
C)
D)

22.A person's behavior is most likely to be consistent with his or her attitudes when
the attitudes are implicit rather than explicit.
external influences on behavior are minimal.
the person has not publicly communicated those attitudes.
the attitudes are discrepant with most other people's opinions.

A)
B)
C)
D)

23.Whether a person exercises regularly is best predicted by his or her attitude about
sports training.
physical health.
exercise.
social loafing.

24.Vanna is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about
shoplifting. Vanna is LEAST likely to steal the merchandise if
A)
her negative feelings about shoplifting result from normative social influence.
B)
she is suffering the effects of deindividuation.
C)
she easily recalls her negative feelings about shoplifting.

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D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

she has recently shoplifted jewelry from several different stores.

25.The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the
fundamental attribution error.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
mere exposure effect.
frustration-aggression principle.

26.The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to

neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a
group.
B)
perform simple tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
C)
comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
D)
experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar.
A)

A)
B)
C)
D)

27.When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning
fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an
assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson
appears to have made effective use of
the fundamental attribution error.
the social-responsibility norm.
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
deindividuation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

28.After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch Be a Safe Driver sign, California home
owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive
Drive Carefully sign in their front yards. This best illustrates
the chameleon effect.
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
the fundamental attribution error.
social facilitation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

29.Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior
continues, it is likely that Aleksis will
experience a substantial loss of self-esteem.
develop an increasing dislike for his brother.
experience a sense of deindividuation.
develop a great sense of admiration and respect for his brother.
30.The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best

Page 5

A)
B)
C)
D)

described as a(n)
ingroup bias.
attribution.
attitude.
role.

A)
B)
C)
D)

31.After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which
she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates
the impact of ________ on attitudes.
deindividuation
social facilitation
role playing
mirror-image perceptions

A)
B)
C)
D)

32.Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to
serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of
team membership on social loafing.
self-disclosure on conciliation.
frustration on aggression.
role playing on attitudes.

A)
B)
C)
D)

33.The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

cognitive dissonance.
implicit prejudice.
deindividuation.
social loafing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

34.Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?
scapegoat theory
cognitive dissonance theory
social exchange theory
the two-factor theory

A)
B)
C)
D)

35.Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was
asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is
best explained by ________ theory.
cognitive dissonance
social exchange
scapegoat
the two-factor

Page 6

36.We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel

little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally
disapprove.
B)
little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally
approve.
C)
a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally
disapprove.
D)
a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally
approve.
A)

A)
B)
C)
D)

37.Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as

group polarization.
the chameleon effect.
social facilitation.
social loafing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

38.If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passersby will often pause to do likewise. This
best illustrates
the mere exposure effect.
the bystander effect.
social loafing.
the chameleon effect.

A)
B)
C)
D)

39.Hearing someone reading a neutral text in a happy-sounding voice is most likely to

trigger
group polarization.
mood contagion.
social loafing.
deindividuation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

40.Which of the following is most likely to help us empathize with others?

the bystander effect
automatic mimicry
mirror-image perceptions
social facilitation

41.We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This
illustrates
A)
the mere exposure effect.
B)
mood linkage.

Page 7

C)
D)

the reciprocity norm.

mirror-image perceptions.

A)
B)
C)
D)

42.Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

the reciprocity norm.
peripheral route persuasion.
social loafing.
conformity.

A)
B)
C)
D)

43.Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of
altruism.
visual perception.
learning.
aggression.

A)
B)
C)
D)

44.Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths
of lines
only when the group was composed of at least six members.
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment.
only when members of the group were friends prior to the experiment.

A)
B)
C)
D)

45.Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not.
Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if
he has publicly voiced his opinion on this issue.
there is obvious disagreement among team players regarding the issue.
he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
there are very few team members whom he currently wants to befriend.

A)
B)
C)
D)

46.Professor Wang is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards. Other

committee members want to begin accepting students with below-average grades.
Professor Wang personally disagrees, but he will probably vote in favor of their plan if
the other committee members are all in favor of the plan.
he states his personal opinion early in the committee's discussion.
the committee votes by private ballot.
he has a high level of self-esteem.

A)
B)

47.Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to

clarify reality.
maintain personal control.

Page 8

C)
D)

gain social approval.

demonstrate self-restraint.

A)
B)
C)
D)

48.Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's
disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of
the mere exposure effect.
informational social influence.
normative social influence.
social facilitation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

49.Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13year-olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents
should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public
conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of
deindividuation.
normative social influence.
informational social influence.
social facilitation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

50.Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ________ as the desire to gain approval is
to ________.
deindividuation; social facilitation
social facilitation; deindividuation
informational social influence; normative social influence
normative social influence; informational social influence

A)
B)
C)
D)

51.After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise,
Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior
best illustrates the impact of
normative social influence.
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
social facilitation.
informational social influence.

A)
B)
C)
D)

52.A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage

nonconformity.
ingroup bias.
groupthink.
superordinate goals.

Page 9

A)
B)
C)
D)

53.Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

play the role of the prison guards.
write an essay supporting a position they didn't believe in.
deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.
participate in a team tug-of-war by pulling on a rope as hard as they could.

A)
B)
C)
D)

54.Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience
experiment because
the learners made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances.
the teachers actually enjoyed shocking another person.
the teachers were more obedient than most people would have predicted.
the learners obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest.

A)
B)
C)
D)

55.The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the

teachers actually seemed to enjoy shocking the learners.
learners received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems.
experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research.
teachers were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.

A)
B)
C)
D)

56.In Milgram's obedience experiments, teachers were MOST likely to deliver high levels
of shock when
the experimenter was perceived to be an ordinary college student like themselves.
the learner was placed in a different room from the teacher.
they saw that other learners disobeyed the experimenter.
they saw how learners who disobeyed the experimenter were punished.

A)
B)
C)
D)

57.In Milgram's obedience experiments, teachers exhibited a somewhat lower level of

compliance with an experimenter's orders when
the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
the learner complained of a slight heart condition just before the experiment
began.
the learner screamed as the shocks became more punishing.
the learner was in another room where his physical well-being couldn't be
observed by the teacher.

58.In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the
village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be
destructively obedient when
A)
they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong.
B)
their victims are distant and depersonalized.
C)
they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.

Page 10

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts.

59.According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of
obedience is that
people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive.
even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.
the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives.
people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being
coerced to do something.

60.The impact of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is most clearly illustrated by

the increased number of suicides shortly after Marilyn Monroe's highly publicized
death.
B)
President John F. Kennedy's ill-fated decision to invade Cuba.
C)
the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese just outside her New York apartment.
D)
the destructive obedience of participants in the Milgram experiments.
A)

A)
B)
C)
D)

61.To study social facilitation, Norman Triplett observed adolescents while they were
judging the lengths of lines.
winding fishing reels.
crossing a swaying footbridge.
playing violent video games.

B)
C)
D)

62.Social facilitation refers to the tendency to

neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a
group.
perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.
comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

A)
B)
C)
D)

63.Professional athletes perform better before an audience than when alone. This best
illustrates
social facilitation.
group polarization.
the bystander effect.
the mere exposure effect.

A)
B)

64.The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because
an increasing familiarity with novel stimuli facilitates liking.
the loss of self-restraint often accompanies arousal and anonymity.

A)

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C)
D)

arousal inhibits the correct performance of difficult tasks.

group discussion enhances whatever attitude is initially dominant in a group.

A)
B)
C)
D)

65.Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When
four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates
social facilitation.
group polarization.
the bystander effect.
the mere exposure effect.

A)
B)
C)
D)

66.On which of the following tasks would the presence of others be MOST likely to lead to
improved performance?
reciting the months of the year in alphabetical order
learning foreign language words
counting backward from 10 to 1
learning nonsense syllables

A)
B)
C)
D)

67.Comedy routines that are mildly amusing to people in an uncrowded room seem funnier
in a densely packed room. This is best explained in terms of
the mere exposure effect.
social facilitation.
the bystander effect.
ingroup bias.

68.Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to

perform a complex task more poorly when others are present.
exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.
exert less effort when they are paid by the hour, not by the amount of work
completed.
D)
become more distracted from their tasks when working with friends than when
working with strangers.
A)
B)
C)

A)
B)
C)
D)

69.Blindfolded university students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought
they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on
the same rope. This best illustrates
social loafing.
the chameleon effect.
group polarization.
social facilitation.

Page 12

A)
B)
C)
D)

70.Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among

women in cultures that value collectivism.
women in cultures that value individualism.
men in cultures that value collectivism.
men in cultures that value individualism.

A)
B)
C)
D)

71.Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among

audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced.
factory workers paid on the basis of individual level of productivity.
a group of runners competing for first place in a race.
students who are each assigned a different topic for their course term papers.

72.Deindividuation refers to
lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's
behavior.
C)
a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that fosters arousal and
anonymity.
D)
the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.
A)
B)

A)
B)
C)
D)

73.When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klanstyle hoods, they
demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of
social facilitation.
groupthink.
deindividuation.
ingroup bias.

A)
B)
C)
D)

74.After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, angry fans
throw bottles and begin to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of
the just-world phenomenon.
deindividuation.
the bystander effect.
social facilitation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

75.The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called

group polarization.
social facilitation.
ingroup bias.
the mere exposure effect.

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A)
B)
C)
D)

76.Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which

little communication is possible.
individuals share a similar opinion.
each individual has a unique perspective.
individuals have not formed any opinion.

A)
B)
C)
D)

77.Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than
Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all
conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This
episode provides an example of
social facilitation.
the fundamental attribution error.
group polarization.
deindividuation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

78.Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the
issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be
even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished.
convinced that the death penalty should be retained.
sharply divided over whether the death penalty should be abolished.
in favor of a more moderate position on the issue.

A)
B)
C)
D)

79.A terrorist mentality that becomes increasingly extreme among people who interact
without outside moderating influences best illustrates
the bystander effect.
deindividuation.
group polarization.
social loafing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

80.By enabling like-minded White supremacists to pool their ideas, Internet social
networking sites are likely to contribute to
the bystander effect.
social facilitation.
social loafing.
group polarization.

81.The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best
illustrates the dangers of
A)
deindividuation.
B)
the bystander effect.
C)
the mere exposure effect.

Page 14

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

groupthink.
82.Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink?
social facilitation
cognitive dissonance
group polarization
self-disclosure
83.Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by
groupthink?
To proceed democratically, we need to know the honest opinions of all group
members.
We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our
discussion of this issue.
Do any of you see any potential problem with our group's position?
As a group, we have to think carefully about all the pros and cons surrounding this
issue.

A)
B)
C)
D)

84.A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites
experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit
groupthink.
cognitive dissonance.
social facilitation.
superordinate goals.

A)
B)
C)
D)

85.Those who feel socially pressured sometimes assert their freedom by doing the opposite
of what is socially expected. This best illustrates
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
mirror-image perceptions.
the chameleon effect.
personal control.

A)
B)
C)
D)

86.Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal of the defendant in a murder trial. To influence
the majority he should
express some uncertainty about his position.
be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint.
be the last member to speak and present his argument as briefly as possible.
address his arguments specifically to the member of the majority who seems most
disagreeable.

Page 15

A)
B)
C)
D)

87.Prejudice is best defined as

the tendency to favor members of one's own group.
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.

A)
B)
C)
D)

88.Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions
are called
superordinate goals.
situational attributions.
stereotypes.
social norms.

A)
B)
C)
D)

89.Which of the following describes a stereotype?

Vladimir is especially attracted to Latin-American women.
Peter feels very uncomfortable interacting with Blacks.
Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful.
Cyril never hires people younger than 16 to work in his restaurant.

A)
B)
C)
D)

90.Unjustifiable and negative behavior toward a group and its members is called
deindividuation.
groupthink.
discrimination.
group polarization.

A)
B)
C)
D)

91.A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same
merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in
deindividuation.
stereotyping.
group polarization.
discrimination.

A)
B)
C)
D)

92.Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.

dispositional attribution; situational attribution
ingroup bias; outgroup bias
normative influence; informational influence
attitude; behavior

93.On the basis of what Americans say, in the last half-century

A)
gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has increased.

Page 16

B)
C)
D)

gender prejudice has increased and racial prejudice has decreased.

gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has decreased.
gender prejudice has increased and racial prejudice has increased.

A)
B)
C)
D)

94.Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often

triggered by deindividuation.
a response to frustration.
unconscious.
unlearned.

A)
B)
C)
D)

95.Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. This is best
illustrated in studies of
deindividuation.
implicit associations.
group polarization.
mirror-image perceptions.

A)
B)
C)
D)

96.At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels
uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from
his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between
equity and self-disclosure.
situational and dispositional attributions.
explicit and implicit attitudes.
normative and informational social influence.

A)
B)
C)
D)

97.In one experiment, White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as
peace and paradise as good when the words were associated with Black-sounding
names rather than White-sounding names. This best illustrated
the mere exposure effect.
the other-race effect.
mirror-image perceptions.
implicit prejudice.

A)
B)
C)
D)

98.Priming people with a flashed Black face rather than a flashed White face makes them
more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. This best illustrates the subtle
character of
ingroup bias.
deindividuation.
implicit racial associations.
the fundamental attribution error.

Page 17

A)
B)
C)
D)

99.Neuroscientists have detected implicit prejudice in an emotion-processing center known

as the
thalamus.
amygdala.
hippocampus.
sensory cortex.

100.Worldwide, women are ________ likely than men to live in poverty, and they are
________ likely than men to be illiterate.
A)
more; less
B)
less; more
C)
more; more
D)
less; less
101.Several south Asian countries have experienced a shortfall in ________ births. In
addition, a ________ of the children in Chinese orphanages are girls.
A)
female; minority
B)
male; minority
C)
female; majority
D)
male; majority
102.When shown computer-generated faces of men that are slightly feminized or slightly
masculinized, people prefer the slightly ________ faces. Women are most likely to
perceive a man with a slightly ________ face as having placed a personal ad seeking a
special lady to love and cherish.
A)
masculinized; masculinized
B)
feminized; feminized
C)
masculinized; feminized
D)
feminized; masculinized
103.Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying
A)
group polarization.
B)
deindividuation.
C)
the bystander effect.
D)
social inequalities.
104.People who blame victims of cancer for their medical misfortune best illustrate
A)
deindividuation.
B)
social facilitation.
C)
the mere exposure effect.

Page 18

D)

the just-world phenomenon.

105.An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for
their sins is best explained in terms of
A)
deindividuation.
B)
ingroup bias.
C)
the bystander effect.
D)
the just-world phenomenon.
106.If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify
discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates
A)
the mere exposure effect.
B)
the bystander effect.
C)
the blame-the-victim dynamic.
D)
deindividuation.

A)
B)
C)
D)

107.Ingroup bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice.

superordinate goals
social identities
deindividuation
reciprocity norms

A)
B)
C)
D)

108.The set of people perceived as different from us is called a(n)

group polarization.
scapegoat.
other-race effect.
outgroup.

109.Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new
group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates
A)
the mere exposure effect.
B)
the fundamental attribution error.
C)
deindividuation.
D)
ingroup bias.
110.Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best
illustrates
A)
the just-world phenomenon.
B)
ingroup bias.
C)
the fundamental attribution error.

Page 19

D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

scapegoating.
111.According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from
the other-race effect.
the just-world phenomenon.
ingroup bias.
frustration.

112.Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since
he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial
minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in
terms of
A)
the chameleon effect.
B)
the just-world phenomenon.
C)
the scapegoat theory.
D)
the reciprocity norm.
113.Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of
A)
the fundamental attribution error.
B)
superordinate goals.
C)
self-esteem.
D)
social loafing.
114.Although President Obama is of mixed race, White Americans typically perceive and
label him as Black. Researchers believe this happens because White observers ________
the distinctive physical features of the less-familiar Black minority.
A)
selectively attend to
B)
have negative attitudes regarding
C)
form mirror-image perceptions of
D)
make situational attributions regarding
115.People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as ________ each other and the
members of an ingroup as ________ each other.
A)
different from; similar to
B)
similar to; different from
C)
similar to; similar to
D)
different from; different from
116.The tendency to categorize people on the basis of their gender is most likely to lead Jack
to believe that

Page 20

A)
B)
C)
D)

women all have pretty much the same attitudes about sex.
women seem to be unpredictable, because no two are alike.
most men tend to be logical and emotionally controlled.
in contrast to women, men have very similar tastes in dress and fashion.

117.The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is
called
A)
ingroup bias.
B)
the other-race effect.
C)
deindividuation.
D)
the mere exposure effect.

A)
B)
C)
D)

118.The longer Chinese people have resided in a Western country, the less they exhibit
social loafing.
self-disclosure.
the other-race effect.
the fundamental attribution error.

119.Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were
arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by
Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of
A)
ingroup bias.
B)
the mere exposure effect.
C)
deindividuation.
D)
vivid cases.
120.An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for
their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of
A)
deindividuation.
B)
ingroup bias.
C)
the bystander effect.
D)
the just-world phenomenon.
121.Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they
perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim blaming
is fueled by
A)
the bystander effect.
B)
the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon.
C)
hindsight bias.
D)
deindividuation.

Page 21

A)
B)
C)
D)

122.According to the text, aggression always involves

physical damage.
anger and hostility.
the intent to hurt.
a reaction to frustration.

123.Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively?

a noisy neighbor who often mows his lawn at 8 o'clock on Saturday mornings
a child who tries to hit another child with a rock
an assertive salesperson who interrupts your evening meal with a telephone sales
pitch
D)
a careless motorist who accidentally smashes into the fender of a parked car
A)
B)
C)

124.Following the consumption of alcohol, people are increasingly likely to respond to minor
frustrations with violent outbursts. This best illustrates
A)
scapegoat theory.
B)
the mere exposure effect.
C)
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D)
the interaction of biology and experience.
125.The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly
suggests that it is NOT
A)
a reaction to frustration.
B)
influenced by social norms.
C)
an unlearned instinct.
D)
a product of deindividuation.
126.Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on
aggression.
A)
proximity
B)
deindividuation
C)
genetic influences
D)
the bystander effect
127.The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are
most likely to
A)
form stereotypes.
B)
engage in aggression.
C)
experience cognitive dissonance.
D)
commit the fundamental attribution error.

Page 22

128.When a leader of a caged monkey colony became threatening, one small monkey learned
to push the control button activation a(n)
A)
food release mechanism.
B)
alcoholic drink dispenser.
C)
room lighting fixture.
D)
brain-implanted electrode.

A)
B)
C)
D)

129.When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she

developed more aggressive tendencies.
acted just as she had before the implantation.
became even milder, unable even to say no to anyone's request for help.
lost her ability to remember events that had recently occurred.

130.Jason was fouled by an unfamiliar opponent during a basketball game at a neighborhood

park. His consumption of alcohol prior to the game is most likely to lead him to interpret
the foul as
A)
funny.
B)
his own fault.
C)
unintended.
D)
a provocation.
131.Aggressive behavior is most likely to be ________ by injections of testosterone and
________ by consumption of alcohol.
A)
increased; decreased
B)
decreased; increased
C)
increased; increased
D)
decreased; decreased
132.Testosterone levels are ________ correlated with assertiveness and ________ correlated
with tolerance for frustration.
A)
positively; positively
B)
negatively; negatively
C)
positively; negatively
D)
negatively; positively
133.The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when
A)
false stereotypes influence perceptions of others.
B)
an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.
C)
there are striking differences of opinion among group members.

Page 23

D)

self-awareness and self-restraint are reduced.

134.After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all
the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the
A)
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B)
fundamental attribution error.
C)
bystander effect.
D)
frustration-aggression principle.
135.In Major League baseball games, the probability of batters being hit by a pitched ball
increases with
A)
the batter's age.
B)
larger crowd sizes.
C)
higher air temperatures.
D)
the salary levels of the pitchers.
136.Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly
ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by
A)
superordinate goals.
B)
scapegoating.
C)
frustration.
D)
reinforcement.
137.Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about
the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?
A)
Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially
cooperative and altruistic.
B)
Be consistent in spanking your child after every outburst so he'll realize that
aggression never pays.
C)
Encourage your son to watch the devastating consequences of violence portrayed
on TV.
D)
Don't be concerned about your child's aggressiveness, unless the behavior pattern
continues beyond the fifth grade.

A)
B)
C)
D)

138.Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid

implicit prejudice.
the other-race effect.
modeling violence.
the mere exposure effect.

Page 24

139.A wide economic gulf between a country's rich and poor is especially likely to be
associated with
A)
the mere exposure effect.
B)
social facilitation.
C)
high crime rates.
D)
superordinate goals.

A)
B)
C)
D)

140.Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of

conformity.
group polarization.
social facilitation.
aggression.

141.High violence rates among White Americans in southern U.S. towns settled by ScotsIrish herders illustrate the impact of ________ on aggression.
A)
ingroup bias
B)
social influence
C)
deindividuation
D)
hindsight bias

A)
B)
C)
D)

142.Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called
social scripts.
situational attributions.
superordinate goals.
mirror-image perceptions.

143.People heavily exposed to violent pornography are likely to engage in sexually

aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading
A)
hindsight bias.
B)
social script.
C)
bystander effect.
D)
two-factor theory.
144.German university men administered hotter chili sauce to a woman after listening to
women-hating lyrics. The song lyrics provided the university men with
A)
GRIT.
B)
a social script.
C)
deindividuation.
D)
superordinate goals.

Page 25

145.Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that

A)
many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters.
B)
most rapes are commonly committed by victims' dates or acquaintances.
C)
women are more likely rape victims than are men.
D)
most rapes are never reported to the police.
146.After watching a large number of sexually violent movies, Ollie will probably be
A)
more likely to believe that such movies should be banned.
B)
less likely to believe that women are seriously harmed by rape.
C)
more likely to favor long prison sentences for convicted rapists.
D)
less likely to believe that women enjoy aggressive sexual treatment from men.
147.Repeated exposure to sexually explicit films causes viewers to
see their partners as more attractive and to be less accepting of short prison
sentences for convicted rapists.
B)
see their partners as less attractive and to be less accepting of short prison sentences
for convicted rapists.
C)
see their partners as less attractive and to be more accepting of short prison
sentences for convicted rapists.
D)
see their partners as more attractive and to be more accepting of short prison
sentences for convicted rapists.
A)

148.Experimental participants randomly assigned to play a video game involving bloody

murders and groaning victims became ________ hostile and ________ likely to blast
intense noise at a fellow student.
A)
more; less
B)
less; less
C)
less; more
D)
more; more
149.In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games
involves
A)
acquiring social scripts.
B)
role-playing aggression.
C)
desensitization to violence.
D)
priming aggressive thoughts.
150.Experimental studies indicate that college men who are randomly assigned to play a
violent video game
A)
experience increasing levels of hostility and become increasingly likely to attempt to
hurt a fellow student.

Page 26

B)
C)
D)

experience decreasing levels of hostility and become decreasingly likely to attempt

to hurt a fellow student.
experience increasing levels of hostility and become decreasingly likely to attempt
to hurt a fellow student.
experience decreasing levels of hostility and become increasingly likely to attempt
to hurt a fellow student.

151.In one experiment, elementary school boys randomly selected to receive a video-game
system subsequently spent ________ time on school work and experienced ________
academic problems.
A)
less; fewer
B)
more; more
C)
less; more
D)
more; fewer
152.Joel's sexually violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic sexual scripts, his social
rejection and his abuse of alcohol. A comprehensive understanding of Joel's behavior is
most clearly provided by
A)
cognitive dissonance theory.
B)
the frustration-aggression principle.
C)
a biopsychosocial approach.
D)
superordinate goals.
153.Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most
likely to become friends with
A)
Alfonse, a junior who is majoring in psychology and lives across the hall.
B)
Mohammed, an introverted student who lives on the next floor and enjoys playing
chess.
C)
James, a lonely sophomore who lives down the hall and is undecided about his
major.
D)
Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science.
154.On average, Internet-formed friendships and romantic relationships are ________ likely
than relationships formed in person to last beyond two years. When conversing online
with someone for 20 minutes, participants in one study felt ________ liking for that
person than they did for someone they talked with face to face.
A)
more; less
B)
less; more
C)
more; more
D)
less; less

Page 27

155.The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people

A)
perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
B)
become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion.
C)
more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small
request.
D)
experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.
156.Four equally attractive women silently attended a 200-student class for zero, 5, 10, or 15
class sessions. When shown slides of each woman, students in the class rated the women
who had attended ________ class sessions as the most attractive.
A)
zero
B)
5
C)
10
D)
15
157.After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel
affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates
A)
the fundamental attribution error.
B)
the mere exposure effect.
C)
mirror-image perceptions.
D)
the bystander effect.

A)
B)
C)
D)

158.People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of

the bystander effect.
deindividuation.
the mere exposure effect.
cognitive dissonance.

159.Participants in a voter preference study favored the presidential candidate whose face
blended some of their own facial features with those of the candidate. This best illustrates
the impact of
A)
the mere exposure effect.
B)
deindividuation.
C)
the chameleon effect.
D)
social facilitation.
160.What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a
Welcome Week dance liked each other?
A)
similarity in attitudes
B)
similarity in intelligence
C)
physical attractiveness

Page 28

D)

self-disclosure skills

161.Svetlana, a 20-year-old undergraduate, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to

________ than less attractive women.
A)
be perceived as more socially skilled
B)
have a much higher level of self-esteem
C)
be perceived as less intelligent
D)
date less frequently
162.Makato, a 21-year-old college junior, is physically unattractive. Compared with goodlooking students, Makato is more likely to
A)
be physically coordinated and athletic.
B)
have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers.
C)
earn low grades in his college courses.
D)
be well liked by other male college students.

A)
B)
C)
D)

163.People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their

feelings of popularity.
level of earned income.
frequency of dating.
happiness.

A)
B)
C)
D)

164.Women are attracted to healthy-looking men, but especially to those who seem to be
submissive.
insecure.
mature.
less attractive than themselves.

165.Students judged an averaged, composite face as

A)
less attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was less
symmetrical.
B)
more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more
symmetrical.
C)
less attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more
symmetrical.
D)
more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was less
symmetrical.
166.Felippe, a 19-year-old university freshman, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive, and
politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a

Page 29

A)
B)
C)
D)

close friendship with

Toren, who is talkative and assertive.
Erez, who is quiet and passive.
Tom, who is intelligent and quiet.
Fabio, who is politically liberal and talkative.

167.Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?

A)
The beautiful are the lonely.
B)
Birds of a feather flock together.
C)
Familiarity breeds contempt.
D)
Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

A)
B)
C)
D)

168.The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain

passionate love.
social facilitation.
the mere exposure effect.
the just-world phenomenon.

169.Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a
date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most
intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their phone conversation if he has just
A)
awakened from a short nap.
B)
finished eating a delicious meal.
C)
completed a series of aerobic exercises.
D)
been studying his history lecture notes.
170.In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive
woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying
footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed
to study the factors that contribute to
A)
the bystander effect.
B)
the mere exposure effect.
C)
passionate love.
D)
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
171.The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool
is known as
A)
altruism.
B)
self-disclosure.
C)
companionate love.
D)
the mere exposure effect.

Page 30

172.Which of the following is true of non-Western cultures, as compared with Western

cultures? They have
A)
lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as more important for marriage.
B)
higher divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage.
C)
lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage.
D)
higher divorce rates and consider passionate love as more important for marriage.
173.Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful
marriages. This best illustrates the perceived value of
A)
equity.
B)
proximity.
C)
passionate love.
D)
self-disclosure.
174.Ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her husband. He
displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's resources on his
own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized as
A)
deindividuated.
B)
companionate.
C)
inequitable.
D)
implicit.
175.Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide
their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of
A)
passionate love.
B)
social facilitation.
C)
self-disclosure.
D)
the mere exposure effect.
176.Three keys to an enduring companionate love include
A)
the reciprocity norm, bystander intervention, and the just-world phenomenon.
B)
groupthink, deindividuation, and social facilitation.
C)
equity, self-disclosure, and positive support.
D)
superordinate goals, mirror-image perceptions, and GRIT.
177.Behaving with unselfish concern for the welfare of others is called
A)
social facilitation.
B)
passionate love.
C)
groupthink.

Page 31

D)

altruism.

178.Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their
time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates
A)
altruism.
B)
deindividuation.
C)
the bystander effect.
D)
the just-world phenomenon.
179.Observers' responses to the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York
apartment best illustrated
A)
the bystander effect.
B)
the mere exposure effect.
C)
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D)
group polarization.
180.Darley and Latan observed that most university students failed to help a person having
an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency.
The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of
A)
the ingroup bias.
B)
a failure to interpret the incident as an emergency.
C)
indifference and apathy.
D)
a diffusion of responsibility.
181.When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer
help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man
did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved
in
A)
the mere exposure effect.
B)
the fundamental attribution error.
C)
the just-world phenomenon.
D)
the bystander effect.
182.Social psychologists have observed people's willingness to pick up dropped coins or
pencils in elevators in order to study the
A)
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B)
mere exposure effect.
C)
just-world phenomenon.
D)
bystander effect.

Page 32

183.The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold
aid if the
A)
emergency takes place in a large city.
B)
observer has just endured a frustrating experience.
C)
emergency is being observed by a number of other people.
D)
observer has been exposed to many similar emergencies in the past.
184.When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received
help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a
busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs.
Blake's experience best illustrates
A)
the fundamental attribution error.
B)
the mere exposure effect.
C)
group polarization.
D)
the bystander effect.
185.The odds of our helping someone are higher when we are in a ________ town and we are
feeling ________.
A)
small; frustrated
B)
large; frustrated
C)
small; guilty
D)
large; guilty
186.A failure to aid a stranger who needs help in an emergency situation is especially likely
when people
A)
are feeling guilty.
B)
are in a hurry.
C)
are in a small town.
D)
have just observed someone else being helpful.
187.Which of the following people would be most likely to help Gita study for her history
exam?
A)
Gita's older brother, who probably has nothing better to do that evening
B)
Gita's mother, who is excited about the unexpected bonus she just received from her
employer
C)
Gita's father, who always points out how differently men and women think and act
D)
Gita's younger sister, whose boyfriend just canceled their date for the next evening
188.Researchers in one experiment gave people cash and instructions either to spend it on
themselves or to spend it on others. Those assigned to spend it on others subsequently
experienced the greatest

Page 33

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

cognitive dissonance.
deindividuation.
social loafing.
happiness.
189.According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by
calculations of costs and benefits.
feelings of social responsibility.
reciprocity norms.
family ties.

190.Two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry
test. According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if
A)
your parents helped you study for tests when you were younger.
B)
you know you would feel terribly guilty for refusing their request.
C)
you know that someone else helped them prepare for an earlier test.
D)
your classmates cannot afford to pay for a private tutor.
191.The expectation that people should return help, not harm, to those who have helped them
is called the
A)
foot-in-the-door-phenomenon.
B)
just-world phenomenon.
C)
social-responsibility norm.
D)
reciprocity norm.
192.After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization,
Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response
to the free gift best illustrates the impact of
A)
the mere exposure effect.
B)
the just-world phenomenon.
C)
the fundamental attribution error.
D)
the reciprocity norm.
193.An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the
A)
ingroup bias.
B)
just-world phenomenon.
C)
superordinate goal.
D)
social-responsibility norm.
194.When a man fell onto New York subway tracks, Wesley Autrey risked his own life to save

Page 34

A)
B)
C)
D)

the man. His action exemplified

the scapegoat theory.
the mere exposure effect.
the chameleon effect.
the social-responsibility norm.

195.Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more
likely than those who do not attend religious services to
A)
report that they volunteer helping the poor and infirm.
B)
demonstrate the bystander effect.
C)
violate the social-responsibility norm.
D)
base their altruistic acts on the principle of reciprocity.
196.To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals is indicative of
A)
social loafing.
B)
prejudice.
C)
conflict.
D)
group polarization.
197.A social trap is a situation in which
A)
people lose self-awareness in group situations that foster anonymity.
B)
there are insufficient resources to satisfy the needs of all group members.
C)
a lack of critical thinking results from a strong desire for group harmony.
D)
the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm.
198.To help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of
A)
social facilitation.
B)
the mere exposure effect.
C)
normative social influence.
D)
the social-responsibility norm.
199.A conflict in which both participants can benefit by cooperating with each other has been
represented as a
A)
social facilitation.
B)
mere exposure effect.
C)
non-zero-sum game.
D)
just-world phenomenon.
200.Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of
greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of

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A)
B)
C)
D)

social loafing.
a social trap.
the fundamental attribution error.
the mere exposure effect.

201.Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels, most citizens

continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel
consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best
illustrates the dynamics of
A)
the bystander effect.
B)
the fundamental attribution error.
C)
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D)
a social trap.

A)
B)
C)
D)

202.Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate
the reciprocity norm.
deindividuation.
GRIT.
mirror-image perceptions.

203.Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him.
Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be
left alone. This situation best illustrates
A)
mirror-image perceptions.
B)
the reciprocity norm.
C)
superordinate goals.
D)
deindividuation.
204.University College London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another
volunteer's finger, after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically responded to
the pressure on their finger
A)
with less pressure than they had just experienced.
B)
with more pressure than they had just experienced.
C)
with the same amount of pressure they had just experienced.
D)
with Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction.
205.Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to
reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with
A)
ingroup bias.
B)
implicit prejudice.
C)
equal status.

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D)

mirror-image perceptions.

206.An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South
African Whites and Blacks.
A)
the other-race effect
B)
implicit prejudice
C)
deindividuation
D)
interracial contact
207.Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups
of boys could be reduced most effectively by
A)
bringing the members of both groups into close contact.
B)
having one group make conciliatory gestures to the other group.
C)
allowing leaders of the two groups to communicate.
D)
exposing the groups to tasks that required their joint cooperation.
208.Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require
their cooperation as
A)
implicit.
B)
deindividuated.
C)
companionate.
D)
superordinate.
209.Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe
how social relationships are influenced by
A)
ingroup bias.
B)
group polarization.
C)
superordinate goals.
D)
the mere exposure effect.
210.If one were to generalize from Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of
campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship
would be to
A)
hold highly publicized athletic contests between the two countries.
B)
minimize their trade and economic exchanges.
C)
conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars.
D)
allow citizens of each country the right to freely immigrate to the other country.
211.In one experiment, White Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist
threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed

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A)
B)
C)
D)

an increased sense of deindividuation.

reduced confidence in their personal religious beliefs.
lowered approval of the president's job performance.
reduced prejudice against Black Americans.

212.Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car
that night. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening
and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve
their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop
A)
mirror-image perceptions.
B)
ingroup bias.
C)
a win-win solution.
D)
GRIT.

A)
B)
C)
D)

213.GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through

third-party mediation.
intimidation.
conciliation.
pacifism.

214.Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy?

announcing that even a small attack on an ally will result in a nuclear attack on the
enemy
B)
announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the
enemy to do likewise
C)
announcing that one has formed an alliance with several countries encircling the
enemy
D)
announcing that the opposing party's invasion of a neutral country will be challenged
in an international court of law
A)

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Answer Key
1.B
2.D
3.D
4.D
5.D
6.A
7.D
8.B
9.D
10.C
11.A
12.C
13.C
14.D
15.B
16.D
17.C
18.A
19.B
20.C
21.C
22.B
23.C
24.C
25.B
26.C
27.C
28.B
29.B
30.D
31.C
32.D
33.A
34.B
35.A
36.C
37.B
38.D
39.B
40.B
41.B
42.D
43.B
44.B

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45.C
46.A
47.C
48.C
49.B
50.C
51.D
52.A
53.C
54.C
55.D
56.B
57.A
58.C
59.B
60.D
61.B
62.B
63.A
64.C
65.A
66.C
67.B
68.B
69.A
70.D
71.A
72.C
73.C
74.B
75.A
76.B
77.C
78.A
79.C
80.D
81.D
82.C
83.B
84.A
85.D
86.B
87.B
88.C
89.C
90.C

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91.D
92.D
93.C
94.C
95.B
96.C
97.D
98.C
99.B
100.C
101.C
102.B
103.D
104.D
105.D
106.C
107.B
108.D
109.D
110.B
111.D
112.C
113.C
114.A
115.B
116.A
117.B
118.C
119.D
120.D
121.C
122.C
123.B
124.D
125.C
126.C
127.B
128.D
129.A
130.D
131.C
132.C
133.B
134.D
135.C
136.D

Page 41

137.A
138.C
139.C
140.D
141.B
142.A
143.B
144.B
145.A
146.B
147.C
148.D
149.B
150.A
151.C
152.C
153.D
154.C
155.D
156.D
157.B
158.C
159.A
160.C
161.A
162.B
163.D
164.C
165.B
166.A
167.B
168.A
169.C
170.C
171.C
172.C
173.A
174.C
175.C
176.C
177.D
178.A
179.A
180.D
181.D
182.D

Page 42

183.C
184.D
185.C
186.B
187.B
188.D
189.A
190.B
191.D
192.D
193.D
194.D
195.A
196.C
197.D
198.D
199.C
200.B
201.D
202.D
203.A
204.B
205.C
206.D
207.D
208.D
209.C
210.C
211.D
212.C
213.C
214.B

Page 43